Tengshe: Difference between revisions

From All Skies Encyclopaedia
Tengshe
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| Primary Star(central star or beak star)
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|alpha Lac
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|alpha Lac
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|HIP 113288
|HIP 113288
|alpha Lac
|alpha Lac
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|epsilon Cep
|4 Lac
|9 Lac
|9 Lac
|HIP 113327
|beta Lac
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|mu Cep
|pi2 Cgy
|beta Lac
|beta Lac
|3 And
|HIP 109521
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|pi1 Cgy
|pi1 Cgy
|HIP 109521
|4 Lac
|7 And
|4 Lac
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|pi2 Cgy
|?
|4 Lac
|2 Lac
|8 And
|5 Lac
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|4 Lac
|HIP 105064
|5 Lac
|5 Lac
|11 And
|HIP 113288
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|HIP 111550
|HIP 106886
|HIP 113327
|3 And
|lambda And
|9 Lac
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|9 Lac
|13 Cep
|HIP 113288
|7 And
|kappa And
|HIP 113501
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|HIP 114162
|epsilon Cep
|3 And
|8 And
|iota And
|HIP 114162
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|HIP 114924
|beta Lac
|HIP 114714
|11 And
|10 And
|HIP 114924
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|HIP 117133
|sigma Cas
|18 And
|lambda And
|omicron And
|HIP 118077
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|rho Cas
|rho Cas
|HIP 118077
|psi And
|HIP 113501
|sigma Cas
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|tau Cas
|tau Cas
|sigma Cas
|kappa And
|HIP 112641
|rho Cas
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|HIP 113288
|AR Cas
|rho Cas
|iota And
|HIP 114162
|HIP 117299
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|3 And
|9 Lac
|tau Cas
|6 Lac
|HIP 114924
|HIP 116912
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|7 And
|3 And
|AR Cas
|10 Lac
|sigma Cas
|3 And
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|8 And
|7 And
|5 And
|12 Lac
|rho Cas
|7 And
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|11 And
|8 And
|7 And
|13 Lac
|tau Cas
|8 And
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|lambda And
|lambda And
|8 And
|14 Lac
|AR Cas
|11 And
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|psi And
|psi And
|11 And
|omicron And
|HIP 115395
|lambda And
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|kappa And
|kappa And
|lambda And
|15 Lac
|1 Cas
|kappa And
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|iota And
|iota And
|kappa And
|11 Lac
|HIP 114622
|iota And
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|iota And
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Revision as of 03:03, 26 August 2024


Tengshe螣蛇 or 腾蛇 (Téng Shé, Flying Serpent) is a constellation created by ancient Chinese astrologers, dating back to the 2nd century BCE. It is classified as one of the "internal" constellations (内官) of the Shi School (石氏), as it belongs to the Shi School's constellation system during the Han Dynasty， and it is inside of the 28 lunar mansions.

Tengshe before Tang-reconstructed by Yang

Etymology and History

Tengshe is a mythical flying snake in ancient Chinese folklore, with numerous references found in classical Chinese literature. For instance, the Xunzi荀子 mentions, "螣蛇无足而飞(The Tengshe flies without legs)", and Cao Cao’s famous poem "《龟虽寿》Though the Tortoise Lives Long" includes the line, "神龟虽寿，犹有竟时。螣蛇乘雾，终为土灰(The divine tortoise, though it lives long, will eventually die; the Tengshe rides the mist, yet will eventually turn to dust)", indicating that Tengshe is a legendary creature as well-known as the divine tortoise. Zhang Heng’s "《思玄赋》Ode to Returning to Immortality" describes many constellations, with lines like "玄武缩于壳中兮，螣蛇蜿而自纠(The Xuanwu retracts into its shell, while the Tengshe coils upon itself)", where the Xuanwu is the divine tortoise or a combination of tortoise and snake, representing the northern constellation of the Four Symbols, corresponding to the seven mansions of the north. Tengshe here might also refer to the constellation associated with this celestial creature.

The "《天官书》Treatise on Celestial Offices" does not mention Tengshe, suggesting that this constellation might have been incorporated into the Shishi constellation system only after the Taichu(104-102BCE) reformation to the constellations. The 《石氏星经》Shishi Xingjing (Master Shi's Star Canon or The Shi School's Star Canon) records that this constellation comprises 22 stars, located north of the lunar mansion Shi(室, Room). It states, "When this constellation are bright, there is unrest; when faint, there is peace," indicating that this constellation is generally dim.

The Shishi Xingjing describes the Tengshe constellation as a male serpent that mates with turtles, serving as the leader of aquatic creatures. This further highlights the connection between Tengshe and the tortoise. Some believe that the establishment of this constellation was intended to compensate for the lack of a serpent in the Northern Symbol Xuanwu (with the mansions Xu(虚, Ruins) and Wei(危, Roof) forming the shape of a tortoise), thereby making the image of the Black Tortoise in the Northern Symbol more complete.[1]

Identification of stars

The Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart, the Dunhuang Star Chart, and the Geziyuejintu document the shapes of constellations during the Tang dynasty and earlier periods, and these three early star charts share significant similarities, but they differ considerably from star charts created after the Song dynasty, like Suzhou star map. In these earlier star charts, Tengshe (the flying serpent) is depicted with two heads, while in post-Song dynasty star charts, Tengshe is shown with a single head. According to the Han dynasty’s Shi School's Star Catalog (or Master Shi's Star Catalogue), the star associated with Tengshe's beak star(螣蛇喙星) corresponds to V424 Lac (HIP 113288). However, in later single-headed depictions, the central major star(中央大星） of Tengshe is α Lac, indicating a shift in the constellation’s position over time.

Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing) Ho PENG YOKE[2] Yi Shitong[3]

Based on catalogue in 18th century

Pan Nai[4]

based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map

SUN X. & J. Kistemaker[5]

Han Dynasty

Boshun Yang[6]

before Tang dynasty

Boshun Yang[7]

Song Hingyou(1052)

Primary Star(central star or beak star) beta Lac alpha Lac alpha Lac alpha Lac HIP 113288 alpha Lac
epsilon Cep 4 Lac 9 Lac 9 Lac HIP 113327 beta Lac
mu Cep pi2 Cgy beta Lac beta Lac 3 And HIP 109521
pi1 Cgy pi1 Cgy HIP 109521 4 Lac 7 And 4 Lac
pi2 Cgy ? 4 Lac 2 Lac 8 And 5 Lac
4 Lac HIP 105064 5 Lac 5 Lac 11 And HIP 113288
HIP 111550 HIP 106886 HIP 113327 3 And lambda And 9 Lac
9 Lac 13 Cep HIP 113288 7 And kappa And HIP 113501
HIP 114162 epsilon Cep 3 And 8 And iota And HIP 114162
HIP 114924 beta Lac HIP 114714 11 And 10 And HIP 114924
HIP 117133 sigma Cas 18 And lambda And omicron And HIP 118077
rho Cas rho Cas HIP 118077 psi And HIP 113501 sigma Cas
tau Cas tau Cas sigma Cas kappa And HIP 112641 rho Cas
HIP 113288 AR Cas rho Cas iota And HIP 114162 HIP 117299
3 And 9 Lac tau Cas 6 Lac HIP 114924 HIP 116912
7 And 3 And AR Cas 10 Lac sigma Cas 3 And
8 And 7 And 5 And 12 Lac rho Cas 7 And
11 And 8 And 7 And 13 Lac tau Cas 8 And
lambda And lambda And 8 And 14 Lac AR Cas 11 And
psi And psi And 11 And omicron And HIP 115395 lambda And
kappa And kappa And lambda And 15 Lac 1 Cas kappa And
iota And iota And kappa And 11 Lac HIP 114622 iota And
iota And
15 And

Star Maps

  • Tengshe
  • Tengshe on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido star chart

    Tengshe on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido star chart

  • Tengshe on Dunhuang Star Map

    Tengshe on Dunhuang Star Map

  • Tengshe on Geziyuejintu Star Map

    Tengshe on Geziyuejintu Star Map

  • Tengshe before Tang-reconstructed by Yang

    Tengshe before Tang-reconstructed by Yang

  • Tengshe on Suzhou Star Map

    Tengshe on Suzhou Star Map

  • Tengshe on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map

    Tengshe on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map

  • Tengshe after Song-reconstructed by Yang

    Tengshe after Song-reconstructed by Yang


References

References (Chinese)

  1. ↑ Xu Gang徐刚, Wang Yangping王燕平. 星空帝国：中国古代星宿揭秘Xingkongdiguo: Zhongguo Gudai Xingxiu Jiemi. Beijing: Renmin Youdian Chubanshe北京：人民邮电出版社.2016. P138.
  2. ↑ P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” Vistas in Astronomy, 5(1962), 127-225.
  3. ↑ Yi Shitong伊世同. Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 71-72.
  4. ↑ Pan Nai潘鼐. Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p304.
  5. ↑ Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. The Chinese sky during the Han. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.
  6. ↑ B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 269.
  7. ↑ B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 269.
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