UR.GU.LA: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847|thumb|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]
A Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo|Leo, The Lion]].
A Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo|Leo, The Lion]].


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==URGULA in Dictionaries of Babylonian Astral-Science==
==URGULA in Dictionaries of Babylonian Astral-Science==


=== Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim  ===
===Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim ===
= <sup>mul</sup>''urgullû'' “Lion”;  constellation, corresponding to contemporary Lion (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16],
= <sup>mul</sup>''urgullû'' “Lion”;  constellation, corresponding to contemporary Lion (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16],


see also.
see also.


* (u16) [[UR]],
*(u16) [[UR]],
* (u17) [[UR.A]],  
*(u17) [[UR.A]],  
* (u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
*(u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|'''''Lexical texts'''''.
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.


* '''(1)''' ''Urra'' XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' “Lion = Latarak” [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r]a''<sup>?</sup>''-am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la “[Etur]amme<sup>?</sup> = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20].
*'''(1)''' ''Urra'' XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' “Lion = Latarak” [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r]a''<sup>?</sup>''-am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la “[Etur]amme<sup>?</sup> = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20].
* '''(2)''' Series AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (VI 118): <sup>d</sup>ur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' “Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a].
*'''(2)''' Series AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (VI 118): <sup>d</sup>ur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' “Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a].
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|'''''Enuma Anu Enlil (ЕАЕ)'''''.
|'''''Enuma Anu Enlil (ЕАЕ)'''''.
См. [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3, 289; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13].
См. [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3, 289; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13].
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|'''''“Astrolabes”.'''''
|'''''“Astrolabes”.'''''
* Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574].
*Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574].
* Astrolabe B.
*Astrolabe B.
** '''(1)''' List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>… gub-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 7].
**'''(1)''' List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>… gub-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 7].
** '''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> … <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3).
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> … <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3).
** '''(3)''' List (sunrise–sunset=6<sup>m</sup>): sunrise — simanu, sunset — kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. (s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>UR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. (k10) KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>. “Circular astrolabes”. K.14943+: <sup>iti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT 33, 12]. Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. a) List of 12 stars of  Enlil (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; MCG, 176]. b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
**'''(3)''' List (sunrise–sunset=6<sup>m</sup>): sunrise — simanu, sunset — kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. (s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>UR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. (k10) KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>. “Circular astrolabes”. K.14943+: <sup>iti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT 33, 12]. Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. a) List of 12 stars of  Enlil (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; MCG, 176]. b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA|thumb|UR.GU.LA as an Assyrian gatekeeper (Jessica Gullberg 2021)]]
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|'''''“Catalog of 30 stars”.'''''
| '''''“Catalog of 30 stars”.'''''
''Anu'' 7. [<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-a''[''k''…] “[The Lion, which] stands [aft]er it, the Latara[k…]” (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178].
''Anu'' 7. [<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-a''[''k''…] “[The Lion, which] stands [aft]er it, the Latara[k…]” (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178].
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|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.


* '''(1)''' Stars of Enlil (no. 8, 9, 10):
*'''(1)''' Stars of Enlil (no. 8, 9, 10):
** a) <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' “Lion, Latarak (I i 8),
**a) <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' “Lion, Latarak (I i 8),
** b) MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' GABA <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL “Stars, which stands on the Lion’s chest, King» (I i 9), 
**b) MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' GABA <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL “Stars, which stands on the Lion’s chest, King» (I i 9), 
** c) MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''um-mu-lu-tum'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''zu''  “Faint stars, which stand in the Lion’s tail.” (I i 10–11)].
**c) MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''um-mu-lu-tum'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''zu''  “Faint stars, which stand in the Lion’s tail.” (I i 10–11)].
* '''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings: “On the 15th of Duuzu, the Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises” (I ii 42), см. (k10) KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>.
* '''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings: “On the 15th of Duuzu, the Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises” (I ii 42), см. (k10) KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>.
* '''(3)''' Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
*'''(3)''' Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** а) “The Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises, the Giant and the Eagle goes in” (I iii 17–18), see. (Kurtik a04) A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>,
**а) “The Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises, the Giant and the Eagle goes in” (I iii 17–18), see. (Kurtik a04) A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>,
** b) “The Field, Giant and  Deer rises, the Lion, Serpent and Enenabarhum goes in» (I iii 31–32), см. (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>.
**b) “The Field, Giant and  Deer rises, the Lion, Serpent and Enenabarhum goes in» (I iii 31–32), см. (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>.
* '''(4)''' List  of ''ziqpu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA after <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL “the Crab,” and before <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> “Erua” (I iv 6).
*'''(4)''' List  of ''ziqpu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA after <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL “the Crab,” and before <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> “Erua” (I iv 6).
* '''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Lion culminates, and the Scales rise (I iv 25), see. (z10) ''Zibānītum'', see also [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′].
*'''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Lion culminates, and the Scales rise (I iv 25), see. (z10) ''Zibānītum'', see also [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′].
* '''(6)''' stars “in the path of the moon”: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA, after <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL, and before <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> (I iv 34), see. (s20) ''Sîn''.
*'''(6)''' stars “in the path of the moon”: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA, after <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL, and before <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> (I iv 34), see. (s20) ''Sîn''.
* '''(7)''' First intercalation scheme: SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “Head of the Lion” (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75].
*'''(7)''' First intercalation scheme: SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “Head of the Lion” (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75].
|[[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA|thumb|UR.GU.LA of MUL.APIN in Stellarium; painting: Jessica Gullberg]]
|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA as winged lion|thumb|UR.GU.LA as winged lion with the bright star Regulus at its heart. Drawing by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster 2016). ]]
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|'''''“Letters and Reports”'''''. See. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 352].
|'''''“Letters and Reports”'''''. See. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 352].
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|'''''“The Great star List”.'''''
|'''''“The Great star List”.'''''
* '''(1)''' <sup>mul</sup>''ra-ap-pu'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la “Bridle = Lion”, <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu<sup>!</sup>-ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min “Eturammi = Lion”, mul sag ur.gi<sub>7</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>min “Head of the Dog = Lion”.
*'''(1)''' <sup>mul</sup>''ra-ap-pu'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la “Bridle = Lion”, <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu<sup>!</sup>-ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min “Eturammi = Lion”, mul sag ur.gi<sub>7</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>min “Head of the Dog = Lion”.
* '''(2)''' 12 Stars of Elam: [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:136–138, 202]; see also the List “7 ''tikpi''-stars” [KAR, 142 i 36].
*'''(2)''' 12 Stars of Elam: [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:136–138, 202]; see also the List “7 ''tikpi''-stars” [KAR, 142 i 36].
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|'''''List of ziqpu-stars.'''''
|'''''List of ziqpu-stars.'''''
* see. (s06) SAG.DU
*see. (s06) SAG.DU


<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA,
<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA,


* (g03) (MUL) 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>,
*(g03) (MUL) 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>,
* (g23) MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>,
*(g23) MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>,
* (d08) MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>.
*(d08) MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>.
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|'''''Dalbanna-text'''''.
|'''''Dalbanna-text'''''.


* '''§N'''. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] “Upper [stars] of the Lion (μ Leo); = [<sup>mul</sup>]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] Upp[er] from the [stars] of the Lion’s head”,  according to [Koch 1995, 46, 58].
*'''§N'''. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] “Upper [stars] of the Lion (μ Leo); = [<sup>mul</sup>]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] Upp[er] from the [stars] of the Lion’s head”,  according to [Koch 1995, 46, 58].
* '''§O'''.
*'''§O'''.
** a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower [stars …] the Lion” (ε Leo); = <sup>[mul]</sup>˹sag˺<sup>?</sup> ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower (stars…) head of the Lion”, according to [Koch 1995, 46, 58],
**a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower [stars …] the Lion” (ε Leo); = <sup>[mul]</sup>˹sag˺<sup>?</sup> ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower (stars…) head of the Lion”, according to [Koch 1995, 46, 58],
** b) [mul s]u<sub>6</sub><sup>?</sup> ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.
**b) [mul s]u<sub>6</sub><sup>?</sup> ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.
* '''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59].
*'''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59].
|there is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999) that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female.
|there is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999) that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female.
This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024).
This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024).
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|'''''Text Nv. 10'''''.
|'''''Text Nv. 10'''''.


* [''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin ki.min <sup>mul</sup>u]˹r.gu.la˺ //
*[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin ki.min <sup>mul</sup>u]˹r.gu.la˺ //


* 4 ''šu-ut'' ˹<sup>d</sup>˺[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] / […<sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat'']''-a-nu'' //
*4 ''šu-ut'' ˹<sup>d</sup>˺[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] / […<sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat'']''-a-nu'' //
* 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A''-[''nim''] / […<sup>mul</sup>''Nin-maḫ''] //
*3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A''-[''nim''] / […<sup>mul</sup>''Nin-maḫ''] //
* 2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-[''a''] / […<sup>mul</sup>]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA //
*2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-[''a''] / […<sup>mul</sup>]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA //


* 1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of Araksamnu respectively, the L]ion,
*1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of Araksamnu respectively, the L]ion,
* 4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs,
* 4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs,
* 3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah],
*3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah],
* 2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars
*2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars
* 1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]”
*1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]”
*
*


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|'''''Late astrology'''''.
|'''''Late astrology'''''.


* '''(1)''' Hypsoma. The constellation Leo was considered a hypsoma, i.e., the place where planetary action reaches its maximum:
*'''(1)''' Hypsoma. The constellation Leo was considered a hypsoma, i.e., the place where planetary action reaches its maximum:
** '''a)''' Venus, see (Kurtik d06) ''Dilbat''.
**'''a)''' Venus, see (Kurtik d06) ''Dilbat''.
** '''b)''' Jupiter, see (Kurtik s09) SAG.ME.GAR.
**'''b)''' Jupiter, see (Kurtik s09) SAG.ME.GAR.
* '''(2''') Prediction of the prices of cereal via the observation of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: <sup>múl</sup>UR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31].
*'''(2''') Prediction of the prices of cereal via the observation of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: <sup>múl</sup>UR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31].
* '''(3)''' Predictions of lunar eclipses via the culmination of stars and the position of the Sun relative to constellations. ki-i <sup>múl</sup>UR.GU.LA a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-ma [...] / <sup>múl</sup>UR.A múl <sup>d</sup>MUŠ [...] / a-di-i <sup>d</sup>Šamaš <sup>múl</sup>UR.A ikaššad(KUR-ad<sub>2</sub>) pi-šer<sub>3</sub>-ša<sub>2</sub> attalû(AN. GI6) u[l ...] "If Leo culminates [...] / Leo, Serpent [...] / As long as the Sun reaches Leo. Its meaning: eclipse n[ot (will be)]" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:9-11].
*'''(3)''' Predictions of lunar eclipses via the culmination of stars and the position of the Sun relative to constellations. ki-i <sup>múl</sup>UR.GU.LA a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-ma [...] / <sup>múl</sup>UR.A múl <sup>d</sup>MUŠ [...] / a-di-i <sup>d</sup>Šamaš <sup>múl</sup>UR.A ikaššad(KUR-ad<sub>2</sub>) pi-šer<sub>3</sub>-ša<sub>2</sub> attalû(AN. GI6) u[l ...] "If Leo culminates [...] / Leo, Serpent [...] / As long as the Sun reaches Leo. Its meaning: eclipse n[ot (will be)]" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:9-11].
* '''(4)''' Predictions based on observations of lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ Sin ina <sup>mul</sup>UR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma]... "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on]..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′ + passim], see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
*'''(4)''' Predictions based on observations of lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ Sin ina <sup>mul</sup>UR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma]... "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on]..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′ + passim], see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.


         
         


* See also [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša<sub>2</sub> SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA "[If within the regi]on, two stars are on the Lion’s head (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 4 ša<sub>2</sub> GABA-šu<sub>2</sub> "If within the region, there are 4 stars on his (=Leo) chest (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ. KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> "If within the region,  2 stars are on his (= Lion) sacrum (he is born)", [DIŠ K]I mule-du ša<sub>2</sub> KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> "[If within the regi]on, an Individual star is on his (= Lion) tail (he is born)". [SpTU V, 265: 4'-7'].
*See also [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša<sub>2</sub> SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA "[If within the regi]on, two stars are on the Lion’s head (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 4 ša<sub>2</sub> GABA-šu<sub>2</sub> "If within the region, there are 4 stars on his (=Leo) chest (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ. KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> "If within the region,  2 stars are on his (= Lion) sacrum (he is born)", [DIŠ K]I mule-du ša<sub>2</sub> KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> "[If within the regi]on, an Individual star is on his (= Lion) tail (he is born)". [SpTU V, 265: 4'-7'].
* See also [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1].
* See also [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1].
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          (13) Lion’s Beard (λ Leo), see. dbn-text (§ О).
          (13) Lion’s Beard (λ Leo), see. dbn-text (§ О).


          (14) KA2 mul<sub>x</sub>UR.A “Lion’s gate” [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4].
          (14) KA2 mul<sub>x</sub>UR.A “Lion’s gate” [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4].
|
|
|}
|}


=== Further mentions of the term ===
===Further mentions of the term===


==== II. Deity. ====
====II. Deity.====
         Latarak (see Kurtik L05).
         Latarak (see Kurtik L05).


'''''Prayers and rituals'''''. '''(1)''' Namburbi series, cf. [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7]. In astrological geography, Leo is correlated with a number of cities and temples, including: (a) c Enamhe, (b) Isin, Egalmah, (c) Eridu, (d) Kulaba, etc. [Weidner 1963].
'''''Prayers and rituals'''''. '''(1)''' Namburbi series, cf. [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7]. In astrological geography, Leo is correlated with a number of cities and temples, including: (a) c Enamhe, (b) Isin, Egalmah, (c) Eridu, (d) Kulaba, etc. [Weidner 1963].


==== III. Symbol. ====
====III. Symbol.====
         The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: mulUR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see thefragmentary text: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / [...] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ka-bi-is, quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [AUWE 19, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (itiNE) is associated with the Lion (<sup>múl</sup>UR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II, 43:5, 22].
         The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: mulUR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see thefragmentary text: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / [...] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ka-bi-is, quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [AUWE 19, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (itiNE) is associated with the Lion (<sup>múl</sup>UR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II, 43:5, 22].


==== VI. Astrology. ====
====VI. Astrology.====
         Identifications:
         Identifications:


Line 218: Line 219:
         (18) Predicting the first morning appearance of Venus in Leo; ina ŠA3 ITI a-ga-a ina dUTU.E3 / ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA in-nam-mar "During this month (Venus) will become visible in the east end of Leo" [ARAK, 247 r. 2-3].
         (18) Predicting the first morning appearance of Venus in Leo; ina ŠA3 ITI a-ga-a ina dUTU.E3 / ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA in-nam-mar "During this month (Venus) will become visible in the east end of Leo" [ARAK, 247 r. 2-3].


== Historical Dictionaries ==
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Kurtik (2022)
!Kurtik (2022)
!Gössmann (1950)
! Gössmann (1950)
|-
|-
|= <sup>mul</sup>''urgullû'' «Лев»;  созвездие, соответствующее современному Льву (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], см. также a01A, u16UR, u17UR.A,  u22UR.MAḪ.
|= <sup>mul</sup>''urgullû'' «Лев»;  созвездие, соответствующее современному Льву (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], см. также a01A, u16UR, u17UR.A,  u22UR.MAḪ.
Line 322: Line 323:
|}
|}


== Transformation from UR.GU.LA to Leo ==
==Transformation from UR.GU.LA to Leo==
<gallery>

File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|UR.GU.LA as Assyrian Gate Keeper (painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021)
== References ==
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|UR.GU.LA next to The Furrow and above the MUŠ-dragon (MUL.APIN scenario by S. M Hoffmann, based on a Stellarium map and artwork by R. Perdok and J. Gullberg).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|UR.GU.LA next to a goddess as seen in Seleucid time; based on a Stellarium map with artwork by R. Perdok and J. Gullberg (composition by S. Hoffmann).
</gallery>


==References==


[[Category:Babylonian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Babylonian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Revision as of 10:12, 5 June 2024

Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847
Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967.

A Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with Leo, The Lion.

[Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

URGULA in Dictionaries of Babylonian Astral-Science

Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim 

= mulurgullû “Lion”;  constellation, corresponding to contemporary Lion (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16],

see also.

Sources by Kurtik and Horowitz Identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Urra XXII series: mulur.gu.la = la-ta-rak “Lion = Latarak” [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [mule-tu-r]a?-am-me = mulur.gu.la “[Etur]amme? = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20].
  • (2) Series AN: dAnum (VI 118): dur.gu.la = kat-til-lu “Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a].
“Prayers to night gods.”

Neo-Assyrian prayer: amidst the astral gods is also mentioned mulUR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17].

Enuma Anu Enlil (ЕАЕ).

См. [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3, 289; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13].

“Astrolabes”.
  • Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574].
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ša ina igi-it m[ul… gub-z]u / [mulur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 7].
    • (2) List (3´12): itisig4mulur.gu.la šu-ut dA-nim «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3).
    • (3) List (sunrise–sunset=6m): sunrise — simanu, sunset — kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. (s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: mu[lUR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-u2 «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. (k10) KAK.SI.SA2. “Circular astrolabes”. K.14943+: itiab.ba.e3 // mulur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT 33, 12]. Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. a) List of 12 stars of  Enlil (no. 8): mulur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; MCG, 176]. b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): mul˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
UR.GU.LA
UR.GU.LA as an Assyrian gatekeeper (Jessica Gullberg 2021)
“Catalog of 30 stars”.

Anu 7. [mulUR.GU.LA ša2 EGI]R.BI GUB-zu dLa-ta-ra-a[k…] “[The Lion, which] stands [aft]er it, the Latara[k…]” (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178].

MUL.APIN.
  • (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 8, 9, 10):
    • a) mulUR.GU.LA dLa-ta-ra-ak “Lion, Latarak (I i 8),
    • b) MUL ša2 ina GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu mulLUGAL “Stars, which stands on the Lion’s chest, King» (I i 9), 
    • c) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tum ša2 ina KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu  “Faint stars, which stand in the Lion’s tail.” (I i 10–11)].
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings: “On the 15th of Duuzu, the Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises” (I ii 42), см. (k10) KAK.SI.SA2.
  • (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
    • а) “The Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises, the Giant and the Eagle goes in” (I iii 17–18), see. (Kurtik a04) A2mušen,
    • b) “The Field, Giant and  Deer rises, the Lion, Serpent and Enenabarhum goes in» (I iii 31–32), см. (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.
  • (4) List  of ziqpu-stars: mulUR.GU.LA after mulAL.LUL “the Crab,” and before mulE4-ru6 “Erua” (I iv 6).
  • (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Lion culminates, and the Scales rise (I iv 25), see. (z10) Zibānītum, see also [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′].
  • (6) stars “in the path of the moon”: mulUR.GU.LA, after mulAL.LUL, and before mulAB.SIN2 (I iv 34), see. (s20) Sîn.
  • (7) First intercalation scheme: SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA “Head of the Lion” (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75].
UR.GU.LA as winged lion
UR.GU.LA as winged lion with the bright star Regulus at its heart. Drawing by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
“Letters and Reports”. See. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 352].
“The Great star List”.
  • (1) mulra-ap-pu = mulur.gu.la “Bridle = Lion”, mule-tu!-ram-mi = mulmin “Eturammi = Lion”, mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin “Head of the Dog = Lion”.
  • (2) 12 Stars of Elam: [mulur.gu.la] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:136–138, 202]; see also the List “7 tikpi-stars” [KAR, 142 i 36].
List of ziqpu-stars.
  • see. (s06) SAG.DU

mulUR.GU.LA,

  • (g03) (MUL) 4 ša2 GABA-šu2,
  • (g23) MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2,
  • (d08) MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
List “4-x of Enlil”.

see. (e10) dEn-lil2.

GU-text. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J),

see. (a18) AL.LUL, (u17) UR.A.

same as in MUL.APIN
UR.GU.LA in MUL.APIN (painted by J. Gullberg)
The GU-text dates half a millennium later and the name of the constellation is abbreviated. We are not sure that the creature is still considerd with the wing or a simple, normal Lion (as the constellation is depicted on the circular Dendera-zodiac) but as it has been a Babylonian/ Assyrian gate keeper before and after, this interpretation is still likely.
Dalbanna-text.
  • §N. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] “Upper [stars] of the Lion (μ Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] Upp[er] from the [stars] of the Lion’s head”,  according to [Koch 1995, 46, 58].
  • §O.
    • a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum “Lower [stars …] the Lion” (ε Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum “Lower (stars…) head of the Lion”, according to [Koch 1995, 46, 58],
    • b) [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.
  • §Q. […ur]gu.la ḫe-pi2 ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59].
there is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999) that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female.

This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024).

Text Nv. 10.
  • [ina itiapin ki.min mulu]˹r.gu.la˺ //
  • 4 šu-ut ˹d˺[En-lil2] / […mulṣal-bat]-a-nu //
  • 3 šu-ut dA-[nim] / […mulNin-maḫ] //
  • 2 šu-ut dE2-[a] / […mul]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA //
  • 1 šu-qa2 sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of Araksamnu respectively, the L]ion,
  • 4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs,
  • 3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah],
  • 2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars
  • 1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]”

(Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64–65, 69]; according to [ibid., 79, Anm. 63], mulṢal-bat-a-nu — planetary name for mulmuš, “Serpent (main star — α Hya).

Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).

Within the constellation, 5 "normal stars" are distinguished, see below, as well as (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

Late astrology.
  • (1) Hypsoma. The constellation Leo was considered a hypsoma, i.e., the place where planetary action reaches its maximum:
    • a) Venus, see (Kurtik d06) Dilbat.
    • b) Jupiter, see (Kurtik s09) SAG.ME.GAR.
  • (2) Prediction of the prices of cereal via the observation of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlUR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31].
  • (3) Predictions of lunar eclipses via the culmination of stars and the position of the Sun relative to constellations. ki-i múlUR.GU.LA a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-ma [...] / múlUR.A múl dMUŠ [...] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlUR.A ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN. GI6) u[l ...] "If Leo culminates [...] / Leo, Serpent [...] / As long as the Sun reaches Leo. Its meaning: eclipse n[ot (will be)]" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:9-11].
  • (4) Predictions based on observations of lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ Sin ina mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma]... "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on]..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′ + passim], see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.

         

  • See also [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "[If within the regi]on, two stars are on the Lion’s head (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 "If within the region, there are 4 stars on his (=Leo) chest (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ. KUN-šu2 "If within the region,  2 stars are on his (= Lion) sacrum (he is born)", [DIŠ K]I mule-du ša2 KUN-šu2 "[If within the regi]on, an Individual star is on his (= Lion) tail (he is born)". [SpTU V, 265: 4'-7'].
  • See also [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1].
Parts of the constellation and individual stars

         (1) SAG A “Head of the Lion” (ε Leonis).

(2) LUGAL “King” (α Leonis).

         (3) MUL2 TUR ša2 4 KUŠ3 ar2 LUGAL “Small star four cubits behind the King”  (ρ Leonis).

         (4) GIŠ.KUN A “The hip of the Lion” (θ Leonis).

         (5) GIR3 ar2 ša2 A “Hind paw of the Lion” (β Virginis); GIR3 ša2 UR.<A> “Lion’s paw” в [ADRT I, 70, No.-384: 9′].

         Stars (1)–(5) used as “normal stars” within diaries and other observational texts, see. (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, no. 17–21.

        (6) 2 stars on the head of the Lion (= ziqpu XXI: μ , ε Leo).

          (7) Front right paw of the Lion, see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-текст (G).

          (8) Paw in  the central portion of the Lion (ρ Leo), see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-text (H)

          (9) 2 stars on the Lion’s hip (= ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo).

          (10) Individual star on the Lion’s tail (= ziqpu XXIV: β Leo).

          (11) “Upper (star) Lion” or “Upper from the star on the head of the Lion” (μ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ N).

          (12) “Lower (star) Lion” or “Lower from the star on the head of the Lion” (ε Leo), see. dbn-text (§ О).

          (13) Lion’s Beard (λ Leo), see. dbn-text (§ О).

          (14) KA2 mulxUR.A “Lion’s gate” [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4].

Further mentions of the term

II. Deity.

         Latarak (see Kurtik L05).

Prayers and rituals. (1) Namburbi series, cf. [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7]. In astrological geography, Leo is correlated with a number of cities and temples, including: (a) c Enamhe, (b) Isin, Egalmah, (c) Eridu, (d) Kulaba, etc. [Weidner 1963].

III. Symbol.

         The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: mulUR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back mulMUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see thefragmentary text: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / [...] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [AUWE 19, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (itiNE) is associated with the Lion (múlUR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II, 43:5, 22].

VI. Astrology.

         Identifications:

         (1) = mulUR.MAḪ "Lion"; see (Kurtik ts02)dṢalbatānu, III 38.

         (2) = mulRappu "bridle"; see (Kurtik r03)Rappu, II 2.

         (3) = mulEturammi "Star of Eturammi," see Lexical Texts, “The Great Star lists”, and also (Kurtik e06)E2.TUR3.

         (4) = Wolf Star = Mars; [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = dṢal-bat-a-nu "Lion = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I, 50:37].

         Predictions:

         (5) If the Lion is black, Mercury stands in Leo; mulGUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA it-ti-ti-zi / DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA GI6 / ŠA3-bi KUR NU DUG3.GA / DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 / mu-ʼi-ir-ru E2.GAL UŠ2 "Mercury stands within Leo. If the Lion is black: the hearts of people in the country will not be happy.  If Regulus is black: the governor of the palace will die." [ARAK, 146:1-6], see also [ibid., 180:3-4]; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA MI (var.: ma-diš MI) ŠA3 KUR NU DUG3-ab "If the Lion is dark (var.: very dark): the heart of the country will not be happy". [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; ARAK, 180 r. 3; 337:3].

          (6) If the Lion is black, the first morning appearances of Saturn is in Leo; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA a-dir / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / u UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U18.LU GAZ A.RA2 KUR [MAR.T]U KUD. MEŠ "If the Lion is dark: within 3 years, [li]ons and wol[ves] will kill off people and cut short lines of communication with [Weste]rn portions of the country." [ARAK, 324:3-6; 437:6-r. 2].

         (7) The moon eclipses within the regions of the Leo;  [...mulUR.GU.L]A ˹a-dir˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ2-ma UR.A.MEŠ IDIM. MEŠ "(If the Moon) eclipses [in the region of) the [Leo]: a decision for the king, (the king) will die and the lions will become fierce" [NSAM 2, 54, Text IIa: 2′], see also [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45].

         (8) If the stars of Leo flare (the first morning appearance of Jupiter in Leo); see u22UR.MAḪ, IV 3.

         (9) Jupiter's retracting motion moving away from the chest of the Lion (i.e., from Regulus); "And as for Jupiter, the following can be said of it: If it comes back right away from the chest of the Lion (šum-ma TA ŠA3 GABA ša2 mulUR.GU.LA / a-na qi2-in-niš is-si-ḫur): it is a sinister (sign)". [LABS, 8 r. 12-14].  

         (10) Venus stands in Leo; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB-iz ME3 (GAL) GAL2 "If Venus stands within Leo: (a great) battle will occur". [Stev. O.T 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14].  

          (11) Venus stands in the eastern portion of the Leo; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB ina KUR NIM.MA(ki) ME3 GAL2 "If Venus stands in the inner and eastern portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Elam". [Stev. O.T., 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III, 101 r. 14].

         (12) Venus stands in the western portion of the Leo; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A MIN (= ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB) ina KUR URIki ME3 GAL2 "If Venus stands in the inner and western portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Akkad [Stev. O.T., 232:11, Pl. XVII 13], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III, 101 r. 15].

         (13) Venus reaches Leo, its "secret place"; see (Kurtik d06)Dilbat, Late Astrology, Hipsoma (a).

         (14) The Wolf Star (= Mars) reaches Leo; see u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

         (15) Mars standing in Leo; ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 38.

         (16) Mars' retracting motion moving away from the head of the Leo; ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 38.

         (17) Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa; [DIŠ mulU]R.GU.LA ana A2 dZa-ba4-ba4 iš-qu A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ [...] "[If the L]ion rises towards Zababa: flooding will cease? [...]" [ACh Ištar, 34:15].

         (18) Predicting the first morning appearance of Venus in Leo; ina ŠA3 ITI a-ga-a ina dUTU.E3 / ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA in-nam-mar "During this month (Venus) will become visible in the east end of Leo" [ARAK, 247 r. 2-3].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022) Gössmann (1950)
= mulurgullû «Лев»;  созвездие, соответствующее современному Льву (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], см. также a01A, u16UR, u17UR.A,  u22UR.MAḪ.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulur.gu.la = la-ta-rak «Лев = Латарак» [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [mule-tu-r]a?-am-me = mulur.gu.la «[Этур]амме? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20]. (2) Серия AN:dAnum (VI 118): dur.gu.la = kat-til-lu «Лев = хищный зверь» [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: среди астральных богов упоминается также mulUR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3, 289; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц симану, звезды Ану, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): ˹mul˺ ša ina igi-it m[ul… gub-z]u / [mulur.gu.la…] «Созвездие, которое [стоит] впереди … [это Лев…]» (B ii 18–19); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 7]. (2) Список (3´12): itisig4mulur.gu.la šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц симану: … Лев (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 3). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — симану, заход — кислиму [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Ану: mu[lUR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-u2 «[Лев // 120] // Большой …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. k10KAK.SI.SA2. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: itiab.ba.e3 // mulur.gu.la // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), месяц тебету, Лев, 140» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 8): mulur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; MCG, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): mul˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 7. [mulUR.GU.LA ša2 EGI]R.BI GUB-zu dLa-ta-ra-a[k…] «[Лев, который] стоит [пос]ле него, Латара[к…]» (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 8, 9, 10): a) mulUR.GU.LA dLa-ta-ra-ak «Лев, Латарак» (I i 8), b) MUL ša2 ina GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu mulLUGAL «Звезда, которая стоит на груди Льва, Царь» (I i 9),  c) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tum ša2 ina KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu  «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на хвосте Льва» (I i 10–11)]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го дуузу Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят» (I ii 42), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) «Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят» (I iii 17–18), см. a04A2mušen, b) «Поле, Великан и Олень восходят, Лев, Змея и Энтенабархум заходят» (I iii 31–32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Список  ziqpu-звезд: mulUR.GU.LA после mulAL.LUL «Краб» перед mulE4-ru6 «Эруа» (I iv 6). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Лев кульминирует, Весы восходят (I iv 25), см. z10Zibānītum, см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′]. (6) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulUR.GU.LA, после mulAL.LUL, перед mulAB.SIN2 (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn. (7) Первая интеркаляционная схема: SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «Голова Льва» (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 352]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulra-ap-pu = mulur.gu.la «Узда = Лев», mule-tu!-ram-mi = mulmin «Этурамми = Лев», mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin «Голова Пса = Лев». (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulur.gu.la] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:136–138, 202]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 36]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. См. s06SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA, g03(MUL) 4 ša2 GABA-šu2, g23MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2, d08MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. Список «4-х Энлилей». См. e10dEn-lil2. GU-текст. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J), см. a18AL.LUL, u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §N. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхняя [звезда] Льва (μ Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхн[яя] из [звезд] головы Льва», согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58]. §O. a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum «Нижняя [звезда …] Льва» (ε Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum «Нижняя (звезда) головы Льва», согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], b) [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] «[боро]да Ль[ва]»(λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. §Q. […ur]gu.la ḫe-pi2 ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min «[…], [Л]ев, повреждение: 3 зве[зды …]. 2 интервала, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59]. Текст Nv. 10. [ina itiapin ki.min mulu]˹r.gu.la˺ // 4 šu-ut ˹d˺[En-lil2] / […mulṣal-bat]-a-nu // 3 šu-ut dA-[nim] / […mulNin-maḫ] // 2 šu-ut dE2-[a] / […mul]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 šu-qa2 sim.[maḫ] «[В месяце арахсамну соответственно Л]ев, 4, (звезда на пути) [Энлиля], / [… Ма]рс, 3, (звезда на пути) А[ну], / [… Нинмах], 2, (звезда на пути) Э[а], / [… (от)] Наверху стоящей звезды 1 (до) высоты Ласто[чки]» (Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64–65, 69]; согласно [ibid., 79, Anm. 63], mulṢal-bat-a-nu — планетное имя для mulmuš «Змея (главная звезда — α Hya). «Дневники наблюдений». В пределах созвездия выделялось 5 «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Гипсома». Созвездие Лев считалось гипсомой, т.е. местом, где действие планеты достигает максимума: a) Венеры, см. d06Dilbat. b) Юпитера, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. (2) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31]. (3) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ki-i múlUR.GU.LA a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-ma […] / múlUR.A múl dMUŠ […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlUR.A ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.GI6) u[l …] «Если Лев кульминирует […] / Лев, Змея […] / До тех пор пока Солнце достигает Льва. Его значение: затмения н[е (будет)]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:9–11]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ Sin ina mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma]… «Если Луна [затмилась] во Ль[ве]…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′ + passim], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «[Если в обла]сти 2 звезд головы Льва (он родился)», DIŠ KI MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Если в области 4 звезд его (= Льва) груди (он родился)», DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «Если в области 2 звезд на его (= Льва) крестце (он родился)», [DIŠ K]I mule-du ša2 KUN-šu2 «[Если в обла]сти Отдельной звезды на его (= Льва) хвосте (он родился)» [SpTU V, 265: 4'–7'].

См. также [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1].

II. Божество.

Латарак (см. L05). Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Серия Намбурби, см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Лев соотносится с рядом городов и храмов, в том числе: a) c Энамхе, b) Исином, Эгальмахом, c) Эриду, d) Кулабой и др. [Weidner 1963].

III. Символ.

Идущий Лев. Изображение Льва (над которым надпись: mulUR.GU.LA), идущего по спине змеиного дракона mulMUŠ, см. на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5–6; Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Описание этой сцены см. в фрагментарном тексте: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / […] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, цит. по [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. См. также астральные изображения Льва на печатях из эллинистического Урука [AUWE 19, No. 783–785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Куртик 2007, рис. 28, 29, 30]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в нем месяцу абу (itiNE), связанному со Львом (múlUR), соответствует UR.MAḪ «лев» [SpTU II, 43:5, 22].

IV. Отождествление.

= Leo [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 74b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) SAG A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis).

(2) LUGAL «Царь» (α Leonis).

(3) MUL2 TUR ša2 4 KUŠ3 ar2 LUGAL «Маленькая звезда в 4 локтях позади Царя» (ρ Leonis).

(4) GIŠ.KUN A «Бедро Льва» (θ Leonis).

(5) GIR3 ar2 ša2 A «Задняя лапа Льва» (β Virginis); GIR3 ša2 UR.<A> «лапа Льва» в [ADRT I, 70, No.-384: 9′].

Звезды (1)–(5) использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд» в дневниках и других текстах наблюдений, см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17–21.

(6) 2 звезды головы Льва (= ziqpu XXI: μ , ε Leo).

(7) Передняя правая лапа Льва, см. u17UR.A, GU-текст (G).

(8) Лапа в средней части Льва (ρ Leo), см. u17UR.A, GU-текст (H)

(9) 2 звезды на бедре Льва (= ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo).

(10) Отдельная звезда на хвосте Льва (= ziqpu XXIV: β Leo).

(11) «Верхняя (звезда) Льва» или «Верхняя из звезд головы Льва» (μ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ N).

(12) «Нижняя (звезда) Льва» или «Нижняя из звезд головы Льва» (ε Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ О).

(13) Борода Льва (λ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ О).

(14) KA2 mulxUR.A «Ворота Льва» [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulUR.MAḪ «Лев»; см. ts02dṢalbatānu, III 38.

(2) = mulRappu «Узда»; см. r03Rappu, II 2.

(3) = mulEturammi «Звезда Этурамми», см. Лексич. тексты, «Большой список звезд», а также e06E2.TUR3.

(4) = Волчья звезда = Марс; [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лев = Волк = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37].

Предсказания:

(5) Лев черный, Меркурий стоит во Льве; mulGUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA it-ti-ti-zi / DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA GI6 / ŠA3-bi KUR NU DUG3.GA / DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 / mui-ir-ru E2.GAL UŠ2 «Меркурий стоял внутри Льва. Если Лев черный: сердце страны не будет счастливо.  Если Регул черный: управляющий дворцом умрет» [ARAK, 146:1–6], cм. также [ibid., 180:3–4]; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA MI (вар.: ma-diš MI)  ŠA3 KUR NU DUG3-ab «Если Лев темный (вар.: очень темный): сердце страны не будет счастливо» [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; ARAK, 180 r. 3; 337:3].

(6) Лев черный, первое утреннее появление Сатурна во Льве; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA a-dir / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / u UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U18.LU GAZ A.RA2 KUR [MAR.T]U KUD.MEŠ «Если Лев темный: в течение 3 лет [ль]вы и вол[ки] будут убивать людей и перережут пути сообщения с [Запад]ной страной» [ARAK, 324:3–6; 437:6–r. 2].

(7) Луна в области Льва затмилась; […mulUR.GU.L]A ˹a-dir˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ2-ma UR.A.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ «(Если Луна в области) [Льв]а затмилась: решение для царя, (царь) умрет и львы станут свирепыми» [NSAM 2, 54, Text IIa: 2′], см. также [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45].

(8) Если звезды Льва вспыхивают (первое утреннее появление Юпитера во Льве); см. u22UR.MAḪ, IV 3.

(9) Попятное движение Юпитера от груди Льва (т.е. от Регула); «А что касается Юпитера, можно сказать следующее: Если он возвращается обратно от груди Льва (šum-ma TA ŠA3 GABA ša2 mulUR.GU.LA / a-na qi2-in-niš is-si-ḫur): это зловещий (знак)» [LABS, 8 r. 12–14].  

(10) Венера во Льве стоит; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB-iz ME3 (GAL) GAL2 «Если Венера стоит внутри Льва: (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14].

(11) Венера на востоке во Льве стоит; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB ina KUR NIM.MA(ki) ME3 GAL2 «Если Венера стоит на востоке внутри Льва: в Эламе (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T., 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III, 101 r. 14].

(12) Венера на западе во Льве стоит; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A MIN (= ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB) ina KUR URIki ME3 GAL2 «Если Венера стоит на западе внутри Льва: в Аккаде (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T.,  232:11, Pl. XVII 13], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III, 101 r. 15].

(13) Венера достигает Льва, своего “секретного места”; см. d06Dilbat, Поздняя астрология, Гипсома (а).

(14) Волчья звезда (= Марс) достигает Льва; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

(15) Стояние Марса во Льве; ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 38.

(16) Попятное движение Марса от головы Льва; ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 38.

(17) Лев (= Марс) в сторону Забабы поднялся; [DIŠ mulU]R.GU.LA ana A2 dZa-ba4-ba4 iš-qu A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ […] «[Если Л]ев в сторону Забабы поднялся: наводнения прекратятся? […]» [ACh Ištar, 34:15].

(18) Предсказание первого утреннего появления Венеры во Льве; ina ŠA3 ITI a-ga-a ina dUTU.E3 / ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA in-nam-mar «В течение этого месяца (Венера) станет видна на востоке во Льве» [ARAK, 247 r. 2–3].

Transformation from UR.GU.LA to Leo

References