Tiandajiangjun: Difference between revisions

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The earliest attestation of this asterism is found in the ''Shishi xingjing'' (Star Canon of Master Shi), compiled in the late 2nd century BCE—though some scholars argue that the canon origins in the 4th century BCE. Prior to the Tang dynasty (618-907), extant star maps and official histories refer to it simply as "Tian Jiangjun" (天将军, "Celestial General"), whereas the ''Shishi xingjing'' employs both "Tian Jiangjun" and "Tian Dajiangjun." From the Song dynasty (960-1279) onward, the longer form “Tian Dajiangjun” became more prevalent.
The earliest attestation of this asterism is found in the ''Shishi xingjing'' (Star Canon of Master Shi), compiled in the late 2nd century BCE—though some scholars argue that the canon origins in the 4th century BCE. Prior to the Tang dynasty (618-907), extant star maps and official histories refer to it simply as "Tian Jiangjun" (天将军, "Celestial General"), whereas the ''Shishi xingjing'' employs both "Tian Jiangjun" and "Tian Dajiangjun." From the Song dynasty (960-1279) onward, the longer form “Tian Dajiangjun” became more prevalent.


Despite variations in nomenclature, the ''Shishi xingjing'' clearly identifies this asterism as representing "the Grand General in Heaven" (天之大将军也). The term ''dajiangjun'' (“Grand General”) emerged in late time of the Warring States (475 -221 BCE) period to distinguish a commander-in-chief from subordinate generals, while ''shangjiangjun'' (上将军, "High General") appears to have been more common at the time. At early time of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141 – 87 BCE), ''dajiangjun'' was institutionalized as an official title, ranking alongside the Prime Minister but often wielding greater de facto authority, effectively making the Grand General the highest-ranking official beneath the emperor himself. Accordingly, the designation of a celestial “Grand General” is more plausibly a development of the post-reform Han imperial system.
Despite variations in nomenclature, the ''Shishi xingjing'' clearly identifies this asterism as representing "the Grand General in Heaven" (天之大将军也).<ref>Qutan Xida. Kaiyuanzhanjing 开元占经. Jiuzhou Press, P. 636.</ref> The term ''dajiangjun'' (“Grand General”) emerged in late time of the Warring States (475 -221 BCE) period to distinguish a commander-in-chief from subordinate generals, while ''shangjiangjun'' (上将军, "High General") appears to have been more common at the time. At early time of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141 – 87 BCE), ''dajiangjun'' was institutionalized as an official title, ranking alongside the Prime Minister but often wielding greater de facto authority, effectively making the Grand General the highest-ranking official beneath the emperor himself.<ref>An Zuozhang, Xiong Tieji. ''Qin Han Guanzhi Shigao'' (Draft History of Qin and Han Dynasty Official Systems). Jinan: Qilu shushe, 2007: 233-251.</ref> Accordingly, the designation of a celestial “Grand General” is more plausibly a development of the post-reform Han imperial system.


The Eastern Han scholar Xi Meng (郗萌) once mentioned a related asterism, ''Tianjiangjun qi'' (天将军旗, “The Banner of the Celestial General”), said to be located beside ''Tian Jiangjun''. However, further details about this configuration have been lost.
The Eastern Han scholar Xi Meng (郗萌) once mentioned a related asterism, ''Tianjiangjun qi'' (天将军旗, “The Banner of the Celestial General”), said to be located beside ''Tian Jiangjun''.<ref>Qutan Xida. Kaiyuanzhanjing 开元占经. Jiuzhou Press, P. 636.</ref> However, further details about this configuration have been lost.


=== Identification of stars source ===
=== Identification of stars source ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Ho PENG YOKE
!Yi Shitong
!Yi Shitong
Based on catalogue in 18th century(Qing Dynasty)<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 83.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai
!Pan Nai
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p301.</ref>
!Pan Nai
!Pan Nai
based on catalogues in Yuan Dynasty<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p436.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker
Han Dynasty<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang
!Boshun Yang
before Tang Dynasty<ref name=":02">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 276-277.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang
!Boshun Yang
Song Huangyou(1052)<ref name=":03">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 276-277.</ref>
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|-
|1st/4th
|1st/Determinative
|gamma 1 And
|x
|gamma 1 And
|x
|beta Tri
|x
|gamma 1 And
|x
|gamma 1 And
|x
|gamma 1 And
|x
|beta Tri
|x
|-
|-
|2nd/3rd
|2nd
|phi Per
|x
|phi Per
|x
|6 Tri
|x
|phi Per
|x
|phi Per
|x
|b And
|x
|gamma Tri
|x
|-
|-
|3rd/2nd
|3rd
|51 And
|x
|51 And
|x
|10 Tri
|x
|51 And
|x
|51 And
|x
|nu And
|x
|gamma 1 And
|x
|-
|-
|4th/1st
|4th
|49 And
|x
|49 And
|x
|gamma 1 And
|x
|chi And
|x
|49 And
|x
|omega And
|x
|phi Per
|x
|-
|5th
|chi And
|chi And
|phi Per
|HIP 7918
|chi And
|51 And
|51 And
|-
|6th
|HIP 7825
|nu And
|51 And
|nu And
|nu And
|phi Per
|chi And
|-
|7th
|HIP 7918
|Tau And
|chi And
|Tau And
|Tau And
|58 And
|HIP 7825
|-
|8th
|nu And
|56 And
|nu And
|56 And
|beta Tri
|beta Tri
|HIP 7918
|-
|9th
|Tau And
|beta Tri
|Tau And
|58 And
|gamma Tri
|delta Tri
|nu And
|-
|10th
|56 And
|gamma Tri
|HIP 8432
|beta Tri
|delta Tri
|gamma Tri
|tau And
|-
|11th
|beta And
|delta Tri
|56 And
|gamma Tri
|58 And
|14 Tri
|56 And
|-
|
|delta Tri
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


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!modern identification
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
!same in Stellarium 25.1
|-
|-
|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart
|[[File:Tiandajiangjun on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Tian Dajiangjun on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Tianjiangjun before Tang-reconstructed by Yang.jpg|thumb|Tian Dajiangjun between Han and Tang Dynasty as drawn on the ''Cheonsang Yeocha Bunyajido'', identified by Boshun Yang (2023).]]
|[[File:Tianjiangjun-before-Tang-Stellarium-2025.1.jpg|thumb|Tian Dajiangjun between Han and Tang Dynasty as drawn on the ''Cheonsang Yeocha Bunyajido'', mapped in Stellarium 2025 by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|-
|[[File:Tiandajiangjun on Dunhuang Star Map.jpg|thumb|Tian Dajiangjun on the Suzhou Star Map]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[File:Tiandajiangjun on Geziyuejintu.jpg|thumb|Tian Dajiangjun on ''Geziyuejintu'']]
|
|
|-
|[[File:Tiandajiangjun on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Tian Dajiangjun on Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Tianjiangjun in Song reconstructed by Yang.jpg|thumb|Tian Dajiangjun as drawn on the Suzhou map in Song Dynasty (China), identified by Boshun Yang (2023).]]
|[[File:Tianjiangjun-in-Song-Stellarium-2025.1.jpg|thumb|Tian Dajiangjun as drawn on the famous Suzhou Star Chart from Song Dynasty China, mapped in Stellarium (not published) by Boshun Yang (2023).]]
|}
|}


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== Referencesedit source ==
== Referencesedit source ==
[[References (Chinese)]]
[[References (Chinese)]]

# [[Pattern:ChinDict#cite%20ref-1|↑]] P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.
# [[Pattern:ChinDict#cite%20ref-2|↑]] Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.
# [[Pattern:ChinDict#cite%20ref-:0%203-0|↑]] Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.
# [[Pattern:ChinDict#cite%20ref-4|↑]] Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.
# [[Pattern:ChinDict#cite%20ref-5|↑]] Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.
# ↑ [[Pattern:ChinDict#cite%20ref-:1%206-0|Jump up to:6.0]] [[Pattern:ChinDict#cite%20ref-:1%206-1|6.1]] B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.

Latest revision as of 13:47, 6 June 2025


Tian Dajiangjun (天大将军, “Celestial Grand General”) is a Chinese star name that traditionally comprises 11 stars, although some sources record 12.

Contents

Etymology and History source

The earliest attestation of this asterism is found in the Shishi xingjing (Star Canon of Master Shi), compiled in the late 2nd century BCE—though some scholars argue that the canon origins in the 4th century BCE. Prior to the Tang dynasty (618-907), extant star maps and official histories refer to it simply as "Tian Jiangjun" (天将军, "Celestial General"), whereas the Shishi xingjing employs both "Tian Jiangjun" and "Tian Dajiangjun." From the Song dynasty (960-1279) onward, the longer form “Tian Dajiangjun” became more prevalent.

Despite variations in nomenclature, the Shishi xingjing clearly identifies this asterism as representing "the Grand General in Heaven" (天之大将军也).[1] The term dajiangjun (“Grand General”) emerged in late time of the Warring States (475 -221 BCE) period to distinguish a commander-in-chief from subordinate generals, while shangjiangjun (上将军, "High General") appears to have been more common at the time. At early time of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141 – 87 BCE), dajiangjun was institutionalized as an official title, ranking alongside the Prime Minister but often wielding greater de facto authority, effectively making the Grand General the highest-ranking official beneath the emperor himself.[2] Accordingly, the designation of a celestial “Grand General” is more plausibly a development of the post-reform Han imperial system.

The Eastern Han scholar Xi Meng (郗萌) once mentioned a related asterism, Tianjiangjun qi (天将军旗, “The Banner of the Celestial General”), said to be located beside Tian Jiangjun.[3] However, further details about this configuration have been lost.

Identification of stars source

Star Names or Orders(Qing) Ho PENG YOKE[4] Yi Shitong

Based on catalogue in 18th century(Qing Dynasty)[5]

Pan Nai

based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map[6]

Pan Nai

based on catalogues in Yuan Dynasty[7]

SUN X. & J. Kistemaker

Han Dynasty[8]

Boshun Yang

before Tang Dynasty[9]

Boshun Yang

Song Huangyou(1052)[10]

1st/Determinative gamma 1 And gamma 1 And beta Tri gamma 1 And gamma 1 And gamma 1 And beta Tri
2nd phi Per phi Per 6 Tri phi Per phi Per b And gamma Tri
3rd 51 And 51 And 10 Tri 51 And 51 And nu And gamma 1 And
4th 49 And 49 And gamma 1 And chi And 49 And omega And phi Per
5th chi And chi And phi Per HIP 7918 chi And 51 And 51 And
6th HIP 7825 nu And 51 And nu And nu And phi Per chi And
7th HIP 7918 Tau And chi And Tau And Tau And 58 And HIP 7825
8th nu And 56 And nu And 56 And beta Tri beta Tri HIP 7918
9th Tau And beta Tri Tau And 58 And gamma Tri delta Tri nu And
10th 56 And gamma Tri HIP 8432 beta Tri delta Tri gamma Tri tau And
11th beta And delta Tri 56 And gamma Tri 58 And 14 Tri 56 And
delta Tri

Maps (Gallery)edit source

historical map modern identification

(Yang 2023)

same in Stellarium 25.1
Tian Dajiangjun on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart
Tian Dajiangjun between Han and Tang Dynasty as drawn on the Cheonsang Yeocha Bunyajido, identified by Boshun Yang (2023).
Tian Dajiangjun between Han and Tang Dynasty as drawn on the Cheonsang Yeocha Bunyajido, mapped in Stellarium 2025 by Boshun Yang (2023)
Tian Dajiangjun on the Suzhou Star Map
Tian Dajiangjun on Geziyuejintu
Tian Dajiangjun on Suzhou Star Map
Tian Dajiangjun as drawn on the Suzhou map in Song Dynasty (China), identified by Boshun Yang (2023).
Tian Dajiangjun as drawn on the famous Suzhou Star Chart from Song Dynasty China, mapped in Stellarium (not published) by Boshun Yang (2023).

Star Name Discussion (IAU)edit source

In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

Referencesedit source

References (Chinese)

  1. ↑ Qutan Xida. Kaiyuanzhanjing 开元占经. Jiuzhou Press, P. 636.
  2. ↑ An Zuozhang, Xiong Tieji. Qin Han Guanzhi Shigao (Draft History of Qin and Han Dynasty Official Systems). Jinan: Qilu shushe, 2007: 233-251.
  3. ↑ Qutan Xida. Kaiyuanzhanjing 开元占经. Jiuzhou Press, P. 636.
  4. ↑ P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” Vistas in Astronomy, 5(1962), 127-225.
  5. ↑ Yi Shitong伊世同. Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 83.
  6. ↑ Pan Nai潘鼐. Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p301.
  7. ↑ Pan Nai潘鼐. Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p436.
  8. ↑ Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. The Chinese sky during the Han. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.
  9. ↑ B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 276-277.
  10. ↑ B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 276-277.
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