Kartika: Difference between revisions
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Kartika is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kartika is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kartika means star constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> |
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==Etymology and History== |
==Etymology and History== |
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Kartika (IPA: /kar.ti.ka/) is derived from the Sanskrit कृत्तिका, kṛttikā, which means a nakshatra or lunar mansion, i.e., a sector of the sky along the ecliptic, the Pleiades star cluster. |
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.... |
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=== Spelling Variants === |
=== Spelling Variants === |
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* krěttika |
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* .... |
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* karawika |
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* .... |
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=== Origin of Constellation === |
=== Origin of Constellation === |
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Kartika refers to the Pleiades star cluster and is one of the important asterisms in Bali. In determining the first and second months of the Balinese calendar, the wariga (Balinese astronomy) experts usually look for where and when the Kartika Star rises in the morning. |
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ii test ... |
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This research was conducted by observing the appearance of Kartika on the eastern horizon at Pura Ponjok Batu, Pacung Village, Tejakula District, Buleleng Regency. This temple was used as a reference because it is the northernmost temple on the island of Bali. |
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"In the past, our elders saw with the naked eye, so the start of Sasih Kasa and Sasih Karo as the first and second months of the Balinese calendar was only announced after the Kartika Star rose. That was traditional. Now, we can use mathematical calculations," explained Marayana. |
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Based on Marayana's research together with Japanese astronomy researchers, they found 3 places where the Kartika Star could be seen rising, namely in the Pacung Village area (Tejakula District), Julah Village (Tejakula District), and Sembiran Village (Tejakula District). At these three points, the Kartika Star can be seen rising in the morning, with the characteristics of the sun rising from the direction of the sea. |
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Another meaning of Kartika refers to the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. This month is one of the months that is revered in Bali because it is symbolized as the month of balance. Hindus in Bali celebrate the holy day of Purnama Kartika or Purnama Kapat, the full moon in the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. Purnama Kartika is a pujawali at large temples such as Padmatiga-Besakih, Pura Ulundanu Batur (Songan), and Pura Lempuyang Madya.<ref>Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin dik. (2024). Kalender Hindu. Bangli: Yayasan Wikarman</ref> |
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=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation === |
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation === |
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== Mythology == |
== Mythology / Religion == |
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This Pujawali is a commemoration of the descent of the ancestors Dewata Purusha (male seed) and Pradhana (female seed) to Bali for the first time, which then gave rise to all Balinese people. |
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.... |
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This commemoration of the descent of ancestors to Bali signifies a commemoration of the early origins of the island of Bali, inhabited by humans who have a race like humans today. This commemoration of origins is related to the commemoration of Kartika Purnima in Odisha, India. On Kartika Purnima, the people of Odisha hold a celebration to commemorate the migration of their ancestors to a new land called Bali. This commemoration is called Baliyatra or the journey to Bali.<ref>Skilling odisha. (2019). International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research.</ref> |
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This commemoration signifies the past story of the journey of the Kalinga people to Bali. Therefore, this commemoration coincides with the commemoration of the origins of the ancestors of the Balinese people, Indonesia, called Bhatara Putranjaya and Dewi Danuh. |
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The commemoration of the origins of the Balinese people is strengthened by the reading of the majajiwan ritual in Besakih, because the majajiwan mentions the ancestors from Keling. The majajiwan is a ritual to census the population of Bali. The Balinese population that is censused is the first who have ancestors in Keling (Odisha) with the language "manira sakeng keling". Next are the ancestors from Singasari, and Majapahit. The reading of this majajiwan strengthens the existence of the origins of the ancestors from Kalinga, India, thus strengthening the commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali. |
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The commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali is strengthened by the mythology of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali, because the name Rsi Markendya is the name of a rsi from India. |
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Mythology is contained in the Lontar Markendya Purana which tells the story of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali with the Aga people. Genealogically, Rsi Markendya is a rsi from the Vedasira group. This is what causes Bali to have the relics of the Lontar Vedasira. |
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The mythology of the Markendya Purana and the relics of Vedasira strengthen the Bali-Kalinga connection which is told through the tradition of ceremonies. This Bali-Kalinga connection has been studied archaeologically by Ardika (2019). |
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This study strengthens the relationship between Bali and India, because beads were found which are evidence of trade between Bali and India. Ancient Balinese inscriptions also mention the names of educational centers in India such as Nalanda, Amarawati, and Waranasi.<ref>Ardika, I Ketut. (2019). Indianization and the Spread of Buddhism in Bali. <nowiki>https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82526331/0_20FULL_ICAPAW_2019_PROCEEDINGS-libre.pdf</nowiki>?</ref> |
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This study shows a strong relationship between Bali and India during ancient Balinese times. These findings strengthen the story of Balinese rituals through archaeological research. This archaeological research is part of archaeological research on the influence of India on the archipelago, because of the emergence of Hindu kingdoms in the archipelago. Examples are the Kutai Kingdom in Kalimantan, the Kalinga Kingdom in Central Java, and Tarumanagara in West Java. These kingdoms show the strong relationship between the archipelago and India in their time. These connections also reached Bali, so there is a lot of archaeological evidence of these connections in Bali. |
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These stories are further strengthened by DNA studies of Balinese people, because DNA is a record in the human body. DNA studies on Balinese people found DNA elements that are common to South Indian DNA.<ref>JUNITHA, I. K., & SUDIRGA, S. K. (2007). Variasi DNA Mikrosatelit Kromosom Y pada Masyarakat Bali Mula Terunyan. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 14(2), 59--64. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.14.2.59</nowiki></ref> |
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The findings of this DNA study show that the traditional story through rituals, mythology, and archaeological findings is confirmed to be true. Therefore, DNA studies have become the gateway for confirmation of the meeting of the Purnama Kartika tradition with Kartika Purnima. |
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== Cultural Beliefs == |
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=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) === |
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Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref> |
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=== Astrological Characteristics === |
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They will live in happiness but they are often involved in double love so that they have the opportunity to have a partner, namely a wife or husband or more than one affair. They are attractive and have charisma, smart in saving and stingy with people. They like luxury and showing off.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Matching Gemstones === |
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Mirah Kecubung (Saphire ungu), Biduri bulan (moon stone).<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Weblinks == |
== Weblinks == |
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Latest revision as of 10:41, 23 June 2025
Kartika is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kartika is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kartika means star constellation.[1]
Etymology and History
Kartika (IPA: /kar.ti.ka/) is derived from the Sanskrit कृत्तिका, kṛttikā, which means a nakshatra or lunar mansion, i.e., a sector of the sky along the ecliptic, the Pleiades star cluster.
Spelling Variants
- krěttika
- karawika
Origin of Constellation
Kartika refers to the Pleiades star cluster and is one of the important asterisms in Bali. In determining the first and second months of the Balinese calendar, the wariga (Balinese astronomy) experts usually look for where and when the Kartika Star rises in the morning.
This research was conducted by observing the appearance of Kartika on the eastern horizon at Pura Ponjok Batu, Pacung Village, Tejakula District, Buleleng Regency. This temple was used as a reference because it is the northernmost temple on the island of Bali.
"In the past, our elders saw with the naked eye, so the start of Sasih Kasa and Sasih Karo as the first and second months of the Balinese calendar was only announced after the Kartika Star rose. That was traditional. Now, we can use mathematical calculations," explained Marayana.
Based on Marayana's research together with Japanese astronomy researchers, they found 3 places where the Kartika Star could be seen rising, namely in the Pacung Village area (Tejakula District), Julah Village (Tejakula District), and Sembiran Village (Tejakula District). At these three points, the Kartika Star can be seen rising in the morning, with the characteristics of the sun rising from the direction of the sea.
Another meaning of Kartika refers to the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. This month is one of the months that is revered in Bali because it is symbolized as the month of balance. Hindus in Bali celebrate the holy day of Purnama Kartika or Purnama Kapat, the full moon in the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. Purnama Kartika is a pujawali at large temples such as Padmatiga-Besakih, Pura Ulundanu Batur (Songan), and Pura Lempuyang Madya.[2]
Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation
Mythology / Religion
This Pujawali is a commemoration of the descent of the ancestors Dewata Purusha (male seed) and Pradhana (female seed) to Bali for the first time, which then gave rise to all Balinese people.
This commemoration of the descent of ancestors to Bali signifies a commemoration of the early origins of the island of Bali, inhabited by humans who have a race like humans today. This commemoration of origins is related to the commemoration of Kartika Purnima in Odisha, India. On Kartika Purnima, the people of Odisha hold a celebration to commemorate the migration of their ancestors to a new land called Bali. This commemoration is called Baliyatra or the journey to Bali.[3]
This commemoration signifies the past story of the journey of the Kalinga people to Bali. Therefore, this commemoration coincides with the commemoration of the origins of the ancestors of the Balinese people, Indonesia, called Bhatara Putranjaya and Dewi Danuh.
The commemoration of the origins of the Balinese people is strengthened by the reading of the majajiwan ritual in Besakih, because the majajiwan mentions the ancestors from Keling. The majajiwan is a ritual to census the population of Bali. The Balinese population that is censused is the first who have ancestors in Keling (Odisha) with the language "manira sakeng keling". Next are the ancestors from Singasari, and Majapahit. The reading of this majajiwan strengthens the existence of the origins of the ancestors from Kalinga, India, thus strengthening the commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali.
The commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali is strengthened by the mythology of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali, because the name Rsi Markendya is the name of a rsi from India.
Mythology is contained in the Lontar Markendya Purana which tells the story of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali with the Aga people. Genealogically, Rsi Markendya is a rsi from the Vedasira group. This is what causes Bali to have the relics of the Lontar Vedasira.
The mythology of the Markendya Purana and the relics of Vedasira strengthen the Bali-Kalinga connection which is told through the tradition of ceremonies. This Bali-Kalinga connection has been studied archaeologically by Ardika (2019).
This study strengthens the relationship between Bali and India, because beads were found which are evidence of trade between Bali and India. Ancient Balinese inscriptions also mention the names of educational centers in India such as Nalanda, Amarawati, and Waranasi.[4]
This study shows a strong relationship between Bali and India during ancient Balinese times. These findings strengthen the story of Balinese rituals through archaeological research. This archaeological research is part of archaeological research on the influence of India on the archipelago, because of the emergence of Hindu kingdoms in the archipelago. Examples are the Kutai Kingdom in Kalimantan, the Kalinga Kingdom in Central Java, and Tarumanagara in West Java. These kingdoms show the strong relationship between the archipelago and India in their time. These connections also reached Bali, so there is a lot of archaeological evidence of these connections in Bali.
These stories are further strengthened by DNA studies of Balinese people, because DNA is a record in the human body. DNA studies on Balinese people found DNA elements that are common to South Indian DNA.[5]
The findings of this DNA study show that the traditional story through rituals, mythology, and archaeological findings is confirmed to be true. Therefore, DNA studies have become the gateway for confirmation of the meeting of the Purnama Kartika tradition with Kartika Purnima.
Cultural Beliefs
Numerology (Neptu/Urip)
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11.[6]
Astrological Characteristics
They will live in happiness but they are often involved in double love so that they have the opportunity to have a partner, namely a wife or husband or more than one affair. They are attractive and have charisma, smart in saving and stingy with people. They like luxury and showing off.[6]
Matching Gemstones
Mirah Kecubung (Saphire ungu), Biduri bulan (moon stone).[6]
Weblinks
References
- References (general)
- ↑ Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.
- ↑ Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin dik. (2024). Kalender Hindu. Bangli: Yayasan Wikarman
- ↑ Skilling odisha. (2019). International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research.
- ↑ Ardika, I Ketut. (2019). Indianization and the Spread of Buddhism in Bali. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82526331/0_20FULL_ICAPAW_2019_PROCEEDINGS-libre.pdf?
- ↑ JUNITHA, I. K., & SUDIRGA, S. K. (2007). Variasi DNA Mikrosatelit Kromosom Y pada Masyarakat Bali Mula Terunyan. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 14(2), 59--64. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.14.2.59
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.
