IBILA.É.MAḪ

The constellation of the Heir of the Sublime Temple in Mesopotamian astronomy is located in the circumpolar area. It may refer to the star that is now called "Polaris" or to any configuration of stars. This suggestion was designed in 2025 by SMH to draft a figure that matches the new interpretation of "The Celestial Ekur" by Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023).

^mulIBILA.É.MAḪ is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the northern polar area which MUL.APIN places at the pole of the 'The Wagon of Heaven' (Ursa Minor). This is a strong indication that this star is to be identified as Polaris. This was a relatively unimportant star in the Ancient Mesopotamian sky since it would not be until ca. 1500 CE that Polaris moved into its current position as the pole star of the northern hemisphere.

What does

namely within the ever-visible circle. As it, therefore, does not rise and set, the identification is highly uncertain. Earlier scholarship speculated that it refers to the star Polaris, but this star had no special role in ancient times (its function of being a polestar only applies from around 1500 CE onwards). An extensive discussion of these uncertainties will be given in Hoffmann (202x, upcoming).

Polaris would have been important even if it was not the Pole Star since it is the most likely end of the pole of Ursa Minor - unless we can find another suitable star between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor

But the knot would suggest that it is where the two wagons Ursa Minor and Ursa Major could have been joine like the know that joins the two parts of Pisces - so Polaris or another star set between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor is possible. We need to see what the sky would have looked like at the time of Alb B which refers to the knot albeit without IBILA.E2.MAh mentioned by name.

Dictionary

A suggestion for identification of the constellations in the circumpolar area of the Mesopotamian star heaven; draft in Stellarium as drawn in Stellarium (2025). The identifications of the Heir and the Yoke are rather uncertain.

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Var. readings and designations:

• ^mulDUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ,
• ^mulDUMU.UŠ.AN.MAḪ;
• ^mulDUMU×NITA É.MAḪ;
• = lit. "Firstborn of Emach" or "Heir of the Majestic Temple";

Star in the constellation of the Little Bear, possibly Polaris(?), or different star aligned in the position between the poles of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor -- the Uranology example is crucial here!!!!

[G. 191; ASM, 273; Reiner 1995, 20-21; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].

Sources	Identifications
MUL.APIN. (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 20): MUL ša2 ina ṭur-ri-šu2 GUB-zu mulIBILA.É.MAḪ / DUMU reš-tu-u2 ša2 dA-nu-um "The star that stands on its (i.e. mulMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA "Anu's wagon") rope (perhaps a knot?)."): 'Heir of the Majestic Temple, firstborn of Anu' (I i 21-22) [MA, 24-25, 125; Hunger-Steele 2018, 34]; ((Wagon of Heaven?? - not Anu's Wagon" for a parallel see: mul ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša gub-[zu] "The star that stands on its rope (knot?)" [KAV 218, B iii 11; Horowitz 2014, 39, col. iii 11]; however, it is not obvious that the same star is meant here, cf. [BPO 2, 5; Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:9'].	The circumpolar constellations: The Wagon, The Wagon of Heaven, The Fox and The Ewe, The Heir and the Hitched Yoke (whose name suggests that it is only partially circumpolar; hitched there but extending to outside). The identifications of The Heir and the Hitched Yoke are uncertain; they can even be exchanged (180° uncertainty).
List of stars VR 46, 1:13. mulDUMU×NITA É.MAḪ = dDI.KU5 'Heir of the exalted temple = Madānu ('Divine Judge') [HBA, 51:13; Wee 2016, 162-3:13].
Uranology: MLC 1866 (col. iv 15ʹ). mulIBILA.<É>.MAḪ dE2-a ˹MUL˺ [DU]MU É "Heir of the exalted temple, Ea, asterism, son of the temple"  [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], for a discussion see. [ibid., 59-60].
Hemerologies. In the months of nisan and ulul, prayers to mulIBILA.É.MAḪ [Langdon 1935, 81; 4R, 32 i 48, 33 i 49; Landsberger 1915, 128; Reiner 1995, 21]. Spell. ÉN DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ aplu rabû ša Enlil attama / ištu Ekur [t]ūridamma ina qabal šamê itti mulMAR.GÍD.DA tazzaz "Spell. O Firstborn of Emach, Firstborn of Emach, you are the eldest son of Enlil, / You came out of Ekur, and you stand in the middle of the sky with the Wagon," quoted in [Reiner 1995, 21, note 71]. Stev.O.T. Two predictions: a) DIŠ ulDUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ ša ulMAR.GÍD.DA.<AN.NA> GAL-ti ana ulME.GAR is-niq BE.ME GAL2-ši DIŠ KI.MIN is-si SU. KU2 GAL2-ši "If the Firstborn of Emah, (part of) the great [Celestial] Wagon, has approached Jupiter, pestilence will come; if it has withdrawn, famine will come." [Langdon 1913-23, 231:4-5, Pl. XVII; Reiner 1995, 20-21, note 73]. (b) ...[there is no "b" in his book, p217] ...	The spell points out that the Heir is normally inside the Ekur and that The Heir culminates together with The Wagon [of Heaven] which is visible in the viewgraph.

Additional

II. Deity.

         The deity ^dDI.KUD or ^dDI.KU₅, with whom ^mulIBILA.É.MAḪ is correlated in VR 46, 1:13, has various identifications: (1) = ^dMa(n)dānu = ^dDaj(j)ānu "(Divine) judge," "bearing the throne of Marduk," according to AN: ^dA-num (II 253-254), (2) = Ishtaran, according to ^d(iš-ta-ran)DI. KUD = dumu ^dTišpak.ke₄ in AN: ^dA-num (V 289), (3) = a mythological personage from Shamash's entourage, "the judge of Shamash," according to AN: ^dA-num (III 174) [Litke 1998, 97 (especially note 254), 135, 195]. Which of these identities is implied here remains undisclosed.

III. Identity.

= β Ursae Minoris [G. 191; Weidner 1957-59, 78]; at epoch -1000 the pole of the world was located near this star;

= Polaris(?) [BPO 2, 7; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 60, 73];

= α Ursae Minoris(?) [MA, 137; ASM, 273].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, i02)

Gössmann (1950)

вар. чтения и обозначения: mulDUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ, mulDUMU.UŠ.AN.MAḪ; mulDUMU×NITA É.MAḪ; = букв. «Первенец Эмаха» или «Наследник Величественного Храма»; звезда в созвездии Малой Медведицы, возможно, Полярная звезда(?) [G. 191; ASM, 273; Reiner 1995, 20–21; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73]. I. Источники. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 20): MUL ša2 ina ṭur-ri-šu2 GUB-zu mulIBILA.É.MAḪ / DUMU reš-tu-u2 ša2 dA-nu-um «Звезда, которая стоит на ее (т.е. mulMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA «Повозки Ану») веревке (возможно, узле?): Наследник Величественного Храма, первенец Ану» (I i 21–22) [MA, 24–25, 125; Hunger–Steele 2018, 34]; параллель см.: mul ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša gub-[zu] «Звезда, что на ее веревке (узле?) стоит» [KAV 218, B iii 11; Horowitz 2014, 39, col. iii 11]; однако не очевидно, что здесь речь идет об одной и той же звезде, см. [BPO 2, 5; Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:9']. Список звезд VR 46, 1:13. mulDUMU×NITA É.MAḪ = dDI.KU5 «Наследник возвышенного храма = Madānu (“Божественный судья”) [HBA, 51:13; Wee 2016, 162–3:13]. MLC 1866 (col. iv 15ʹ). mulIBILA.<É>.MAḪ dE2-a ˹MUL˺ [DU]MU É «Наследник возвышенного храма, Эа, звезда, сын храма»  [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], обсуждение см. [ibid., 59–60]. Гемерологии. В месяцах нисану и улулу молитвы к mulIBILA.É.MAḪ [Langdon 1935, 81; 4R, 32 i 48, 33 i 49; Landsberger 1915, 128; Reiner 1995, 21]. Заклинание. ÉN DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ aplu rabû ša Enlil attama / ištu Ekur [t]ūridamma ina qabal šamê itti mulMAR.GÍD.DA tazzaz «Заклинание. О, Первенец Эмаха, Первенец Эмаха, ты старший сын Энлиля, / Ты вышел из Экура, и ты стоишь в середине неба с Повозкой», цит. по [Reiner 1995, 21, note 71]. Stev.O.T. Два предсказания: a) DIŠ ulDUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ ša ulMAR.GÍD.DA.<AN.NA> GAL-ti ana ulME.GAR is-niq BE.ME GAL2-ši DIŠ KI.MIN is-si SU.KU2 GAL2-ši «Если Первенец Эмаха, (часть) великой [Небесной] Повозки, к Юпитеру приблизился, наступит мор; если же удалился, голод наступит» [Langdon 1913–23, 231:4–5, Pl. XVII; Reiner 1995, 20–21, note 73]. II. Божество. Божество dDI.KUD или dDI.KU5, с которым mulIBILA.É.MAḪ соотносится в VR 46, 1:13, имеет различные отождествления: (1) = dMa(n)dānu = dDaj(j)ānu «(Божественный) судья», «несущий трон Мардука», согласно AN:dA-num (II 253–254), (2) = Иштаран, согласно d(iš-ta-ran)DI.KUD = dumu dTišpak.ke4 в AN:dA-num (V 289), (3) = мифологический персонаж из окружения Шамаша, «судья Шамаша», согласно AN:dA-num (III 174) [Litke 1998, 97 (в особенности note 254), 135, 195]. Какое из этих тождеств подразумевается в данном случае, остается нераскрытым. III. Отождествление. = β Ursae Minoris [G. 191; Weidner 1957–59, 78]; в эпоху –1000 полюс мира располагался вблизи этой звезды; = Polaris(?) [BPO 2, 7; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 60, 73]; = α Ursae Minoris(?) [MA, 137; ASM, 273].

Example

References

• Kurtik's references