Gajah: Difference between revisions
(Created page with "Kala Sungang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kala sungsang is found in line one in a series of visualization palelintangan which is calculated from the Northeast. Lintang kala sungsang means an upside-down demon constellation. ==Etymology and History== This constellation term is consisted of two words, "kala" and "sungsang". Kala is derived from Sanskrit काल, that means time or death. Kala is son of the god Shiva who titled the god of...") Tag: Disambiguation links |
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Gajah is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of gajah is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang gajah means an elephant constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> |
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==Etymology and History== |
==Etymology and History== |
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Gajah (IPA: /ˈɡad͡ʒah/ [ˈɡa.d͡ʒah]) is derived from Sanskrit गज, gaja, means elephant. |
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This constellation term is consisted of two words, "kala" and "sungsang". |
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Kala is derived from Sanskrit काल, that means time or death. Kala is son of the god Shiva who titled the god of time. The god Kala is often symbolized as a giant, with a scary face, dark in color and almost does not resemble a god. Kala is a symbol that no one can fight the law of karma. When it is time for someone to leave the mortal world, then at that time Kala will come to pick him up. If anyone insists on living along with their own will, then they will be destroyed by Kala. Therefore, Kala's face is very scary. But, in this case, kala sungsang is not the son of the god Shiva and goddess Durga. |
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While "sungsang" is from Javanese which means upside-down. This word depicts an abnormal position, what is above becomes below or what is in front becomes behind. The other meaning of "sungsang" is return back, has a meaning whatever we think, say and do, the results will definitely come back to us according to our karma. |
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* gaja |
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Kala Sungsang is one of the demonic entities or negative forces that are considered to be present in traditional Balinese beliefs. He is often associated with the ''bala rencang'' at ''Pura Dalem'' and acts as a guard for Ida Bhatara Pengulun Setra. In the imagination of the Balinese people, Kala sungsang is depicted as a tall and large giant figure, with a scary face, and an upside-down body position, where his head is below and his feet are above. He walks using both hands. |
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Among the various animals, elephants are animals that have almost always appeared in the history of human civilization. In this world, animals that are part of the Elephantidae family only have two types left, namely, the African Elephant - Loxodonta africana - the largest elephant species in the world, and the Asian Elephant - Elephas maximus. From the genus Loxodonta, there are two subspecies: Loxodonta africana - the African Elephant that lives in savanna areas, and Loxodonta cyclotis - the African Elephant that lives in African forests. |
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While the distribution of Asian Elephants is only in several Asian countries, including parts of West Asia, the coast of Iran, China, Bhutan, India, parts of Nepal, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The Asian Elephants are also divided into several subspecies; Elephas maximus indicus - Indian Elephant, the elephant with the largest population in Asia, and Elephas maximus maximus - a subspecies of elephant known as the Sri Lankan Elephant. These subspecies have the largest body size among other Asian elephants. |
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Kala Sungsang symbolizes the figure who is the cause of all times or conditions that are contrary to the conditions that should be, especially in the Kali Yuga era. This includes an abnormal natural phenomenon, such as weather that is not in accordance with the season, as well as human traits that are contrary to their nature. |
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Although researchers have divided elephants into two species and several subspecies, it turns out that all elephants in the world are considered to have several similarities. In addition to being the largest mammal on land, elephants are also classified as the smartest animals in the world. In addition to their special abilities, elephants also have a psychology that is very similar to humans, they have emotions. With the various specialties they have, it is not surprising that elephants often appear in the history of human civilization. It is recorded that several nations in the world, especially Asia, have a close relationship with this elephant figure, of course, in a cultural context. |
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In Hinduism, the elephant has a connection with deities. On the one hand, an elephant is a vehicle of the God Indra; together they eradicate the forces of evil. Known as Airawata, this elephant takes the form of a white elephant. Airawata is also often referred to as the leader of the elephants in the world as well as the guardian of the universe. |
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* sungsang kala |
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* anca-anca (enhanced spelling) |
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On the other hand, God Ganesha is a god who has an elephant’s head with a human body. In India, Ganesha is one of the most widely worshiped gods. Ganesha is worshiped as the god of salvation and the wards off disaster or danger. In this aspect, the manifestation of Ganesha as a statue is often found in various places, such as riverbanks, ravines, and other places considered dangerous by the Hindu community. While in Indonesia, especially Bali and Java, Ganesha is well known as the god of knowledge, wisdom, peace, and the arts. |
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ii test ... |
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=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation === |
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation === |
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== Mythology == |
== Mythology / Religion == |
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Based on the chronicle in the Purwa Bhumi Kamulan Lontar, Kala Sungsang was created when the goddess Durga was meditating. |
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=== Gajah Airawata === |
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==== India ==== |
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In the Hindu concept, Airawata is the son of Irawati. She is one of the daughters of Daksha, one of the sons of Brahma. Many versions call Daksha one of the creator gods. In another version, Daksha is also called Kasyapa. |
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==== Thailand ==== |
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Many versions also say that Airawata is the most famous mythological animal in Thailand, perhaps because of this animal, Thailand is nicknamed the land of the "White Elephant". Unlike the Indian version, in Thailand Airawata is known as Erawan. Its form is also slightly different from the Indian version. In Thai culture, Airawata or Erawan is an animal that takes the form of a three-headed white elephant with more than two tusks. |
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==== Puppet Version (Wayang) ==== |
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Airawata is said to have originated from the process of digging the Samudera Manthana (Manthana ocean). Once upon a time, Garuda was on his way to find Tirta Amerta to free Kasyapa, his mother, who was being enslaved by Kadru, the mother of the dragons. In his searching, Garuda was told by the gods to cut the peak of Mount Mandaragiri and then dig the Manthana ocean using the peak. With the help of Vishnu, Garuda was able to find the Tirta Amerta. In the digging process, new figures emerged in the concept of this puppetry, including the Goddess Laksmi, later known as the shakti of Bhatara Visnu, Laksmi is worshiped as the god of fertility, prosperity, wealth, luck, justice, and wisdom, the Moon, Tirta Amerta and the Airawata Elephant itself. This version also says that the elephant Airawata had a brother, namely the elephant Puspadhenta, who was the mount of King Baladewa - in the Indian version known as Balarama, he was the older brother of Bhatara Kresna, ruling in the country of Mandura, the son of King Vasudewa. |
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=== Ganesha === |
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In Hindu mythology, Ganesha is the son of Bhatara Siwa and the goddess Parvati. From this physical form, he is often called by the name Gajanama. |
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Once, Goddess Parvati, the wife of Lord Shiva, decided to take a bath in her palace located on the peak of Mount Kailash. However, every time she prepared to take a bath, the palace guards seemed unable to provide her with a peaceful privacy. Therefore, Goddess Parvati decided to create a loyal guard who would protect her while she took a bath. Parvati then collected the turmeric paste that covered her body, and from this simple material, she formed the figure of a boy. With her powers, she gave life to the figure and named him Ganesha. Parvati then gave a command to Ganesha, "My son, I am going to take a bath. Stand at the door and do not let anyone enter without my permission." Ganesha, full of responsibility, was ready to carry out his task faithfully. |
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Later, Lord Shiva, the husband of Goddess Parvati, returned to his palace. He was surprised to see an unfamiliar figure standing at the door. When Shiva tried to enter the room, Ganesha blocked his way. Shiva looked at him in surprise and asked, "Who are you, young man, who dares to block my way?". Politely and firmly, Ganesha replied, "My mother is taking a bath and does not want to be disturbed. I have been ordered not to let anyone enter, not even Lord Shiva himself." |
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Shiva, offended by the boy's audacity, glared at Ganesha sharply. "Little boy, you may not know who I am. I am Shiva, the ruler of the universe. No one can block my way, especially in my own house." |
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However, Ganesha remained loyal to his mother's orders and said that he was only carrying out the duties given by her. |
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Shiva was offended. Shiva then called the Ganas (his followers) to get rid of Ganesha, but none of them succeeded in defeating him. Seeing the situation getting tense, Shiva, who was impatient, finally released his Trident and cut Ganesha's head, separating it from his body. At that time, Goddess Parvati came out of her bathroom and found Ganesha lying lifeless. She cried seeing her son lying on the ground without a head. While Shiva stood nearby with his trident still in his hand. Parvati shouted angrily at Shiva in sadness while telling how Ganesha was created. |
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Based on Andhabhuwana lontar, it is mentioned that the origin of the existence of Dewi Uma changed into Dewi Durga (ruler of the grave) because she received a curse from Lord Shiva. The curse caused Dewi Uma, who was titled Dewi Durga, to stay in the world and would return to Siwa Loka after being purified. |
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The remorseful Shiva promised to bring Ganesha back to life, but his body had to be given a new head. To get a human head, of course there had to be a severed toddler's neck. The beheading process could be done, only on the condition that the toddler had to be kidnapped when he was not in his mother's arms while sleeping. (Then this is one of the reasons why parents in India, Bali or Java have a habit of not putting their babies out of reach). |
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After descending to the world, she did a ritual. When Goddess Durga was meditating, various spirits and negative forces emerged from the hairs all over her body. These spirits, with their strange and scary appearances, have the task of misleading and testing the determination of humans in carrying out dharma. Among these creatures, '''Bhuta Sungsang''' has a special task of confusing the minds of humans so that they have difficulty distinguishing between reality and illusion and become reversed in their thoughts and actions. |
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Because they could not find a baby or toddler sleeping separately from their mother, they looked for an animal head as a replacement. Shiva sent the Ganas (his followers) to look for the head of the first living creature they found facing north. After searching, they found an elephant. At that time the elephant ridden by the God Indra named Airawata was drunk and fell asleep in a position that violated the rules, namely sleeping with his head facing north. For this violation, the Ganas then beheaded the Elephant Airawata, and the elephant's head was then brought back to Shiva. |
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In the Nusa Penida chronicle, Goddess Durga resides as the ruling deity of the grave followed by 108 Bhuta-Bhuti. The following are the names of the butha kala and butha kali that accompany the presence of Goddess Durga in the grave, namely, bhùta banaspati, yamapati, mregapati, banaspatiraja, bhùta saliwah, bhùta salah rupa, bhùta Enjek-pupu, Tangan-tangan, '''Laweyan''', '''Kumangmang''', '''Anja-anja''', Mamedi, Bhùta Sungsang, Udug-Basur, Ileg-ileg, Papengkah, Barong Asepek, I Gagendu, Suku-tunggal, kakawa, Mretyu, Togtogsil, Raregek, Raparayu, Kala Ngadang, bhùta Tan-pakuping, bhùta Bungut-sasibak, and so on. The task of Dewa Durga and her 108 followers is to spread disease, create drought, disaster in the world. However, the main target is humans who forget to devote themselves to the Almighty God. |
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With his power, Lord Shiva attached the elephant's head to Ganesha's body and gave him life again. Ganesha came back to life, but this time with the head of an elephant. With this awakening, Shiva gave Ganesha the powers of the God of Dispelling Obstacles and the God of Wisdom, ensuring that he would be respected throughout the universe. |
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Kala Sungsang is considered one of the 15 most powerful Bhutas among the soldiers. Kala Sungsang is believed to be the cause of human thoughts and behavior being reversed or not in accordance with the norms that should be. This is reflected in the decline of customary norms, religion, manners, and community ethics. |
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==Cultural Beliefs== |
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===Numerology (Neptu/Urip)=== |
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Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref> |
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===Astrological Characteristics=== |
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Authoritative, have supernatural powers, can get rich quickly, have a long life, have many children, but unfortunately they find it very difficult to accept criticism from others and are too firm in their positions.<ref name=":0" /> |
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===Matching Gemstones=== |
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Kecubung (amethyst), Mirah (ruby) dan Nila (Saphire).<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Weblinks == |
== Weblinks == |
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Latest revision as of 08:47, 23 June 2025
Gajah is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of gajah is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang gajah means an elephant constellation.[1]
Etymology and History
Gajah (IPA: /ˈɡad͡ʒah/ [ˈɡa.d͡ʒah]) is derived from Sanskrit गज, gaja, means elephant.
Spelling Variants
- gadja (old spelling)
- gaja
Origin of Constellation
Among the various animals, elephants are animals that have almost always appeared in the history of human civilization. In this world, animals that are part of the Elephantidae family only have two types left, namely, the African Elephant - Loxodonta africana - the largest elephant species in the world, and the Asian Elephant - Elephas maximus. From the genus Loxodonta, there are two subspecies: Loxodonta africana - the African Elephant that lives in savanna areas, and Loxodonta cyclotis - the African Elephant that lives in African forests.
While the distribution of Asian Elephants is only in several Asian countries, including parts of West Asia, the coast of Iran, China, Bhutan, India, parts of Nepal, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The Asian Elephants are also divided into several subspecies; Elephas maximus indicus - Indian Elephant, the elephant with the largest population in Asia, and Elephas maximus maximus - a subspecies of elephant known as the Sri Lankan Elephant. These subspecies have the largest body size among other Asian elephants.
Although researchers have divided elephants into two species and several subspecies, it turns out that all elephants in the world are considered to have several similarities. In addition to being the largest mammal on land, elephants are also classified as the smartest animals in the world. In addition to their special abilities, elephants also have a psychology that is very similar to humans, they have emotions. With the various specialties they have, it is not surprising that elephants often appear in the history of human civilization. It is recorded that several nations in the world, especially Asia, have a close relationship with this elephant figure, of course, in a cultural context.
In Hinduism, the elephant has a connection with deities. On the one hand, an elephant is a vehicle of the God Indra; together they eradicate the forces of evil. Known as Airawata, this elephant takes the form of a white elephant. Airawata is also often referred to as the leader of the elephants in the world as well as the guardian of the universe.
On the other hand, God Ganesha is a god who has an elephant’s head with a human body. In India, Ganesha is one of the most widely worshiped gods. Ganesha is worshiped as the god of salvation and the wards off disaster or danger. In this aspect, the manifestation of Ganesha as a statue is often found in various places, such as riverbanks, ravines, and other places considered dangerous by the Hindu community. While in Indonesia, especially Bali and Java, Ganesha is well known as the god of knowledge, wisdom, peace, and the arts.
Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation
Mythology / Religion
Gajah Airawata
India
In the Hindu concept, Airawata is the son of Irawati. She is one of the daughters of Daksha, one of the sons of Brahma. Many versions call Daksha one of the creator gods. In another version, Daksha is also called Kasyapa.
Thailand
Many versions also say that Airawata is the most famous mythological animal in Thailand, perhaps because of this animal, Thailand is nicknamed the land of the "White Elephant". Unlike the Indian version, in Thailand Airawata is known as Erawan. Its form is also slightly different from the Indian version. In Thai culture, Airawata or Erawan is an animal that takes the form of a three-headed white elephant with more than two tusks.
Puppet Version (Wayang)
Airawata is said to have originated from the process of digging the Samudera Manthana (Manthana ocean). Once upon a time, Garuda was on his way to find Tirta Amerta to free Kasyapa, his mother, who was being enslaved by Kadru, the mother of the dragons. In his searching, Garuda was told by the gods to cut the peak of Mount Mandaragiri and then dig the Manthana ocean using the peak. With the help of Vishnu, Garuda was able to find the Tirta Amerta. In the digging process, new figures emerged in the concept of this puppetry, including the Goddess Laksmi, later known as the shakti of Bhatara Visnu, Laksmi is worshiped as the god of fertility, prosperity, wealth, luck, justice, and wisdom, the Moon, Tirta Amerta and the Airawata Elephant itself. This version also says that the elephant Airawata had a brother, namely the elephant Puspadhenta, who was the mount of King Baladewa - in the Indian version known as Balarama, he was the older brother of Bhatara Kresna, ruling in the country of Mandura, the son of King Vasudewa.
Ganesha
In Hindu mythology, Ganesha is the son of Bhatara Siwa and the goddess Parvati. From this physical form, he is often called by the name Gajanama.
Once, Goddess Parvati, the wife of Lord Shiva, decided to take a bath in her palace located on the peak of Mount Kailash. However, every time she prepared to take a bath, the palace guards seemed unable to provide her with a peaceful privacy. Therefore, Goddess Parvati decided to create a loyal guard who would protect her while she took a bath. Parvati then collected the turmeric paste that covered her body, and from this simple material, she formed the figure of a boy. With her powers, she gave life to the figure and named him Ganesha. Parvati then gave a command to Ganesha, "My son, I am going to take a bath. Stand at the door and do not let anyone enter without my permission." Ganesha, full of responsibility, was ready to carry out his task faithfully.
Later, Lord Shiva, the husband of Goddess Parvati, returned to his palace. He was surprised to see an unfamiliar figure standing at the door. When Shiva tried to enter the room, Ganesha blocked his way. Shiva looked at him in surprise and asked, "Who are you, young man, who dares to block my way?". Politely and firmly, Ganesha replied, "My mother is taking a bath and does not want to be disturbed. I have been ordered not to let anyone enter, not even Lord Shiva himself."
Shiva, offended by the boy's audacity, glared at Ganesha sharply. "Little boy, you may not know who I am. I am Shiva, the ruler of the universe. No one can block my way, especially in my own house."
However, Ganesha remained loyal to his mother's orders and said that he was only carrying out the duties given by her.
Shiva was offended. Shiva then called the Ganas (his followers) to get rid of Ganesha, but none of them succeeded in defeating him. Seeing the situation getting tense, Shiva, who was impatient, finally released his Trident and cut Ganesha's head, separating it from his body. At that time, Goddess Parvati came out of her bathroom and found Ganesha lying lifeless. She cried seeing her son lying on the ground without a head. While Shiva stood nearby with his trident still in his hand. Parvati shouted angrily at Shiva in sadness while telling how Ganesha was created.
The remorseful Shiva promised to bring Ganesha back to life, but his body had to be given a new head. To get a human head, of course there had to be a severed toddler's neck. The beheading process could be done, only on the condition that the toddler had to be kidnapped when he was not in his mother's arms while sleeping. (Then this is one of the reasons why parents in India, Bali or Java have a habit of not putting their babies out of reach).
Because they could not find a baby or toddler sleeping separately from their mother, they looked for an animal head as a replacement. Shiva sent the Ganas (his followers) to look for the head of the first living creature they found facing north. After searching, they found an elephant. At that time the elephant ridden by the God Indra named Airawata was drunk and fell asleep in a position that violated the rules, namely sleeping with his head facing north. For this violation, the Ganas then beheaded the Elephant Airawata, and the elephant's head was then brought back to Shiva.
With his power, Lord Shiva attached the elephant's head to Ganesha's body and gave him life again. Ganesha came back to life, but this time with the head of an elephant. With this awakening, Shiva gave Ganesha the powers of the God of Dispelling Obstacles and the God of Wisdom, ensuring that he would be respected throughout the universe.
Cultural Beliefs
Numerology (Neptu/Urip)
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.[2]
Astrological Characteristics
Authoritative, have supernatural powers, can get rich quickly, have a long life, have many children, but unfortunately they find it very difficult to accept criticism from others and are too firm in their positions.[2]
Matching Gemstones
Kecubung (amethyst), Mirah (ruby) dan Nila (Saphire).[2]
Weblinks
References
- References (general)
- ↑ Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.
