Andromeda

And star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).

Perseus defends Andromeda from the monster Cetus by pelting it with stones. Corinthian amphora, 575–550 BCE. Note that no rock is visible, only the stones which are thrown at the monster by Perseus (Antikensammlung Berlin, Altes Museum, F 1652, Zdenek Kratochvil).

Andromeda is the daughter of Queen Kassiepeia (Latin: Cassiopeia) and King Kepheus (Cepheus) of Ethipia. Her mythology is described in all detail in Ian Ridpath's Star Tales. It is assumed that the actors are mythological figures without a historical counterpart. The visual representation of the constellation and the interpretation underwent strong transformations.

Etymology and History

The origin of the term "Andromeda" remains unclear. Possible derivatives are thinkable from ἀνδρίς (andris, woman) or ἀνδρός (andros, man/ human), or δρομάς (running/ runner). It is the name of a princess in Greek mythology.

Andromeda in Ancient Source

Babylonian Predecessor

In the area of this constellation, Babylonian uranography had the goddess Anunitu(m), an epithet of Inanna/ Ištar, a goddess of love and war.

Greco-Roman

Eudoxus

Vor dem Kepheus befindet sich die Kassiopeja, unter dieser aber die Andromeda; letzt re hat die linke Schulter über dem nördlichen Fisch und den Gürtel über dem Widder, wenn man von dem Dreieck absieht, welches dazwischen liegt. Den Stern im Kopfe hat sie gemeinsam mit dem Pferde, an dessen Bauche er steht.

(Hipp Lib I Cap II §13)

Eudoxos on the summer solstice circle:

"Es liegt auf diesem die Mitte des Krebses und der Längsdurchschnitt von dem Körper des Löwen, von der Jungfrau die nur wenig nördlich gelegenen Teile, der Nacken der getragenen Schlange, die rechte Hand des Knieenden, der Kopf des Schlangenträgers, der Hals und der linke Flügel des Schwanes, die Füße des Pferdes , ferner sowohl die rechte Hand der Andromeda als auch der Raum zwischen ihren Füßen, vom Perseus die linke Schulter und das linke Schienbein , ferner die Kniee des Fuhrmanns und die Köpfe der Zwillinge; dann schließt er sich wieder an die Mitte des Krebses an. '

(Hipp Lib I Cap. II §18)

Hipparchus

Rising (Lib II Cap V §10)

The Rising of Andromeda ...

	east		south
	lam1	lam2	lam1	lam2
	Cap 15	Aqr 23.5	Sco 5.5	Sgr 7.5
star	The more noble of those in the right hand	The one at the end of the left hand
duration	2 1/8 hours = 127.5 min = 31 7/8 degree

Setting (Lib II Cap VI §10)

	west		south
	lam1	lam2	lam1	lam2
	Ari 21	Tau 23.5	Cnc 23.5	Vir 5
star	The one on the head	The more northerly of those in the right foot
duration	2 2/3 hours = 160 min = 40°

Stars Mentioned

	Greek	German	English	ident.	src		lam_culm
		Der nödlichere von denen in der rechten Hand	The more noble of those in the right hand	lam	Lib II Cap V §10	rising, east, first
		Der am Ende der linken Hand	The one at the end of the left hand	zet	Lib II Cap V §10	rising, east, last
		Der in der linken Hand der Andromeda	The one in the left hand of the Andromeda	zet	Lib II Cap VI §2	setting CrB, south, last	Psc 13.5
		Von der Andromeda der im linken Fuße	From the Andromeda in the left foot	gam	Lib II Cap VI §13	setting Aql, south, first	Ari 2
		Von der Andromeda der nördlichste von denen an der Brust	From Andromeda the northernmost of those on the chest	pi	Lib III Cap I §9	rising Ori, south, last	Psc 13
		Der am Kopfe	The one on the head	alf	Lib II Cap VI §10	setting, west, first
		Der nördlichere von denen im rechten Fuße	The more northerly of those in the right foot	phi Per	Lib II Cap VI §10	setting, west, last
		Von der Andromeda der nachfolgende von denen im Gürtel	From the Andromeda the following of those in the belt	bet	Lib III Cap I §13	rising CMi, south, first	Psc 15
		Der helle im Kopfe der Andromeda	The bright one in the head of Andromeda	alf	Lib III Cap III §1b	rising Cnc, south, first	Psc 5
		Von der Andromeda der linke Fuß, wenig östlich des Meridians	From Andromeda the left foot, a little east of the meridian	gam	Lib III Cap III §1	rising Cnc, south, last	Ari 0.5
		Von der Andromeda der mittelste von den dreien in der rechten Schulter	From the Andromeda, the centre one of the three in the right shoulder	rho	Lib III Cap III §12	rising Gem, south, last	Psc 8.5
		Von der Andromeda der nördlichere von denen an der Brust	Of the Andromeda, the more northerly of those on the chest	pi	Lib III Cap IV §7	setting Cap, south, first	Psc 10.5

Ptolemy's Almagest

	Greek	English (Toomer 1984)	identification (Toomer 1984)
1	ὁ ἐν τῷ μεταφρένῳ	The star in the place between the shoulders	δ And
2	ὁ ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ὤμῳ	The star in the right shoulder	π And
3	ὁ ἐν τῷ ἀριστερῷ ὤμῳ	The star in the left shoulder	ε And
4	τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ βραχίονος γ ὁ νότιος	The southernmost of the 3 stars on the right upper arm	σ And
5	ὁ βόρειος αὐτῶν	The northernmost of them	θ And
6	ὁ μέσος τῶν τριῶν	The middle one of the three	ρ And
7	τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀκροχείρου γ ὁ νότιος	The southernmost of the 3 stars on the right band	ι And
8	ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν	The middle one of these	κ And
9	ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶν	The northernmost of the three	λ And
10	ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ βραχίονος	The star on the left upper arm	ζ And
11	ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἀγκῶνος	The star on the left elbow	η And
12	τῶν ὑπερ τὸ περίζωμα γ ὁ νότιος	The sduthernmost of the 3 stars over the girdle	β And
13	ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν	The middle one of these	μ And
14	ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶν	The northernmost of the three	ν And
15	ὁ ύπὲρ τὸν άριστερὸν πόδα	The star over the left foot	γ And
16	ὁ ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ποδί	The star in the right foot	φ Per
17	ὁ τούτοv vοτιώτερος	The one south of the latter	51 And
18	τῶv ἐπι τῆς ἀριστερᾶς ἀγκύλης β ὁ βορειότερος	The northernmost of the 2 stars on the left knee-bend	υ And
19	ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶv	The southernmost of them	τ And
20	ὁ ἐπι τοῦ δεξιοῦ γόνατος	The star on the right knee	φ And
21	τῶν ἐν τῷ σύρματι β ὁ βορειότερος	The northernmost of the two stars in the lower hem [ of the garment]	49 And
22	ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν	The southernmost or them	χ And
23	ὁ ἐκτὸς καὶ προηγούμενος τῶν ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ἀκροχείρῳ γ	The star in advance of the three in the right hand, outside [ of it]	ο And

{23 stars, 4 of the third magnitude, 15 of the fourth, 4 of the fifth}

Ancient Globes

• 

  Andromeda on the Kugel Globe, -2nd or -1st c BCE (drawing Susanne M Hoffmann, see: Hoffmann (2025), Some Results on the Ancient Globes, Globe Studies – The Journal of the International Coronelli Society, 69, 4169.)

• 

  Andromeda on the Farnese Globe, 2nd century CE (drawing by SMH)

• 

  Globus Farnese group of Andromeda, Pisces, Aquarius mapped to Stellarium (SMH 2023, cf. Hoffmann (2025), Some Results on the Ancient Globes, Globe Studies – The Journal of the International Coronelli Society, 69, 4169.)

• 

  Andromeda on the Mainz Globe, 2nd century CE, drawn by Susanne M Hoffmann

Ancient Background: Princess of Ethiopia?

In ancient legends, Andromeda is described as the princess of Ethiopia without the location of this country being specified. The place of her sacrification, Andromeda's Rock, is at the coast of Tel Aviv (modern Israel) which is in contrast to the location of the modern country of Ethiopia in Africa. It lies east of southern Egypt (today’s Sudan) on the Red Sea. Although the ancient geographer Strabo also places Ethiopia in Africa, the Greek name of the ethnic group of the Αἰθίοψ (aithiops), “those with burned faces”, means the same as “dark-skinned person”. Ethiopia (Αἰθιοπία) is thus “the land of the dark-skinned” and, according to the Hellenistic worldview, this could be anything between India and Sudan. Strabo dates to Roman times (1st century BCE), so it is worth looking at archaeological historical research.

The Egyptian empire had previously (from c. 1550 BCE for about 4 centuries) not only encompassed the Sinai Peninsula, but also temporarily reached into the region of southwest Asia that is now Israel and Lebanon. The Jewish story of the Exodus (liberation from slavery by flight from Egypt, which is said to have taken place between 1200 and 1000 BCE) thus reports of exchanges (of people and culture) between Egypt and this fertile (flourishing) land. This is confirmed by historical research. Exchanges with the more eastern empires of Babylon and Assur can also be attested long before. Several generations of Egyptian pharaohs actually came from the area around Carthum (Sudan) in the 8th century BCE, the so-called “Black Pharaohs” and relations & exchanges between the milky coffee-coloured Berbers in the North African coastal region and the Blacks further south were of course always present – long before (in the 4th century BCE) light-skinned Macedonians conquered the land from Anatolia via the Levant to Egypt and called it “Greek”.

Leaving aside ancient Greek racism and “whitewashing” when Hellenism and Rome imagined that all peoples (even in Black Africa) were ruled by whites, all these changing state boundaries, rulers and migrations of peoples say nothing about the geographical location of the ethnic group of the Αἰθίοψ (aithiops).

Location according to ancient scholars

Herodotus (Greek historian, 5th century BCE) likes to play with words. For him Perseus is the progenitor of the Persians and Andromeda therefore also their progenitor [Hdt. 1:7]:

• When Perseus, the son of Danae and Zeus, came to Cepheus, the son of Belus, and married his daughter Andromeda, a son was born to him, whom he called Perses, and he left him there; for Cepheus had no male offspring; from this Perses the Persians have their name.

Herodotus was from what was then Persia, a place called Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός (Halikarnāssós, modern Bodrum in Turkey), which further places this pun in the realm of popular legends common at the time. One would thus conjecture that Cepheus and his grandson Perses ruled over a land located in present-day Turkey on the Mediterranean Sea.

Such folk etymologies are quite common in antiquity. However, no one seriously knows where the proper names used in this myth come from. Does the name “Andromeda” perhaps contain the verb δρομάς (to walk, to run), from which the name of the animal “dromedary” also derives – or the verb ἀνδρόω (to become a man)? What do the names “Cepheus” and “Cassiopeia” mean? No one knows.

Therefore, the linking of Perses and his father Perseus with the Persians seems to be rather invented after the fact.

References to Andromeda's Rock

Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv (Susanne M Hoffmann 2023).

Two historical reports are known in which the rock to which Andromeda was chained is geographically located: the geographer Strabo in the 1st century BCE and the Jewish-Roman chronicler Flavius Josephus in the 1st century CE both name Joppa (=Jaffa = historical old city of Tel Aviv), i.e. also the Mediterranean coast, but clearly south of Bodrum (Turkey).

Strabo (-1st century)

Strabo’s indication here is strange to misleading [Strabo, Geography, 2:16.2]:

[enumeration of cities.] Then Joppa, where the coast of Egypt, extending at first eastward, makes a notable bend to the north. According to some writers, Andromeda was exposed to the sea monster at this place. It is high enough and is said to offer a view of Jerusalem, the capital of the Jews….

Joppa and the coastal strip south of it (including Ashkalon and Gaza) actually belonged to Egypt at the time, but I doubt you can see Jerusalem from there because 1) Jerusalem is 750 m higher than Tel Aviv and 2) there is a mountain in between. Nevertheless, the proximity of Jaffa and Jerusalem is remarkable when one looks at the legend of Andromeda, because – like the most famous of all Jewish prophets, who was later executed by Romans in Jerusalem – Andromeda is also guiltlessly sacrificed by her people for the sins of others (esp. her mother). This kind of belief in a human redeemer from the sins (of the people) is thus demonstrably not uncommon in this geographical area.

Josephus Flavius (+1st century)

Old Jaffa seen from above (Susanne M Hoffmann 2023).

Josephus is a Jew who at first wanted to defend Jerusalem, but later joined the Roman conquerors and therefore took the name of the emperor Flavius. After going to Rome, he wrote a chronicle of the Jewish-Roman war (in which the famous Second Jerusalem Temple was destroyed). So Josephus, writing after 70 CE, will have reported that he still saw the chains of Andromeda on the rock (or at least remains of them), [Flavius Josephus 1:3.419]:

Joppa, however, is not by nature a harbour, for it ends on a rough shore, while everything else is straight, but the two ends bend towards each other, where there are deep chasms and great stones jutting into the sea, and where the chains with which Andromeda was bound have left their traces, which bear witness to the antiquity of this fable.

However, he also tells of “deep chasms and great stones” and this is indeed the image on the coast of the historic old city of Tel Aviv.

The Andromeda Rock, photographed here seaward against the skyline of the modern district (Tel Aviv, Bauhaus style), is marked with an Israeli flag. This modern city was built after the world wars and borders directly north on the historic old city (Joppa=Jaffa), so that the official name of the metropolis is now Tel Aviv-Jaffa. First the Philistine people settled there, later the area was conquered by the Egyptians and still later by the Romans.

For those who do not believe what Josephus describes from the above photos or with the knowledge of the tourist beach promenade of Tel Aviv, this aerial photo (which I took with my mobile phone when I left) may seem a more credible proof: there are really no large rocks far and wide on the coast of today’s Tel Aviv, but plenty of “menhirs in the water”, if one may say so somewhat casually.

So if Andromeda was chained to a rock here, it certainly didn’t look like she was depicted in early modern paintings (screenshot from wikipedia below) with her arms raised upwards, because there would have been no rock for that – apart from the fact that ancient depictions don’t show her naked, but always clothed (vases: heroes naked, ladies clothed, ancient celestial globes).

None of the rocks is taller than a human being. Possible would be a pose as painted by Guido Reni in the 17th century or as erotically draped in sculptural art by Daniel Chester French in 1931. In any case, the Andromeda saga is virtually the ancient version of Fifty Shades of Grey.

No surprise that the story and depiction of Andromeda has been controversial for centuries! It is sexist, frivolous, depicts clear patriarchal gender roles, is suspected of ancient racism, which would be called “whitewashing” in modern times… Indeed: the skin colour of Andromeda has also long been the subject of controversy: Ovid (living in Roman times and restaging many ancient sagas by combining narrative strands from different cultures of the empire) describes her sometimes marble-coloured and sometimes dark-skinned, while images on Greek vases show a fair-skinned figure at all times (since 600 BCE). The wikipedia reports on this in detail.

When did the story take place (if at all)?

No one is able to prove the historicity of this story, but Ernst Künzl pointed out in an article on the origin of the star sagas that all “Greek” constellation sagas take place in the time before the Trojan War. Earliest Greek-language texts are attributed to an author named Homer, of whom it is not known whether it was really just one person (or denotes a group), because the word “homer” actually means exactly “host”, so it can also denote one or more person(s) from another culture (e.g. Babylonian) who wrote in Greek. This person or group of people is dated to about 800 (give or take centuries) BCE.

Ancient historians tried to date the legendary Trojan War already in classical times and got dates before 1000 BCE, maybe 1200 BCE…. but these dates were derived half a millennium to a millennium later. If they are right, that would be exactly the time in which the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt guided by Moses is supposed to have taken place – with an equally vague dating.

The Andromeda story would therefore have to have taken place (if at all) when this land had not yet been settled by the Israelites or at the latest at the time of their arrival. All sources in the form of images and writing date many centuries later and could already paint the picture mythically transfigured (not truthfully).

So where does Andromeda come from?

… from Africa (today’s Eritrea/Ethiopia), from the (today’s) Turkish coast or from the (today’s) Israeli coast? The answer is probably not clear. The tendency is probably more from West Asia than Africa.

The beliefs (of patriarchal societies in nomadic peoples, the equal worship of 4 matriarchs and 3 patriarchs in the Jewish faith, the innocent human sacrifice for the redemption of sins in the Christian etc.) are present in this region and also the story of the sea monster Ketos seems to originate rather from there, i.e. here too (AFAIK) literary research sees the origin in various source stories in the eastern Mediterranean region: the myth of Heracles and Hesione is said to have come from Anatolia, whereby Heracles rescues the princess Hesione but (in most variants) does not marry her (but gives her to a follower as a bride or enslaves her). From the Levant there is the above-mentioned erotic Andromeda story, from which the “Persians” in Anatolia are said to have descended. Both deal with a sea monster and a lady who (as an idle figure) is saved from it by a hero.

However, the constellation of Andromeda is also located at the place where the Babylonian goddess of erotic love has her constellation. Therefore, the suspicion is that the Greek figure of Andromeda is a synchretism: a fusion of (i) the Babylonian erotic goddess (possibly mixed with the “goddess of Ashkelon”, who was also a love goddess), (ii) the sex idol from the Levant who was sacrificed for the sins of her mother and (iii) Hesione from Anatolia, who was sacrificed by her father for his sins.

Transfer and Transformation of the constellation

transformation of the constellation in the Andromeda-region from Babylonian "Anunitu" through Syriac deities to the Greek mythological princess (by Susanne M Hoffmann 2016)

The Greek legend of a princess sacrificed to a sea monster is know from two places: 1) Troy where the hero Hercules rescued the Troyan princess Hesione who was offered to the seamonster by her father, and 2) Jaffa (other spellings: Japho, Joppa, Yāfō and Yāfā) where the hero Perseus rescued the princess Andromeda. Hesione should pay for the sins of her father, Andromeda for those of her mother and both are considered to rescue their people with it. The kingdom in Anatolia where the Hesione myth stems from is said to have been established by Perseus which may imply a connection between the two tales.

In Babylonian time, the western part of the constellation was named "Anunītu" which is a by-name of the goddess of love and war, Ishtar. She was depicted next to her lover, the god of shepherds, Dumuzi, represented by the constellation of the Hired Man (Akkadian: Agru, ^{mul lú}ḪUN.GÁ) as reported in MUL.APIN I i 42-43. Ishtar's attribute animal is the lion as they represent her on the famous city gate of Babylon, the Ishtar Gate (now: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin).

Goddess of Ashkelon

In Ashkelon (40 km south of Tel Aviv), a special syncretism was worshipped: the Babylonian goddess of love was merged with the Egyptian goddess of love. The goddess of Ashkelon was strongly connected with fish as her attribute animal. Fish were holy for her and she is even occasionally depicted with a fish-tail. Thus, the northern one of the two fish of modern Pisces, was originally meant as an attribut of the goddess.

The Greek mythology of Andromeda originates from the area of Tel Aviv where a rock in the water used to be called "Andromeda's Rock" since at least Greco-Roman time. The story, of course, is much older, predates the written sources and similar mythologies existed in other areas (such as Troy, Anatolia, modern-day Turkey).

• 

  Andromeda with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).

• 

  Andromeda drawing on the Farnese Globe with a fish (unconnected to the other in Pisces) as her attribute, mapped to Stellarium. When her head is at α And, her right arm cannot be placed at ι, κ, λ And but needs to be placed further east (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann 2021).

• 

  Goddess of Ashkelon with a fish tail; coin ~100 BCE.

• 

  The Indigenous Arabian constellations of The Horse and The Camel next to the adopted Syrian constellation of the Love Goddess with a Fish (Andromeda) in an al-Sufi manuscript dating AH 519/ 1125 CE, copied by 'Ali bin 'Abd al-Jalil bin 'Ali bin Muhammad. Islamic Arts Biennale 2025 exhibition: of al-Faras al-Kamil and al-Naqa. (Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, Qatar. MS.2.1998), study by Emilie Savage-Smith (2013).

• 

  Detail from "Kitāb Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābitah", Bodleian Library MS. Huntington 212, from Mosul 1170, digitalisation . Clearly visible that the lady (goddess/ Andromeda) rides on the fish.

• 

  Andromeda with a fish next to her in a 15th century copy of as-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars (Forschungsbibliothek Gotha).

Other deities

Herodotus mentions that the cult of Ashkelon came through Cyprus to Greece. There she was named "Aphrodite Urania" (Ἀφροδίτη Οὐρανία) and got a temple in "the gardens" (ἐν κήποις) in Athens.

The Roman poet Ovid reports a story of the goddess of love, Aphrodite, escaping from the Giants with her son, Eros. When they arrived at the Euphrates, they jumped into the water and were rescued by two fish.

Ovid also reports a story of the birth of Aphrodite/ Venus from a huge egg that was rolled out of the Euphrates river by a fish. This creation myth of the goddess (invented in Roman time) contradicts the classical Greek creation myth where Aphrodite is born from the foam of the sea. This traditional narrative gave her the name because Ἀφροδίτη derives from ἀφρός, aphrós, foam.

• 

  Sanctuary of Aphrodite Urania, Athens

• 

  Altar of Aphrodite Urania, Athenia Agora, current state

• 

  Terracotta ladder, symbol of Aphrodite Ourania, goddess of marriage, 6th century BC. Acropolis Museum, Athens (phot o by Catlemur).

• 

  Slab with a procession of Erotes who hold oinochoai and incense burners. Sanctuary of the Aphrodite Urania, probably from the precinct of sanctuary, 2nd century BC. Acropolis Museum Athens, NAM 1451 (photo by Zde on wikicommons)

• 

  Relief of Atargatis and Hadad (ca. 100–256 CE)

• 

  Statue of Atargatis, Amman

• 

  SYRIA, Cyrrhestica. Bambyce. Abdahad. Circa 342-331 BC. AR Didrachm (6.72 g, 12h). "Atarateh" in Aramaic, draped bust of Atargatis left, wearing turreted crown; crescent and circle behind / “Abdahad” in Aramaic, Great King and driver, who hold reins, in quadriga of mules left. Mildenberg, Note 12 (this coin); Seyrig, Hieropolis pl. 1, 2; Price, More 14-15; BMC -; SNG Copenhagen -; SNG München -. EF, toned, test cut on reverse. Very rare. (342-335 BCE)

• 

  An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid

• 

  Ishtar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Eshnunna (2004-1595 BCE).

• 

  Ancient Akkadian Cylindrical Seal Depicting Inanna/ Ishtar and Ninshubur

• 

  A Mesopotamian goddess whose iconography may look "chained" to foreigners, either Innana/ Ishtar or Ereshkigal (probably the latter because of the owls).

• 

  Venus Urania at the ceiling painting above the grand staircase in the Oldenburg Augusteum (1877/8)

Almagest Andromeda in Stellarium, drawn and labelled in Stellarium (Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann 2021)

Medieval and Early Modern Variants

...

Dürer

...

Bayer's Uranometria 1603

Bayer's Star Catalogue follows Ptolemy but lists only 22 stars.

Andromeda Star Catalog in the Uranometria (1603).

		Bayer	translation
	α	Caput Andromedae ỏ ĸοινὸς ἵπω. καὶ ἀνδρομέδασ ἀςὴζ. Hyginus: Eademenim stella & umbilicus Pegasi, et Andromedae caput appellatur.	The head of Andromeda... Hyginus: this star is called the navel of Pegasus and the head of Andromeda.
	β	Ptolemaeo ἐν τῷ περι ζώμα.ι Australior, Arabibus Mirach, rectius Mizar, latinis Ventrale, plurimis cingulum dicitur.	Towards noon, called by the Arabs Mirach, or more correct Mizar, the Latins call it Ventrale, most people call it Cingulum.
	γ	In Australi pede lucida, Alamak, seu Almaak, perperam Alhames.	The bright one in the Southern foot, Alamak, or Almaak, but not correctly Alhames.
	δ	In eductione brachij sinistri Borealior, aliis in scapulâ dextrâ.
	ε	Australior	The southern one
	ζ	In eiusdem προπηχίῳ.	In the same...
	η	In cubito	In the ellbow.
	θ	Εν τῷ προπηχίῳ dextro, trium Borealior,
	ι	In summâ manu dextrâ, trium Australior, quibusdam in extremitate spatulae, Ptole. ἐν ἄκρῳ τῆς χειρὸς.	At the joint of the right hand, the southern one of the three, the one at the very extremity..., Ptole. "in the high hand"
	κ	Media.	The middle one.
	λ	Borealior	The northern one
	μ	ἐν τῷ περι ζώμα.ι Borealior.
	ν	Sequens in cathenâ	The one that follows the chains.
	ξ	Ad suram pedis Borealis, superior.
	ο	In Cathenae annulo, nonnullis tres in dextrâ manu antecedens. Nonnusin Andro. lib: 25. Εισέ.ι δεσμὸν ἔχω καὶ ἐν ἀςζάσιν: vincula me in caelo retinent quoque.
	π	Pectus τὸς ῆθος, ςέρνον Andromedae, Elecile tereballe, tabularum auctoribus in scapulis, Ptole. ἐν τῷ μεταφρένῳ.
	ρ	Εν τῷ προρηχίῳ dextro trium media.
	σ	Australior.
	τ	In femore Australi
	υ	in genu.
	φ	in femore dexto, seu Boreali
	χ	Ad suram pedis Borealis, inferior
	ψ	In dextrae manus pollice.
	ω	Surae Borealis media.
	A	in tibiâ.
	b	Εν τῷ σύρμα.ι περιποδίῳ Astrologis Adhil.
	c	In pedis plantâ Septentrionalis

Medieval and Early Modern Maps

• 

  Andromeda in the Leiden Aratea (c. 830)

• 

  F19.v. Andromeda NLW MS 735C (dated 1150). The oldest scientific manuscript in the National Library the volume contains various Latin texts on astronomy. The volume, written in Caroline minuscule, consists of two sections, the first (ff. 1-26) copied c. 1000, in the Limoges area of France, probably in the milieu of Adémar de Chabannes (989-1034), whilst the second (ff. 27-50), from a scriptorium in the same region, may be dated c. 1150.

• 

  Andromeda on the Mercator Globe (1551)

• 

  Andromeda in Uranographia (1603).

• 

  Andromeda in Hevelius (1690)

• 

  Andromeda in Bode (1801) http://raremaps.com/gallery/detail/73725/iv-cassiopeia-perseus-andromeda-coelum-stellatum-bode

• 

  Andromeda in Alexander Jamieson (1822)

• 

  Sidney Hall (1825), Urania's Mirror. Constellations Gloria Frederici, Andromeda, and Triangula.

• 

  Andromeda in Carlos Simon's 1894 atlas

All HIP Stars within this constellation

Inside the ancient constellations (Ptolemy's Almagest: convex hulls)

...

Inside the modern constellation (IAU Boundaries)

HIP 4463,HIP 3693,HIP 677,HIP 113726,HIP 116584,HIP 7607,HIP 9640,HIP 116292,HIP 117221,HIP 116849,HIP 116584,HIP 116941,HIP 117963,HIP 118214,HIP 118004,HIP 118224,HIP 116579,HIP 116667,HIP 116761,HIP 117426,HIP 117000,HIP 117503,HIP 118177,HIP 116030,HIP 116365,HIP 116360,HIP 116781,HIP 117844,HIP 118230,HIP 115530,HIP 115567,HIP 115667,HIP 116267,HIP 116354,HIP 116847,HIP 116882,HIP 117769,HIP 114604,HIP 115065,HIP 115261,HIP 115191,HIP 115755,HIP 116127,HIP 116312,HIP 116259,HIP 116582,HIP 116626,HIP 116631,HIP 116657,HIP 116805,HIP 116940,HIP 117129,HIP 117672,HIP 118071,HIP 767,HIP 841,HIP 63,HIP 424,HIP 1346,HIP 1456,HIP 1642,HIP 1026,HIP 3414,HIP 3638,HIP 3365,HIP 3045,HIP 3919,HIP 3854,HIP 3604,HIP 4317,HIP 4288,HIP 2565,HIP 2865,HIP 3331,HIP 3070,HIP 4366,HIP 3719,HIP 3946,HIP 4235,HIP 1477,HIP 1799,HIP 2583,HIP 2355,HIP 3031,HIP 3885,HIP 4197,HIP 3830,HIP 3914,HIP 4329,HIP 858,HIP 619,HIP 652,HIP 659,HIP 1630,HIP 1123,HIP 1657,HIP 1208,HIP 1493,HIP 1952,HIP 2243,HIP 3092,HIP 4159,HIP 3617,HIP 4246,HIP 4005,HIP 432,HIP 394,HIP 1769,HIP 2241,HIP 2475,HIP 2539,HIP 2912,HIP 3438,HIP 2942,HIP 3897,HIP 4390,HIP 4058,HIP 3,HIP 19,HIP 1333,HIP 1030,HIP 1366,HIP 1686,HIP 1715,HIP 1579,HIP 1473,HIP 1809,HIP 2576,HIP 2270,HIP 2851,HIP 2753,HIP 4129,HIP 3981,HIP 4185,HIP 4436,HIP 365,HIP 525,HIP 714,HIP 508,HIP 626,HIP 1164,HIP 1575,HIP 2948,HIP 3293,HIP 3231,HIP 3494,HIP 3840,HIP 3881,HIP 4017,HIP 4127,HIP 137,HIP 119,HIP 254,HIP 1009,HIP 1011,HIP 1093,HIP 1474,HIP 1496,HIP 1233,HIP 1302,HIP 1501,HIP 1818,HIP 1905,HIP 2225,HIP 2455,HIP 2553,HIP 2900,HIP 4411,HIP 4501,HIP 4555,HIP 4771,HIP 4675,HIP 5551,HIP 5993,HIP 6162,HIP 6411,HIP 6481,HIP 6047,HIP 5650,HIP 6682,HIP 6858,HIP 6401,HIP 6711,HIP 6733,HIP 6813,HIP 6259,HIP 6560,HIP 4584,HIP 4688,HIP 5434,HIP 5939,HIP 5677,HIP 4983,HIP 6999,HIP 6087,HIP 7457,HIP 4893,HIP 4809,HIP 4608,HIP 4510,HIP 4517,HIP 5034,HIP 4868,HIP 5339,HIP 5772,HIP 4889,HIP 5175,HIP 5717,HIP 5671,HIP 5544,HIP 6025,HIP 5586,HIP 5679,HIP 4552,HIP 4990,HIP 5055,HIP 5465,HIP 5765,HIP 5694,HIP 5936,HIP 4710,HIP 5270,HIP 5447,HIP 5550,HIP 6140,HIP 6568,HIP 6480,HIP 6925,HIP 7201,HIP 7147,HIP 7289,HIP 7344,HIP 4542,HIP 5045,HIP 5002,HIP 6010,HIP 6514,HIP 7321,HIP 7095,HIP 4903,HIP 5269,HIP 5298,HIP 5493,HIP 5944,HIP 6118,HIP 6823,HIP 6241,HIP 6709,HIP 6878,HIP 6794,HIP 7444,HIP 7513,HIP 5276,HIP 7719,HIP 7825,HIP 7944,HIP 7918,HIP 9640,HIP 9158,HIP 9045,HIP 7651,HIP 8127,HIP 8370,HIP 8044,HIP 7700,HIP 7994,HIP 8123,HIP 7793,HIP 7767,HIP 7775,HIP 7818,HIP 7991,HIP 8814,HIP 8902,HIP 8922

References

• Ian Ridpath, Star Tales, Online edition
• Strabo, Geography (1st century)
• Josephus Flavius, Bellum Judaicum (1st century)