NUNki: Difference between revisions

From All Skies Encyclopaedia
NUNki
No edit summary
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>NUN.KI}}
Sumerian name of an asterism or star.

Sumerian name of an asterism or star. There is a modern star name "Nunki" which was applied to the star [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=sig+Sgr&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id σ Sgr (SIMBAD)] because of an early misinterpretation of cuneiform texts in the 19th century. From the GU-text, it is clear that the Mesopotamian name refers to an area in Vela.

== Transfer and Transformation ==

=== 19th century ===

In his popular book "Star Names" Allen (1899) wrote σ Sgr <blockquote>"has been identified with Nunki of the Euphratean ''Tablet of the Thirty Stars'', the Star of the Proclamation of the Sea, this Sea being the quarter occupied by Aquarius, Capricornus, Delphinus, Pisces, and Piscis Australis. It is the same space in the sky that Aratis designated as the Water; perhaps another proof of the Euphratean origin of much of Greek astronomy."</blockquote>He does not give any reference to who made this identification, and this is written in a time when only little was known about cuneiform astronomy. The first comprehensive edition and translation of the Babylonian compendium of astronomy, MUL.APIN, appeared a quarter of a century later. Only the (rather complete) description of the sky in MUL.APIN made it possible to get a cross-checked overview of the positions.

With "Euphratean", Allen refers to the Babylonians (those days also called "Chaldeans" due to the Christian background of many scholars who dealt with the cuneiform language, it was believed that the culture between the big rivers Euphrates and Tigris was the source of the Jewish and Christian culture). The "''Tablet of the Thirty Stars''" is not the "Catalog of 30 Stars" as it is not listed in Kurtik but could refer to the Great Star List.

=== 21st century ===
The GU-text is an astrometrical Babylonian text dating short before 500 BCE (roughly 520 BCE).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref> It is interpreted as a list of asterisms (tiny star groups) forming straight lines of the same right ascension. The seventh of these strings or ribbons (with a width of 5°) in the sky, GU VII, has "<sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup>" as the last of its asterisms. The other two, namely "the chest of the Lion" (Leo) and the "the middle of the snake" (Hydra), being clearly identified, this stellar pattern leads to the identification of <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> with the area around λ Vel.

The GU-text seems to be part of the missing link from the Babylonian to the Egyptian culture. At the same position in the circular Denderah-zodiac,[https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871] the Egyptian goddess "Anuket" is depicted which might possibly originate from a pun with "Nunki" (Hoffmann 2022). <gallery>
File:GU VII (Leo, Hya, Nunki).jpg|Position of <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> according to the GU text (Hoffmann 2022)
File:Nunki ident stellarium.jpg|historical identifications for Nunki marked in a Stellarium map (Hoffmann 2024). As they mismatch the green vertical line, they are incorrect.
File:Anuket highlighted.JPG|[https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871 photograph of a detail] in the circular zodiac of Denderah (Egypt), the goddess Anuket (Egyptian goddess of the Nile flood) is highlighted. She is drawn below the middle of The Snake (Hydra) and below the chest of The Lion (Leo).
</gallery>


==Dictionary==
==Dictionary==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= <sup>mul</sup>Eridu<sup>ki</sup> "(Star of the city of) Eridu"; constellation in Quarterdeck and Sails (Puppis + Vela) [G. 306; BPO 2, 14].
= <sup>mul</sup>Eridu<sup>ki</sup> "(Star of the city of) Eridu"; constellation in Quarterdeck and Sails (Puppis + Vela) [G. 306; BPO 2, 14].

Kurtik also has the variant "AN.KI" only occuring in one prediction, but this is corrected by [BPO 2, IX 22, XII 9] and reads <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup>, too.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|
|-
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
!Sources!!Identifications
Line 11: Line 31:
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.


* DC XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>Eridu<sup>ki</sup> = E-ri-du<sub>4</sub> [Emar VI/4 151:162], <sup>[mul]</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> = ŠU [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:12; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:277ʹ],
* DC XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>Eridu<sup>ki</sup> = E-ri-du<sub>4</sub> [Emar VI/4 151:162], <sup>[mul]</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> = ŠU [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:12; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:277ʹ],
* <sup>[mul]</sup>NUN<sup>?</sup> ki <sup>?</sup> = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 21].
* <sup>[mul]</sup>NUN<sup>?</sup> ki <sup>?</sup> = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 21].
|
|
Line 17: Line 37:
|"'''''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'''''.
|"'''''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'''''.


* The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 7): <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> [CT 33, 9 r. 18; HBA, 104; MCG, 176].
* The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 7): <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> [CT 33, 9 r. 18; HBA, 104; MCG, 176].
* '''''Text BM 77054'''''. See (Kurtik m17) MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.
* '''''Text BM 77054'''''. See (Kurtik m17) MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.
|
|
Line 26: Line 46:
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.


* '''(1)''' Stars of Ea (no. 3):  <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "Asterism of Eridu, Ea" (I ii 20).
* '''(1)''' Stars of Ea (no. 3):  <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "Asterism of Eridu, Ea" (I ii 20).
* '''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings:
* '''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina <sup>i</sup>''<sup>ti</sup>KIN UD 10 KAM <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> IGI<sup>me</sup>
** ''ina <sup>i</sup>''<sup>ti</sup>KIN UD 10 KAM <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> IGI<sup>me</sup>
Line 32: Line 52:
* '''(3)''' Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings:
* '''(3)''' Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings:
** a) <sup>mul</sup>NUNUN<sup>ki</sup> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> KUR<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A ŠU<sub>2</sub>''-bi''
** a) <sup>mul</sup>NUNUN<sup>ki</sup> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> KUR<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A ŠU<sub>2</sub>''-bi''
** "The Asterism of Eridu and the Raven rise, and the Demon with the Gaping Mouth sets" (I iii 20),
** "The Asterism of Eridu and the Raven rise, and the Demon with the Gaping Mouth sets" (I iii 20),
** (b) see also [BPO 2, III 27-27a], b) (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL.
** (b) see also [BPO 2, III 27-27a], b) (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL.
* '''(4)''' Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
* '''(4)''' Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
Line 40: Line 60:
* '''(6)''' Observations of heliacal sunrisings and wind directions:
* '''(6)''' Observations of heliacal sunrisings and wind directions:
** a) ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>KIN UD 10 KAM <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA IGI<sup>meš</sup> / MUL. MEŠ-''šu<sub>2</sub>-nu ina u<sub>4</sub>-mi'' IGI<sup>meš</sup> SAR<sup>meš</sup>''-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu zi-me-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu / ri-is-ni-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu u<sub>3</sub>'' IM ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' DU''-ku'' ŠEŠ ANŠE.KUR.RA<sup>meš</sup> / [...] x ''an-ṣar-ma ina'' ID<sub>2</sub> A<sup>meš</sup> NU NAG<sup>meš</sup> / ki-i MUL. MEŠ-''šu<sub>2</sub>-nu ul-ta-ta-pu-ni / maḫ-ḫu-ri-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu tu-maḫ-ḫar'' ANŠE.KUR. RA<sup>meš</sup> / ESIR TAG<sup>meš</sup>-ma ina ID<sub>2</sub> A<sup>meš</sup> NAG<sup>meš</sup>
** a) ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>KIN UD 10 KAM <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA IGI<sup>meš</sup> / MUL. MEŠ-''šu<sub>2</sub>-nu ina u<sub>4</sub>-mi'' IGI<sup>meš</sup> SAR<sup>meš</sup>''-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu zi-me-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu / ri-is-ni-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu u<sub>3</sub>'' IM ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' DU''-ku'' ŠEŠ ANŠE.KUR.RA<sup>meš</sup> / [...] x ''an-ṣar-ma ina'' ID<sub>2</sub> A<sup>meš</sup> NU NAG<sup>meš</sup> / ki-i MUL. MEŠ-''šu<sub>2</sub>-nu ul-ta-ta-pu-ni / maḫ-ḫu-ri-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu tu-maḫ-ḫar'' ANŠE.KUR. RA<sup>meš</sup> / ESIR TAG<sup>meš</sup>-ma ina ID<sub>2</sub> A<sup>meš</sup> NAG<sup>meš</sup>
** "On the 10th day of Ululû, the Asterism of Eridu, on the 15th of (Ululû), Shupa becomes visible; on the day when their stars become visible, (you observe) their risings, their brilliance, their ... and the wind that blows; you watch(?) the horses so that they do not drink water from the river. When the stars become visible, you make sacrifices to them; the horses will touch the bitumen and drink water from the river" (II i 25-27),
** "On the 10th day of Ululû, the Asterism of Eridu, on the 15th of (Ululû), Shupa becomes visible; on the day when their stars become visible, (you observe) their risings, their brilliance, their ... and the wind that blows; you watch(?) the horses so that they do not drink water from the river. When the stars become visible, you make sacrifices to them; the horses will touch the bitumen and drink water from the river" (II i 25-27),
** (b) see (Kurtik k24) KU<sub>6</sub> [MA, 35, 42, 49, 50, 53, 64, 77-79].
** (b) see (Kurtik k24) KU<sub>6</sub> [MA, 35, 42, 49, 50, 53, 64, 77-79].
|
|
Line 54: Line 74:
|-
|-
|'''''GU text.'''''
|'''''GU text.'''''
* '''(F)''' ''šu<sup>II mul</sup>nun<sup>ki</sup>'' "Arms of (the constellation) Eridu" (γ Vel):, see (Kurtik k10)[[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
* '''(F)''' ''šu<sup>II mul</sup>nun<sup>ki</sup>'' "Arms of (the constellation) Eridu" (γ Vel):, see (Kurtik k10)[[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
* (G) <sup>mul</sup>nunki "(Constellation) Eridu" (λ Vel), see (Kurtik u17)[[UR.A]].
* (G) <sup>mul</sup>nunki "(Constellation) Eridu" (λ Vel), see (Kurtik u17)[[UR.A]].
|[[File:GU VII (Leo, Hya, Nunki).jpg|alt=Stellarium map |thumb|Depiction of asterisms in GU VII of the Babylonian GU-text, Leo, Hydra and "Nunki". Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy (2022).]]
|
|-
|-
|'''''Temple ritual'''''.
|'''''Temple ritual'''''.
Line 68: Line 88:


See also: <sup>mul</sup>SA5 ana<sup>?</sup>(DIŠ) <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> [SpTU II, 42 r. 3].
See also: <sup>mul</sup>SA5 ana<sup>?</sup>(DIŠ) <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> [SpTU II, 42 r. 3].
|
|Example
|}
|}


Line 78: Line 98:
==== III. Symbol. ====
==== III. Symbol. ====
          Judging by the description in the GU-text, the symbol of the constellation was an anthropomorphic figure with "hands"(?).
          Judging by the description in the GU-text, the symbol of the constellation was an anthropomorphic figure with "hands"(?).
[[File:Nunki ident stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map visualizing historical identifications and their mismatch |thumb|historical identifications for Nunki marked in a Stellarium map (Hoffmann 2024). As they mismatch the green vertical line, they are incorrect.]]


==== IV. Identifications. ====
==== IV. Identifications. ====
Line 86: Line 107:
          = ζ+ Stern (Puppis) [BPO 2, 11, 14].
          = ζ+ Stern (Puppis) [BPO 2, 11, 14].


          = α+ Stern (Puppis) [MA, 138].
          = α+ Stern (Puppis) [MA, 138]. (remark by Hoffmann: alpha Puppis does not exist)


          = Canopus [Koch 1989, 106, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].
          = Canopus [Koch 1989, 106, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].


          = parts of Korma and Sails [ASM, 272].
          = parts of Stern and Sails [ASM, 272].


          = Stern and Sails [Horowitz 2014, 247].
          = Stern and Sails [Horowitz 2014, 247].


          V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.
==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====

          "Arms of (the constellation of) Eridu," see GU-text.
          "Arms of (the constellation of) Eridu," see GU-text.


Line 101: Line 121:
          Identifications:
          Identifications:


          (1) = Venus; the name of Venus in the month of ulul, see (Kurtik d06) Dilbat, "Tablet of Dilbat" (4).
          (1) = Venus; the name of Venus in the month of ulul, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat" (4).


          (2) = Mars; <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Ṣal-bat-a-nu [...] "Eridu = Mars [...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:33], for a parallel see. [BPO 3, 58, K.148+:37]; see also The Great Star List.
          (2) = Mars; <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Ṣal-bat-a-nu [...] "Eridu = Mars [...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:33], for a parallel see. [BPO 3, 58, K.148+:37]; see also The Great Star List.
Line 122: Line 142:


         See also: [... ana <sup>mul</sup>N]UN<sup>ki</sup> TE "[... to the asterism of E]ridu approaches" [BPO 3, 98, K.10688 i 6′].
         See also: [... ana <sup>mul</sup>N]UN<sup>ki</sup> TE "[... to the asterism of E]ridu approaches" [BPO 3, 98, K.10688 i 6′].

(10) DIŠ KI.TA <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> IGI KI.MIN KI-šu<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AN.KI IGI šal-pu<sub>2</sub>-ti [...], "If it is seen below the asterism Eridu, var.: star AN.KI is seen with it: desecration [...]". [ACh Ištar, 26:32], see corrected reading in [BPO 2, IX 22, XII 9].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n50 + a31)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|-
|
|= <sup>mul</sup>''Eridu''<sup>ki</sup> «(Звезда города) Эриду»; созвездие в Корме и Парусах (Puppis + Vela) [G. 306; BPO 2, 14].||Example
==== (n50) NUN.KI ====
= <sup>mul</sup>''Eridu''<sup>ki</sup> «(Звезда города) Эриду»; созвездие в Корме и Парусах (Puppis + Vela) [G. 306; BPO 2, 14].||Example
|-
|-
|I. Источники.
|I. Источники.
Line 189: Line 214:
См. также: [… ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>N]UN<sup>ki</sup> TE «[… к звезде Э]риду приближается» [BPO 3, 98, K.10688 i 6′].
См. также: [… ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>N]UN<sup>ki</sup> TE «[… к звезде Э]риду приближается» [BPO 3, 98, K.10688 i 6′].
|Example
|Example
|-
|
==== (a31) AN.KI ====
[G. 29]; только в предсказании: DIŠ KI.TA <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> IGI KI.MIN KI-šu<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AN.KI IGI šal-pu<sub>2</sub>-ti […] «Если оно видно ниже звезды Эриду, вар.: звезда AN.KI видна вместе с ним: осквернение […]» [ACh Ištar, 26:32]. <sup>mul</sup>AN.KI читается как <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> в [BPO 2, IX 22, XII 9].
|
==== G: 29 ====
...
|}
|}

== IAU Catalog of Star Names ==
In 2017, the IAU Working Group Star Names (WGSN) registered the star name "Nunki" for σ Sgr as it had already become popular throughout the 20th century. It has been used in books of popular astronomy as well as astrophysics paper (e.g. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012xmm..prop...38O/abstract Oskinova 2012], [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981OccN....2..161D/abstract Dunham 1981])


==References==
==References==
Line 196: Line 231:
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]

Latest revision as of 02:22, 27 October 2024


Sumerian name of an asterism or star. There is a modern star name "Nunki" which was applied to the star σ Sgr (SIMBAD) because of an early misinterpretation of cuneiform texts in the 19th century. From the GU-text, it is clear that the Mesopotamian name refers to an area in Vela.

Transfer and Transformation

19th century

In his popular book "Star Names" Allen (1899) wrote σ Sgr

"has been identified with Nunki of the Euphratean Tablet of the Thirty Stars, the Star of the Proclamation of the Sea, this Sea being the quarter occupied by Aquarius, Capricornus, Delphinus, Pisces, and Piscis Australis. It is the same space in the sky that Aratis designated as the Water; perhaps another proof of the Euphratean origin of much of Greek astronomy."

He does not give any reference to who made this identification, and this is written in a time when only little was known about cuneiform astronomy. The first comprehensive edition and translation of the Babylonian compendium of astronomy, MUL.APIN, appeared a quarter of a century later. Only the (rather complete) description of the sky in MUL.APIN made it possible to get a cross-checked overview of the positions.

With "Euphratean", Allen refers to the Babylonians (those days also called "Chaldeans" due to the Christian background of many scholars who dealt with the cuneiform language, it was believed that the culture between the big rivers Euphrates and Tigris was the source of the Jewish and Christian culture). The "Tablet of the Thirty Stars" is not the "Catalog of 30 Stars" as it is not listed in Kurtik but could refer to the Great Star List.

21st century

The GU-text is an astrometrical Babylonian text dating short before 500 BCE (roughly 520 BCE).[1] It is interpreted as a list of asterisms (tiny star groups) forming straight lines of the same right ascension. The seventh of these strings or ribbons (with a width of 5°) in the sky, GU VII, has "mulNUNki" as the last of its asterisms. The other two, namely "the chest of the Lion" (Leo) and the "the middle of the snake" (Hydra), being clearly identified, this stellar pattern leads to the identification of mulNUNki with the area around λ Vel.

The GU-text seems to be part of the missing link from the Babylonian to the Egyptian culture. At the same position in the circular Denderah-zodiac,[1] the Egyptian goddess "Anuket" is depicted which might possibly originate from a pun with "Nunki" (Hoffmann 2022).

Dictionary

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= mulEriduki "(Star of the city of) Eridu"; constellation in Quarterdeck and Sails (Puppis + Vela) [G. 306; BPO 2, 14].

Kurtik also has the variant "AN.KI" only occuring in one prediction, but this is corrected by [BPO 2, IX 22, XII 9] and reads mulNUNki, too.

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • DC XXII series: mulEriduki = E-ri-du4 [Emar VI/4 151:162], [mul]NUNki = ŠU [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:12; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:277ʹ],
  • [mul]NUN? ki ? = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 21].
"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).
  • The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 7): mulNUNki [CT 33, 9 r. 18; HBA, 104; MCG, 176].
  • Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik m17) MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.
EAE. See. [BPO 2, III 27a, IX 22, XII 9; BPO 3, 285; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 26′].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) Stars of Ea (no. 3):  mulNUNki dE2-a "Asterism of Eridu, Ea" (I ii 20).
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
    • ina itiKIN UD 10 KAM mulNUNki u mulUGAmušen IGIme
    • "On the 10th day of ulul, the Asterism of Eridu and the Raven become visible" (I ii 45).
  • (3) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings:
    • a) mulNUNUNki u mulUGAmušen KURmeš-ma mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ŠU2-bi
    • "The Asterism of Eridu and the Raven rise, and the Demon with the Gaping Mouth sets" (I iii 20),
    • (b) see also [BPO 2, III 27-27a], b) (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL.
  • (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
    • TA KUR ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 55 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulNUNki
    • "55 days from the rising of the Arrow to the rising of the Asterism of Eridu" (I iii 34).
  • (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal rises: The Great Gemini culminates, Shupa and the Asterism of Eridu rises (I iv 24), see (Kurtik m17) MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 117, BM 73815: 3'].
  • (6) Observations of heliacal sunrisings and wind directions:
    • a) ina itiKIN UD 10 KAM mulNUNki UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA IGImeš / MUL. MEŠ-šu2-nu ina u4-mi IGImeš SARmeš-šu2-nu zi-me-šu2-nu / ri-is-ni-šu2-nu u3 IM ša2 DU-ku ŠEŠ ANŠE.KUR.RAmeš / [...] x an-ṣar-ma ina ID2 Ameš NU NAGmeš / ki-i MUL. MEŠ-šu2-nu ul-ta-ta-pu-ni / maḫ-ḫu-ri-šu2-nu tu-maḫ-ḫar ANŠE.KUR. RAmeš / ESIR TAGmeš-ma ina ID2 Ameš NAGmeš
    • "On the 10th day of Ululû, the Asterism of Eridu, on the 15th of (Ululû), Shupa becomes visible; on the day when their stars become visible, (you observe) their risings, their brilliance, their ... and the wind that blows; you watch(?) the horses so that they do not drink water from the river. When the stars become visible, you make sacrifices to them; the horses will touch the bitumen and drink water from the river" (II i 25-27),
    • (b) see (Kurtik k24) KU6 [MA, 35, 42, 49, 50, 53, 64, 77-79].
"Great Star List."
  • List of names for Mars: mulnunki = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) "(Asterism of) Eridu = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:107].
Star List VR 46,
  • 1:37. mulmu.bu.<keš.da ša2> a.ab.ba = mulnunki "Yoke of the Sea = Asterism of Eridu" [HBA, 52:37; Wee 2016, 162-3].
GU text.
  • (F) šuII mulnunki "Arms of (the constellation) Eridu" (γ Vel):, see (Kurtik k10)KAK.SI.SA2.
  • (G) mulnunki "(Constellation) Eridu" (λ Vel), see (Kurtik u17)UR.A.
Stellarium map
Depiction of asterisms in GU VII of the Babylonian GU-text, Leo, Hydra and "Nunki". Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy (2022).
Temple ritual.
  • múlERIDU(NUN)ki ša2 er-šu-tu2 aḫ-zu "(Asterism of) Eridu, which possesses wisdom" [RAcc. 137, 153:303; Linssen 2004, 220, 229].
Text LBAT 1502 obv.
  • múlNUNki is the asterism of Antagubba, see (Kurtik a02) A.EDIN.

See also: mulSA5 ana?(DIŠ) mulNUNki [SpTU II, 42 r. 3].

additional

II. Deity.

          The constellation of Eridu serves as a unique example where the name of a luminary explicitly captures the name of a city. Eridu was the center of worship of Ea (Enki), the god of the subterranean ocean and waters; hence, we find repeated indications in texts that constellation Eridu was associated with the god Ea. Prayers and rituals. (1) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (mīs pî) or "revitalizing" the statue-deity, see k24KU6. (2) Temple ritual, see above.

III. Symbol.

          Judging by the description in the GU-text, the symbol of the constellation was an anthropomorphic figure with "hands"(?).

Stellarium map visualizing historical identifications and their mismatch
historical identifications for Nunki marked in a Stellarium map (Hoffmann 2024). As they mismatch the green vertical line, they are incorrect.

IV. Identifications.

          = Kiel (Carina) with Canopus (Canopus) + western stars to Eridanus [3. Erg., 335; G. 306, I].

          = Canopus [G. 306; Waerden 1949, 21; Weidner 1957-59, 79b].

          = ζ+ Stern (Puppis) [BPO 2, 11, 14].

          = α+ Stern (Puppis) [MA, 138]. (remark by Hoffmann: alpha Puppis does not exist)

          = Canopus [Koch 1989, 106, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

          = parts of Stern and Sails [ASM, 272].

          = Stern and Sails [Horowitz 2014, 247].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

          "Arms of (the constellation of) Eridu," see GU-text.

VI. Astrology.

          Identifications:

          (1) = Venus; the name of Venus in the month of ulul, see (Kurtik d06) Dilbat, "Tablet of Dilbat" (4).

          (2) = Mars; mulNUNki dṢal-bat-a-nu [...] "Eridu = Mars [...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:33], for a parallel see. [BPO 3, 58, K.148+:37]; see also The Great Star List.

          (3) = Mercury; DIŠ mulNUNki meš-ḫa im-šuḫ BURU14 GAN2.ZI KUR SI.SA2 / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 ḫa-an-ṭiš IGI-ma "If the asterism of Eridu emits mišḫu: the harvest of the country's fields will be in abundance, (it means): Mercury quickly appears as it quickly disappears." [ACh Ištar, 21:45-46].

          (4) = Yoke of the Sea; see the list of stars VR 46, 1:37.

          (5) = Yoke of Elam; see (Kurtik sh19) ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA, III 2.

          Predications:

          (6) Field and the Asterism of Eridu; DIŠ KI.TA mulNUNki IGI KI.MIN KI-šu2 mulNUNki IGI šal-pu2-t[i KUR GAR] "If it (= Field) is seen below the Asterism of Eridu, var: the Asterism of Eridu is seen with it: [the country will undergo] defilement" [BPO 2, XII 9], for a parallel see. [ibid., IX 22].

          (7) Venus with teh Pole, or asterism of Eridu, standing in opposition; see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2, VI 9.

          (8) The Raven approaches the asterism of Eridu; see (Kurtik u11) UGA, VI 15.

          (9) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the asterism of Eridu (=Mars or Mercury); see (Kurtik u31) UZ3, VI 19.

         See also: [... ana mulN]UNki TE "[... to the asterism of E]ridu approaches" [BPO 3, 98, K.10688 i 6′].

(10) DIŠ KI.TA mulNUNki IGI KI.MIN KI-šu2 mulAN.KI IGI šal-pu2-ti [...], "If it is seen below the asterism Eridu, var.: star AN.KI is seen with it: desecration [...]". [ACh Ištar, 26:32], see corrected reading in [BPO 2, IX 22, XII 9].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, n50 + a31) Gössmann (1950)

(n50) NUN.KI

= mulEriduki «(Звезда города) Эриду»; созвездие в Корме и Парусах (Puppis + Vela) [G. 306; BPO 2, 14].||Example

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulEriduki = E-ri-du4 [Emar VI/4 151:162], [mul]NUNki = ŠU [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:12; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:277ʹ], [mul]NUN? ki ? = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 21]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Ea (№ 7): mulNUNki [CT 33, 9 r. 18; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. Текст BM 77054. См. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 27a, IX 22, XII 9; BPO 3, 285; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 26′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 3):  mulNUNki dE2-a «Звезда Эриду, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 10 KAM mulNUNki u mulUGAmušen IGIme «10-го улулу звезда Эриду и Ворон становятся видны» (I ii 45). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulNUNki u mulUGAmušen KURmeš-ma mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ŠU2-bi «Звезда Эриду и Ворон восходят, а Демон с Разинутой Пасть заходит» (I iii 20), см. также [BPO 2, III 27–27a], b) (I iii 25), см. m35MUL.MUL. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 55 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulNUNki «55 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода звезды Эриду» (I iii 34). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Великие Близнецы кульминируют, Шупа и звезда Эриду восходят (I iv 24), см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 3']. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: a) ina itiKIN UD 10 KAM mulNUNki UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA IGImeš / MUL.MEŠ-šu2-nu ina u4-mi IGImeš SARmeš-šu2-nu zi-me-šu2-nu / ri-is-ni-šu2-nu u3 IM ša2 DU-ku ŠEŠ ANŠE.KUR.RAmeš / […] x an-ṣar-ma ina ID2 Ameš NU NAGmeš / ki-i MUL.MEŠ-šu2-nu ul-ta-ta-pu-ni / maḫ-ḫu-ri-šu2-nu tu-maḫ-ḫar ANŠE.KUR.RAmeš / ESIR TAGmeš-ma ina ID2 Ameš NAGmeš «10-го улулу звезда Эриду, 15-го (улулу) Шупа становятся видны; в день, когда их звезды становятся видны, (ты наблюдаешь) их восходы, их блеск, их … и ветер, который дует; ты следишь(?) за лошадьми, чтобы они не пили воду из реки. Когда их звезды станут видны, ты приносишь им жертвоприношения; лошади будут прикасаться к битуму и пить воду из реки» (II i 25–27), b) см. k24KU6 [MA, 35, 42, 49, 50, 53, 64, 77–79]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulnunki = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «(Звезда) Эриду = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:107]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:37. mulmu.bu.<keš.da ša2> a.ab.ba = mulnunki «Ярмо Моря = Звезда Эриду» [HBA, 52:37; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (F) šuII mulnunki «Руки (созвездия) Эриду» (γ Vel):, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. (G) mulnunki «(Cозвездие) Эриду» (λ Vel), см. u17UR.A. Храмовый ритуал. múlERIDU(NUN)ki ša2 er-šu-tu2 aḫ-zu «(Звезда) Эриду, которая обладает мудростью» [RAcc. 137, 153:303; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlNUNki — звезда Антагубба, см. a02A.EDIN.

См. также: mulSA5  ana?(DIŠ) mulNUNki [SpTU II, 42 r. 3].

II. Божество.

Созвездие Эриду служит уникальным примером, когда в названии светила явным образом запечатлено название города. Эриду был центром поклонения богу подземного океана вод Эа (Энки); отсюда неоднократно повторенные в текстах указания на связь созвездия Эриду с богом Эа. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (2) Храмовый ритуал, см. выше.

III. Символ.

Судя по описанию в GU-тексте, символом созвездия служила антропоморфная фигура, у которой имелись «руки»(?).

IV. Отождествления.

= Киль (Carina) с Канопусом (Canopus) + западные звезды до Эридана [3. Erg., 335; G. 306, I].

= Canopus [G. 306; Waerden 1949, 21; Weidner 1957–59, 79b].

= ζ+ Кормы (Puppis) [BPO 2, 11, 14].

= α+ Кормы (Puppis) [MA, 138].

= Canopus [Koch 1989, 106, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= части Кормы и Парусов [ASM, 272].

= Корма и Паруса [Horowitz 2014, 247].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

«Руки (созвездия) Эриду», см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1)  = Венера; название Венеры в месяце улулу, см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат» (4).

(2)  = Марс; mulNUNki dṢal-bat-a-nu […] «Эриду = Марс […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:33], параллель см. [BPO 3, 58, K.148+:37]; см. также «Большой список звезд».

(3)  = Меркурий; DIŠ mulNUNki meš-ḫa im-šuḫ BURU14 GAN2.ZI KUR SI.SA2 / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 ḫa-an-ṭiš IGI-ma «Если звезда Эриду mišḫu испускает: урожай полей страны будет обильным, (это означает): Меркурий, как он быстро исчезает, так же быстро появляется» [ACh Ištar, 21:45–46].

(4)  = Ярмо Моря; см. список звезд VR 46, 1:37.

(5)  = Ярмо Элама; см. sh19ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA, III 2.

Предсказания:

(6) Поле и звезда Эриду; DIŠ KI.TA mulNUNki IGI KI.MIN KI-šu2 mulNUNki IGI šal-pu2-t[i KUR GAR] «Если оно (= Поле) видно ниже звезды Эриду, вар.: звезда Эриду видна с ним: осквернени[е страны произойдет]» [BPO 2, XII 9], параллель см. [ibid., IX 22].

(7) Венера и в оппозиции к ней Поле или звезда Эриду; см. a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 9.

(8) Ворон приближается к звезде Эриду; см. u11UGA, VI 15.

(9) Коза (=Венера) достигает звезды Эриду (= Марс или Меркурий); см. u31UZ3, VI 19.

См. также: [… ana mulN]UNki TE «[… к звезде Э]риду приближается» [BPO 3, 98, K.10688 i 6′].

Example

(a31) AN.KI

[G. 29]; только в предсказании: DIŠ KI.TA mulNUNki IGI KI.MIN KI-šu2 mulAN.KI IGI šal-pu2-ti […] «Если оно видно ниже звезды Эриду, вар.: звезда AN.KI видна вместе с ним: осквернение […]» [ACh Ištar, 26:32]. mulAN.KI читается как mulNUNki в [BPO 2, IX 22, XII 9].

G: 29

...

IAU Catalog of Star Names

In 2017, the IAU Working Group Star Names (WGSN) registered the star name "Nunki" for σ Sgr as it had already become popular throughout the 20th century. It has been used in books of popular astronomy as well as astrophysics paper (e.g. Oskinova 2012, Dunham 1981)

References

  1. Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204