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Mesopotamian constellation in the area of the modern constellation Lupus. UR.IDIM, The Mad Dog (or: Rabid Dog), is a standalone constellation associated with a Mesopotamian female deity, a daughter of one of the three most important gods Anu (god of heavens) or Enlil (god of agriculture).
Mesopotamian constellation in the area of the modern constellation Lupus. UR.IDIM, The Mad Dog (or: Rabid Dog), is a standalone constellation associated with a Mesopotamian female deity, a daughter of one of the three most important gods Anu (god of heavens) or Enlil (god of agriculture). This goddess did not have a constellation in the original Mesopotamian uranography of the -2nd millennium. To the west of the constellation of UR.IDIM, there is the constellation of the violent (male) nature god, Numushda whose iconographic representation and exact realm and origin are uncertain. However, it is well possible that the two neighbouring constellations Numushda and UR.IDIM were the model for the later Greek super-constellation of "[[Centaurus]] and [[Lupus]] with [[Ara]], the Censer".


==Dictionaries (Provenance of the term)==
==Dictionary==
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ur-idim = ''kalbu šegû'' (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14).
The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ur-idim = ''kalbu šegû'' (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14).
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|But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
|But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
|[[File:LionMan Carter2019.jpg|alt=photograph of seal impression|thumb|Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature that is half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and [https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/633185/azu_etd_17201_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Carter 2019]). The central creature, Urmahlullu, looks a bit like a lion-centaur and holds a dead animal in its left hand: this might be the template for the later Greek constellation.]]
|[[File:LionMan Carter2019.jpg|alt=photograph of seal impression|thumb|Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature, half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and [https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/633185/azu_etd_17201_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Carter 2019]). The central creature, Urmahlullu, looks a bit like a lion-centaur and holds a dead animal in its left hand: this might be the template for the later Greek constellation.]]
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=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''ur(i)dimmu''
= ur(i)dimmu "Mad Dog (var.: Lion)"; constellation within the modern Wolf ([[Lupus]]) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172-174].

* "Mad Dog (var.: Lion)"; constellation within the modern Wolf ([[Lupus]]) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172-174].
* However, note that UR.IDIM = ''uridimmu'' figures in art correspond  to composite lion-human figures (see fig. **,  <nowiki>[[Wayne provide reference from RlA or Wiggerman etc.???]]</nowiki>. The significance of the figure standing behind the composite lion-human figure needs to be explained. Perhaps some connection somehow with a super-constellation consisting of the stars of classical Lupus and Centaurus may be suspected.

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Sources !! Identifications
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
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| Lexical texts.
| '''Lexical texts.'''

* (1) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4].
* (1) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4].
* (2) Urra XIV series: ur.idim = ur-idim-mu, kal-bu še-gu-u<sub>2</sub> 'rabid dog', zi-i-bi 'jackal' [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94-95, 10:138].
* (2) Urra XIV series: ur.idim = ''ur-idim-mu'', ''kal-bu še-gu-u''<sub>2</sub> 'rabid dog', ''zi-i-bi'' 'jackal' [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94-95, 10:138].
|
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|-
|-
|"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''

* Astrolabe P. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Enlil, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574].
* Astrolabe P. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Enlil, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574].


* Astrolabe B.
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a gub / [mu]lur.idim "[The constellation that stands to the left of Ea, the Mad Dog" (B i 21-22); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz, Ea 9].
** (1) List (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a gub / [mu]lur.idim "[The constellation that stands to the left of Ea, the Mad Dog" (B i 21-22); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz, Ea 9].
** (2) List (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>apin <sup>m]ul</sup>ur.idim šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog (rising in the way of) Ea " (C i 8).
** (2) List (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>APIN <sup>m]ul</sup>UR.IDIM ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog (rising in the way of) Ea " (C i 8).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m):
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m):
*** a) [<sup>iti</sup>apin] <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab <sup>mul</sup>lugal ˹e<sub>3</sub>˺ "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and the King  are rising" (C 27)
*** a) [<sup>iti</sup>APIN] <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL ˹E<sub>3</sub>˺ "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and the King  are rising" (C 27)
*** b) <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim | <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab <sup>mul</sup>lugal šu<sub>2</sub> "(Ayar): the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and King are coming in." [KAV 218, C 16; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Ea: <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM // 2,20 // <sup>d</sup>En-l[il<sub>2</sub>]? "Mad Dog // 140 // Enl[il]." [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea: instead of ur.idim, erroneously ur.gi7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (see u19UR.GI7).
*** b) <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM | <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL ''šu''<sub>2</sub> "(Ayar): the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and King are coming in." [KAV 218, C 16; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Ea: <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM // 2,20 // <sup>d</sup>''En-l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>]? "Mad Dog // 140 // Enl[il]." [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea: instead of ur.idim, erroneously UR.GI<sub>7</sub> [LBAT, 1499:8] (see u19UR.GI7).
** "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. [<sup>iti</sup>]apin.du<sub>8</sub>.a // ˹<sup>mul</sup>˺ur.idim // 2.20 "(Stars of Ea), arahsamnu: Mad Dog, 140" [CT 33, 11].
** "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. [<sup>iti</sup>]apin.du<sub>8</sub>.a // ˹<sup>mul</sup>˺UR.IDIM // 2.20 "(Stars of Ea), Araḫsamnu: Mad Dog, 140" [CT 33, 11].
** "Catalog of 30 stars." Ea. 9. MUL ša a-na(B: i-na!) GUB<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a GUB-zu <sup>d</sup>UR.IDIM "The star that stands to the left of Ea (= <sup>mul</sup>BIR 'Kidney'), the Mad Dog" (A. 10, B. 12b) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177].
** "Catalog of 30 stars." Ea. 9. MUL ''ša a-na''(B: ''i-na''!) GUB<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' GUB-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>UR.IDIM "The star that stands to the left of Ea (= <sup>mul</sup>BIR 'Kidney'), the Mad Dog" (A. 10, B. 12b) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177].
|[[File:British Museum Planisphere fragment.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Fragment of the circular clay tablet Sm. 162 (British Museum) with a record of constellations (planisphere), 4 curved + 13 lines of inscription and diagram, Neo-Assyrian (CC0).]]
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|-
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|MUL.APIN.
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 9): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' GUB<sub>3</sub>- <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM <sup>d</sup>''Ku''<sub>3</sub>-''su''<sub>3</sub> "The asterism that stands on the left side of the Scorpius: The Mad Dog, Kusu" (I ii 28).

* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'On the 15th day of Tashritu, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gula) ascend' (I iii 1-2), see (Kurtik z10)''Zibānītum.''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 9): MUL ša<sub>2</sub> ina GUB<sub>3</sub>- <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM <sup>d</sup>Ku<sub>3</sub>-su<sub>3</sub> "The asterism that stands on the left side of the Scorpius: The Mad Dog, Kusu" (I ii 28).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'On the 15th day of Tashrit, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gula) ascend' (I iii 1-2), see (Kurtik z10)Zibānītum.
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and settings:
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and settings:
** a) "The Libra, the Mad Dog, and Entenabarhum rise, while the Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>,
** a) "The Libra, the Mad Dog, and Entenabarhum rise, while the Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>,
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|The Mad Dog is identified with Lupus. Gullberg's painting shows a dog laying next to Scorpius; this is the most careful interpretation. Other scholars read the designation as "rabid dog", and Krebernik even interprets it as "lion-man". [[File:Stellarium-UR.IDIM.jpg|alt=UR.IDIM painted as a dog on a star chart|thumb|(painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021, map: Stellarium). ]]
|The Mad Dog is identified with Lupus. Gullberg's painting shows a dog laying next to Scorpius; this is the most careful interpretation. Other scholars read the designation as "rabid dog", and Krebernik even interprets it as "lion-man". [[File:Stellarium-UR.IDIM.jpg|alt=UR.IDIM painted as a dog on a star chart|thumb|(painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021, map: Stellarium). ]]
|-
|-
|"Great Star List". (1) 12 stars of Akkad: <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211].
|'''"Great Star List".'''
* (1) 12 stars of Akkad: <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211].
( VR Star List 46, 1:33. <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim <sup>d</sup>ku<sub>3</sub>-su<sub>3</sub> = <sup>d</sup>kur.gal "The Mad Dog, Kusu = Kurgal" [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162-3]; <sup>d</sup>kur.gal is identified with <sup>d</sup>mar.tu (=Amurru), cf. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154].
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|VR Star List 46, 1:33.
|GU Text


* <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM <sup>d</sup>''ku''<sub>3</sub>-''su''<sub>3</sub> = <sup>d</sup>KUR.GAL
* (M) igi <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim "Eye of the Mad Dog" (γ Lup).
* "The Mad Dog, Kusu = Kurgal" [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162-3]; <sup>d</sup>KUR.GAL is identified with <sup>d</sup>MAR.TU (=Amurru), cf. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154].
* (N) [muru]b<sub>4</sub> ˹mul˺ur.idim "[Middle] of the Mad Dog" (η Lup).
|
* (O) gir<sub>3</sub>II egir ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim "Mad Dog's hind paw" (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], see (Kurtik g19)GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB.
|-
|'''GU Text'''
* (M) igi mul-ur-idim "Eye of the Mad Dog" (γ Lup).
* (N) [muru]b<sub>4</sub> ˹mul˺-ur-idim "[Middle] of the Mad Dog" (η Lup).
* (O) gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup> egir ''ša''<sub>2</sub> mul-ur-idim "Mad Dog's hind paw" (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], see (Kurtik g19)GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB.
|[[File:3GUs uridim.jpg|alt=screenshot from book|thumb|three GU-patterns with UR.IDIM (taken from Hoffmann 2022)]]
|[[File:3GUs uridim.jpg|alt=screenshot from book|thumb|three GU-patterns with UR.IDIM (taken from Hoffmann 2022)]]
|-
|-
|Dalbanna-text.
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''

* §W.
* §W.
** <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag [ur.idim]
** <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag [ur.idim]
** "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03)Ḫaniš.
** "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03)Ḫaniš.
* §Y.
* §Y.
** <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...]
** <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...]
** "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]"
** "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]"
** [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107];
** [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107];
** according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> ...] = <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [<sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
** according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> ...] = <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [<sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
* §Z.
* §Z.
** a) mul˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco),
** a) mul˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco),
** b) [<sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
** b) [<sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
* §AA.
* §AA.
** (a) mul˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ gub<sub>3</sub> ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco),
** (a) mul˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ gub<sub>3</sub> ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco),
** (b) [<sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
** (b) [<sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
* §BB. ˹
* §BB. ˹
** <sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...]
** <sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...]
** "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]"
** "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]"
** [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108].
** [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108].
* §n.
* §n.
** <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.˹idim˺ <sup>mul</sup>li.dur ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> z[ag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>3</sub>.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ˹gu<sub>4</sub>. alim˺ maḫ-[ru]
** <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.˹idim˺ <sup>mul</sup>li.dur ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> z[ag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>3</sub>.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ˹gu<sub>4</sub>. alim˺ maḫ-[ru]
** "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot."
** "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot."
** [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109].
** [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109].
|No one of these Dalbanna-pattern can be completely identified (Hoffmann 2024):
|No one of these Dalbanna-pattern can be completely identified (Hoffmann 2024):
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* Z: two star names preserved but geometrical shape unknown
* Z: two star names preserved but geometrical shape unknown
* AA: dto.
* AA: dto.
* BB: dto.
* BB: dto.
* n: three names and pattern preserved but all three names are unidentified (suggestions arbitrary).
* n: three names and pattern preserved but all three names are unidentified (suggestions arbitrary).
|-
|-
|Anaphora.
|'''Anaphora.'''

* А 3427:
* А 3427:
** [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] <sup>múl</sup>ur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI
** [''ina itiapin ina še-rim ud'' 28] <sup>múl</sup>UR.IDIM ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI
** "[In the month of Arahsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3],
** "[In the month of Araḫsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 <sup>múl</sup>ur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina apin ina še-rim'' 28 <sup>múl</sup>UR.IDIM ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid., 245:19].
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==== II. Deity. ====
==== II. Deity. ====
      The minor deity dur.idim = ur(i)dimmu is known from sources of the Kassite, Neo-Assyrian and Seleucid periods. It was depicted in the form of a man-lion, sometimes paired with a man-bull, who performed protective functions as a guardian of the gates of Marduk and Zarpanitu and other deities. It also acted as an intermediary between the deities and the sick – expelling evil and helping the sick to regain health [Beaulieu 1990; Black-Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173-4]. In astronomical texts, the constellation mulur.idim is associated with the deity Kusu, about whom little is known. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum series (I 298) <sup>d</sup>Ku<sub>3</sub>.su<sub>3</sub> is one of the names of Nisaba, the goddess of fertility and writing [Litke 1998, 55]. However, in the late ritual text AO 6479 iii 9 <sup>d</sup>Ku<sub>3</sub>.su<sub>3</sub> be-lu ša-qu-u ("Kusu, the high lord") is identified with <sup>d</sup>Ur<sub>3</sub>.bad<sub>3</sub>. da, one of Enmesharra's 7 sons, and in the ritual text of O 175, in addition to <sup>d</sup>Ur<sub>3</sub>.bad<sub>3</sub>.da, also with <sup>d</sup>Tu-tu (see t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. In astronomical contexts, dKu3-su3 appears to be always a male deity. Prayers and rituals. (1) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king, cf. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12-13].
      The minor deity <sup>d</sup>''ur.idim = ur(i)dimmu'' is known from sources of the Kassite, Neo-Assyrian and Seleucid periods. It was depicted in the form of a man-lion, sometimes paired with a man-bull, who performed protective functions as a guardian of the gates of Marduk and Zarpanitu and other deities. It also acted as an intermediary between the deities and the sick – expelling evil and helping the sick to regain health [Beaulieu 1990; Black-Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173-4].

In astronomical texts, the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.DIIM is associated with the deity Kusu, about whom little is known. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 298) <sup>d</sup>''Ku<sub>3</sub>.su''<sub>3</sub> is one of the names of Nisaba, the goddess of fertility and writing [Litke 1998, 55]. However, in the late ritual text AO 6479 iii 9 <sup>d</sup>''Ku<sub>3</sub>.su<sub>3</sub> be-lu ša-qu-u'' ("Kusu, the high lord") is identified with <sup>d</sup>''Ur<sub>3</sub>.bad''<sub>3</sub>. da, one of Enmesharra's 7 sons, and in the ritual text of O 175, in addition to <sup>d</sup>''Ur<sub>3</sub>.bad<sub>3</sub>.da,'' also with <sup>d</sup>''Tu-tu'' (see Kurtik t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. In astronomical contexts, <sup>d</sup>''Ku''<sub>3</sub>''-su''<sub>3</sub> appears to be always a male deity. Prayers and rituals. (1) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king, cf. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12-13].


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== III. Symbol. ====
      A monster-like figure, standing vertically, and sometimes depicted with a scepter, on top of which lays a month; the upper part of the figure is human (with a bearded face in a hat, a male torso, and two arms), the lower half – lion-like (two paws, a hind, a ring shaped and twisted tail with a tassel). The earliest known image is dated to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. The image of a lion-man on a kudurru (with a Scorpius tail) belongs to the same period [Seidl 1968, 41-42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. For images dating back to the Neo-Assyrian period see. [LABS, Fig. 24, 27]. In general, these images correspond to the descriptions of the parts of the constellation that we find in the texts, but they are too static and do not fit well with the epithet kalbu šegû "Mad Dog," which suggests a more expressive image.
      A monster-like figure, standing vertically, and sometimes depicted with a scepter, on top of which lays a month; the upper part of the figure is human (with a bearded face in a hat, a male torso, and two arms), the lower half – lion-like (two paws, a hind, a ring shaped and twisted tail with a tassel). The earliest known image is dated to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. The image of a lion-man on a kudurru (with a Scorpius tail) belongs to the same period [Seidl 1968, 41-42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. For images dating back to the Neo-Assyrian period see. [LABS, Fig. 24, 27]. In general, these images correspond to the descriptions of the parts of the constellation that we find in the texts, but they are too static and do not fit well with the epithet ''kalbu šegû'' "Mad Dog," which suggests a more expressive image.


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== IV. Identification. ====
      = Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1949, 13].
      = Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1949, 13].


      = Serpens or Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1974, 73].
      = Serpens or Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1974, 73].


      = Serpens [Weidner 1957-59, 75a],
      = Serpens [Weidner 1957-59, 75a],
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==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
      (1) igi mulur.idim "Eye of the Mad Dog," see GU text.
      (1) ''igi'' <sup>mul</sup>''ur.idim'' "Eye of the Mad Dog," see GU text.


      (2) murub4 mulur.idim "The middle of the Mad Dog," see GU-text.
      (2) ''murub<sub>4</sub>'' <sup>mul</sup>''ur.idim'' "The middle of the Mad Dog," see GU-text.


      (3) The hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see GU-text.
      (3) The hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ<sub>2</sub> Sco), see GU-text.


      (4) The right paw of the Mad Dog (γ Lup), see dbn-text.
      (4) The right paw of the Mad Dog (γ Lup), see dbn-text.


      (5) The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see dbn-text.
      (5) The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ<sub>2</sub> Sco), see dbn-text.


      (6) The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), see dbn-text.
      (6) The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), see dbn-text.
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== Historical Dictionaries ==
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
|-
|-
! Kurtik (2022) !! Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, u21 + u25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|'''(u25) ''Uridimmu'''''
* аккадская параллель в лексических текстах к <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM «Бешеный Пес» (см. u21UR.IDIM)
|
|-
|-
| '''(u21) <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM'''
| = ur(i)dimmu «Бешеный Пес (вар.: Лев)»; созвездие в пределах современного Волка (Lupus) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172–174]. || Example
* = ur(i)dimmu «Бешеный Пес (вар.: Лев)»; созвездие в пределах современного Волка (Lupus) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172–174].
| 163. <sup>mul</sup>UR·iDiM (354)
|-
|-
|I. Источники.
|I. Источники.
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Отсутствие предсказаний, связанных с созвездием Бешеный Пес, может свидетельствовать о его сравнительно позднем происхождении.
Отсутствие предсказаний, связанных с созвездием Бешеный Пес, может свидетельствовать о его сравнительно позднем происхождении.
| I. Landsb. Fauna, 10,139 bietet die Var. UR•iDiM•MA, wofür die akk. Lesungen ''ur-idimmu''
| Example
bzw. ''kal-bu'' še-gu-u<sub>2</sub>, toller Hund; ''zi-i-bi'', Schakal, belegt sind {Landsb. l.c. S. 8, 94; 10, 139). Somit ist; <sup>mul</sup>UR•iDiM das Sternbild des wilden Hundes.

Identifizierungen:

* = δ, ε Ophiuchi {Kugl. SSB 1 2S4.).

* = Lupus (Bez.ZAF 16;Weid. Hdb. S.69, Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; nordöstl. Centaurus, Kugl. Erg. 203, 223; Bez. Farb.S.133, 26).

<sup>mul</sup> UR•iDiM ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Araḫsamnu; Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B I 8.
# Unter den Enlil-Gestirnen; Br.M.86378 II 28.
# Unter den Akkad-Gestirnen; K250IV8a; K 8067 II 10.
# Dem Enlil geweiht: VR 46 Vs. 33: <sup>mul</sup>UR•iDiM | <sup>d</sup>KUG•SUG<sub>4</sub> | <sup>d</sup>KUR•GAL .

II Astronomische Angaben.

# Über die Lage am Fixsternhimmel: Das Sternbild, das zur Linken des Scorpius steht, ist <sup>mul</sup>UR•iDiM; Br.M. 86378 II 28(ZDMG 67 S. 528). Vgl. auch Astrol. B (K) I 21: zur Linken Eas.
# Hel. Aufgang: Im Monat Araḫsamnu geht UR•iDiM auf und die Plejaden gehen unter; im Monat Aiaru umgekehrt; Astrol. B I 15.27.
# Gleichzeitige tägl. Auf- und Untergänge: Wenn Libra, Lupus und Centaurus aufgehen, geht Aries unter: Br. M. 86378 III 24; wenn Piscis Austrinus, Perseus aufgehen, gehen Virgo und Lupus unter; Br. M. 86378 III 33; 1. Erg. S. 28.32.
|}
|}


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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]

Latest revision as of 02:09, 27 October 2024

Mesopotamian constellation in the area of the modern constellation Lupus. UR.IDIM, The Mad Dog (or: Rabid Dog), is a standalone constellation associated with a Mesopotamian female deity, a daughter of one of the three most important gods Anu (god of heavens) or Enlil (god of agriculture). This goddess did not have a constellation in the original Mesopotamian uranography of the -2nd millennium. To the west of the constellation of UR.IDIM, there is the constellation of the violent (male) nature god, Numushda whose iconographic representation and exact realm and origin are uncertain. However, it is well possible that the two neighbouring constellations Numushda and UR.IDIM were the model for the later Greek super-constellation of "Centaurus and Lupus with Ara, the Censer".

Dictionaries (Provenance of the term)

Krebernik (2023)

The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ur-idim = kalbu šegû (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14).

But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
photograph of seal impression
Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature, half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and Carter 2019). The central creature, Urmahlullu, looks a bit like a lion-centaur and holds a dead animal in its left hand: this might be the template for the later Greek constellation.

mulUR.IDIM The associated deity is Kusu:

Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba.

See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (EA 9r).

photograph
Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin (CC0).

Note that Nisaba carries an ear of grain, and that the (later, Greek) constellations of The Censer (Ara) and The Maiden (Virgo) are neighbouring the super-constellation Centaurus+Lupus.

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= ur(i)dimmu

  • "Mad Dog (var.: Lion)"; constellation within the modern Wolf (Lupus) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172-174].
  • However, note that UR.IDIM = uridimmu figures in art correspond  to composite lion-human figures (see fig. **,  [[Wayne provide reference from RlA or Wiggerman etc.???]]. The significance of the figure standing behind the composite lion-human figure needs to be explained. Perhaps some connection somehow with a super-constellation consisting of the stars of classical Lupus and Centaurus may be suspected.
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Urra XXII series: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4].
  • (2) Urra XIV series: ur.idim = ur-idim-mu, kal-bu še-gu-u2 'rabid dog', zi-i-bi 'jackal' [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94-95, 10:138].
"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."
  • Astrolabe P. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Enlil, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574].
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) List (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub3 dE2-a gub / [mu]lur.idim "[The constellation that stands to the left of Ea, the Mad Dog" (B i 21-22); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz, Ea 9].
    • (2) List (3´12): [itiAPIN m]ulUR.IDIM šu-ut dE2-a "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog (rising in the way of) Ea " (C i 8).
    • (3) List (rising-sunset=6m):
      • a) [itiAPIN] mulUR.IDIM mulGIR2.TAB mulLUGAL ˹E3˺ "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and the King  are rising" (C 27)
      • b) mulUR.IDIM | mulGIR2.TAB mulLUGAL šu2 "(Ayar): the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and King are coming in." [KAV 218, C 16; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Ea: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // dEn-l[il2]? "Mad Dog // 140 // Enl[il]." [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea: instead of ur.idim, erroneously UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (see u19UR.GI7).
    • "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺UR.IDIM // 2.20 "(Stars of Ea), Araḫsamnu: Mad Dog, 140" [CT 33, 11].
    • "Catalog of 30 stars." Ea. 9. MUL ša a-na(B: i-na!) GUB3 dE2-a GUB-zu dUR.IDIM "The star that stands to the left of Ea (= mulBIR 'Kidney'), the Mad Dog" (A. 10, B. 12b) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177].
photograph
Fragment of the circular clay tablet Sm. 162 (British Museum) with a record of constellations (planisphere), 4 curved + 13 lines of inscription and diagram, Neo-Assyrian (CC0).
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) Stars of Ea (no. 9): MUL ša2 ina GUB3- mulGIR2.TAB GUB-zu mulUR.IDIM dKu3-su3 "The asterism that stands on the left side of the Scorpius: The Mad Dog, Kusu" (I ii 28).
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'On the 15th day of Tashritu, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gula) ascend' (I iii 1-2), see (Kurtik z10)Zibānītum.
  • (3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and settings:
    • a) "The Libra, the Mad Dog, and Entenabarhum rise, while the Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) ḪUN.GA2,
    • b) "The Fish and the Old Man rise, the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33), see (Kurtik a06)AB.SIN2 [MA, 38, 43, 52].
The Mad Dog is identified with Lupus. Gullberg's painting shows a dog laying next to Scorpius; this is the most careful interpretation. Other scholars read the designation as "rabid dog", and Krebernik even interprets it as "lion-man".
UR.IDIM painted as a dog on a star chart
(painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021, map: Stellarium).
"Great Star List".
  • (1) 12 stars of Akkad: mulUR.IDIM [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211].
VR Star List 46, 1:33.
  • mulUR.IDIM dku3-su3 = dKUR.GAL
  • "The Mad Dog, Kusu = Kurgal" [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162-3]; dKUR.GAL is identified with dMAR.TU (=Amurru), cf. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154].
GU Text
  • (M) igi mul-ur-idim "Eye of the Mad Dog" (γ Lup).
  • (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺-ur-idim "[Middle] of the Mad Dog" (η Lup).
  • (O) gir3II egir ša2 mul-ur-idim "Mad Dog's hind paw" (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], see (Kurtik g19)GIR2.TAB.
screenshot from book
three GU-patterns with UR.IDIM (taken from Hoffmann 2022)
Dalbanna-text.
  • §W.
    • mulgir3 zag [ur.idim]
    • "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03)Ḫaniš.
  • §Y.
    • mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...]
    • "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]"
    • [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107];
    • according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
  • §Z.
    • a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco),
    • b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
  • §AA.
    • (a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco),
    • (b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
  • §BB. ˹
    • mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...]
    • "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]"
    • [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108].
  • §n.
    • mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4. alim˺ maḫ-[ru]
    • "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot."
    • [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109].
No one of these Dalbanna-pattern can be completely identified (Hoffmann 2024):
  • W: only one star name preserved
  • Y: only one star name preserved
  • Z: two star names preserved but geometrical shape unknown
  • AA: dto.
  • BB: dto.
  • n: three names and pattern preserved but all three names are unidentified (suggestions arbitrary).
Anaphora.
  • А 3427:
    • [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] múlUR.IDIM meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI
    • "[In the month of Araḫsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3],
  • parallel in Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 múlUR.IDIM meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].

additional

II. Deity.

      The minor deity dur.idim = ur(i)dimmu is known from sources of the Kassite, Neo-Assyrian and Seleucid periods. It was depicted in the form of a man-lion, sometimes paired with a man-bull, who performed protective functions as a guardian of the gates of Marduk and Zarpanitu and other deities. It also acted as an intermediary between the deities and the sick – expelling evil and helping the sick to regain health [Beaulieu 1990; Black-Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173-4].

In astronomical texts, the constellation mulUR.DIIM is associated with the deity Kusu, about whom little is known. In the AN: dAnum series (I 298) dKu3.su3 is one of the names of Nisaba, the goddess of fertility and writing [Litke 1998, 55]. However, in the late ritual text AO 6479 iii 9 dKu3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u ("Kusu, the high lord") is identified with dUr3.bad3. da, one of Enmesharra's 7 sons, and in the ritual text of O 175, in addition to dUr3.bad3.da, also with dTu-tu (see Kurtik t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. In astronomical contexts, dKu3-su3 appears to be always a male deity. Prayers and rituals. (1) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king, cf. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12-13].

III. Symbol.

      A monster-like figure, standing vertically, and sometimes depicted with a scepter, on top of which lays a month; the upper part of the figure is human (with a bearded face in a hat, a male torso, and two arms), the lower half – lion-like (two paws, a hind, a ring shaped and twisted tail with a tassel). The earliest known image is dated to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. The image of a lion-man on a kudurru (with a Scorpius tail) belongs to the same period [Seidl 1968, 41-42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. For images dating back to the Neo-Assyrian period see. [LABS, Fig. 24, 27]. In general, these images correspond to the descriptions of the parts of the constellation that we find in the texts, but they are too static and do not fit well with the epithet kalbu šegû "Mad Dog," which suggests a more expressive image.

IV. Identification.

      = Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1949, 13].

      = Serpens or Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1974, 73].

      = Serpens [Weidner 1957-59, 75a],

      = Lupus [G. 163; Weidner 1957-59, 79b].

      = Lupus [BPO 2, 16; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 274; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lupus and ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

      (1) igi mulur.idim "Eye of the Mad Dog," see GU text.

      (2) murub4 mulur.idim "The middle of the Mad Dog," see GU-text.

      (3) The hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see GU-text.

      (4) The right paw of the Mad Dog (γ Lup), see dbn-text.

      (5) The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

      (6) The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), see dbn-text.

      (7) The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), see dbn-text.

      (8) The central part (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), see dbn-text.

VI. Astrology.

      The lack of predictions associated with the Mad Dog constellation may indicate its relatively late origin.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, u21 + u25) Gössmann (1950)
(u25) Uridimmu
  • аккадская параллель в лексических текстах к mulUR.IDIM «Бешеный Пес» (см. u21UR.IDIM)
(u21) mulUR.IDIM
  • = ur(i)dimmu «Бешеный Пес (вар.: Лев)»; созвездие в пределах современного Волка (Lupus) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172–174].
163. mulUR·iDiM (354)
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5  iv 4]. (2) Серия Urra XIV: ur.idim = ur-idim-mu, kal-bu še-gu-u2 «бешеная собака», zi-i-bi «шакал» [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94–95, 10:138]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub3 dE2-a gub / [mu]lur.idim «[Созвез]дие, которое стоит слева от Эа, Бешеный Пес» (B i 21–22); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz, Ea 9]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin m]ulur.idim šu-ut dE2-a «[Aрахсамну]: Бешеный Пес (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiapin] mulur.idim mulgir2.tab mullugal ˹e3˺ «[Арахсамну]: Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь восходят» (С 27), b) mulur.idim | mulgir2.tab mullugal  šu2 «(Айяру): Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь заходят» [KAV 218, C 16 ; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // dEn-l[il2]? «Бешеный Пес // 140 // Энл[иль]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: вместо ur.idim ошибочно ur.gi7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (см. u19UR.GI7). «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺ur.idim // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), арахсамну: Бешеный Пес, 140» [CT 33, 11]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 9. MUL ša a-na(B: i-na!) GUB3 dE2-a GUB-zu dUR.IDIM «Звезда, которая слева от Эа (= mulBIR «Почка») стоит, Бешеный Пес» (А. 10, В. 12b) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 9): MUL ša2 ina GUB3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-zu mulUR.IDIM dKu3-su3 «Звезда, которая стоит с левой стороны от Скорпиона: Бешеный Пес, Кусу» (I ii 28). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту Весы, Бешеный Пес, Энтенабархум и Собака (Гулы) восходят» (I iii 1–2), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) «Весы, Бешеный Пес и Энтерабархум восходят, а Наемник заходит» (I iii 23–24), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) «Рыба и Старик восходят, Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят» (I iii 33), см. a06AB.SIN2 [MA, 38, 43, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Аккада: mulur.idim [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:33. mulur.idim dku3-su3 = dkur.gal «Бешеный Пес, Кусу = Кургаль» [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162–3]; dkur.gal отождествляется с dmar.tu (=Amurru), см. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154]. GU-текст. (M) igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса» (γ Lup). (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim «[Середи]на Бешеного Пса» (η Lup). (O) gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim «Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса» (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Dalbanna-текст. §W. mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] «Правая лапа [Бешеного Пса]» (γ Lup), см. h03Ḫaniš. §Y. mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 …] 3 mul.meš  […2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x […] «Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), ле[вая] лапа […]: 3 звезды. […2] интервала, интервал. Звезда x […]» [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 …] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), […] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph). §Z. a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ «левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «[Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §BB. ˹mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x […] x […] «Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), звезда […] [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108]. §n. mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), центр (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), пр[авая] нога [Быка] (κ Oph): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, инт[ервал]. Правая нога Быка перв[ая].» [Walker 1995, 37–38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109]. Анафора. А 3427: [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] múlur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI «[В месяце арахсамну утром 28-го дня] Бешеный Пес испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 múlur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].

II. Божество.

Малое божество dur.idim = ur(i)dimmu известно по источникам касситского, новоассирийского и селевкидского времени. Оно изображалось в виде человека-льва иногда в паре с человеком-быком и исполняло защитные функции как страж ворот Мардука и Зарпаниту и других божеств. Выступало также в роли посредника между божествами и больным — изгоняло зло, помогало больному обрести здоровье [Beaulieu 1990; Black–Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173–4]. В астрономических текстах созвездие mulur.idim связано с божеством Кусу, о котором мало что известно. В серии AN:dAnum (I 298) dKu3.su3 — одно из имен Нисабы, богини плодородия и письма [Litke 1998, 55]. Однако в позднем ритуальном тексте AO 6479 iii 9 dKu3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u («Кусу, высокий господин») отождествляется с dUr3.bad3.da, одним из 7 сыновей Энмешарры, а в ритуальном тексте O 175, помимо  dUr3.bad3.da, также с dTu-tu (см. t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. В астрономическом контексте dKu3-su3, по-видимому, всегда мужское божество. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю, см. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12–13].

III. Символ.

Вертикально стоящая монстрообразная фигура, иногда со скипетром, на вершине которого — месяц; верхняя часть фигуры — человеческая (бородатая голова в шапке, мужской торс и две руки), нижняя часть — львиная (две лапы, зад, скрученный кольцом хвост с кисточкой). Самое раннее известное изображение датируется последней четвертью II тыс. до н.э. К этому же периоду относится изображение человека-льва на кудурру (с хвостом скорпиона) [Seidl 1968, 41–42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. Изображения новоассирийского времени см. [LABS, Fig. 24, 27]. В целом эти изображения соответствуют описаниям частей созвездия, которые мы находим в текстах, однако чересчур статичны и плохо согласуются с эпитетом kalbu šegû «Бешеный Пес», предполагающем более экспрессивный образ.

IV. Отождествление.

= Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Serpens или Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Serpens [Weidner 1957–59, 75a],

= Lupus [G. 163; Weidner 1957–59, 79b].

= Lupus [BPO 2, 16; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 274; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lupus и ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1)   igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(2)   murub4 mulur.idim «Середина Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(3)   Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. GU-текст.

(4)   Правая лапа Бешеного Пса (γ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(5)   Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(6)   Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(7)   Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(8)   Центральная часть (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отсутствие предсказаний, связанных с созвездием Бешеный Пес, может свидетельствовать о его сравнительно позднем происхождении.

I. Landsb. Fauna, 10,139 bietet die Var. UR•iDiM•MA, wofür die akk. Lesungen ur-idimmu

bzw. kal-bu še-gu-u2, toller Hund; zi-i-bi, Schakal, belegt sind {Landsb. l.c. S. 8, 94; 10, 139). Somit ist; mulUR•iDiM das Sternbild des wilden Hundes.

Identifizierungen:

  • = δ, ε Ophiuchi {Kugl. SSB 1 2S4.).
  • = Lupus (Bez.ZAF 16;Weid. Hdb. S.69, Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; nordöstl. Centaurus, Kugl. Erg. 203, 223; Bez. Farb.S.133, 26).

mul UR•iDiM ist:

  1. Monatsfixstern des Araḫsamnu; Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B I 8.
  2. Unter den Enlil-Gestirnen; Br.M.86378 II 28.
  3. Unter den Akkad-Gestirnen; K250IV8a; K 8067 II 10.
  4. Dem Enlil geweiht: VR 46 Vs. 33: mulUR•iDiM | dKUG•SUG4 | dKUR•GAL .

II Astronomische Angaben.

  1. Über die Lage am Fixsternhimmel: Das Sternbild, das zur Linken des Scorpius steht, ist mulUR•iDiM; Br.M. 86378 II 28(ZDMG 67 S. 528). Vgl. auch Astrol. B (K) I 21: zur Linken Eas.
  2. Hel. Aufgang: Im Monat Araḫsamnu geht UR•iDiM auf und die Plejaden gehen unter; im Monat Aiaru umgekehrt; Astrol. B I 15.27.
  3. Gleichzeitige tägl. Auf- und Untergänge: Wenn Libra, Lupus und Centaurus aufgehen, geht Aries unter: Br. M. 86378 III 24; wenn Piscis Austrinus, Perseus aufgehen, gehen Virgo und Lupus unter; Br. M. 86378 III 33; 1. Erg. S. 28.32.

References