All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

Bade

2026-01-08T04:58:23Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* All HIP Stars within this constellation */

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212753689.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Bade (corpse tower), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Bade is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of bade is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang bade means balinese corpse tower constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
The word bade is interpreted as a large and high place to carry the body that will be burned in the cemetery. Bade as a form of architecture is a type/form of traditional building in Bali that is temporary and light in the form of rocks and pepalihan, on top of which stand pavilions, specially designed for the place of the body when it will be carried from the funeral home to the cemetery.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* bade'

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing atiwa-tiwa (purification), the corpse is then carried up to wadah or bade.

The maker of Bade is called undagi. Undagi creates different kinds of bade. The structure of the bade varies based on caste/social structure, level of ceremony, and the concept of imitation. This provision is judged by which family descendants can use bade with solas (11), sanga (9), pitu (7), lima (5) and so on.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The architecture of the bade form in Bali continues to develop over time. If we trace it back, the development of the bade actually refers to the stone throne in Bali in the village of Gelgel Klungkung, which then developed into a padmasana. The stone throne is stacked and has right and left hand rests, most likely developed vertically to form a padmasana. Other forms of the stone throne are jempana, gayot or joli, container, and bade.

Another view, but not much different, is conveyed by Wiana (2004: 78-79) who stated that the development of bade originated from the simplest form, namely from pepaga, which is thought to be the oldest form of a means of carrying the bodies of Hindus in Bali. Further development became a joli, which resembles a simple bale-balean, and changed into a container or bade. The form of bade is either overlapping or without overlapping, which is called padma. The stone throne, which became the basis for the development of bade, is a medium for worshiping ancestors, such as the common belief in the megalithic era, whose influence has survived strongly until now in Bali, for example, the ngodalin ceremony in the temple and the cremation ceremony.<ref>Segara, I Nyoman Yoga, “Bade Beroda”: Transformasi dan Komodifikasi Budaya dalam Upacara Ngaben di Bali," in Mudra Jurnal Seni Budaya (2020), Vol 35(1), 94-102. DOI: 10.31091/mudra.v35i1.810</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Bade'.png|Lintang Bade (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Bade.png|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Baddhe.jpg|Lintang Baddhe (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 15.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Various dangers and diseases come in the middle age, be careful to take care of yourself and your health at the age of 50. Diseases are caused by people who are jealous of them or people who feel hurt. They are active in any business but often show off their services and skills.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (Ruby), Kalimayah (opal).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Arneb
| HIP 25985
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.57
|-
| 2
| Nihal
| HIP 25606
| Inside the hull
| 2.84
|-
| 3
| ϵ Leporis
| HIP 23685
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.18
|-
| 4
| μ Leporis
| HIP 24305
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.29
|-
| 5
| γ Leporis
| HIP 27072
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.6
|-
| 6
| δ Leporis
| HIP 27654
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.85
|-
| 7
| -
| HIP 24927
| Inside the hull
| 4.729
|-
| 8
| 10 Lep
| HIP 25853
| Inside the hull
| 5.525
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 25397
| Inside the hull
| 5.817
|-
| 10
| 12 Lep
| HIP 26865
| Inside the hull
| 5.89
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 24786
| Inside the hull
| 5.96
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 25532
| Inside the hull
| 6.065
|-
| 13
| V* AK Lep
| HR 1982
| Inside the hull
| 6.15
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 27075
| Inside the hull
| 6.341
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 24825
| Inside the hull
| 6.39
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 25059
| Inside the hull
| 6.47
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Lep]]

Bade

2026-01-08T04:01:49Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212753689.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Bade (corpse tower), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Bade is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of bade is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang bade means balinese corpse tower constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
The word bade is interpreted as a large and high place to carry the body that will be burned in the cemetery. Bade as a form of architecture is a type/form of traditional building in Bali that is temporary and light in the form of rocks and pepalihan, on top of which stand pavilions, specially designed for the place of the body when it will be carried from the funeral home to the cemetery.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* bade'

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing atiwa-tiwa (purification), the corpse is then carried up to wadah or bade.

The maker of Bade is called undagi. Undagi creates different kinds of bade. The structure of the bade varies based on caste/social structure, level of ceremony, and the concept of imitation. This provision is judged by which family descendants can use bade with solas (11), sanga (9), pitu (7), lima (5) and so on.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The architecture of the bade form in Bali continues to develop over time. If we trace it back, the development of the bade actually refers to the stone throne in Bali in the village of Gelgel Klungkung, which then developed into a padmasana. The stone throne is stacked and has right and left hand rests, most likely developed vertically to form a padmasana. Other forms of the stone throne are jempana, gayot or joli, container, and bade.

Another view, but not much different, is conveyed by Wiana (2004: 78-79) who stated that the development of bade originated from the simplest form, namely from pepaga, which is thought to be the oldest form of a means of carrying the bodies of Hindus in Bali. Further development became a joli, which resembles a simple bale-balean, and changed into a container or bade. The form of bade is either overlapping or without overlapping, which is called padma. The stone throne, which became the basis for the development of bade, is a medium for worshiping ancestors, such as the common belief in the megalithic era, whose influence has survived strongly until now in Bali, for example, the ngodalin ceremony in the temple and the cremation ceremony.<ref>Segara, I Nyoman Yoga, “Bade Beroda”: Transformasi dan Komodifikasi Budaya dalam Upacara Ngaben di Bali," in Mudra Jurnal Seni Budaya (2020), Vol 35(1), 94-102. DOI: 10.31091/mudra.v35i1.810</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Bade'.png|Lintang Bade (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Bade.png|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Baddhe.jpg|Lintang Baddhe (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 15.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Various dangers and diseases come in the middle age, be careful to take care of yourself and your health at the age of 50. Diseases are caused by people who are jealous of them or people who feel hurt. They are active in any business but often show off their services and skills.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (Ruby), Kalimayah (opal).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Lep]]

Sarvvis

2025-12-16T07:16:08Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

[[File:Elk-telemark.jpg|thumb|Elk-telemark (CC BY Badzil)]]
Sarvvis, the reindeer or moose, is a Sami constellation, used by the Sami people of northern Scandinavia.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Origin of Constellation ===
where was it mentioned, what is the earliest source ...

==== Spelling Variants ====

* Sarva
* Sarvii
* Sarvi (horn/antler) - Finnish
* Hirvi (elk/moose) - Finnish

==== Identifications ====
*

=== Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
Here we give a list of all sources where the name is attested.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Source
!Identification
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|The
|}
[[File:Stellarium-20251216-15081687.png|thumb|Sarva the Elk in Stellarium (CC BY Jonas Persson)]]
[[File:Sarvvis CH Screenshot 2025-12-16 150102.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sarvvis (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Capella
|HIP 24608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
|2
|Elnath
|HIP 25428
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.65
|-
|3
|Mirfak
|HIP 15863
|Constellation lines
|1.79
|-
|4
| Algol
|HIP 14576
|Constellation lines
|2.12
|-
|5
|Schedar
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines
|2.23
|-
|6
| Caph
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|7
|Tiansi
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
| 2.39
|-
| 8
|Ruchbah
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
|2.68
|-
|9
|Hassaleh
|HIP 23015
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|10
|ζ Persei
| HIP 18246
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.85
|-
|11
|ϵ Persei
|HIP 18532
| Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|12
|γ Persei
| HIP 14328
| Constellation lines
|2.93
|-
| 13
|Almaaz
|HIP 23416
|Inside the hull
|2.99
|-
| 14
|δ Persei
| HIP 17358
|Constellation lines
|3.01
|-
|15
|Haedus
|HIP 23767
|Constellation lines
|3.18
|-
|16
|Segin
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.37
|-
|17
|ρ Persei
|HIP 14354
|Inside the hull
|3.39
|-
| 18
| Achird
|HIP 3821
|Inside the hull
|3.44
|-
|19
| Nembus
|HIP 7607
| Inside the hull
|3.57
|-
|20
|Saclateni
|HIP 23453
|Inside the hull
|3.75
|-
|21
|Miram
|HIP 13268
|Inside the hull
|3.79
|-
|22
|ν Persei
|HIP 17529
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|23
|Misam
|HIP 14668
|Inside the hull
|3.81
|-
|24
|τ Persei
|HIP 13531
|Inside the hull
|3.96
|-
|25
|48 Per
|HIP 19343
|Inside the hull
|4.03
|-
|26
|ι Persei
|HIP 14632
|Inside the hull
|4.04
|-
|27
|Dajiangjunbei
|HIP 8068
|Inside the hull
|4.06
|-
|28
|Menkib
|HIP 18614
|Inside the hull
|4.06
|-
|29
|θ Persei
|HIP 12777
|Inside the hull
|4.11
|-
|30
|μ Persei
|HIP 19812
|Inside the hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ψ Persei
|HIP 16826
|Inside the hull
|4.23
|-
|32
|58 Per
|HIP 21476
|Inside the hull
|4.26
|-
|33
|λ Persei
|HIP 19167
|Inside the hull
|4.29
|-
|34
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Inside the hull
|4.33
|-
|35
|σ Persei
|HIP 16335
|Inside the hull
|4.36
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 20070
|Inside the hull
|4.594
|-
|37
|ω Persei
|HIP 14817
|Inside the hull
|4.607
|-
|38
|Castula
|HIP 4422
|Inside the hull
|4.622
|-
|39
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the hull
|4.681
|-
|40
|52 Per
|HIP 19811
|Inside the hull
|4.691
|-
|41
|π Persei
|HIP 13879
|Inside the hull
|4.7
|-
|42
|65 And
|HIP 11313
|Inside the hull
|4.71
|-
|43
|λ Aurigae
|HIP 24813
|Inside the hull
|4.71
|-
|44
|34 Per
|HIP 16244
|Inside the hull
|4.735
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 14382
|Inside the hull
|4.766
|-
|46
|2 Aur
|HIP 22678
|Inside the hull
|4.779
|-
|47
|53 Per
|HIP 20354
|Inside the hull
|4.812
|-
|48
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the hull
|4.82
|-
|49
|μ Aurigae
|HIP 24340
|Inside the hull
|4.821
|-
|50
|60 And
|HIP 10340
|Inside the hull
|4.826
|-
|51
|1 Aur
|HIP 22453
|Inside the hull
|4.867
|-
|52
|54 Per
|HIP 20252
|Inside the hull
|4.929
|-
|53
|32 Per
|HIP 15648
|Inside the hull
|4.946
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 16147
|Inside the hull
|4.97
|-
|55
|40 Per
|HIP 17313
|Inside the hull
|4.972
|-
|56
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|57
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Inside the hull
|4.989
|-
|58
|ω Aurigae
|HIP 23179
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|59
|KW Aur
|HIP 24504
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 15219
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|61
|19 Aur
|HIP 24879
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|62
|31 Per
|HIP 15444
|Inside the hull
|5.032
|-
|63
|4 Per
|HIP 9505
|Inside the hull
|5.04
|-
|64
|42 Per
|HIP 17886
|Inside the hull
|5.11
|-
|65
|29 Per
|HIP 15404
|Inside the hull
|5.157
|-
|66
|μ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5336
|Inside the hull
|5.17
|-
|67
|9 Per
|HIP 11060
|Inside the hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|64 And
|HIP 11220
|Inside the hull
|5.19
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 14043
|Inside the hull
|5.219
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 18453
|Inside the hull
|5.25
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 20704
|Inside the hull
|5.284
|-
|72
|59 Per
|HIP 21928
|Inside the hull
|5.298
|-
|73
|V575 Per
|HIP 15770
|Inside the hull
|5.3
|-
|74
|62 And
|HIP 10819
|Inside the hull
|5.31
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 10366
|Inside the hull
|5.31
|-
|76
|36 Per
|HIP 16499
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|77
|IQ Aur
|HIP 24799
|Inside the hull
|5.371
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 18396
|Inside the hull
|5.379
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 20156
|Inside the hull
|5.4
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 3544
|Inside the hull
|5.41
|-
|81
|14 Per
|HIP 12768
|Inside the hull
|5.435
|-
|82
|V396 Per
|HIP 16470
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|83
|30 Per
|HIP 15338
|Inside the hull
|5.476
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 13965
|Inside the hull
|5.485
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 18434
|Inside the hull
|5.488
|-
|86
|1 Per
|HIP 8704
|Inside the hull
|5.52
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 19335
|Inside the hull
|5.52
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 7617
|Inside the hull
|5.536
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 20234
|Inside the hull
|5.545
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the hull
|5.566
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 17203
|Inside the hull
|5.57
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 16210
|Inside the hull
|5.572
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 22393
|Inside the hull
|5.578
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 17460
|Inside the hull
|5.588
|-
|95
|PZ And
|HIP 10944
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|96
|PU Aur
|HIP 24738
|Inside the hull
|5.65
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 21823
|Inside the hull
|5.652
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 17584
|Inside the hull
|5.655
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 17932
|Inside the hull
|5.657
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 25001
|Inside the hull
|5.67
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 22699
|Inside the hull
|5.675
|-
|102
|V472 Per
|HIP 9990
|Inside the hull
|5.68
|-
|103
|2 Per
|HIP 8714
|Inside the hull
|5.689
|-
|104
|3 Per
|HIP 9222
|Inside the hull
|5.702
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 7251
|Inside the hull
|5.709
|-
|106
|55 Per
|HIP 20579
|Inside the hull
|5.718
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 19525
|Inside the hull
|5.74
|-
|108
|8 Per
|HIP 10718
|Inside the hull
|5.748
|-
|109
|11 Per
|HIP 12692
|Inside the hull
|5.753
|-
|110
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 18212
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|112
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the hull
|5.767
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 18081
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|114
|IW Per
|HIP 16591
|Inside the hull
|5.776
|-
|115
|56 Per
|HIP 20591
|Inside the hull
|5.795
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 16340
|Inside the hull
|5.82
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 22407
|Inside the hull
|5.824
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 12686
|Inside the hull
|5.835
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 13339
|Inside the hull
|5.859
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 13949
|Inside the hull
|5.877
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 16518
|Inside the hull
|5.9
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 15004
|Inside the hull
|5.913
|-
|123
| -
|HIP 25291
|Inside the hull
|5.925
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 15669
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the hull
|5.94
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 8598
|Inside the hull
|5.951
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 20241
|Inside the hull
|5.958
|-
|128
|AE Aur
|HIP 24575
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 21847
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 15334
|Inside the hull
|5.967
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 16599
|Inside the hull
|5.969
|-
|132
|V376 Per
|HIP 17846
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|133
|5 Aur
|HIP 23261
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|134
| -
|HIP 4998
|Inside the hull
|5.977
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 22220
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 9220
|Inside the hull
|6.004
|-
|138
|7 Per
|HIP 10729
|Inside the hull
|6.023
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 13713
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 17437
|Inside the hull
|6.042
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 14365
|Inside the hull
|6.05
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 22842
|Inside the hull
|6.058
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 15118
|Inside the hull
|6.06
|-
|144
|57 Per
|HIP 21242
|Inside the hull
|6.078
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 22034
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 19302
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 22955
|Inside the hull
|6.089
|-
|148
|V576 Per
|HIP 15988
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 17475
|Inside the hull
|6.091
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 14392
|Inside the hull
|6.105
|-
|151
| -
|HIP 23511
|Inside the hull
|6.111
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 14887
|Inside the hull
|6.139
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 17772
|Inside the hull
|6.14
|-
|154
|AR Aur
|HIP 24740
|Inside the hull
|6.144
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 10924
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|156
|66 And
|HIP 11465
|Inside the hull
|6.156
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 23583
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 20231
|Inside the hull
|6.167
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 21038
|Inside the hull
|6.169
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the hull
|6.171
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 15209
|Inside the hull
|6.18
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 4383
|Inside the hull
|6.19
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 24771
|Inside the hull
|6.199
|-
|164
|NGC 1545
|NGC 1545
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|165
|V545 Per
|HIP 20063
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 23799
|Inside the hull
|6.207
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 13462
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 13732
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 16252
|Inside the hull
|6.217
|-
|170
|OP And
|HIP 7493
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|171
| -
|HIP 10814
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 8148
|Inside the hull
|6.24
|-
|173
|10 Per
|HIP 11279
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|174
|V480 Per
|HIP 13178
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|175
| -
|HR 499
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 12690
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 16424
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 5251
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 25290
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|180
|V440 Per
|HIP 11174
|Inside the hull
|6.291
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 8771
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 14566
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 10115
|Inside the hull
|6.303
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 19810
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 18565
|Inside the hull
|6.313
|-
|186
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the hull
|6.323
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 14914
|Inside the hull
|6.327
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 8115
|Inside the hull
|6.33
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 21144
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 7963
|Inside the hull
|6.348
|-
|191
| -
|HIP 6486
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|192
|5 Per
|HIP 10227
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 10562
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 7786
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|195
|V521 Per
|HIP 14544
|Inside the hull
|6.375
|-
|196
| -
|HR 1371
|Inside the hull
|6.38
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 18769
|Inside the hull
|6.389
|-
|198
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|199
|NGC 1528
|NGC 1528
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the hull
|6.401
|-
|201
| -
|HIP 16938
|Inside the hull
|6.402
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 10830
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|204
|KP Per
|HIP 16516
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 16447
|Inside the hull
|6.411
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 24193
|Inside the hull
|6.423
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 10379
|Inside the hull
|6.43
|-
|208
| -
|HIP 8847
|Inside the hull
|6.437
|-
|209
| -
|HIP 13347
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|210
| -
|HIP 17558
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 9163
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 19746
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|213
| -
|HIP 8475
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 10361
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 15282
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|216
|22 Aur
|HIP 25192
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|217
|V509 Per
|HIP 14264
|Inside the hull
|6.467
|-
|218
| -
|HIP 13036
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 24332
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 10633
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 11020
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|222
| -
|HIP 22003
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|223
|6 Aur
|HIP 23268
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|224
|18 Aur
|HIP 24832
|Inside the hull
|6.489
|-
|225
| -
|HIP 16425
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|226
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 23724
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|}
==Mythology==
According to legend, Fávdná is one of the hunters who hunt for Sarvvis. Fávdná uses a bow and an arrow and the bow is called Fávdnadávi. It forms the handle in the Big Dipper and is always pointed towards Sarvvis.

Other hunters are the three Gállábártnit brothers. You find them in the belt of Orion. Their father is Sirius, the brightest star in the sky. Do you know which star that might be? The hunting scene starts early in the evening when the hunters appear in the sky one by one. Fávdná is ready with his bow and arrow and aims towards Sarvvis.

The other hunters try to help. Fávdná doesn’t dare to shoot because between him and Sarvvis stands Boahji, the nail of the sky. If someone hits it, the sky will fall down and all life on Earth will come to an end. After a night of intense hunting, the hunters have to realise that Sarvvis is a difficult prey. One by one the hunters have to give up, Sirius first and Fávdná last. Sarvvis can continue its grazing till the next night when the hunt starts over again.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Gamma Per or Delta Per might be appropriate choices given the centrality of Perseus to the asterism.

==Weblinks==

*[https://www.ntnu.no/blogger/fysikkforfakirer/2025/02/20/the-celestial-hunt-finding-the-sami-sky-culture/#:~:text=The%20sky%20myth%20described%20by,or%20additional%20skiers)%2C%20Cuoigah%C3%A6gjek. https://www.ntnu.no/blogger/fysikkforfakirer/2025/02/20/the-celestial-hunt-finding-the-sami-sky-culture/#:~:text=The%20sky%20myth%20described%20by,or%20additional%20skiers)%2C%20Cuoigah%C3%A6gjek.]
*[https://www.beneathnorthernlights.com/the-starry-sky-in-sapmi/#:~:text=The%20constellation%20D%C3%A1vgg%C3%A1t%20(Karlsvogna%2C%20Big,the%20northwest%20in%20the%20morning. https://www.beneathnorthernlights.com/the-starry-sky-in-sapmi/#:~:text=The%20constellation%20D%C3%A1vgg%C3%A1t%20(Karlsvogna%2C%20Big,the%20northwest%20in%20the%20morning.]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sami]]
[[Category:Cas]]
[[Category:Aur]]
[[Category:Per]]

Sarvvis

2025-12-16T07:12:36Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Star list

[[File:Elk-telemark.jpg|thumb|Elk-telemark (CC BY Badzil)]]
Sarvvis, the reindeer or moose, is a Sami constellation, used by the Sami people of northern Scandinavia.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Origin of Constellation ===
where was it mentioned, what is the earliest source ...

==== Spelling Variants ====

* Sarva
* Sarvii
* Sarvi (horn/antler) - Finnish
* Hirvi (elk/moose) - Finnish

==== Identifications ====
*

=== Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
Here we give a list of all sources where the name is attested.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Source
!Identification
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|The
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Capella
|HIP 24608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
|2
|Elnath
|HIP 25428
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.65
|-
|3
|Mirfak
|HIP 15863
|Constellation lines
|1.79
|-
|4
| Algol
|HIP 14576
|Constellation lines
|2.12
|-
|5
|Schedar
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines
|2.23
|-
|6
| Caph
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|7
|Tiansi
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
| 2.39
|-
| 8
|Ruchbah
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
|2.68
|-
|9
|Hassaleh
|HIP 23015
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|10
|ζ Persei
| HIP 18246
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.85
|-
|11
|ϵ Persei
|HIP 18532
| Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|12
|γ Persei
| HIP 14328
| Constellation lines
|2.93
|-
| 13
|Almaaz
|HIP 23416
|Inside the hull
|2.99
|-
| 14
|δ Persei
| HIP 17358
|Constellation lines
|3.01
|-
|15
|Haedus
|HIP 23767
|Constellation lines
|3.18
|-
|16
|Segin
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.37
|-
|17
|ρ Persei
|HIP 14354
|Inside the hull
|3.39
|-
| 18
| Achird
|HIP 3821
|Inside the hull
|3.44
|-
|19
| Nembus
|HIP 7607
| Inside the hull
|3.57
|-
|20
|Saclateni
|HIP 23453
|Inside the hull
|3.75
|-
|21
|Miram
|HIP 13268
|Inside the hull
|3.79
|-
|22
|ν Persei
|HIP 17529
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|23
|Misam
|HIP 14668
|Inside the hull
|3.81
|-
|24
|τ Persei
|HIP 13531
|Inside the hull
|3.96
|-
|25
|48 Per
|HIP 19343
|Inside the hull
|4.03
|-
|26
|ι Persei
|HIP 14632
|Inside the hull
|4.04
|-
|27
|Dajiangjunbei
|HIP 8068
|Inside the hull
|4.06
|-
|28
|Menkib
|HIP 18614
|Inside the hull
|4.06
|-
|29
|θ Persei
|HIP 12777
|Inside the hull
|4.11
|-
|30
|μ Persei
|HIP 19812
|Inside the hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ψ Persei
|HIP 16826
|Inside the hull
|4.23
|-
|32
|58 Per
|HIP 21476
|Inside the hull
|4.26
|-
|33
|λ Persei
|HIP 19167
|Inside the hull
|4.29
|-
|34
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Inside the hull
|4.33
|-
|35
|σ Persei
|HIP 16335
|Inside the hull
|4.36
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 20070
|Inside the hull
|4.594
|-
|37
|ω Persei
|HIP 14817
|Inside the hull
|4.607
|-
|38
|Castula
|HIP 4422
|Inside the hull
|4.622
|-
|39
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the hull
|4.681
|-
|40
|52 Per
|HIP 19811
|Inside the hull
|4.691
|-
|41
|π Persei
|HIP 13879
|Inside the hull
|4.7
|-
|42
|65 And
|HIP 11313
|Inside the hull
|4.71
|-
|43
|λ Aurigae
|HIP 24813
|Inside the hull
|4.71
|-
|44
|34 Per
|HIP 16244
|Inside the hull
|4.735
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 14382
|Inside the hull
|4.766
|-
|46
|2 Aur
|HIP 22678
|Inside the hull
|4.779
|-
|47
|53 Per
|HIP 20354
|Inside the hull
|4.812
|-
|48
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the hull
|4.82
|-
|49
|μ Aurigae
|HIP 24340
|Inside the hull
|4.821
|-
|50
|60 And
|HIP 10340
|Inside the hull
|4.826
|-
|51
|1 Aur
|HIP 22453
|Inside the hull
|4.867
|-
|52
|54 Per
|HIP 20252
|Inside the hull
|4.929
|-
|53
|32 Per
|HIP 15648
|Inside the hull
|4.946
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 16147
|Inside the hull
|4.97
|-
|55
|40 Per
|HIP 17313
|Inside the hull
|4.972
|-
|56
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|57
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Inside the hull
|4.989
|-
|58
|ω Aurigae
|HIP 23179
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|59
|KW Aur
|HIP 24504
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 15219
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|61
|19 Aur
|HIP 24879
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|62
|31 Per
|HIP 15444
|Inside the hull
|5.032
|-
|63
|4 Per
|HIP 9505
|Inside the hull
|5.04
|-
|64
|42 Per
|HIP 17886
|Inside the hull
|5.11
|-
|65
|29 Per
|HIP 15404
|Inside the hull
|5.157
|-
|66
|μ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5336
|Inside the hull
|5.17
|-
|67
|9 Per
|HIP 11060
|Inside the hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|64 And
|HIP 11220
|Inside the hull
|5.19
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 14043
|Inside the hull
|5.219
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 18453
|Inside the hull
|5.25
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 20704
|Inside the hull
|5.284
|-
|72
|59 Per
|HIP 21928
|Inside the hull
|5.298
|-
|73
|V575 Per
|HIP 15770
|Inside the hull
|5.3
|-
|74
|62 And
|HIP 10819
|Inside the hull
|5.31
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 10366
|Inside the hull
|5.31
|-
|76
|36 Per
|HIP 16499
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|77
|IQ Aur
|HIP 24799
|Inside the hull
|5.371
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 18396
|Inside the hull
|5.379
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 20156
|Inside the hull
|5.4
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 3544
|Inside the hull
|5.41
|-
|81
|14 Per
|HIP 12768
|Inside the hull
|5.435
|-
|82
|V396 Per
|HIP 16470
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|83
|30 Per
|HIP 15338
|Inside the hull
|5.476
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 13965
|Inside the hull
|5.485
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 18434
|Inside the hull
|5.488
|-
|86
|1 Per
|HIP 8704
|Inside the hull
|5.52
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 19335
|Inside the hull
|5.52
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 7617
|Inside the hull
|5.536
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 20234
|Inside the hull
|5.545
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the hull
|5.566
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 17203
|Inside the hull
|5.57
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 16210
|Inside the hull
|5.572
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 22393
|Inside the hull
|5.578
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 17460
|Inside the hull
|5.588
|-
|95
|PZ And
|HIP 10944
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|96
|PU Aur
|HIP 24738
|Inside the hull
|5.65
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 21823
|Inside the hull
|5.652
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 17584
|Inside the hull
|5.655
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 17932
|Inside the hull
|5.657
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 25001
|Inside the hull
|5.67
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 22699
|Inside the hull
|5.675
|-
|102
|V472 Per
|HIP 9990
|Inside the hull
|5.68
|-
|103
|2 Per
|HIP 8714
|Inside the hull
|5.689
|-
|104
|3 Per
|HIP 9222
|Inside the hull
|5.702
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 7251
|Inside the hull
|5.709
|-
|106
|55 Per
|HIP 20579
|Inside the hull
|5.718
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 19525
|Inside the hull
|5.74
|-
|108
|8 Per
|HIP 10718
|Inside the hull
|5.748
|-
|109
|11 Per
|HIP 12692
|Inside the hull
|5.753
|-
|110
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 18212
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|112
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the hull
|5.767
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 18081
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|114
|IW Per
|HIP 16591
|Inside the hull
|5.776
|-
|115
|56 Per
|HIP 20591
|Inside the hull
|5.795
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 16340
|Inside the hull
|5.82
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 22407
|Inside the hull
|5.824
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 12686
|Inside the hull
|5.835
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 13339
|Inside the hull
|5.859
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 13949
|Inside the hull
|5.877
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 16518
|Inside the hull
|5.9
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 15004
|Inside the hull
|5.913
|-
|123
| -
|HIP 25291
|Inside the hull
|5.925
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 15669
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the hull
|5.94
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 8598
|Inside the hull
|5.951
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 20241
|Inside the hull
|5.958
|-
|128
|AE Aur
|HIP 24575
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 21847
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 15334
|Inside the hull
|5.967
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 16599
|Inside the hull
|5.969
|-
|132
|V376 Per
|HIP 17846
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|133
|5 Aur
|HIP 23261
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|134
| -
|HIP 4998
|Inside the hull
|5.977
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 22220
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 9220
|Inside the hull
|6.004
|-
|138
|7 Per
|HIP 10729
|Inside the hull
|6.023
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 13713
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 17437
|Inside the hull
|6.042
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 14365
|Inside the hull
|6.05
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 22842
|Inside the hull
|6.058
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 15118
|Inside the hull
|6.06
|-
|144
|57 Per
|HIP 21242
|Inside the hull
|6.078
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 22034
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 19302
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 22955
|Inside the hull
|6.089
|-
|148
|V576 Per
|HIP 15988
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 17475
|Inside the hull
|6.091
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 14392
|Inside the hull
|6.105
|-
|151
| -
|HIP 23511
|Inside the hull
|6.111
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 14887
|Inside the hull
|6.139
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 17772
|Inside the hull
|6.14
|-
|154
|AR Aur
|HIP 24740
|Inside the hull
|6.144
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 10924
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|156
|66 And
|HIP 11465
|Inside the hull
|6.156
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 23583
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 20231
|Inside the hull
|6.167
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 21038
|Inside the hull
|6.169
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the hull
|6.171
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 15209
|Inside the hull
|6.18
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 4383
|Inside the hull
|6.19
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 24771
|Inside the hull
|6.199
|-
|164
|NGC 1545
|NGC 1545
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|165
|V545 Per
|HIP 20063
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 23799
|Inside the hull
|6.207
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 13462
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 13732
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 16252
|Inside the hull
|6.217
|-
|170
|OP And
|HIP 7493
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|171
| -
|HIP 10814
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 8148
|Inside the hull
|6.24
|-
|173
|10 Per
|HIP 11279
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|174
|V480 Per
|HIP 13178
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|175
| -
|HR 499
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 12690
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 16424
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 5251
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 25290
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|180
|V440 Per
|HIP 11174
|Inside the hull
|6.291
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 8771
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 14566
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 10115
|Inside the hull
|6.303
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 19810
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 18565
|Inside the hull
|6.313
|-
|186
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the hull
|6.323
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 14914
|Inside the hull
|6.327
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 8115
|Inside the hull
|6.33
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 21144
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 7963
|Inside the hull
|6.348
|-
|191
| -
|HIP 6486
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|192
|5 Per
|HIP 10227
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 10562
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 7786
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|195
|V521 Per
|HIP 14544
|Inside the hull
|6.375
|-
|196
| -
|HR 1371
|Inside the hull
|6.38
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 18769
|Inside the hull
|6.389
|-
|198
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|199
|NGC 1528
|NGC 1528
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the hull
|6.401
|-
|201
| -
|HIP 16938
|Inside the hull
|6.402
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 10830
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|204
|KP Per
|HIP 16516
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 16447
|Inside the hull
|6.411
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 24193
|Inside the hull
|6.423
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 10379
|Inside the hull
|6.43
|-
|208
| -
|HIP 8847
|Inside the hull
|6.437
|-
|209
| -
|HIP 13347
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|210
| -
|HIP 17558
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 9163
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 19746
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|213
| -
|HIP 8475
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 10361
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 15282
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|216
|22 Aur
|HIP 25192
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|217
|V509 Per
|HIP 14264
|Inside the hull
|6.467
|-
|218
| -
|HIP 13036
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 24332
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 10633
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 11020
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|222
| -
|HIP 22003
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|223
|6 Aur
|HIP 23268
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|224
|18 Aur
|HIP 24832
|Inside the hull
|6.489
|-
|225
| -
|HIP 16425
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|226
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 23724
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|}

==Mythology==
According to legend, Fávdná is one of the hunters who hunt for Sarvvis. Fávdná uses a bow and an arrow and the bow is called Fávdnadávi. It forms the handle in the Big Dipper and is always pointed towards Sarvvis.

Other hunters are the three Gállábártnit brothers. You find them in the belt of Orion. Their father is Sirius, the brightest star in the sky. Do you know which star that might be? The hunting scene starts early in the evening when the hunters appear in the sky one by one. Fávdná is ready with his bow and arrow and aims towards Sarvvis.

The other hunters try to help. Fávdná doesn’t dare to shoot because between him and Sarvvis stands Boahji, the nail of the sky. If someone hits it, the sky will fall down and all life on Earth will come to an end. After a night of intense hunting, the hunters have to realise that Sarvvis is a difficult prey. One by one the hunters have to give up, Sirius first and Fávdná last. Sarvvis can continue its grazing till the next night when the hunt starts over again.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Gamma Per or Delta Per might be appropriate choices given the centrality of Perseus to the asterism.

==Weblinks==

*[https://www.ntnu.no/blogger/fysikkforfakirer/2025/02/20/the-celestial-hunt-finding-the-sami-sky-culture/#:~:text=The%20sky%20myth%20described%20by,or%20additional%20skiers)%2C%20Cuoigah%C3%A6gjek. https://www.ntnu.no/blogger/fysikkforfakirer/2025/02/20/the-celestial-hunt-finding-the-sami-sky-culture/#:~:text=The%20sky%20myth%20described%20by,or%20additional%20skiers)%2C%20Cuoigah%C3%A6gjek.]
*[https://www.beneathnorthernlights.com/the-starry-sky-in-sapmi/#:~:text=The%20constellation%20D%C3%A1vgg%C3%A1t%20(Karlsvogna%2C%20Big,the%20northwest%20in%20the%20morning. https://www.beneathnorthernlights.com/the-starry-sky-in-sapmi/#:~:text=The%20constellation%20D%C3%A1vgg%C3%A1t%20(Karlsvogna%2C%20Big,the%20northwest%20in%20the%20morning.]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sami]]
[[Category:Cas]]
[[Category:Aur]]
[[Category:Per]]

File:Sarvvis CH Screenshot 2025-12-16 150102.png

2025-12-16T07:12:06Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Convex Hull for the stars inside Sarvvis, Elk (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

== Summary ==
Convex Hull for the stars inside Sarvvis, Elk (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Stellarium-20251216-15081687.png

2025-12-16T07:11:05Z

YoulaAzkarrula: CC-BY Jonas Persson in Stellarium

== Summary ==
CC-BY Jonas Persson in Stellarium
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Banyak Angrem

2025-12-14T08:10:14Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213451458.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Banyak Angrěm (brooding goose), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Banyak Angrěm is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of banyak angrěm is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang banyak angrěm means brooding goose constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This constellation term consists of two words, “banyak” (IPA: /ˈbaɲaʔ/ [ˈba.ɲaʔ]) and “angrem” (IPA: /aŋrəm/).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Běnjak kangrěm
* Banjak angrěm
* Banyak ngěrěm
* Angsa měngěram

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Banyak is a term for swan, while angrem is incubating eggs. In some areas, this aves is believed to bring peace to those who keep it. Swans are usually closely related to Hindu religious ceremonies in Bali. For certain ceremonies, it is usually required to use their eggs or meat. From a philosophical perspective, swan is likened to being able to distinguish between good and bad. This is proven when the goose looks for food in the mud, this aves can sort it out well.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The swan is a vehicle for the God Brahma and the magic of the Goddess Saraswati as a symbol of widya which can filter to separate from impurities or things that can lead astray in science.

In keris art, "Banyak angrem" refers to a spear with a unique, asymmetrical blade. Unlike ordinary spears, which emphasize symmetry, this uniqueness makes it often kept as an heirloom rather than a weapon of war. Considered to have esoteric or magical value for protection, neutralizing negative energy, and protecting one's family from harm, it is often sought after for its ability to neutralize negative auras.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Benjak Kangrem.png|Lintang Benjak Kangrem (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Banyak Anggrem.png|Lintang Banyak Anggrem in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Banyak Angrem.jpg|Lintang Banyak Angrem (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often lost, everything sought is difficult to find results, but they are classified as patient people, they are observant and loving people. They are honest and always straightforward. Unfortunately, they find it difficult to forgive people they consider wrong, so they find it difficult to have friends for a long time.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Biduri bulan (moonstone), kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

Rebut Utang

2025-12-14T08:09:13Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213030574.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Rěbut Utang (fighting over debt), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Rěbut Utang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of rěbut utang is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang rěbut utang means fighting over debt constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Magělut (IPA: [maˈɡə.lut])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* Rěbut hutang
* Měngrabut untang
* magělut
* Gělut hutang

=== Origin of Constellation ===

Magělut is a Balinese term with many meanings, including embracing, putting arms on each other's shoulders, including, joining together, uniting to do something, clinching (boxing), and wrestling. In palelintangan, Magelut depicts people fighting over a debt.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Rebut Hutang.png|Lintang Rebut Hutang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Rabut Utang.png|Lintang Rabut Utang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Glut Utang.jpg|Lintang Glut Utang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 10.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
As if they don't care about various problems, the danger comes from sharp weapons and always demands in their lives. Avoid owing to anyone because your troubles arise because of debt. When you can, don't owe even the smallest amount, then success will be obtained. They are honest in their lives, like to help people who are miserable, hard-hearted to the point of not wanting to be denied any of their opinions.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Nari Gangga (Chrysoberyl cat's eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Vega
| HIP 91262
| within constellation lines
| 0.03
|-
| 2
| Sadr
| HIP 100453
| within constellation lines
| 2.23
|-
| 3
| Eltanin
| HIP 87833
| within constellation lines
| 2.23
|-
| 4
| R Lyr
| HIP 92862
| Inside the Hull
| 4
|-
| 5
| * eps01 Lyr A
| HIP 91919
| Inside the Hull
| 4.991
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 89981
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
| 7
| * eps02 Lyr A
| HIP 91926
| Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
| 8
| -
| HIP 99968
| Inside the Hull
| 5.236
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 96288
| Inside the Hull
| 5.336
|-
| 10
| * eps02 Lyr B
| HIP 91926
| Inside the Hull
| 5.35
|-
| 11
| 14 Cyg
| HIP 96693
| Inside the Hull
| 5.4
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 92831
| Inside the Hull
| 5.44
|-
| 13
| -
| HIP 98194
| Inside the Hull
| 5.455
|-
| 14
| V380 Cyg
| HIP 97634
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 97081
| Inside the Hull
| 5.84
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 95352
| Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
| 17
| XY Lyr
| HIP 91373
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 92098
| Inside the Hull
| 6.051
|-
| 19
| * eps01 Lyr B
| HIP 91919
| Inside the Hull
| 6.062
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 96805
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 94280
| Inside the Hull
| 6.188
|-
| 22
| V543 Lyr
| HIP 93177
| Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
| 23
| V533 Lyr
| HIP 91250
| Inside the Hull
| 6.211
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 96907
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 91491
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 26
| -
| HIP 92599
| Inside the Hull
| 6.269
|-
| 27
| V973 Cyg
| HIP 97151
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 93210
| Inside the Hull
| 6.403
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 91820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 30
| V550 Lyr
| HIP 93808
| Inside the Hull
| 6.496
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 88754
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Her]] [[Category:Dra]] [[Category:Lyr]] [[Category:Cyg]]

Tangis

2025-12-14T08:07:57Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-2123548.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Tangis (mourning person), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Tangis is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of tangis is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang tangis means mourning woman constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Tangis (IPA: [ˈta.ŋəs])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* Hěrang-nghěrang
* ngěrang-ěrang

=== Origin of Constellation ===

Tangis depicts a person crying. However, this crying is not just ordinary crying, but a feeling of deep sadness due to the loss of someone they love in death. Furthermore, the equivalent words for this lintang are Hěrang-nghěrang and ngěrang-ěrang. This type of crying refers to a cry that describes a moaning or complaint that sounds soft or painful, as if accompanied by a roar of regret and a desire to return everything to its original state. Because ěrang is basically a moan, often due to being unable to endure pain or sorrow.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Herang-ngherang.png|Lintang Herang-ngherang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Tangis.png|Lintang Tangis in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Tangis2.jpg|Lintang Tangis (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 12.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
His life is filled with danger and threats, this is due to the many people who envy him, never ending sorrow. They behave appropriately and fairly in sharing. Have a wise mind, light-handed in helping people they know well, unfortunately they really like to interfere in other people's affairs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
All gems match.<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Spica
| HIP 65474
| within constellation lines
| 0.97
|-
| 2
| Denebola
| HIP 57632
| within constellation lines
| 2.13
|-
| 3
| Porrima
| HIP 61941
| within constellation lines
| 2.74
|-
| 4
| Vindemiatrix
| HIP 63608
| within constellation lines
| 2.79
|-
| 5
| Heze
| HIP 66249
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 6
| Minelauva
| HIP 63090
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 7
| * gam Vir B
| HR 4826
| Inside the Hull
| 3.49
|-
| 8
| Zavijava
| HIP 57757
| within constellation lines
| 3.6
|-
| 9
| Zaniah
| HIP 60129
| Inside the Hull
| 3.9
|-
| 10
| ο Virginis
| HIP 58948
| Inside the Hull
| 4.12
|-
| 11
| θ Virginis
| HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
| 4.397
|-
| 12
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
| Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
| 13
| σ Virginis
| HIP 64852
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 14
| ρ Virginis
| HIP 61960
| Inside the Hull
| 4.88
|-
| 15
| 16 Vir
| HIP 60172
| Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 16
| d2 Vir
| HIP 62267
| Inside the Hull
| 5.207
|-
| 17
| 7 Vir
| HIP 58510
| Inside the Hull
| 5.345
|-
| 18
| 6 Vir
| HIP 58110
| Inside the Hull
| 5.569
|-
| 19
| 31 Vir
| HIP 61968
| Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 62325
| Inside the Hull
| 5.65
|-
| 21
| 136 G. Vir
| HIP 65198
| Inside the Hull
| 5.687
|-
| 22
| FW Vir
| HIP 61658
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 59309
| Inside the Hull
| 5.72
|-
| 24
| 66 Vir
| HIP 65420
| Inside the Hull
| 5.749
|-
| 25
| 44 Vir
| HIP 63414
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 26
| 12 Vir
| HIP 59608
| Inside the Hull
| 5.829
|-
| 27
| 65 Vir
| HIP 65323
| Inside the Hull
| 5.858
|-
| 28
| 13 Vir
| HIP 60030
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 29
| 79 G. Vir
| HIP 62103
| Inside the Hull
| 5.918
|-
| 30
| 146 G. Vir
| HIP 65545
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 31
| 37 Vir
| HIP 62757
| Inside the Hull
| 6.003
|-
| 32
| 56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
| Inside the Hull
| 6.034
|-
| 33
| * 46 Vir A
| HIP 63494
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 34
| 38 Vir
| HIP 62875
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 35
| 27 Vir
| HIP 61937
| Inside the Hull
| 6.215
|-
| 36
| 20 Vir
| HIP 61246
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 37
| 68 G. Vir
| HIP 61637
| Inside the Hull
| 6.334
|-
| 38
| EP Vir
| HIP 62376
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 39
| 51 G. Vir
| HIP 60804
| Inside the Hull
| 6.342
|-
| 40
| 129 G. Vir
| HIP 64838
| Inside the Hull
| 6.351
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 57779
| Inside the Hull
| 6.367
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 58809
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 43
| 35 Vir
| HIP 62443
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 44
| 150 G. Vir
| HIP 65796
| Inside the Hull
| 6.419
|-
| 45
| 91 G. Vir
| HIP 62915
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 46
| 17 Vir
| HIP 60353
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Vir]] [[Category:Leo]]

Perahu Sarat

2025-12-14T08:07:04Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212150577.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Pěrahu Sarat (an overloaded ship), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Pěrahu Sarat is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of pěrahu sarat is found in intersection of Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang pěrahu sarat means overloaded ship constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Perahu Sarat (IPA: [ˈpra.u ˈsa.rat])

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Djong sarat
* Jong sarat
* Djung sarat
* Jung sarat

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Perahu sarat refers to a boat that is overloaded (too full), whether with passengers or goods, to the point where its hull is nearly submerged or below the waterline. This term often appears in news reports of natural disasters involving sinking boats or descriptions of boats at floating markets overflowing with merchandise. Boats are crucial to the Balinese people, serving as a means of transportation for both goods and people. This is evident from Bali's geographical location, surrounded by sea and serving as a transit point for ships in the Bedahulu area in ancient times.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Djong Sarat.png|Lintang Djong Sarat (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Pra Sarat.png|Lintang Pra Sarat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Parawu Sarat.jpg|Lintang Parawu Sarat (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) has a value of 3 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 7.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Many people slandered him, accused him of practicing black magic, and suspected him of being deceitful. They are very greedy and it is from this nature that danger will come. It's good for them to get along so they always give in. Be curious about new things, so they have a lot of expertise. Unfortunately they are very easily offended and appear blindly jealous.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kalimaya (oval), Daluman (giok/Jade)<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Gacrux
| HIP 61084
| within constellation lines
| 1.64
|-
| 2
| Menkent
| HIP 68933
| within constellation lines
| 2.05
|-
| 3
| γ Centauri
| HIP 61932
| Inside the Hull
| 2.17
|-
| 4
| Uridim
| HIP 71860
| within constellation lines
| 2.286
|-
| 5
| ϵ Centauri
| HIP 66657
| within constellation lines
| 2.3
|-
| 6
| η Centauri
| HIP 71352
| within constellation lines
| 2.31
|-
| 7
| δ Centauri
| HIP 59196
| within constellation lines
| 2.52
|-
| 8
| Leepwal
| HIP 68002
| within constellation lines
| 2.55
|-
| 9
| Kulou
| HIP 65109
| within constellation lines
| 2.73
|-
| 10
| * gam Cen A
| HIP 61932
| Inside the Hull
| 2.82
|-
| 11
| * gam Cen B
| HIP 61932
| within constellation lines
| 2.88
|-
| 12
| Heng
| HIP 67464
| Inside the Hull
| 3.386
|-
| 13
| μ Centauri
| HIP 67472
| Inside the Hull
| 3.43
|-
| 14
| ι Lupi
| HIP 69996
| Inside the Hull
| 3.529
|-
| 15
| ϕ Centauri
| HIP 68245
| Inside the Hull
| 3.802
|-
| 16
| τ Centauri
| HIP 61622
| Inside the Hull
| 3.86
|-
| 17
| υ 1 Centauri
| HIP 68282
| Inside the Hull
| 3.87
|-
| 18
| d Cen
| HIP 65936
| Inside the Hull
| 3.88
|-
| 19
| ω Cen
| HD 116790
| Inside the Hull
| 3.9
|-
| 20
| σ Centauri
| HIP 60823
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 21
| ξ 2 Centauri
| HIP 64004
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 22
| e Cen
| HIP 62867
| Inside the Hull
| 4.33
|-
| 23
| υ 2 Centauri
| HIP 68523
| Inside the Hull
| 4.33
|-
| 24
| χ Centauri
| HIP 68862
| Inside the Hull
| 4.343
|-
| 25
| τ 2 Lupi
| HIP 70576
| Inside the Hull
| 4.35
|-
| 26
| τ 1 Lupi
| HIP 70574
| Inside the Hull
| 4.553
|-
| 27
| M Cen
| HIP 67234
| Inside the Hull
| 4.632
|-
| 28
| w Cen
| HIP 62012
| Inside the Hull
| 4.66
|-
| 29
| f Cen
| HIP 63945
| Inside the Hull
| 4.691
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 70104
| Inside the Hull
| 4.77
|-
| 31
| G Cen
| HIP 60710
| Inside the Hull
| 4.808
|-
| 32
| ξ 1 Centauri
| HIP 63724
| Inside the Hull
| 4.826
|-
| 33
| K Cen
| HIP 65810
| Inside the Hull
| 5.03
|-
| 34
| 217 G. Cen
| HIP 65535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 35
| H Cen
| HIP 63210
| Inside the Hull
| 5.159
|-
| 36
| 182 G. Cen
| HIP 64348
| Inside the Hull
| 5.231
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 71500
| Inside the Hull
| 5.431
|-
| 38
| V964 Cen
| HIP 65112
| Inside the Hull
| 5.443
|-
| 39
| 152 G. Cen
| HIP 63066
| Inside the Hull
| 5.445
|-
| 40
| 269 G. Cen
| HIP 67304
| Inside the Hull
| 5.446
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 70915
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 71419
| Inside the Hull
| 5.55
|-
| 43
| 172 G. Cen
| HIP 63972
| Inside the Hull
| 5.588
|-
| 44
| NGC 5460
| NGC 5460
| Inside the Hull
| 5.6
|-
| 45
| 248 G. Cen
| HIP 66656
| Inside the Hull
| 5.603
|-
| 46
| 330 G. Cen
| HIP 69598
| Inside the Hull
| 5.613
|-
| 47
| 221 G. Cen
| HIP 65593
| Inside the Hull
| 5.656
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 70054
| Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 49
| 177 G. Cen
| HIP 64053
| Inside the Hull
| 5.698
|-
| 50
| 142 G. Cen
| HIP 62703
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 51
| 205 G. Cen
| HIP 65144
| Inside the Hull
| 5.742
|-
| 52
| 278 G. Cen
| HIP 67663
| Inside the Hull
| 5.752
|-
| 53
| 181 G. Cen
| HIP 64332
| Inside the Hull
| 5.772
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 60969
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 55
| 196 G. Cen
| HIP 64822
| Inside the Hull
| 5.803
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 70663
| Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
| 57
| 293 G. Cen
| HIP 68079
| Inside the Hull
| 5.815
|-
| 58
| 133 G. Cen
| HIP 61916
| Inside the Hull
| 5.816
|-
| 59
| 193 G. Cen
| HIP 64623
| Inside the Hull
| 5.831
|-
| 60
| 239 G. Cen
| HIP 66454
| Inside the Hull
| 5.889
|-
| 61
| 151 G. Cen
| HIP 63033
| Inside the Hull
| 5.89
|-
| 62
| 189 G. Cen
| HIP 64515
| Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
| 63
| 148 G. Cen
| HIP 62861
| Inside the Hull
| 5.908
|-
| 64
| 209 G. Cen
| HIP 65247
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 65
| 268 G. Cen
| HIP 67292
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 66
| 298 G. Cen
| HIP 68333
| Inside the Hull
| 5.927
|-
| 67
| 256 G. Cen
| HIP 66924
| Inside the Hull
| 5.956
|-
| 68
| 236 G. Cen
| HIP 66427
| Inside the Hull
| 5.957
|-
| 69
| 258 G. Cen
| HIP 66984
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 62058
| Inside the Hull
| 5.982
|-
| 71
| V744 Cen
| HIP 66666
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 72
| V824 Cen
| HIP 64320
| Inside the Hull
| 6.026
|-
| 73
| -
| HIP 62026
| Inside the Hull
| 6.057
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 71639
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 75
| V828 Cen
| HIP 68673
| Inside the Hull
| 6.088
|-
| 76
| V767 Cen
| HIP 67861
| Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
| 77
| 302 G. Cen
| HIP 68493
| Inside the Hull
| 6.108
|-
| 78
| 192 G. Cen
| HIP 64557
| Inside the Hull
| 6.147
|-
| 79
| 229 G. Cen
| HIP 66019
| Inside the Hull
| 6.148
|-
| 80
| 319 G. Cen
| HIP 69113
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 81
| 198 G. Cen
| HIP 64933
| Inside the Hull
| 6.173
|-
| 82
| 312 G. Cen
| HIP 68872
| Inside the Hull
| 6.176
|-
| 83
| 187 G. Cen
| HIP 64472
| Inside the Hull
| 6.184
|-
| 84
| 100 G. Cen
| HIP 59439
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 85
| V789 Cen
| HIP 63820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.249
|-
| 86
| 141 G. Cen
| HIP 62655
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 87
| 222 G. Cen
| HIP 65630
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 88
| 120 G. Cen
| HIP 60729
| Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
| 89
| 147 G. Cen
| HIP 62821
| Inside the Hull
| 6.262
|-
| 90
| 144 G. Cen
| HIP 62799
| Inside the Hull
| 6.304
|-
| 91
| 332 G. Cen
| HIP 69671
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 92
| 220 G. Cen
| HIP 65606
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 93
| 232 G. Cen
| HIP 66236
| Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
| 94
| 347 G. Cen
| HIP 70580
| Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
| 95
| 210 G. Cen
| HIP 65303
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 96
| V765 Cen
| HIP 66645
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 97
| -
| HD 126111
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 98
| 126 G. Cen
| HIP 61328
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 99
| 130 G. Cen
| HIP 61557
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 100
| -
| HIP 70320
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 101
| -
| HIP 70809
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 102
| 223 G. Cen
| HIP 65621
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 103
| 254 G. Cen
| HIP 66923
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 104
| V1154 Cen
| HIP 63883
| Inside the Hull
| 6.418
|-
| 105
| 317 G. Cen
| HIP 69011
| Inside the Hull
| 6.418
|-
| 106
| 168 G. Cen
| HIP 63849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.426
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 70451
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 67537
| Inside the Hull
| 6.431
|-
| 109
| V827 Cen
| HIP 67036
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 110
| -
| HR 4764
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 65372
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|-
| 112
| 155 G. Cen
| HIP 63204
| Inside the Hull
| 6.485
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cen]] [[Category:Cru]] [[Category:Lup]]

Puwuh Atarung

2025-12-14T08:06:07Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213252238.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Puwuh Atarung (battling quails), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Puwuh Atarung is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of puwuh atarung is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang puwuh atarung means battling quails constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Puwuh Atatung (IPA: [ˈpu.wuh aˈta.ruŋ])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* Puhuh hataru
* Puhuh tarung
* Pujuh tarung
* Pawuh atarung

=== Origin of Constellation ===
This lintang depicts fighting quails. For the Balinese, puwuh is a crucial poultry source of nutritious animal protein (meat and eggs) and is economically profitable due to its high production, relatively low capital requirements, and rapid growth. It is widely promoted by various parties, such as universities, for rural business development.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Puhuh Hataru.png|Lintang Puhuh Hataru (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Puh Taru.png|Lintang Puh Taru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Puyu Atarung.jpg|Lintang Puyu Atarung (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often quarrel but they have many servants, if they have a family, one of them can die. Many talk often argue. They are quickly amazed by what they see sometimes beyond their abilities. They often have feelings of envy towards others and are often jealous for no reason.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Nari Gangga (chrysoberyl cat eye), Osadi (zambrut /emerald).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alpherg
| HIP 7097
| within constellation lines
| 3.62
|-
| 2
| γ Piscium
| HIP 114971
| within constellation lines
| 3.7
|-
| 3
| * ome Psc
| HIP 118268
| Inside the Hull
| 4.02
|-
| 4
| ι Piscium
| HIP 116771
| within constellation lines
| 4.12
|-
| 5
| Torcular
| HIP 8198
| within constellation lines
| 4.26
|-
| 6
| ϵ Piscium
| HIP 4906
| within constellation lines
| 4.28
|-
| 7
| θ Piscium
| HIP 115830
| within constellation lines
| 4.3
|-
| 8
| ν Piscium
| HIP 7884
| within constellation lines
| 4.44
|-
| 9
| δ Piscium
| HIP 3786
| within constellation lines
| 4.44
|-
| 10
| λ Piscium
| HIP 116928
| within constellation lines
| 4.51
|-
| 11
| ξ Piscium
| HIP 8833
| within constellation lines
| 4.604
|-
| 12
| χ Piscium
| HIP 5571
| within constellation lines
| 4.658
|-
| 13
| ϕ Piscium
| HIP 5742
| within constellation lines
| 4.66
|-
| 14
| υ Piscium
| HIP 6193
| within constellation lines
| 4.748
|-
| 15
| μ Piscium
| HIP 7007
| within constellation lines
| 4.84
|-
| 16
| κ Piscium
| HIP 115738
| within constellation lines
| 4.94
|-
| 17
| 19 Psc
| HIP 117245
| Inside the Hull
| 5.02
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 3810
| Inside the Hull
| 5.04
|-
| 19
| * alf Psc B
| HIP 9487
| within constellation lines
| 5.135
|-
| 20
| 89 Psc
| HIP 6061
| Inside the Hull
| 5.137
|-
| 21
| Revati
| HIP 5737
| Inside the Hull
| 5.19
|-
| 22
| ψ 1 Piscium A
| HIP 5131
| Inside the Hull
| 5.273
|-
| 23
| 82 Peg
| HIP 117730
| Inside the Hull
| 5.3
|-
| 24
| ρ Piscium
| HIP 6706
| Inside the Hull
| 5.344
|-
| 25
| 41 Psc
| HIP 1645
| Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
| 26
| 57 Psc
| HIP 3632
| Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
| 27
| ψ 1 Piscium B
| HIP 5132
| Inside the Hull
| 5.455
|-
| 28
| 94 Psc
| HIP 6732
| Inside the Hull
| 5.495
|-
| 29
| 80 Psc
| HIP 5346
| Inside the Hull
| 5.501
|-
| 30
| 58 Psc
| HIP 3675
| Inside the Hull
| 5.504
|-
| 31
| 34 Psc
| HIP 813
| Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
| 32
| π Piscium
| HIP 7535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.535
|-
| 33
| 86 Peg
| HIP 476
| Inside the Hull
| 5.537
|-
| 34
| 22 Psc
| HIP 117683
| Inside the Hull
| 5.554
|-
| 35
| ψ 3 Piscium
| HIP 5454
| Inside the Hull
| 5.562
|-
| 36
| ψ 2 Piscium
| HIP 5310
| Inside the Hull
| 5.563
|-
| 37
| 72 Psc
| HIP 5081
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 38
| 51 Psc
| HIP 2548
| Inside the Hull
| 5.679
|-
| 39
| 16 Psc
| HIP 116495
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 40
| 32 Psc
| HIP 194
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 3765
| Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
| 42
| 44 Psc
| HIP 2006
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
| 43
| 80 Peg
| HIP 117628
| Inside the Hull
| 5.78
|-
| 44
| 66 Psc
| HIP 4267
| Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 5494
| Inside the Hull
| 5.797
|-
| 46
| 53 Psc
| HIP 2903
| Inside the Hull
| 5.863
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 9353
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 48
| 40 G. Psc
| HIP 116918
| Inside the Hull
| 5.891
|-
| 49
| 131 G. Psc
| HIP 8404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.904
|-
| 50
| 62 Psc
| HIP 3760
| Inside the Hull
| 5.912
|-
| 51
| 33 Cet
| HIP 5510
| Inside the Hull
| 5.942
|-
| 52
| -
| HIP 7447
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 53
| 60 Psc
| HIP 3697
| Inside the Hull
| 5.961
|-
| 54
| 87 Psc
| HIP 5778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.962
|-
| 55
| -
| HIP 6492
| Inside the Hull
| 5.971
|-
| 56
| 73 Psc
| HIP 5074
| Inside the Hull
| 6.007
|-
| 57
| 35 Psc
| HIP 1196
| Inside the Hull
| 6.01
|-
| 58
| 88 Psc
| HIP 5824
| Inside the Hull
| 6.022
|-
| 59
| 97 Psc
| HIP 6981
| Inside the Hull
| 6.023
|-
| 60
| 48 Psc
| HIP 2224
| Inside the Hull
| 6.039
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 2235
| Inside the Hull
| 6.04
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 5483
| Inside the Hull
| 6.043
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 1465
| Inside the Hull
| 6.045
|-
| 64
| ζ Piscium B
| HIP 5743
| Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
| 65
| 59 Psc
| HIP 3685
| Inside the Hull
| 6.101
|-
| 66
| 36 Psc
| HIP 1319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.121
|-
| 67
| * 66 Psc A
| HIP 4267
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 68
| WW Psc
| HIP 4655
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 69
| 75 Psc
| HIP 5204
| Inside the Hull
| 6.144
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 6669
| Inside the Hull
| 6.187
|-
| 71
| 26 Psc
| HIP 117927
| Inside the Hull
| 6.209
|-
| 72
| 118 G. Psc
| HIP 6868
| Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
| 73
| 101 Psc
| HIP 7436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.219
|-
| 74
| 42 Psc
| HIP 1772
| Inside the Hull
| 6.24
|-
| 75
| 25 Psc
| HIP 117774
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 76
| -
| HIP 4520
| Inside the Hull
| 6.283
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 2832
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 78
| 31 Psc
| HIP 186
| Inside the Hull
| 6.325
|-
| 79
| -
| HD 9496A
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 5141
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 81
| 124 G. Psc
| HIP 7819
| Inside the Hull
| 6.345
|-
| 82
| 98 G. Psc
| HIP 3992
| Inside the Hull
| 6.368
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 2734
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 84
| 92 G. Psc
| HIP 2954
| Inside the Hull
| 6.407
|-
| 85
| CY Psc
| HIP 7505
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 86
| -
| HIP 8210
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 87
| -
| HIP 2178
| Inside the Hull
| 6.432
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 6714
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 89
| -
| HIP 4382
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 90
| 45 G. Psc
| HIP 117445
| Inside the Hull
| 6.457
|-
| 91
| 43 Psc
| HIP 1948
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 4558
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 1339
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 94
| 112 G. Psc
| HIP 5575
| Inside the Hull
| 6.493
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 2358
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 96
| -
| HIP 3730
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 3236
| Inside the Hull
| 6.51
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 5646
| Inside the Hull
| 6.54
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Psc]] [[Category:Peg]] [[Category:Cet]]

Prau Pegat

2025-12-14T08:05:04Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213004605.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Prau Pěgat (broken ship), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Prau Pěgat is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of prau pěgat is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang prau pěgat means broken ship constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Prau Pegat (IPA: [ˈpra.u ˈpə.ɡat])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* Banawah pasaj
* Prawu p’gat
* Pěrahu pěgat
* Pěrahu pěcah

=== Origin of Constellation ===

This lintang depicts a boat that has broken or split in two.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In the depiction of the Kerta Gosa, perahu pegat is depicted as a foreign (Japanese) ship that was split in two after being damaged by a water creature seen as an astral being whose purpose was to protect the Balinese people.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Banawahpasah.png|Lintang banawahpasah (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Praha Pgat.png|Lintang Praha Pgat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Parahu Pgat.jpg|Lintang Parahu Pgat (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Left by husband or wife, widowed or widowed, their mind is always confused, gamblers, like to chase delicious foods. At first, they get pleasure but in the end they will suffer. They like to socialize and have a compassionate heart. Unfortunately, they often get caught up in praise so that it is difficult in the future.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Cempaka (yellow sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Nunki
| HIP 92855
| within constellation lines
| 2.067
|-
| 2
| Ascella
| HIP 93506
| within constellation lines
| 2.59
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sgr]]

Salah Ukur

2025-12-14T08:03:51Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212725463.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Salah Ukur (error measurement), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Salah Ukur is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of salah ukur is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang salah ukur means error measurement constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Salah Ukur (IPA:[ˈsa.lah ˈu.kur])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* salah hukur

=== Origin of Constellation ===

Salah ukur is depicted as a person holding a keris and attempting to defeat an animal or enemy larger than themselves. This implies a measurement or calculation error. Another interpretation is that this star depicts a fight between two people due to a misunderstanding resulting in incorrect measurements or perception.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Salah hukur.png|Lintang Salah Hukur (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Salah Ukur.png|Lintang Salah Ukur in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Sala Ukur.jpg|Lintang Sala Ukur (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 17.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
often involved in quarrels, confused because of having a low quality of life, having many problems. They are strong-willed in pursuing knowledge of the spiritual world. Unfortunately, they often harass and insult people, until the danger comes from people who are hurt by it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri bulan (moon stone), Mirah (moon stone), Kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Zubeneschamali
| HIP 74785
| within constellation lines
| 2.62
|-
| 2
| Zubenelgenubi
| HIP 72622
| within constellation lines
| 2.75
|-
| 3
| Brachium
| HIP 73714
| within constellation lines
| 3.21
|-
| 4
| υ Librae
| HIP 76470
| within constellation lines
| 3.589
|-
| 5
| Zubenelhakrabi
| HIP 76333
| within constellation lines
| 3.91
|-
| 6
| θ Librae
| HIP 77853
| within constellation lines
| 4.16
|-
| 7
| ι 1 Librae
| HIP 74392
| Inside the Hull
| 4.54
|-
| 8
| κ Librae
| HIP 76880
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 9
| 42 Lib
| HIP 76742
| Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 10
| ν Librae
| HIP 73945
| Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
| 11
| 41 Lib
| HIP 76628
| Inside the Hull
| 5.359
|-
| 12
| η Librae
| HIP 77060
| Inside the Hull
| 5.412
|-
| 13
| ζ 4 Librae
| HIP 76126
| Inside the Hull
| 5.499
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 74732
| Inside the Hull
| 5.506
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 76106
| Inside the Hull
| 5.52
|-
| 16
| ζ 1 Librae
| HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
| 5.626
|-
| 17
| -
| HIP 75352
| Inside the Hull
| 5.716
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 76532
| Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
| 19
| ζ 3 Librae
| HIP 75944
| Inside the Hull
| 5.806
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 76569
| Inside the Hull
| 5.816
|-
| 21
| ι 2 Librae
| HIP 74493
| Inside the Hull
| 6.066
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 73927
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 23
| ο Librae
| HIP 75118
| Inside the Hull
| 6.143
|-
| 24
| 28 Lib
| HIP 75110
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 25
| 26 Lib
| HIP 74600
| Inside the Hull
| 6.172
|-
| 26
| -
| HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
| 6.194
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 76503
| Inside the Hull
| 6.194
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 76033
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 77007
| Inside the Hull
| 6.295
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 76666
| Inside the Hull
| 6.322
|-
| 31
| 22 Lib
| HIP 73953
| Inside the Hull
| 6.404
|-
| 32
| 23 Lib
| HIP 74500
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 74490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 34
| 30 Lib
| HIP 75294
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 74391
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Lib]]

Sangkal Tikel

2025-12-14T08:02:51Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212708335.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Sangkal Tikěl (a broken hoe), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Sangkal Tikěl is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of sangkal tikěl is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang sangkal tikěl means a broken hoe constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Sangkal Tikěl (IPA: [saŋ.kəˈti.kəl])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* sangka tikěl

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Sangkal Tikěl is a broken hoe. Sangkal is a frame for tools containing a blade (e.g. plane, razor). A hoe is a rectangular tool made of wood, with a hole for a knife, and a handle. It is used to smooth wooden building materials. The various types of hoe are:<ref>Tim penyusun. Kamus Budaya Bali. 2016, Balai Bahasa Bali https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/16216/1/Kamus Budaya Bali 2016.pdf</ref>

* Sangkal Pamiring: a hoe used to smooth wood that is difficult to smooth with a regular hoe.
* Sangkal Pangedong: a hoe used to smooth decorative grooves in wooden terraces.
* Sangkal Yuyu: a hoe made of iron, with an iron handle, shaped like a crab, used to smooth wood that is difficult to smooth with a regular hoe.

But Sangkal for this constellation is a hoe, a tool for Balinese farmers to cultivate the land, dig, level the land, and clear weeds in rice fields and gardens, especially in narrow areas that do not allow the use of heavy machinery.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Sangkal for Balinese people is a practical tool that is vital for their agriculture, as well as holding deep cultural meaning as a symbol of work, tradition, and the harmonious relationship between humans and nature (the concept of Pabelasan in Tri Hita Karana).

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Sangkal Tikel.png|Lintang Sangkal Tikel (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Sangkal Tikel.png|Lintang Sangkal Tikel in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Sangkalatikel.jpg|Lintang Sangkalatikel (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
All their actions bring danger, often plagued by sadness, have thoughts that are always changing, stealing and have difficulty finding happiness in their lives. They have noble ideals, are easy to get along with and are liked by many people. They like to be praised and like to interfere in other people's affairs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (Ruby), Ijo Ireng (Peros).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Antares
| HIP 80763
| Inside the Hull
| 0.91
|-
| 2
| Shaula
| HIP 85927
| within constellation lines
| 1.63
|-
| 3
| Larawag
| HIP 82396
| within constellation lines
| 2.29
|-
| 4
| κ Scorpii
| HIP 86670
| within constellation lines
| 2.386
|-
| 5
| [SC96] Mis 162
| [SC96] Mis 162
| Inside the Hull
| 2.51
|-
| 6
| Lesath
| HIP 85696
| within constellation lines
| 2.65
|-
| 7
| Paikauhale
| HIP 81266
| Inside the Hull
| 2.81
|-
| 8
| Xamidimura
| HIP 82514
| within constellation lines
| 2.98
|-
| 9
| ι 1 Scorpii
| HIP 87073
| within constellation lines
| 2.992
|-
| 10
| η Scorpii
| HIP 84143
| within constellation lines
| 3.33
|-
| 11
| Pipirima
| HIP 82545
| Inside the Hull
| 3.542
|-
| 12
| Jabbah
| HIP 79374
| Inside the Hull
| 4
|-
| 13
| Q Sco
| HIP 86170
| Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
| 14
| Jabbah
| HIP 79374
| within constellation lines
| 4.349
|-
| 15
| ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 4.63
|-
| 16
| 22 Sco
| HIP 80815
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 17
| V1073 Sco
| HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
| 4.87
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 83336
| Inside the Hull
| 5.01
|-
| 19
| * rho Oph A
| HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
| 20
| * alf Sco B
| HD 148479
| Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
| 21
| 27 Sco
| HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 84401
| Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
| 5.655
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 81741
| Inside the Hull
| 5.836
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 85889
| Inside the Hull
| 5.838
|-
| 26
| Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
| 5.89
|-
| 27
| V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
| Inside the Hull
| 5.902
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 85048
| Inside the Hull
| 5.914
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 83235
| Inside the Hull
| 5.934
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 84425
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 81992
| Inside the Hull
| 5.982
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 85543
| Inside the Hull
| 5.985
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 83100
| Inside the Hull
| 6.048
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
| 6.081
|-
| 36
| RR Sco
| HIP 82912
| Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 84489
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 38
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 82453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 86246
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 84151
| Inside the Hull
| 6.285
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 82855
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 82731
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 44
| [SC96] Mis 201
| [SC96] Mis 201
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 45
| -
| HR 6426
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 46
| -
| HIP 85019
| Inside the Hull
| 6.419
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 84332
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 85020
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
| 50
| [SC96] GC 33
| [SC96] GC 33
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sco]] [[Category:Oph]] [[Category:Sgr]]

Hulanjar

2025-12-10T05:46:18Z

YoulaAzkarrula: References

[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125356571.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Hulanjar (a widow), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Hulanjar is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of hulanjar is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang hulanjar means a widow constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Hulanjar (IPA:[uˈlan.dʒar])

=== Spelling Variants ===

* hulandjar (old spelling)
* ulandjar (old spelling)
* ulanjar (enhanced spelling)
* wulandjar (old spelling)
* wulanjar (enhanced spelling)
* kiriman
* akirim

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Hulanjar can be interpreted as a widow whose husband has left her. It also refers to an unmarried virgin. During the Majapahit Kingdom, all the rules regarding marriage were regulated in the Nagarakertagama Kakawin book, in the chapters on tukon (dowry) and marriage. These rules were based on Hindu principles and customs, as well as local traditions and practices. If a young man proposed marriage to a young woman publicly, but had not yet married, he had no right to the proposal. Such a young woman was called a hulanjar, or an unmarried widow without children. Therefore, her father had the right to marry her off to someone else.<ref>Midaada, Avirista, "Mengenal Istilah Wulanjar Gadis Rasa Janda di Masa Kerajaan Majapahit" (2022) https://news.okezone.com/read/2022/05/06/337/2589762/mengenal-istilah-wulanjar-gadis-rasa-janda-di-masa-kerajaan-majapahit</ref>

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Once upon a time, a beautiful ''hulanjar'' passed by the hut on her way to deliver food to the rice fields. Captivated by her beauty, the young men who were building the hut were distracted. This young woman was eventually immortalized as a constellation, Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hulandjar.png|Lintang Hulandjar (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Akirim.png|Lintang Akirim in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Akikirim.jpg|Lintang Akikirim (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11 <ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
His promise can make people miserable, many supernatural beings haunt his life. They look like they are hard-hearted, but are patient and understanding. Often seen showing off, but their desire is to help. They speak impolitely and rudely, but they are loving and want to advise.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri Bulan (Moon Stone).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Rigil Kentaurus
| HIP 71683
| within constellation lines
| 0.01
|-
| 2
| Hadar
| HIP 68702
| within constellation lines
| 0.58
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cen]]

Hulanjar

2025-12-10T05:44:41Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Etymology and History */

[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125356571.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Hulanjar (a widow), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Hulanjar is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of hulanjar is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang hulanjar means a widow constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Hulanjar (IPA:[uˈlan.dʒar])

=== Spelling Variants ===

* hulandjar (old spelling)
* ulandjar (old spelling)
* ulanjar (enhanced spelling)
* wulandjar (old spelling)
* wulanjar (enhanced spelling)
* kiriman
* akirim

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Hulanjar can be interpreted as a widow whose husband has left her. It also refers to an unmarried virgin. During the Majapahit Kingdom, all the rules regarding marriage were regulated in the Nagarakertagama Kakawin book, in the chapters on tukon (dowry) and marriage. These rules were based on Hindu principles and customs, as well as local traditions and practices. If a young man proposed marriage to a young woman publicly, but had not yet married, he had no right to the proposal. Such a young woman was called a hulanjar, or an unmarried widow without children. Therefore, her father had the right to marry her off to someone else.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Once upon a time, a beautiful ''hulanjar'' passed by the hut on her way to deliver food to the rice fields. Captivated by her beauty, the young men who were building the hut were distracted. This young woman was eventually immortalized as a constellation, Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hulandjar.png|Lintang Hulandjar (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Akirim.png|Lintang Akirim in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Akikirim.jpg|Lintang Akikirim (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11 <ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
His promise can make people miserable, many supernatural beings haunt his life. They look like they are hard-hearted, but are patient and understanding. Often seen showing off, but their desire is to help. They speak impolitely and rudely, but they are loving and want to advise.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri Bulan (Moon Stone).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Rigil Kentaurus
| HIP 71683
| within constellation lines
| 0.01
|-
| 2
| Hadar
| HIP 68702
| within constellation lines
| 0.58
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cen]]

Pedati Suung

2025-12-09T10:18:47Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Etymology and History */

[[File:Stellarium-20250920-122200753.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Pedati Suung (an empty horse cart), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Pědati Suung is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of pědati suung is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang pědati suung means an empty horse cart constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Pědati Suung (IPA:[pəˈda.ti ˈsu.ʔuŋ])

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Pědati suhung
* Pědati suwung
* Pědati puyung
* Padati sunja
* pědati

=== Origin of Constellation ===

Pědati Suung literally means empty cart or wagon. Empty here has many different names, including suung, suwung, suhung, sunja, and puyung. A Pědati is a two- or four-wheeled vehicle made of wood, used to transport crops or other goods. It is generally pulled by buffalo, cows, or horses. Pedati have been an important means of transportation in the past for transporting goods, passengers, and traditional ceremonies.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
[[File:TRADISI-MAKEPUNG-1.jpg|thumb|Makepung tradition in Pengabengan, Jembrana, Bali. CC-BY Fikri Yusuf from ANTARA]]

== Mythology / Religion ==
There's a tradition called Makepung. Buffalo owners race their buffaloes down the road, pulling their carts (Pědati). This tradition is divided into two areas: makepung in a muddy arena (makepung lampit) and makepung darat (roads in rice paddies). The pakepung attraction begins when the farmers go down to the rice fields and continues until the harvest.<ref>Negara, I Dewa Putu Ari Kresna Artha, Pramana, I Made Bayu & Raharjo, Anis, "Tradisi Makepung di Kabupaten Jembrana dalam Fotografi Essay", Retina Jurnal Fotografi (2021), Vol. 1, No. 1 https://jurnal2.isi-dps.ac.id/index.php/retina/</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Padati Suhung.png|Lintang Padati Suhung (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Pdati Suung.png|Lintang Pdati Suung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Padati.jpg|Lintang Padati (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 12.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often sacrifice, even though it sometimes makes him miserable, good at debating and processing words, thin-eared so that he is easily offended. However, they are sincere forgiving. He is often taken advantage of by others, his work only benefits others, but harms himself. His services are appreciated by few people, but later repaid by Hyang Widhi in his old age and happiness will be enjoyed in his old age from his descendants.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Rudirarnawa (garnet) dan Nila (Saphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Merak
| HIP 53910
| within constellation lines
| 2.37
|-
| 2
| Phecda
| HIP 58001
| within constellation lines
| 2.44
|-
| 3
| ψ Ursae Majoris
| HIP 54539
| within constellation lines
| 3.01
|-
| 4
| Talitha
| HIP 44127
| within constellation lines
| 3.13
|-
| 5
| Talitha
| HIP 44127
| Inside the Hull
| 3.14
|-
| 6
| θ Ursae Majoris
| HIP 46853
| within constellation lines
| 3.18
|-
| 7
| Megrez
| HIP 59774
| within constellation lines
| 3.32
|-
| 8
| Muscida
| HIP 41704
| within constellation lines
| 3.42
|-
| 9
| Alkaphrah
| HIP 44471
| within constellation lines
| 3.55
|-
| 10
| 23 UMa
| HIP 46733
| within constellation lines
| 3.67
|-
| 11
| Taiyangshou
| HIP 57399
| within constellation lines
| 3.72
|-
| 12
| υ Ursae Majoris
| HIP 48319
| Inside the Hull
| 3.81
|-
| 13
| 26 UMa
| HIP 47006
| Inside the Hull
| 4.463
|-
| 14
| 15 UMa
| HIP 44901
| Inside the Hull
| 4.48
|-
| 15
| ϕ Ursae Majoris
| HIP 48402
| Inside the Hull
| 4.557
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 51459
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 17
| 18 UMa
| HIP 45493
| Inside the Hull
| 4.805
|-
| 18
| * alf UMa B
| HIP 54061
| within constellation lines
| 4.86
|-
| 19
| 44 UMa
| HIP 53261
| Inside the Hull
| 5.111
|-
| 20
| 37 UMa
| HIP 51814
| Inside the Hull
| 5.148
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 52469
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 22
| 16 UMa
| HIP 45333
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 23
| 44 Lyn
| HIP 47965
| Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 57477
| Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
| 25
| 17 UMa
| HIP 45455
| Inside the Hull
| 5.266
|-
| 26
| 31 UMa
| HIP 48682
| Inside the Hull
| 5.269
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 53781
| Inside the Hull
| 5.448
|-
| 28
| CG UMa
| HIP 45915
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 49005
| Inside the Hull
| 5.485
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 52136
| Inside the Hull
| 5.537
|-
| 31
| 42 UMa
| HIP 53064
| Inside the Hull
| 5.562
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 56510
| Inside the Hull
| 5.628
|-
| 33
| 43 UMa
| HIP 53043
| Inside the Hull
| 5.661
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 55797
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 49363
| Inside the Hull
| 5.708
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 44504
| Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
| 37
| 39 UMa
| HIP 52478
| Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
| 38
| 66 UMa
| HIP 58181
| Inside the Hull
| 5.824
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 55086
| Inside the Hull
| 5.873
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 44613
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 48802
| Inside the Hull
| 5.959
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 50546
| Inside the Hull
| 6.01
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 50635
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 44
| 37 Lyn
| HIP 45836
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 56731
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 46
| -
| HIP 53706
| Inside the Hull
| 6.197
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 58225
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 48
| U UMa
| HIP 50222
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 57045
| Inside the Hull
| 6.266
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 56083
| Inside the Hull
| 6.278
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 48638
| Inside the Hull
| 6.286
|-
| 52
| EE UMa
| HIP 56135
| Inside the Hull
| 6.302
|-
| 53
| 68 UMa
| HIP 59458
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 56944
| Inside the Hull
| 6.335
|-
| 55
| 41 UMa
| HIP 52685
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 43624
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 57
| -
| HIP 49408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 58
| -
| HIP 46168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.368
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 47633
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 53798
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 50509
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 47231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 56170
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 53157
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 44717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.435
|-
| 66
| -
| HR 3725
| Inside the Hull
| 6.435
|-
| 67
| -
| HIP 55485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 68
| -
| HIP 50606
| Inside the Hull
| 6.453
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 42434
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 47664
| Inside the Hull
| 6.477
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 47521
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 72
| -
| HIP 56120
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 73
| -
| HIP 55044
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 74
| -
| HR 4098
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:UMa]]

File:TRADISI-MAKEPUNG-1.jpg

2025-12-09T10:16:13Z

YoulaAzkarrula: CC-BY Fikri Yusuf from ANTARA News

== Summary ==
CC-BY Fikri Yusuf from ANTARA News
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Ru

2025-12-09T08:18:55Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213134109.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Ru (an arrow), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Ru is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of ru is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang ru means arrow constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Ru (IPA:[ˈrhu]) means arrow.
=== Spelling Variants ===

* hru
* panah
* jurit mati
* kapěrang
* panah rhu
* sajaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Ru is a variant word for arrow used in ancient texts. Ru is an arrow with a typical metal tip that possesses great destructive power. This concept was brought to Bali from Indian literature, such as the Arjunawiwaha text, the Ramayana, and so on. In Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata epic, arrows have various shapes and different names. Many of them indicate various types of arrowheads.<ref>Jákl, JiŘí (2025) "Archery and target-shooting in pre-Islamic Java; What can be known?," Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia: Vol. 26: No. 3, Article 8. DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v26i3.1895</ref>

In the Sarasamuscaya Sloka 120, evil is analogized to an arrow:<ref>Tirta, I Made Danu, "Wacika Parisudha : Membangun Hita Melalui Kata", Ditjen BIMAS Hindu Kementrian Agama RI (2023) https://bimashindu.kemenag.go.id/video/wacika-parisudha-membangun-hita-melalui-kata</ref><blockquote>“Ikang ujar ahala-tan pahi lawan hru, songkabnya sakatempuhan denya juga alara, resep ri hati, tatankenengpanhan turu ring rahina wengi ikang wwang denya, matangnyat, tan inujaraken ika de sang dhira purusa, sang ahning maneb manah nira”.</blockquote>Translation:

"Words that contain evil intentions are no different from arrows, which are released; everything they hit hurts; these words sink into the heart, making it impossible to eat or sleep during the day and night, therefore these words are not spoken by people who are virtuous and powerful, nor by people who remain pure in heart."

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Hru types in old manuscript ===
Some of manuscript mentioned arrow as hru:

==== Rāmāyaṇa 9.78 ====
God Indra is said to be afraid of sharp arrows (hrūnya tīkṣṇa) shot by Rāvaṇa’s giant archers.

==== Rāmāyaṇa 20.54; Arjunavivāha 8.11 ====
An arrow as big as mountain (hrū vuṅkal savukir).

==== Arjunavivāha 8.14 ====
Name for the 'Destroyer Arrow' (hrū sambartaka).

==== Arjunavivāha 9.1 ====
An arrow with the head of a snake is shot to Arjuna by Rudra God.

==== Sumanasāntaka 150.1 ====
The arrows shot by the king of Magadha are represented as "mountains, feathered with blazing blades" (hrū-arrows)

==== Sumanasāntaka 151.1 ====
King Aṅga charges his arrows (hrū) with mantras to fire all kinds of divine missiles.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hru.png|Lintang Hru (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Ru.png|Lintang Ru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Sayaka.jpg|Lintang Sayaka (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 18.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Respected by people and they have many servants. Loved by great and influential people. Do not be a soldier, avoid physical combat (fighting) and avoid the battlefield. Easily angered but quickly calm down, easily regret and they are forgiving and kind although a bit greedy.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kecubung (amethyst), Biduri Bulan (Moon stone), mirah (ruby).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Altair
| HIP 97649
| within constellation lines
| 0.76
|-
| 2
| Tarazed
| HIP 97278
| within constellation lines
| 2.72
|-
| 3
| Okab
| HIP 93747
| within constellation lines
| 2.99
|-
| 4
| Antinous
| HIP 99473
| within constellation lines
| 3.22
|-
| 5
| δ Aquilae
| HIP 95501
| within constellation lines
| 3.36
|-
| 6
| λ Aquilae
| HIP 93805
| within constellation lines
| 3.43
|-
| 7
| Alshain
| HIP 98036
| Inside the Hull
| 3.71
|-
| 8
| η Aquilae
| HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
| 9
| ι Aquilae
| HIP 96468
| Inside the Hull
| 4.36
|-
| 10
| μ Aquilae
| HIP 96229
| Inside the Hull
| 4.45
|-
| 11
| ν Aquilae
| HIP 95585
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 12
| 36 Aql
| HIP 95937
| Inside the Hull
| 5.03
|-
| 13
| 18 Aql
| HIP 93867
| Inside the Hull
| 5.086
|-
| 14
| 21 Aql
| HIP 94477
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 95447
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 16
| σ Aquilae
| HIP 96665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.17
|-
| 17
| 19 Aql
| HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
| 18
| 23 Aql
| HIP 94885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 19
| ω 1 Aquilae
| HIP 94834
| Inside the Hull
| 5.283
|-
| 20
| 27 Aql
| HIP 95073
| Inside the Hull
| 5.451
|-
| 21
| 28 Aql
| HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
| 22
| 22 Aql
| HIP 94727
| Inside the Hull
| 5.569
|-
| 23
| 58 Aql
| HIP 97980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 24
| 45 Aql
| HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
| 5.637
|-
| 25
| 62 Aql
| HIP 98844
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 26
| 35 Aql
| HIP 95793
| Inside the Hull
| 5.783
|-
| 27
| 42 G. Aql
| HIP 95222
| Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
| 28
| 49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
| Inside the Hull
| 5.839
|-
| 29
| υ Aquilae
| HIP 97229
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 30
| 64 Aql
| HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.968
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 96481
| Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
| 32
| ω 2 Aquilae
| HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 95898
| Inside the Hull
| 6.042
|-
| 34
| V923 Aql
| HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
| 6.082
|-
| 35
| R Aql
| HIP 93820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
| 36
| 34 G. Aql
| HIP 94833
| Inside the Hull
| 6.174
|-
| 37
| 101 G. Aql
| HIP 98385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
| 38
| 52 G. Aql
| HIP 95812
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
| 39
| 37 G. Aql
| HIP 94916
| Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
| 40
| 25 G. Aql
| HIP 94149
| Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
| 41
| 44 G. Aql
| HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 42
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
| Inside the Hull
| 6.358
|-
| 43
| 61 G. Aql
| HIP 96351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.368
|-
| 44
| 24 Aql
| HIP 94913
| Inside the Hull
| 6.404
|-
| 45
| 75 G. Aql
| HIP 97144
| Inside the Hull
| 6.428
|-
| 46
| V1339 Aql
| HIP 97607
| Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
| 47
| V450 Aql
| HIP 96204
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 94478
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 93990
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Aql]]

Ru

2025-12-09T08:18:26Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Etymology and History */

Srengenge

2025-12-09T02:48:16Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Etymology

Sungenge is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of srěngenge is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang srěngenge means Sun.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Sungenge (IPA: [suˈŋə.ŋə]), is balinese term for marigold tree, common sunflower and Sun.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* sangenge
* sěngenge
* sungenge
* ngarang srěngenge
* matahari
* matan ai
* matanai
[[File:Kembang-matahari-liar.jpg|thumb|Tree marigold/Kapitan (Tithonia diversiflora), CC-BY Ni Made Sriandani.]]
[[File:Hasil 6 Varietas Bunga Matahari (Helianthus annus L.).jpg|thumb|Results of 6 Varieties of Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the Alahan Panjang Plateau<ref>Ramadhan,Nugraha, Martinsyah,Rachmad Hersi, & Jamsari, "Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus Annus L.) on Recent Field in Upland of Alahan Panjang" Jurnal Galung Tropika, (2022) Vol. 11 No. 1, 45-52 https://doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v11i1.870</ref>, CC-BY Nugraha Ramadhan, Rachmad Hersi Martinsyah, Jamsari.]]

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Sungenge is the name of a flower, Kembang Sungenge, which refers to the Kipahit, the Tree Marigold (Tithonia diversiflora). This type of flower grows wild and relies solely on nature for its growth. The appearance of this flower is truly captivating, especially in the morning when the sun rises above the crown. It does resemble the sun.<ref>Andani, Ni Made Sri, "Bunga Matahari Liar: Cemerlangnya Si Kembang Tegalan." (2011) https://nimadesriandani.wordpress.com/2011/09/24/bunga-matahari-liar-cemerlangnya-si-kembang-tegalan/#more-2069 </ref> However, in the Centhini series, Kembang Sungenge also refers to the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus).<ref>Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia, "SERIAL THE POWER OF OBAT ASLI INDONESIA: RAMUAN OBAT TRADISIONAL INDONESIA SERAT CENTHINI, BUKU JAMPI DAN KITAB TIBB" (2016) https://api.minio.jatimprov.go.id/dinkes-mmb/ebooks/Serat%20CenthinI.pdf</ref> This type of flower is used in traditional medicine throughout Indonesia. Although both flowers belong to the same family, Asteraceae, they have distinct morphologies.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Characteristics
!Helianthus annuus (Common Sunflower)
!Tithonia diversiflora (Mexican Sunflower/Kipahit/Tree Marigold)
|-
|Plant Type
|Annual herb (generally grows from seed every year)
|Perennial upright shrub (woody and lives for many years)
|-
|Height
|Generally reaches 1.5 - 3 meters.
|Can grow taller, up to approximately 5 meters, making it widely used by farmers as a fence to prevent pests and diseases from entering fields.
|-
|Leaves
|Oval to heart-shaped, covered with coarse hairs, and generally unlobed in cultivated varieties.
|Leaves are alternate, often with 3-7 pointed lobes (cage-shaped), with serrated edges.
|-
|Flower Center
|The flower disc (center) is orange-brown to dark brown.
|The flower disc is bright yellow or orange.
|-
|Flower Arrangement
|Cultivated varieties typically have a single large flower head at the end of the stem, while wild varieties may branch.
|Inflorescences are compound, often appearing at the tips of twigs and on long stalks, with multiple flower heads per plant. The flowers are medium-sized, with 7 to 13 petals surrounding hundreds of stamens.
|-
|Native Habitat
|Native to the western United States, Canada, and northern Mexico
|Native to Mexico and Central America
|}
In short, cultivated H. annuus is better known as a single herbaceous plant with very large flowers, while T. diversiflora is a taller woody shrub with numerous smaller flowers and lobed leaves.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In art, Kembang Sungenge are often depicted as motifs in temple carvings, songket, and endek. Furthermore, the leaves of the sungenge flower (kipahit/wild sunflower) are used as an ingredient in making botanical pesticides, along with lemongrass and galangal.<ref>Dinas Pertanian, "Temu Teknis Inovasi Pertanian Tingkat Provinsi Bali "Teknologi Budidaya, Panen, Pasca Panen, dan Pengolahan Bawang Merah " BPP Abiansemal." (2019) https://distan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/temu-teknis-inovasi-pertanian-tingkat-provinsi-bali-teknologi-budidaya-panen-pasca-panen-dan-pengolahan-bawang-merah-bpp-abiansemal-99</ref>

In the Bungaya Traditional Village community in Karangasem Regency, Kembang Sungenge are used to make "sumbu" in the Usaba Sumbu ceremony, held annually during ''Sasih Sada'' (the tenth month of the Balinese calendar). This is because Kembang Sungenge are known as symbols of the Sun God.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Sangenge.png|Lintang Sangenge (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Sungenge.png|Lintang Sungenge in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Aran Sungenge.jpg|Lintang Aran Sungenge (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Not dying from a serious illness, can live to old age, long life, loved by great and powerful people. But unfortunately, they like to show off and elevate themselves so that many people are annoyed by it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Cempaka (yellow sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Balinese realize that the Sun is a star, so they refer to the Sun as lintang Srěngenge.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sun]]

Srengenge

2025-12-09T02:38:58Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

Sungenge is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of srěngenge is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang srěngenge means Sun.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Sungenge (IPA: [suˈŋə.ŋə]), is balinese term for marigold tree, common sunflower and Sun.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* sangenge
* sěngenge
* sungenge
* ngarang srěngenge
* matahari
* matan ai
* matanai

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Sungenge is the name of a flower, Kembang Sungenge, which refers to the Kipahit, the Tree Marigold (Tithonia diversiflora). This type of flower grows wild and relies solely on nature for its growth. The appearance of this flower is truly captivating, especially in the morning when the sun rises above the crown. It does resemble the sun.<ref>Andani, Ni Made Sri, "Bunga Matahari Liar: Cemerlangnya Si Kembang Tegalan." (2011) https://nimadesriandani.wordpress.com/2011/09/24/bunga-matahari-liar-cemerlangnya-si-kembang-tegalan/#more-2069 </ref> However, in the Centhini series, Kembang Sungenge also refers to the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus).<ref>Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia, "SERIAL THE POWER OF OBAT ASLI INDONESIA: RAMUAN OBAT TRADISIONAL INDONESIA SERAT CENTHINI, BUKU JAMPI DAN KITAB TIBB" (2016) https://api.minio.jatimprov.go.id/dinkes-mmb/ebooks/Serat%20CenthinI.pdf</ref> This type of flower is used in traditional medicine throughout Indonesia. Although both flowers belong to the same family, Asteraceae, they have distinct morphologies.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Characteristics
!Helianthus annuus (Common Sunflower)
!Tithonia diversiflora (Mexican Sunflower/Kipahit/Tree Marigold)
|-
|Plant Type
|Annual herb (generally grows from seed every year)
|Perennial upright shrub (woody and lives for many years)
|-
|Height
|Generally reaches 1.5 - 3 meters.
|Can grow taller, up to approximately 5 meters, making it widely used by farmers as a fence to prevent pests and diseases from entering fields.
|-
|Leaves
|Oval to heart-shaped, covered with coarse hairs, and generally unlobed in cultivated varieties.
|Leaves are alternate, often with 3-7 pointed lobes (cage-shaped), with serrated edges.
|-
|Flower Center
|The flower disc (center) is orange-brown to dark brown.
|The flower disc is bright yellow or orange.
|-
|Flower Arrangement
|Cultivated varieties typically have a single large flower head at the end of the stem, while wild varieties may branch.
|Inflorescences are compound, often appearing at the tips of twigs and on long stalks, with multiple flower heads per plant. The flowers are medium-sized, with 7 to 13 petals surrounding hundreds of stamens.
|-
|Native Habitat
|Native to the western United States, Canada, and northern Mexico
|Native to Mexico and Central America
|}
In short, cultivated H. annuus is better known as a single herbaceous plant with very large flowers, while T. diversiflora is a taller woody shrub with numerous smaller flowers and lobed leaves.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In art, Kembang Sungenge are often depicted as motifs in temple carvings, songket, and endek. Furthermore, the leaves of the sungenge flower (kipahit/wild sunflower) are used as an ingredient in making botanical pesticides, along with lemongrass and galangal.<ref>Dinas Pertanian, "Temu Teknis Inovasi Pertanian Tingkat Provinsi Bali "Teknologi Budidaya, Panen, Pasca Panen, dan Pengolahan Bawang Merah " BPP Abiansemal." (2019) https://distan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/temu-teknis-inovasi-pertanian-tingkat-provinsi-bali-teknologi-budidaya-panen-pasca-panen-dan-pengolahan-bawang-merah-bpp-abiansemal-99</ref>

In the Bungaya Traditional Village community in Karangasem Regency, Kembang Sungenge are used to make "sumbu" in the Usaba Sumbu ceremony, held annually during ''Sasih Sada'' (the tenth month of the Balinese calendar). This is because Kembang Sungenge are known as symbols of the Sun God.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Sangenge.png|Lintang Sangenge (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Sungenge.png|Lintang Sungenge in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Aran Sungenge.jpg|Lintang Aran Sungenge (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Not dying from a serious illness, can live to old age, long life, loved by great and powerful people. But unfortunately, they like to show off and elevate themselves so that many people are annoyed by it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Cempaka (yellow sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Balinese realize that the Sun is a star, so they refer to the Sun as lintang Srěngenge.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sun]]

Srengenge

2025-12-09T02:38:40Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Etymology

Sungenge is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of srěngenge is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang srěngenge means Sun.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Sungenge (IPA: [suˈŋə.ŋə]), is balinese term for marigold tree, common sunflower and Sun.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* sangenge
* sěngenge
* sungenge
* ngarang srěngenge
* matahari
* matan ai
* matanai

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Sungenge is the name of a flower, Kembang Sungenge, which refers to the Kipahit, the Tree Marigold (Tithonia diversiflora). This type of flower grows wild and relies solely on nature for its growth. The appearance of this flower is truly captivating, especially in the morning when the sun rises above the crown. It does resemble the sun.<ref>Andani, Ni Made Sri, "Bunga Matahari Liar: Cemerlangnya Si Kembang Tegalan." (2011) https://nimadesriandani.wordpress.com/2011/09/24/bunga-matahari-liar-cemerlangnya-si-kembang-tegalan/#more-2069 </ref> However, in the Centhini series, Kembang Sungenge also refers to the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus).<ref>Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia, "SERIAL THE POWER OF OBAT ASLI INDONESIA: RAMUAN OBAT TRADISIONAL INDONESIA SERAT CENTHINI, BUKU JAMPI DAN KITAB TIBB" (2016) https://api.minio.jatimprov.go.id/dinkes-mmb/ebooks/Serat%20CenthinI.pdf</ref> This type of flower is used in traditional medicine throughout Indonesia. Although both flowers belong to the same family, Asteraceae, they have distinct morphologies.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Characteristics
!Helianthus annuus (Common Sunflower)
!Tithonia diversiflora (Mexican Sunflower/Kipahit/Tree Marigold)
|-
|Plant Type
|Annual herb (generally grows from seed every year)
|Perennial upright shrub (woody and lives for many years)
|-
|Height
|Generally reaches 1.5 - 3 meters.
|Can grow taller, up to approximately 5 meters, making it widely used by farmers as a fence to prevent pests and diseases from entering fields.
|-
|Leaves
|Oval to heart-shaped, covered with coarse hairs, and generally unlobed in cultivated varieties.
|Leaves are alternate, often with 3-7 pointed lobes (cage-shaped), with serrated edges.
|-
|Flower Center
|The flower disc (center) is orange-brown to dark brown.
|The flower disc is bright yellow or orange.
|-
|Flower Arrangement
|Cultivated varieties typically have a single large flower head at the end of the stem, while wild varieties may branch.
|Inflorescences are compound, often appearing at the tips of twigs and on long stalks, with multiple flower heads per plant. The flowers are medium-sized, with 7 to 13 petals surrounding hundreds of stamens.
|-
|Native Habitat
|Native to the western United States, Canada, and northern Mexico
|Native to Mexico and Central America
|}
In short, cultivated H. annuus is better known as a single herbaceous plant with very large flowers, while T. diversiflora is a taller woody shrub with numerous smaller flowers and lobed leaves.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In art, Kembang Sungenge are often depicted as motifs in temple carvings, songket, and endek. Furthermore, the leaves of the sungenge flower (kipahit/wild sunflower) are used as an ingredient in making botanical pesticides, along with lemongrass and galangal.<ref>Dinas Pertanian, "Temu Teknis Inovasi Pertanian Tingkat Provinsi Bali "Teknologi Budidaya, Panen, Pasca Panen, dan Pengolahan Bawang Merah " BPP Abiansemal." (2019) https://distan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/temu-teknis-inovasi-pertanian-tingkat-provinsi-bali-teknologi-budidaya-panen-pasca-panen-dan-pengolahan-bawang-merah-bpp-abiansemal-99</ref>

In the Bungaya Traditional Village community in Karangasem Regency, Kembang Sungenge are used to make "sumbu" in the Usaba Sumbu ceremony, held annually during ''Sasih Sada'' (the tenth month of the Balinese calendar). This is because Kembang Sungenge are known as symbols of the Sun God.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Sangenge.png|Lintang Sangenge (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Sungenge.png|Lintang Sungenge in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Aran Sungenge.jpg|Lintang Aran Sungenge (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Not dying from a serious illness, can live to old age, long life, loved by great and powerful people. But unfortunately, they like to show off and elevate themselves so that many people are annoyed by it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Cempaka (yellow sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Balinese realize that the Sun is a star, so they refer to the Sun as lintang Srěngenge.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sun]] [[Category:4workYoula]]

File:Hasil 6 Varietas Bunga Matahari (Helianthus annus L.).jpg

2025-12-09T02:38:04Z

YoulaAzkarrula: CC-BY Nugraha Ramadhan, Rachmad Hersi Martinsyah, Jamsari. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v11i1.870

== Summary ==
CC-BY Nugraha Ramadhan, Rachmad Hersi Martinsyah, Jamsari. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v11i1.870
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Kembang-matahari-liar.jpg

2025-12-09T02:32:13Z

YoulaAzkarrula: CC-BY Ni Made Sriandani

== Summary ==
CC-BY Ni Made Sriandani
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Udang

2025-12-09T02:17:08Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-21311604.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Udang (a prawn), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Udang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of udang is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang udang means prawn constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Udang (IPA: [ˈu.daŋ]), means shrimp.
=== Spelling Variants ===

*hudang
*urang
*makara

=== Origin of Constellation ===

For Balinese people, shrimp is primarily viewed as a food commodity with high economic value and a key ingredient in Balinese cuisine. Shrimp, particularly whiteleg and tiger shrimp, is a leading fishery commodity in Bali with significant economic potential. The local and central governments fully support the development of shrimp cultivation in various regions in Bali, such as Jembrana and Buleleng, to meet local and export market demand. Shrimp is considered a source of high-quality protein with health benefits. Government campaigns to promote the consumption of fish and seafood, including shrimp, are also being promoted in Bali.<ref>Susanto, Agus, "KKP Mendorong Inovasi Konsumsi Udang—Lezat, Praktis, Bernutrisi!" (2025) https://kabarnusa.com/kkp-mendorong-inovasi-konsumsi-udang-lezat-praktis-bernutrisi/</ref>

Furthermore, shrimp symbolize good fortune and fertility, which are expected to bring prosperity to the community. This is reflected in the Balinese batik art, Batik Ulamsari Mas, which depicts fish and shrimp.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Pura Dalem Sempua, located in Dalung Village, North Kuta District, Badung Regency, is known as a sacred Balinese Hindu site filled with mystical aura. Anyone entering this area must strictly adhere to a number of taboos. One of them is that the entire family of the priest is also strictly prohibited from consuming shrimp. This is because the "due" (guardian of the temple area) at Pura Dalem Sempua is in the form of tailless julit fish, tailless snakehead fish, and shrimp.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hudang.png|Lintang Hudang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Makara.png|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Urang.jpg|Lintang Urang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Initially living in poverty but in old age can find happiness, rich in gold and silver, their fortune comes quickly. They are skilled in leading so that prosperity quickly comes to their followers.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (saphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Deneb Algedi
| HIP 107556
| within constellation lines
| 2.83
|-
| 2
| Dabih
| HIP 100345
| within constellation lines
| 3.08
|-
| 3
| Algedi
| HIP 100064
| within constellation lines
| 3.58
|-
| 4
| Nashira
| HIP 106985
| within constellation lines
| 3.67
|-
| 5
| ζ Capricorni
| HIP 105881
| within constellation lines
| 3.74
|-
| 6
| θ Capricorni
| HIP 104139
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 7
| ω Capricorni
| HIP 102978
| within constellation lines
| 4.12
|-
| 8
| ψ Capricorni
| HIP 102485
| within constellation lines
| 4.122
|-
| 9
| ι Capricorni
| HIP 105515
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 10
| Alshat
| HIP 100310
| Inside the Hull
| 4.76
|-
| 11
| η Capricorni
| HIP 104019
| Inside the Hull
| 4.84
|-
| 12
| * rho Cap A
| HIP 101027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
| 13
| υ Capricorni
| HIP 101984
| Inside the Hull
| 5.1
|-
| 14
| ϕ Capricorni
| HIP 104963
| Inside the Hull
| 5.152
|-
| 15
| χ Capricorni
| HIP 104365
| Inside the Hull
| 5.316
|-
| 16
| 29 Cap
| HIP 104974
| Inside the Hull
| 5.317
|-
| 17
| 33 Cap
| HIP 105665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.366
|-
| 18
| * 14 Cap A
| HIP 101923
| Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
| 19
| 30 Cap
| HIP 105143
| Inside the Hull
| 5.383
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 105576
| Inside the Hull
| 5.6
|-
| 21
| 35 Cap
| HIP 105928
| Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
| 22
| 19 Cap
| HIP 103226
| Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 102026
| Inside the Hull
| 5.799
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 102772
| Inside the Hull
| 5.849
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 103460
| Inside the Hull
| 5.869
|-
| 26
| 17 Cap
| HIP 102487
| Inside the Hull
| 5.902
|-
| 27
| DV Aqr
| HIP 103545
| Inside the Hull
| 5.963
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 104914
| Inside the Hull
| 6.037
|-
| 29
| 21 Cap
| HIP 103703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 101221
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 101507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.116
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 104297
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 101608
| Inside the Hull
| 6.177
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 102780
| Inside the Hull
| 6.193
|-
| 35
| 27 Cap
| HIP 104452
| Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
| 36
| 20 Cap
| HIP 103616
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 101011
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 38
| -
| HR 7989
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Aqr]]

Udang

2025-12-09T02:16:47Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Etymology and History */

Larung Paglangan

2025-12-08T06:36:59Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Reference */

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213318468.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Larung Paglangan (throwing cremation ashes), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Ngayud.jpg|thumb|The process of throwing ashes into the sea, CC-BY Putu Wijanatha]]
Larung Paglangan is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of larung paglangan is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang Larung paglangan means throwing ashes of cremation constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

This constellation term is consisted of two words, "larung" (IPA: [laˈruŋ]) and "paglangan" (IPA: [paˈɡəla.ŋan]).
=== Spelling Variants ===

* kirim
* djampana (old spelling)
* jampana (enhanced spelling)
* gotong majit (old spelling)
* gotong mayit (enhanced spelling)
* Pagělangan
* Lahru Pagalangan
* těmbaga
* Rarung pagělangan

=== Origin of Constellation ===

In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing cremation, the ashes will thrown into sea.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
[[File:Nganyud ring tegal.jpg|thumb|Throwing ashes into the middle of lake. CC-BY ekowisatamangrove.batulumbang]]
Larung paglangan is one of the Pitra Yadnya rituals intended for the dead person. This Pitra Yadnya ceremony is known as Ngaben. Historical evidence of the Ngaben ceremony in the past can be found in various ancient Balinese manuscripts, such as the Lontar Yama Tattwa, the Lontar Pitra Yadnya, and the Lontar Atma Prasangsa. These manuscripts explain that the spirit of the deceased needs to be purified so it can return to its origin, namely Sang Hyang Paramatma, or the One and Only God. The spirit must undergo a process of "liberation" or moksha, and one way to achieve this is through the Pitra Yadnya ceremony, one of which is the Ngaben.

This ceremony consists of several sacred stages that must be completed before, during, and after the cremation of the body. Larung paglangan is a ritual performed after the cremation of the body. The cremation of the body produces ashes, which are then scattered into a river, sea, or lake. However, in modern Bali, the scattering of ashes is more often done at sea. This process means returning the body's elements to nature, namely to release the Atma (spirit) from the shackles of the world so that it can easily unite with God (Mokshatam Atmanam).<ref>Kusumawardani, Olivia Salsabilla & Winata, Nadia Ayu Ardi, "KEBUDAYAAN BALI DENGAN TRADISI UPACARA NGABEN DALAM AGAMA HINDU," TANDA:Jurnal Kajian Budaya, Bahasa dan Sastra, (2022), Vol. 02 No. 06, 10-17.</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Djampana.png|Lintang Djampana (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Laru Paglangan.png|Lintang Laru Paglangan in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Larung Paglangan.jpg|Lintang Larung Paglangan (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 17.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Never ending sorrow, if a woman will be sought for a honey, if a man his wife will have an affair, not considered to exist by his siblings and other relatives. Home is like hell. They are friendly to others, have a soft heart. Unfortunately, they are often trapped in their cowardly hearts and a sense of despair that is too fast.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (Saphire), Kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alioth
| HIP 62956
| within constellation lines
| 1.77
|-
| 2
| Alkaid
| HIP 67301
| within constellation lines
| 1.86
|-
| 3
| Mizar
| HIP 65378
| within constellation lines
| 2.22
|-
| 4
| Phecda
| HIP 58001
| within constellation lines
| 2.44
|-
| 5
| Megrez
| HIP 59774
| within constellation lines
| 3.32
|-
| 6
| 73 UMa
| HIP 60795
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 7
| -
| HIP 59920
| Inside the Hull
| 5.81
|-
| 8
| -
| HR 4917
| Inside the Hull
| 6.02
|-
| 9
| 1 CVn
| HIP 59708
| Inside the Hull
| 6.171
|-
| 10
| -
| HIP 61053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 65754
| Inside the Hull
| 6.417
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 65698
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:UMa]] [[Category:CVn]]

Larung Paglangan

2025-12-08T06:34:09Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213318468.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Larung Paglangan (throwing cremation ashes), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Ngayud.jpg|thumb|The process of throwing ashes into the sea, CC-BY Putu Wijanatha]]
Larung Paglangan is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of larung paglangan is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang Larung paglangan means throwing ashes of cremation constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

This constellation term is consisted of two words, "larung" (IPA: [laˈruŋ]) and "paglangan" (IPA: [paˈɡəla.ŋan]).
=== Spelling Variants ===

* kirim
* djampana (old spelling)
* jampana (enhanced spelling)
* gotong majit (old spelling)
* gotong mayit (enhanced spelling)
* Pagělangan
* Lahru Pagalangan
* těmbaga
* Rarung pagělangan

=== Origin of Constellation ===

In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing cremation, the ashes will thrown into sea.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
[[File:Nganyud ring tegal.jpg|thumb|Throwing ashes into the middle of lake. CC-BY ekowisatamangrove.batulumbang]]
Larung paglangan is one of the Pitra Yadnya rituals intended for the dead person. This Pitra Yadnya ceremony is known as Ngaben. Historical evidence of the Ngaben ceremony in the past can be found in various ancient Balinese manuscripts, such as the Lontar Yama Tattwa, the Lontar Pitra Yadnya, and the Lontar Atma Prasangsa. These manuscripts explain that the spirit of the deceased needs to be purified so it can return to its origin, namely Sang Hyang Paramatma, or the One and Only God. The spirit must undergo a process of "liberation" or moksha, and one way to achieve this is through the Pitra Yadnya ceremony, one of which is the Ngaben.

This ceremony consists of several sacred stages that must be completed before, during, and after the cremation of the body. Larung paglangan is a ritual performed after the cremation of the body. The cremation of the body produces ashes, which are then scattered into a river, sea, or lake. However, in modern Bali, the scattering of ashes is more often done at sea. This process means returning the body's elements to nature, namely to release the Atma (spirit) from the shackles of the world so that it can easily unite with God (Mokshatam Atmanam).

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Djampana.png|Lintang Djampana (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Laru Paglangan.png|Lintang Laru Paglangan in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Larung Paglangan.jpg|Lintang Larung Paglangan (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 17.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Never ending sorrow, if a woman will be sought for a honey, if a man his wife will have an affair, not considered to exist by his siblings and other relatives. Home is like hell. They are friendly to others, have a soft heart. Unfortunately, they are often trapped in their cowardly hearts and a sense of despair that is too fast.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (Saphire), Kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alioth
| HIP 62956
| within constellation lines
| 1.77
|-
| 2
| Alkaid
| HIP 67301
| within constellation lines
| 1.86
|-
| 3
| Mizar
| HIP 65378
| within constellation lines
| 2.22
|-
| 4
| Phecda
| HIP 58001
| within constellation lines
| 2.44
|-
| 5
| Megrez
| HIP 59774
| within constellation lines
| 3.32
|-
| 6
| 73 UMa
| HIP 60795
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 7
| -
| HIP 59920
| Inside the Hull
| 5.81
|-
| 8
| -
| HR 4917
| Inside the Hull
| 6.02
|-
| 9
| 1 CVn
| HIP 59708
| Inside the Hull
| 6.171
|-
| 10
| -
| HIP 61053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 65754
| Inside the Hull
| 6.417
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 65698
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:UMa]] [[Category:CVn]]

Larung Paglangan

2025-12-08T06:33:42Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Etymology

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213318468.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Larung Paglangan (throwing cremation ashes), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Ngayud.jpg|thumb|The process of throwing ashes into the sea, CC-BY Putu Wijanatha]]
Larung Paglangan is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of larung paglangan is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang Larung paglangan means throwing ashes of cremation constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

This constellation term is consisted of two words, "larung" (IPA: [laˈruŋ]) and "paglangan" (IPA: [paˈɡəla.ŋan]).
=== Spelling Variants ===

* kirim
* djampana (old spelling)
* jampana (enhanced spelling)
* gotong majit (old spelling)
* gotong mayit (enhanced spelling)
* Pagělangan
* Lahru Pagalangan
* těmbaga
* Rarung pagělangan

=== Origin of Constellation ===

In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing cremation, the ashes will thrown into sea.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
[[File:Nganyud ring tegal.jpg|thumb|Throwing ashes into the middle of lake. CC-BY ekowisatamangrove.batulumbang]]
Larung paglangan is one of the Pitra Yadnya rituals intended for the dead person. This Pitra Yadnya ceremony is known as Ngaben. Historical evidence of the Ngaben ceremony in the past can be found in various ancient Balinese manuscripts, such as the Lontar Yama Tattwa, the Lontar Pitra Yadnya, and the Lontar Atma Prasangsa. These manuscripts explain that the spirit of the deceased needs to be purified so it can return to its origin, namely Sang Hyang Paramatma, or the One and Only God. The spirit must undergo a process of "liberation" or moksha, and one way to achieve this is through the Pitra Yadnya ceremony, one of which is the Ngaben.

This ceremony consists of several sacred stages that must be completed before, during, and after the cremation of the body. Larung paglangan is a ritual performed after the cremation of the body. The cremation of the body produces ashes, which are then scattered into a river, sea, or lake. However, in modern Bali, the scattering of ashes is more often done at sea. This process means returning the body's elements to nature, namely to release the Atma (spirit) from the shackles of the world so that it can easily unite with God (Mokshatam Atmanam).

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Djampana.png|Lintang Djampana (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Laru Paglangan.png|Lintang Laru Paglangan in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Larung Paglangan.jpg|Lintang Larung Paglangan (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 17.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Never ending sorrow, if a woman will be sought for a honey, if a man his wife will have an affair, not considered to exist by his siblings and other relatives. Home is like hell. They are friendly to others, have a soft heart. Unfortunately, they are often trapped in their cowardly hearts and a sense of despair that is too fast.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (Saphire), Kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alioth
| HIP 62956
| within constellation lines
| 1.77
|-
| 2
| Alkaid
| HIP 67301
| within constellation lines
| 1.86
|-
| 3
| Mizar
| HIP 65378
| within constellation lines
| 2.22
|-
| 4
| Phecda
| HIP 58001
| within constellation lines
| 2.44
|-
| 5
| Megrez
| HIP 59774
| within constellation lines
| 3.32
|-
| 6
| 73 UMa
| HIP 60795
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 7
| -
| HIP 59920
| Inside the Hull
| 5.81
|-
| 8
| -
| HR 4917
| Inside the Hull
| 6.02
|-
| 9
| 1 CVn
| HIP 59708
| Inside the Hull
| 6.171
|-
| 10
| -
| HIP 61053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 65754
| Inside the Hull
| 6.417
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 65698
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:UMa]] [[Category:CVn]] [[Category:4workYoula]]

File:Nganyud ring tegal.jpg

2025-12-08T06:30:45Z

YoulaAzkarrula: CC-BY ekowisatamangrove.batulumbang

== Summary ==
CC-BY ekowisatamangrove.batulumbang
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Ngayud.jpg

2025-12-08T06:29:54Z

YoulaAzkarrula: CC-BY Putu Wijanatha @wihjanatha_

== Summary ==
CC-BY Putu Wijanatha @wihjanatha_
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Laweyan

2025-12-08T06:22:10Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

Laweyan is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of laweyan is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang laweyan means a headless demon constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Laweyan (IPA: /lawɛjan/[lawɛjan] is Balinese term.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* lawean
* kawanda
* gowang
* gumawang

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In relation to Palelintangan, Děpat is referred to as Rahu, which in Vedic tradition is the lunar ascending node. Meanwhile, Rahu, in Indian tradition, was adapted into Balinese mythology as Kala Rau (the giant Rau). The plot centers on the beheading of Kala Rau, who disguised himself as the god Kuwera to obtain the water of immortality, which grants immortality and defeats the evil giants of Balidwipa (the island of Bali). His disguise was revealed, and the god Vishnu threw his chakra into Kala Rau's neck. Kala Rau's body split in two. His head floated into the sky and became Rau. His body was thrown by the gods to Earth and became a mortar. This body became Ketu in the Indian Vedic tradition. Out of hatred for the moon goddess who had rejected his love, Rau's head swallowed the moon, causing an eclipse. The people of Balidwipa mourned the loss of the moon, so they pounded the mortar in an attempt to save the goddess Ratih. It was believed that pounding the mortar (Kala Rau's body) would hurt her, causing the moon to escape through his neck and return to the sky.<ref>Setyowati, Melinda, "Mitos Kala Rau," Sastra lisan (2017) https://www.scribd.com/document/401379597/Mitos-Kala-Rau</ref>

In essence, Rahu-Ketu and Děpat -Laweyan are distinct. Kala Rau's origins are not from the meditation of the goddess Durga, as Děpat and Laweyan do, but from the descendants of Wipracitti and Singhika. However, it seems that in the case of Palelintangan, they associate Laweyan with Ketu, thus giving the impression that lintang Laweyan is the same as Ketu, symbolized by the lunar descending node.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Laweyan is a spirit creature that takes the form of a headless human. Some also say that Laweyan is just a body, lacking a head, arms, or legs. Laweyan is a creature created by the Goddess Durga from human corpses whose heads have been separated from their bodies, or from corpses that only have the torso remaining.

It is said that if a corpse has been buried for a long time and has not been cremated, Goddess Durga will send Laweyan, along with several other spirits such as Jerangkong (a living skull), Kemangmang (a head demon), Bangke Maong (a rotting corpse), and others, to visit the deceased's family through dreams. They will remind the family that the corpse is in their current condition, similar to theirs, so that the deceased can receive a proper cremation ceremony.

According to those who have seen him, Laweyan often appears on the streets around cemeteries. When viewed from behind, Laweyan appears to be an ordinary human walking with his head down, with long hair, a bare chest, and only a sarong. However, when he turns around, he has no head, and his face is on his chest, while his long hair grows from his neck.

Laweyan rarely reveals himself to humans intentionally, except when we have committed a crime, when he has the right to disturb us by frightening us, and even then only to remind us of our mistakes.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kawanda.png|Lintang Kawanda (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Goang.png|Lintang Goang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Gowang.jpg|Lintang Gowang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Generally, they are patient, polite, good at debating, but they unknowingly like torturing themselves, do not want to listen to advice, gamblers, and are mischievous. Avoid jobs that are of bad quality, because there is danger lurking. If born a good woman takes care of the child, because there is a tendency for her child to die.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kecubung (amethyst), Cempaka (yeloow saphire ), Ijo Rangreng (peros).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Balinese take the lunar descending node as their lintang, which also in the same case for Ketu in Vedic Jyotish.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

Laweyan

2025-12-08T06:21:44Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Etymology

Depat

2025-12-08T06:15:07Z

YoulaAzkarrula: lema

[[File:Kumangmang.jpg|thumb|The appearance of Kumangmang, CC-BY @calonarangtaksu]]
Děpat is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of děpat is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang děpat means demon without body constellation.<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Děpat (IPA: /dəpat/ [ɖəpat]) is Balinese term.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Dpat
* d'pat
* kumangmang
* běgoong
* běgong

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In relation to Palelintangan, Děpat is referred to as Rahu, which in Vedic tradition is the lunar ascending node. Meanwhile, Rahu, in Indian tradition, was adapted into Balinese mythology as Kala Rau (the giant Rau). The central plot revolves around the beheading of Kala Rau because he disguised himself as the god Kuwera in order to obtain tirta amerta, which can grant one immortality and defeat the evil giants of Balidwipa (the island of Bali). His disguise was blown, and the god Vishnu threw his chakra into Kala Rau's neck. Kala Rau's body split in two. His head floated in the sky and was named Rau. The rest of his body was thrown to Earth by the gods and turned into a mortar. This body became Ketu in the Indian Vedic tradition. Out of hatred for the moon goddess who had rejected his love, Rau's head (Rahu) swallowed the moon, causing an eclipse. The people of Balidwipa, grieving the loss of the Moon, began to beat the mortar in an attempt to save the goddess Ratih. Beating the mortar (Kala Rau's body) was believed to hurt her, causing the moon to escape through her neck and return to the sky.<ref>Setyowati, Melinda, "Mitos Kala Rau," Sastra lisan (2017) https://www.scribd.com/document/401379597/Mitos-Kala-Rau</ref>

In essence, Rahu-Ketu and Děpat-Laweyan are distinct. Kala Rau's origins are not from the asceticism of the goddess Durga, like Děpat and Laweyan, but rather from the descendants of Wipracitti and Singhika. However, in the Palelintangan tradition, they apparently associate Děpat with Rahu. This suggests that lintang Depat is the same as Rahu, symbolized as the lunar ascending node.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The term Kumangmang is more commonly known in folklore, but in the Palelintang and lontar manuscripts, this constellation is often referred to as Depat. Depat, Kumangmang, and Begoong refer to the same entity: a ghost with no body, arms, or legs, merely a reddish-flaming head.

In Balinese belief, Kumangmang is believed to be a "rencang," or follower of Ida Bhatara Pengulun Setra. Like other Balinese spirits, mentioned in various ancient Balinese lontar manuscripts, Kumangmang was created through meditation of the goddess Durga.

A human corpse, with only its head remaining, transforms into Kumangmang, while its body becomes the ghost Laweyan. This ghost also serves as a footstool for Goddess Durga when she descends to Earth. There are many versions of Kumangmang's form in each region of Bali. Kumangmang appears as a flying head with hair shrouded in flames, or as a human head rolling on the ground like a ball. This spirit often appears at noon, dusk, and midnight.

Kumangmang often appears in deserted places such as fields, rice paddies, and of course, cemeteries. He is known for his mischief and likes to disturb people who go to the rice fields or gardens at noon. Kemangmang often hangs from trees by his hair, or lies in thickets of weeds. He is also said to trick people by transforming into large fruits such as jackfruit, durian, pumpkin, watermelon, etc.

Kemangmang usually transforms into an old coconut that has been eaten by a squirrel, known in Bali as "pongpongan." Sometimes, when someone goes to the rice paddies at night, Kumangmang will follow them, rolling around, bumping into their feet. When the person looks down, Kumangmang will smile broadly and stick out his tongue. Despite its frightening appearance, the Kumangmang is easy to exorcise: by striking it with a piece of wood, it disappears.<ref>Suryadinatha, Andre, "Misteri Kumangmang Hantu Kepala dari Bali", calonarangtaksu</ref>

Because it is so common and easy to find, Balinese people in ancient times did not classify it as a spirit, but rather as an animal or pest. In the past, this creature was often considered a pest because of its habit of disturbing people with its crickets sound.

Farmers and landowners in Bali believe that this creature is actually a benevolent guardian of the fields. According to local beliefs, giving food to this creature can help protect crops from harm. This tradition of sharing food is not only done out of respect but also to maintain a harmonious relationship with the astral beings considered to be the guardians of the fields.<ref>Telusur Bali, "Mengenal Kumangmang,Hantu di Bali yang Ditemukan di Areal Perkebunan saat Malam," (2024) https://telusur.balitrekker.com/mengenal-kemangmang-hantu-di-bali-yang-ditemukan-di-areal-perkebunan-saat-malam/</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Depat.png|Lintang Depat (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Dpat.png|Lintang Dpat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Dpat2.jpg|Lintang Dpat (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Always the scapegoat, he knows how to harm people, his evil plans always succeed brilliantly, he loves luxury, firmly defends his friends, unfortunately he really likes to interfere in other people's affairs so that in his life he has many enemies.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Balinese take the lunar ascending node as their lintang, which also in the same case for Rahu in Vedic Jyotish.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

Depat

2025-12-08T06:14:02Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Etymology

File:Kumangmang.jpg

2025-12-08T06:11:40Z

YoulaAzkarrula: CC-BY @calonarangtaksu

== Summary ==
CC-BY @calonarangtaksu
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

MUL.MUL

2025-12-02T04:10:51Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}
[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades|thumb|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]
[[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]
MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]]. The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.

==Concordance, Etymology, History ==
===Krebernik (2023)===
MUL.MUL = ''zappu'' “bristles, mane” (= the Pleiades). The sumerogram means simply “(the) stars”.

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
'''Var. readings:'''
*mulMUL; var. write name:
**MUL2.MUL2(TE.TE),
**MULx.MULx(AB2.AB2),
**MUL4.MUL4,
**UL.UL;
*= ''zappu''; 'the Bristle'
*"Stars," acc. "Stubble";
'''Var. designations:'''
*1) Pleiades (Pleiades),
*2) designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later texts,
*3) "normal star" (η Tauri) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 279].
'''Number of Stars and Gods'''

It is possible that the original pictogram, consisting of two MUL-signs, then written as three DINGIR (divine-signs, the pictogram of a star) was meant to represent these six stars. In religious and mythological-mystical contexts this asterism is identified with seven deities, for example the seven sons of Enmešarra, although only six stars are normally visible. Echoes of the tradition that the stars of the [[Pleiades]] are siblings finds expression in the Ancient Semitic name for the Pleiades, ''kimtu, kimatu,'' for example at Ebla: mul.mul = ''ka3-ma-tu3'', and in the biblical Hebrew cognate כימה (kimah), see Horowitz Festschrift Klein with earlier bibliography.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mul.mul [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 107:388; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 14].
*(2) Urra XXII series:
**mul.mul ''= [...],'' mul.mul ''= za-ap2-pu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 30:24-25; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, VAT 9430:17], [mul.mul] = ''za-pu'' (RS Rec. A) [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 49:62],
**[mul.mu]l = ''sa-ap-pu'', [mul.m]ul = ''ka-lu-tu4'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:151-152],
**[mul].mul = ''ka-li-[tu]m'', [mul].mul = ''zap-pu'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 132:4'-5'],
**mul.mul ''= min(=kak-ka-bu),'' mul.mul = MUL, ''mul.mul'' = ''ka-li-tum'', mul.mul ''= za-ap-pu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 11-14; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:268ʹ-270ʹ].
*(3) Series Aa II/6 ii 26: ''mu''-''lu'' MUL MIN ''eš-še-ku kak-ka-bu, za-ap-pu'' [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
*(4) mul.mul ''= ka3-ma-tu3'' [MEE 4, VE 792; Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>; Kurtik 2017<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 822].
|[[File:Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967).png|alt=Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851|thumb|Little Bull with bristles at the hump (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851]]
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
*(1) Old Babylonian prayer: a) AO 6769: za-ap-pu [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181-182:18].
*(2) Hittite prayer: MUL.MUL [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 44; BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:6; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:44].
*(3) Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul''Zap-pu'' [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:17]. Spells against the scorpion.
** (a) mul.mul gir gir2.an.na "Stars, Heavenly Sword" or "Stars of the Heavenly Sword" (an epithet of Scorpius, see Kurtik g19)),???
**mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.nan.na "Stars, Heavenly Bull" or "Stars of the Heavenly Bull" [Van Dijk 1971<ref>''Van Dijk J.'' Nicht-kanonosche Beschwörungen und sonstige literarische Texte // Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der staatlichen Museum zu Berlin. Heft 17 (1). Berlin 1971, 10.</ref>, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 46; St.-Fourth Century 1998, 249-250].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
*See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]]; replaced by Sm.1113:5′ are d''za-ap-pu'', in Sm. 162 rev. 3 - mul.mul [Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 151, 154].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
*Astrolabe P. Month of Aiyar, stars of Ea, 220 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
**(1) Menology: itigu4 mul.mul dimin.bi / dingir.gal.gal.gal.e.ne: itigu4 za-ap-pu dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš "Month of Ayar, Star Cluster (acc. Bristle), Seven gods, deities great" (A i 12-13, 19); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 1985<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 403:6-7], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 81; CAD<ref name=":4">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 50a; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5">''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 58].
**(2) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(BI) gub-''zu'' / mul.mul dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulAŠ.GAN2) / The Star Cluster, the Seven Gods, the great deities" (B i 5-6); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":6">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 2].
**(3) List (3´12): itigu4 mul.mul ''šu-ut'' dE2-''a'' "The month of Ayar: The stars (in the path of) Ea (rising)" (C i 2).
**(4) List (rising-sunset=6m):
***a) [itigu4] mul.mul mulšu.gi mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' ˹e3˺ "[Ayaru:] The Star Cluster, Old Man, Anunitu are rising" (C 15),
***b) mul.mul mul mulšu.gi mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' ''š''[''u''2] "(Arahsamnu): The Star Cluster, Old Man, Anunitu set[ting]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, P 28; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 33-34, 37, 40].
**BM 82923. The month of ayar, stars of Ea: [MUL.MUL] // 3,40 // KAK.SAR d''Šar''2-''ur''4 "[Star Cluster] // 220 // Weapon of Sharur" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:4 + note]. BM 34713. [iti]gu4 // 3.40 mul2.mul2 // 1.40 múl''dil-bat'' // 50 múlapin "Ayar: 220 Star Cluster, 100 Venus, 50 Plow." [LBAT<ref name=":8">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2].
**The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
***a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 4): mul.mul [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 9; MCG<ref name=":9">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
**Text Nv.10.
*** mul.mul is the asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Du'uzu, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|[[File:Siebenheit Louvre, AO 22205 drawn.jpg|alt=The Seven (drawing).|thumb|The Seven, the strong gods (drawing after AO 22205).]]
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
*Ea 2. MUL ''ša'' EGIR''-šu'' GUB''-zu'' MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIR.GAL.GAL.E.NE ''a-na'' KI.LAM ŠE ''da-ma-qi''2 "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind mulAŠ.GAN2), the Star Cluster, the Seven Gods, the great gods. Favorable for grain prices" (A. 3) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":6" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*See. [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 222, 285; BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 284b; Borger 1973<ref name=":11">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′-10′, 12′, 20′, 32′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:59-60, 248:62, 250:83a-85a; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957. </ref>, 23; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; van Soldt<ref name=":12">''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 26 I 7; SpTU II<ref name=":13">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 40 r. 16; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:12-17, 20-21; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 3; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu'''.''
See. ['''''Koch Westenholz 1999'''''<ref name=":14">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>''''', 153:7-9]. maybe now we use Wainer everywhere???? - in print or ask him???'''''

|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Enlil (no. 30): mul''lu-lim'' SUKKAL MUL.MUL, "Stag, messenger of the Star Cluster" (I i 31), see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
* (2) The stars of Anu (no. 5): MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIRmeš GALmeš "Star Cluster, seven gods, great gods" (I i 44).
*(3) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 "On the 1st day of Ayar, the Star Cluster become visible" (I ii 38).
*(4) Simultaneous diurnal rising and setting:
**(a) MUL.MUL KUR''-ma'' mulGIR2.TAB ŠU2''-bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB KUR''-ma'' MUL.MUL ŠU2''-bi'' "Star Cluster rise, Scorpius sets. Scorpius rising, Star Cluster setting" (I iii 13-14), for an early parallel see BM text 77054 above.
** (b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme''-ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "Scorpius and the Dog rise, and (Asterism of) Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25).
*(5) Intervals between dates of heliacal rising: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL / TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulGU4.AN.NA "10 days from the rising of the Staff to the rising of the Star Cluster. 20 days from the rising of the Star Cluster to the rising of the Heavenly Bull" (I iii 44-45).
*(6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal ascents: ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM GABA ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB''-ma'' MUL. MUL KUR''-ḫa'' "On the 1st day of ayar (the morning before sunrise) the Breast of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your breast, and the Star Cluster rise" (I iv 15-16), for a parallel see. [ARAK<ref name=":15">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 507 r. 7].
*(7) Stars 'in the path of the Moon': MUL.MUL in first place (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]]''[[Sîn]]''.
* (8) First intercalation scheme:
**a) ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ''ina lib3-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4'' ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR''-ḫa'' / ''u dSin ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN. GA2 GUB''-az-ma'' "On the 15th day of tashrit, the Sun rises in Libra in the east and the Moon stands ahead of the Star Cluster behind the Hired Man" (II i 14-15),
**(b) ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] d''Sin ina li-la-a-ti ina'' ŠA3 / ''mulzi-ba-ni-tu2 ina'' dUTU. E3 ''u'' dUTU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB''-ma'' "On the 15[th] day of nisan, the Moon stands in the evening in Libra to the east, and the Sun stands to the west, ahead of the Star Cluster and behind the Hired Man" (II i 19-21), see also (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]], (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
* (9) The scheme for determining winds by stars is MUL.MUL to the east, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
*(10) Second intercalation scheme:
**a) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR0 UD 1 K]AM MUL.MUL ''u dSin šit-qu-lu'' MU BI GI.NA-''ta'' "[If on the 1st day of nisan] the Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction, this year is normal" (II Gap A 8),
**b) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 U]D 3 KAM MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL0 MU BI DIRI''-at''2 "[If] the Star Cluster and the Moon are in conjunction on the 3rd day of [nisan] this year would be a leap year" (II Gap A 9),
**c) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM] MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI GI.NA''-ta'' "[If] the Star Cluster become visible [on the 1st of ayar], this year is normal" (II Gap A 10),
**d) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiSIG4 U]D 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI D[IRI''-at2''] "[If] the Star Cluster become visible on the 1st day of [siman], this year is lopsided" (II Gap A 11),
**e) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM] MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL2 MU BI GI. NA-''at''2 "[If the] Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction on the 15th day of Arahsamnu, this year is normal" (II ii 1),
**f) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN UD] 15 KAM MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL2 MU BI DIRI-''at''2 "[If] the Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction on the 15th of [kislim], this year is a leap year" (II ii 2).
* (11) Astrological predictions:
**a) the red color of the Pleiades (II iii 16),
**b) 4 stars in the Pleiades (II iii 32)(?), the new edition of MUL.APIN suggests that the number 4 here refers to the constellation mulAŠ.GAN2 [Hunger-Steele 2018<ref name=":16">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 158-9], see also (Kurtik k15) [[KAL.NE]],
**c) Jupiter and the Pleiades (II Gap B 1), see (Kurtik a28)[[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 1.h Ištar, 39:4; MCG<ref name=":9" />, 175, 177
Text BM 77054'''''.((add from GSL materials??))'''''

* mul.mu[l…] / ˹mul˺[gir2.tab…] [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 305–306, rev. 15′–16′].

ADD URANOLOGY TEXTS???
|[[File:LULIM messenger of MULMUL.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart with the Stag and the Pleiades|thumb|LULIM (The Stag) stands above the horizon when the Pleiades rise (Babylon, -300), drawing by Jessica Gullberg ]][[File:Pleiades etaTau.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart with the Pleiades and eta Tauri marked|thumb|Pleiades with eta Tauri highlighted (this star is typically taken as the normal star (or "centre" of the group). ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text. (M).'''
*[mul.mul] "[Star Cluster]" (η, 27 Tau), see (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]].
|[[File:Dalbana M (SMH 2024).jpg|alt=star chart with the string described in "Dalbanna M". |thumb|Dalbanna Line "M", visualized by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024]]
|-
|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
*In sector 3, the inscription: m˹ul.mul] "Star Cluster";
*there is also an image of an ellipse with two triangles inside it [Koch 1989<ref name=":17">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-60; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].cc???
|[[File:Mul.mul in Planisphere K8538.jpg|alt=detail of the photograph, highlighted section |thumb|MUL.MUL is written in this segment of the planisphere BM K8538 ]]
|-
|'''"Fortune-Teller’s Textbook".'''
*(1) ''šit-qul-ta ša''2 mul.mul ''u'' d''sin uṣur(uru3)-ma li-pu-ul-ka-ma'' "Observe the balances <s>'ncidences'</s> of the Star Cluster and the Moon, and this will give you the right answer" (to introduce intercalations).
*(2) ''a-na la-tak ūmē(''ud'')''me ''ki-nu-tim / šit-qul-ti'' mul.mul ''u'' d''sin'' "To predict the exact days, (you study) the balances '<s>coincidences</s>' of the Star Cluster and the Moon" [Oppenheim 1974<ref>''Oppenheim A.L. '' Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation // Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1974. Vol. 15. P. 636-666.</ref>, 200:62, 68-69; MCG<ref name=":9" />, 151-152].
''šitqultu,'' from the root ''šaqālu'', 'to weigh, to balance, to be in balance,' refers to both astronomical conjunctions and oppositions (aka 'syzygies').
|[[File:Stellarium plej+moon-300-06-04.jpg|alt=simulation of the conjunction with Stellarium |thumb|The Pleiades occulted by the Moon, 04 June -300 (in Babylon below horizon). ]]
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
MULx.MULx, MUL2.MUL2: note that, at that time, it is typically not MUL.MUL

*(1) constellation [ADRT I<ref name=":18">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, -567 r. 6],
*(2) "normal star" (η Tauri) [AD I-III<ref name=":18" />, passim], first in diary for -567 [ADRT I<ref name=":18" />, 50:13],
*(3) zodiac sign corresponding to Taurus, from the beginning of the Seleucid era (formerly GU4.AN) [ADRT I-III<ref name=":18" />, passim], first in the diary for -346 [ADRT I<ref name=":18" />, 146:31].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
*А 3427: ''ina'' iti''gu''4 ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 mul2.mul2 ''ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of ayar, on the morning of the 28th day, the Star Cluster emits ''mišḫu'' and rise." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":19">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:9]. '''''LBAT 1499???'''''
*BM 36609+: TA SA4 ''ša2'' GABA''-šu2'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ina'' IGI ''kin?-ṣa'' / MUL2.MUL2 TA ˹SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR "(In the interval of time) from (the culmination of) the brilliant (star) on the breast (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / To (the culmination of a located point) 50 in front of (its) Knee. / The Star Cluster (=the zodiac sign Taurus) rises, from their beginning to their end." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":20">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 17-19]; time of rising: 200 [ibid.<ref name=":20" />, 549].
|[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph of the Pleiades in dawn|thumb|The Pleiades in dawn (above the mountain), photograph by Susanne M Hoffmann (2020)]]
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
*MUL.MUL — the standard designation for the zodiac sign Taurus [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, 484b; LBAT<ref name=":8" />, passim].
|[[File:Taurus sign -300.jpg|alt=zodiac sign of Taurus in the star chart|thumb|The zodiac sign of Taurus in -300, here highlighted in bold orange. ]]
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
*(1) "Horoscopes". mul2.mul2 is the designation of the zodiac sign Taurus [BH, 4 r. 4].
*(2) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV 20: ''ki'' mul.mul "Region of the Star Cluster," it corresponds to astrological meanings: "to keep the foot of evil out of a man's house" (i.e., protection from enemies), (attack) "the demoness of the storm" (Lilu), or "the trinity of the demoness of the storm" (Lilithu), (cure of disease) "seizing of the tongue" (cold?), "appeasement of the wrathful god" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":21">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 259:24, 29, 30, 43, 48; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5" />, 194-196].
**(b) BRM IV, 19: mul2.mul2 is the designation for the zodiac sign Taurus in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":21" />, 274-275: c, d, 7, 21, 38, 40; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>]. '''''Rochberg??'''''
*(3) "Microzodiac". Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 equal parts:
**a) AO 6483: ''ša''2''-ni-tu''4 ''zittu(''ḫa.la'') mul''2''.mul''2 ''šum''3''-šu''2 "The second part, its name is Star" [Sachs 1952<ref name=":22">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66a:14; TU<ref name=":23">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:14],'''''Rochberg??'''''
**(b) Sp II 202+: ''2-tu''2 ḫa.la 2 ''danna'' [...] [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":19" />, 245:12]. Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 10th part is mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967<ref name=":24">''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6:VAT 7847].
*(4) "Gypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu4 ša''2 d30 / múlŠU.GI ''u'' MUL2.MUL2 MUL ''ša''2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] "The secret place of the moon: the Old Man and the Star Cluster, the asterism of Elam" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 55].
*(5) Calendrical and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 5 // MUL2.MUL2 5 // ''dām''(UŠ2) ''alpi''(GU4) lu ''šaman''(I3.GIŠ) ''alpi''(GU4) lu ''šārat''(SIG2) ''alpi''(GU4) MIN(=''tapašššaš'') "Duuzu 5 // Taurus 50 // Bull's blood or bull's fat or bull's wool you will smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 104:5, and also 104:18]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W22619/19+ [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 105:2, 15, 28].
*(6) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (MUL2.MUL2) [SpTU I<ref name=":25">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:6, 38].
*(7) Zodiacal astrology. KI mul2.mul2 UŠ2 ''ta-ḫa-zu'' "The region of Taurus: death in battle" [SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 43: 20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref name=":23" />, 14: 22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":22" />, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5" />, 192].
*(8) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: MUL.MUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135: rev. 2, 10], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
|
|-
|'''Procedural astronomical text BM 36712.'''
*''u4-˹mu dsin˺ ana2 AB2.AB2 te-u2 ina 27 u4.meš ana2 mul2.mul2'' DIM4 "(Counting from) the day on which the Moon approached the Pleiades, on the 27th day it will (again) be near the Pleiades" [Sachs-Neugebauer 1956<ref>''Sachs A., Neugebauer O.'' A Procedure Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Motion: B.M. 36712 // JCS. 1956. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 131-136.</ref>, 132:13']. '''''also check Ossendrijver???'''''
|
|}
See also [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26" />, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25] as well as [SpTU I<ref name=":25" />, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].
[[File:MULMUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151405.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MUL.MUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alcyone]]
|HIP 17702
|Constellation lines
|2.87
|-
|2
|[[Atlas]]
|HIP 17847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.63
|-
|3
|[[Electra]]
|HIP 17499
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.7
|-
|4
|[[Maia]]
|HIP 17573
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.87
|-
|5
|[[Merope]]
|HIP 17608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.18
|-
|6
|* 24 Tau
|HD 23629
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|}
=== Additional ===

====II. Deity.====
The seven gods (see Kurtik i11 [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
*(1) Prayers to the night gods, see above.
*(2) Spells against the scorpion, see above.
*(3) The ''Šurpu'' series (II 182): MUL.MUL ..''.lip-ṭu-ru'' "The Star Cluster ... let them deliver." [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
*(4) Hemerology for the 18th day of Nisan: ''pad-su ana mul.mul gar-ma ma-ḫir'' "He brings his sacrifice to the Star Cluster, and (it is) accepted" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 ii 45; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 60-61].
*(5) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes in performing temple services, see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]].
*(6) The ritual of "Laying on of Hands" (''šu.il2.la2.kam''), cf. [Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 14-15:13, 62-63:22-24, 144-145].
*(7) Spells in the Namburbi series: ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL KUD-''is-ma mu-uḫ-ra'' dIMIN.BI DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ / ḪUL ''an-na-a pu-uṭ-ra'' DUG4.GA''-ma'' "You cut the sacrificial (goat) before the Star Cluster and say aloud: 'Seven, great deities, extinguish this evil'" [Caplice 1971<ref>''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum V // Or. 1971, Vol. 40. P. 133-183.</ref>, 142:6-7]. See also [Ebeling 1953a<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 1953. Bd. 21. S. 357-423.</ref>, 391:3, 13].
*(8) In the ''bīt mēseri'' series, see. [Meier 1942<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, 142:17].
*(9) A spell against weakening sexual potency (ŠA3.ZI.GA).
**(a) dMUL.<<d>>MUL dGU4.UD / ''[a]t-tu-nu'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša2 še-re-ti3'' "Pleiades, Mercury, / You stars of early morning" [Biggs 1967<ref name=":27">''Biggs R.D. '' ŠÀ.ZI.GA. Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. N.Y.: J.J.Augustin Publisher-Locust Valley, 1967.</ref>, 74:7-8],
**(b) [EN2 ''dza].ba ku3.ga dza.ba ku3.ga / [an.d]a.gub.ba an.da.gub.ba'' "[Spell.] Brilliant [Pleiades]! Brilliant Pleiades! / (You) are in the [sky]! (You) are in [the] sky!" [ibid.<ref name=":27" />, 76:2-3]; according to Biggs, d''za.ba'' is probably a late Pseudo-Sumerian entry for the name ''zappu'', i.e., the Pleiades, which were designated usually as dMUL.MUL [ibid.<ref name=":27" />, 77].
*(10) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king: [MUL.MUL dIMIN].BI ˹''qar''˺-''rad la ša2-na-an ˹li˺-[b]el [...] / [... i]t-ti'' LUGAL ''ina tu-š[a2!-ri'' ...] "[‘Seven’ Stars], the hero incomparable, may he prevail [...] / [with] the king in b[attle...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 1-2].
*(11) In astrological geography, the Star Cluster were associated with Der, Duranki or Ur [Weidner 1963<ref name=":28">''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>].
*(12) Spell [Stol 1989<ref>''Stol M.'' Old-Babylonian Ophthalmology, in: Fs. A. Finet (= Akkadica Beih. 6), 1989. 163–166.</ref>, 252].

====III. Symbol. ====
The seven dots or seven stars, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]], III.

The position of the Pleiades (''Zappu'' "Stubble") was associated in the sky with the figure of the Heavenly Bull. We find indirect confirmation in some later calendrical-ritual and magical texts. In magical texts, the designation MUL2.MUL2 corresponds to ''dām''(UŠ2) ''alpi''(GU4) ''lu šaman''(I3.GIŠ) ''alpi''(GU4) ''lu šārat''(SIG2) ''alpi''(GU4) "Blood of the bull or fat of the bull or hair of the bull" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 104-105]. In Seleucid calendar texts, mul.mul and gu4 are sometimes given as equivalent designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967<ref name=":24" />, 17, Taf. 6, VAT 7847].

====IV. Identification.====
= Pleiades [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 279; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73b; BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 13; MA<ref name=":16" />, 138; Koch 1989<ref name=":17" />, 77-79, 111; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207-208, App. C; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7" />, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":29">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].

The identification of MUL.MUL with the Seven Gods suggests the allocation of 7 stars in the constellation, as was the case in Greek astronomy (see, e.g., [Aratus, Apparitions 256-8; Hyginus, Introduction III 20; Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catasterisms XIV]). See also the prediction: DIŠ dIM ''ina'' MURUB4 dIMIN.BI GU3-''šu''2 ŠUB''-ma'' MUL.MEŠ 7-''šu2-nu'' (var.: ''si-bit-ti-šu2-nu'') ... "If Adad utters a cry in the midst of the Seven Gods (i.e., thunder rumbles), the stars, the seven of them..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 59:10; ACh Adad<ref name=":29" />, 17:34; CAD<ref name=":4" /> S, 230]. However, there are other variants: 4 stars (MUL.APIN II iii 32), cf. "Sources," MUL.APIN (11b); 12 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu2'' 12) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:14]; 10 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu2'' 10) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:15].

====V. Astrology.====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; cf. [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 50:7; 72 r. 2; 376:9; 412 r. 2; LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 63 r. 8; BPO 3<ref name=":12" />, 100:10].

(2) = Mercury or Saturn; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-''ud'' dGU4.UD lu dSAG.UŠ d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR''-ma'' "If the Star Cluster approach the Serpent, (it means that) Mercury or Saturn approached Mars" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:7], see also (Kurtik m43) [[MUŠ]], VI 2.

(3) = Kidney; ''diš'' 30 ''ina'' igi.lal''-šu2 gim'' mul.mul ''šu-par-ru-ur'' ... "If the Moon blurs during its appearance like the Star Cluster: Enlil will descend upon the country with hostile intentions...". mul.mul ''ka-li-tum'' an.mi ''gar-ma gim ka-li-tum'' ... "Star Cluster = Kidney, (i.e.) the eclipse will occur like a kidney" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":14" />, 153:7-9].

(4) = Raven; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 2(b).

(5) = Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 13.

===== Predications: =====
(6) Heliacal rising of the Pleiades in its own and not in its own time; DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ina'' itiGUD IGI''-mar'' BE''-ma'' MU[L BI NIM-''ma'' IGI] DINGIR.ME .... BE''-ma'' MUL BI ''uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma'' ITI''-šu''2 DIB''-m[a'' IGI...] "The Star Cluster rise heliacally in the month of ayar; if [this/these] constellation[s] rises early: the gods will pass a favorable judgment on the country (var.: the country's harvest will be abundant, the country will see good times), if this constellation is late, has passed its month and rises..." [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IX 2, X 2]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IX 13; ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 275:6-r. 3; 507 r. 1-4].

(7) The Moon is surrounded by a halo and in it stands Pleiades (=Mars); DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN2''-ma'' MUL.MUL ''ina'' ŠA3''-šu''2 GUB.MEŠ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and within it is the Star Cluster: this year women will give birth to boys" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 5 r. 2-3]; parallels [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 273 r. 3-5; 376:6-8; 529:1-5; 531:1-3]; variant: [DIŠ 30] TUR3 NIGIN2''-ma'' mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR''-šu''2 MU[L.MUL] / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "[If the Moon] is surrounded by a halo, and the Field, with Sta[rs] behind it, stands in the moon: cattle in the country will prosper" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 412:7-8], further: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL KUR MAR.<TU>ki / mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-''šu''2 MUL.MUL mul lúḪUN.GA2 / mul lúḪUN.GA2 MUL MAR.TUki "Mars — the star of the west; the Field, with stars behind it: the Hired Man. The Hired Man — the star of the west." [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 412 r. 2-4].

(8) Moon and Pleiades(= Mars?);

*(a) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' IGI d30 TE''-ma'' GUB-''iz''... "If Stars approach the Moon and stand in front of it: great gods..." [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 72:1-3].
*(b) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' UGU 30 SI4-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If the Star Cluster approaches close to the top of the Moon and stand there: the king will discover his power and expand his country" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 296:1-2; 455:1-2; 548:3-4], variant: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 MUL.MUL ''ina'' ''A2-šu''2 / GUB-''iz'' ... "If at the appearance of the Moon, the Pleiades stand at the side of it: (the apodosis is the same)" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 455:4-6], see also [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 50:1-3, 548:1-2].
*(c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' ŠA3 30 TU.MEŠ-''ma'' / ''ana'' IM.SI.SA2 E3.MEŠ... "If the Star Cluster enter the Moon and go out to the north: Akkad will become happy; the king of Akkad will be strengthened and will have no rival" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 35:1-3, 48:1-2] [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 351:4-7; 443:1-5; 455:7-r. 4].
*(d) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' ŠA3 [30 TU] ... "If the Star Cluster [enters the Moon] (on the day of the new moon?): the country will completely perish..." [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 351:1-3].

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in the Star Cluster or the Old Man;

*(a) BE''-ma'' <d30> ''ina'' KI MUL.MUL ''u-lu-u2'' mul˹ŠU.GI˺ ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR2 BAD3.ANki ''Dur-an-ki'' KIMIN Uri2ki "If the Moon eclipses in the region of the Star Cluster or in the Old Man: prediction for Der (and) Duranka, var.: for Uruk" [ABCD<ref name=":31">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 222, EAE 20 text e r. 11], for a parallel see. MNB 1849:38 [Weidner 1963<ref name=":28" />, 118; Steele 2015, 208-9].
* (b) DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN / UD.14.KAM AN.MI.GAR KA´MI-''su'' TU ... KI AB2.AB2 ''u'' AB2.GU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ "If (the moon) sets and eclipsed on the 14th day of arahsamnu ... the area of the Star Cluster and the Heavenly Bull — plague" [ABCD<ref name=":31" />, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 22-24].

(10) The visibility of the Pleiades;

*(a) DIŠ UL.UL ''šat-ḫu-ma u'' MI.MEŠ... "If the Star Cluster have lengthened and darkened: there will be plague in the land." [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, XV 28].
*(b) DIŠ UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL2 ... "If the Star Cluster (stand) apart and have no light: Irra will appear, but will not destroy the people" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, xv 28] [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, XV 29].
*(c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ša''2''-ti-iḫ'' ... "If the Star Cluster lengthens: the field will yield good harvest" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 351 r. 4-5].
*(d) DIŠ MUL4.MUL4 ŠIRmeš-''šu2'' SA5meš''-ma'' KI.A SI.SA2 "If the Star Cluster is red(?) in light(?): irrigated lands will prosper" (MUL.APIN II iii 16) [MA<ref name=":16" />, 108, 133].

(11) The Pleiades and the Wagon stand together; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL ''u'' mulMAR.GID2.DA UR.BI GUB.ME d''Dil-bat'' KI MUL.MUL SAR''-ma'' "[If] the Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together, (it means): Venus erupts in the Pleiades." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:10].

(12) The Pleiades and the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 GUB dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL GUB''-ma'' "[If] the Star Cluster (and) the True Shepherd of Anu stand at the beginning of them, (it means): Saturn stands before Pleiades." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:9], the prediction suggests an identity: the True Shepherd of Anu = Saturn; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE SU.KU2 ''i-mad'' "If the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn?) approaches the Star Cluster: there will be constant(?) famine" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 Col. ii 15]. See also (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], VI 13.

(13) Jupiter and the Pleiades; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 2-3.

(14) Sun and Pleiades; [DIŠ MAN KUR''-ma'' MUL.M]UL NIGIN2... "[If the Sun rises and the Star Cluster] is surrounded by Stars [???doesn’t make sense]: there will be misfortune in the country" [van Soldt<ref name=":12" /> 70, Tabl. 26 (27) I 7].

(15) The Pleiades(=Mars?) reach the constellation;

*(a) MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR''-ud''... "The Star Cluster reaches the Serpent: business activity will decrease" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 148, K.137:1], parallel [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 146, Sm.1480+:13].
*(b) MUL.MUL mulBAN KUR''-ud'' ''a-ki-lu'' GAL2''-ši'' "The Star Cluster reaches the Bow: a devourer (= field pest) will appear" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 148, K.137:2; 146, Sm.1480+:13]. For similar predictions concerning MUL.MUL and mulŠUDUN, mulKA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E, mulAMAR.UTU, mulELLAG2, mulAŠ.GAN2, see. [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 491 r. 3; Borger 1973<ref name=":11" />, 40 r. 3′-4′; SpTU 3<ref name=":2" />, 101:12-17].

(16) Venus and the Pleiades (=Mars?);

*(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' ˹MUL.MUL˺ KUR''-ma'' NIM.MAki ''ina ḫi-im-ma-ti-ša2 ina-qar'' URU.DIDLI ''ina-qar'' "If Venus enters! the Star Cluster: Elam will be totally(?) demolished; the fortress(?) will be demolished" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 46:60], parallels [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 68:5; 180:9].
*(b) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ˹ana'' MUL.MUL UD2.KAM DU˺''-ma'' DIB-''iq''... "If Venus stands for two (var.: one) days near the Stars and then passes (them): the opinion (mood) of the country will change" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 46, VAT 10218:61], for parallels see. [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 68:6; 174:39, 44; 186: viii 10; 196:5; 197:4].
*(c) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina itiŠe-er-ʼi-''EBUR ''ina'' GUB3-ša2 MUL.MUL DU-''iz'' .... "If Venus (appears) in the month of the Furrow and Harvest, (and) the Star Cluster stand to its left: there will be famine in the country, var.: unrest in the country; (this will happen if) Mars stands to its left" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 100, K.35:10], parallel [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 170:15].
*(d) [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ziq]-na zaq-na-at''2 MUL.MUL ''ina A2-ša2'' [KI.MIN ''ina'' IGI-''š]a''2 DU.ME''-ma'' KI.MIN SA5-''at''2 ''u un-nu-ta-at2'' "[If Venus is in the Fur]row, the Star Cluster standing at its side, [var.:] standing [in front of i]t, var. reading: they are red and gloomy..." [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 236, ND 4362:8].
*(e) Venus reaches Pleiades, see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.
*(f) DIŠ ''ina'' SAG MU MUL.MUL / ''ina'' KAB? mul''Dil-bat'' GUB ... "If at the beginning of the year, Pleiades stands to the left (?) of Venus: enemy, var. reading: a flood will destroy the crops" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 282 r. 1-3].
*(g) MUL.MUL ''a-na'' UD ŠEG6.GA2 ˹UD ŠEG6.˺GA2 [xxx] / mul''Dil-bat ina'' MUL.MUL GU[B''-ma''] "The stars predict a day of boiling; 'day of boiling' (means) [...] Venus stand[s] in the Star Cluster" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 461:1-2].

(17) The Stag and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], VI 3-4.

(18) The Strange Star (= Mars) and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 8.

(19) The Eagle (= Mars) to the Star Cluster approaches; see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]],'' II 2.

(20) The Planet and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]], III

(21) Mercury's evening appearance in the Pleiades; see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 14.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Caption text
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m35)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulMUL; вар. записи названия: MUL2.MUL2(TE.TE), MULx.MULx(AB2.AB2), MUL4.MUL4, UL.UL; = zappu; шум. «Звезды», акк. «Щетина»; 1) Плеяды (Pleiades), 2) обозначение знака зодиака Телец в поздних текстах, 3) «нормальная звезда» (η Tauri) [G. 279].||Example
|-
| I. Источники.
Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mul.mul [MSL XI, 107:388; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 14]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul.mul = […], mul.mul = za-ap2-pu [MSL XI, 30:24–25; Weidner 1959–60, VAT 9430:17], [mul.mul] = za-pu (RS Rec. A) [MSL XI, 49:62], [mul.mu]l = sa-ap-pu, [mul.m]ul = ka-lu-tu4 [Emar VI/4, 151:151–152], [mul].mul = ka-li-[tu]m, [mul].mul = zap-pu [Cavigneaux 1979 132:4'–5'], mul.mul = min(=kak-ka-bu), mul.mul = MUL, mul.mul = ka-li-tum, mul.mul = za-ap-pu [SpTU III, 114A v 11–14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:268ʹ–270ʹ]. (3) Серия Аа II/6 ii 26: mu-lumul = za-ap-pu [MSL XIV, 291]. (4) mul.mul = ka3-ma-tu3 [MEE 4, VE 792; Lambert 1984a; Куртик 2017, 822]. «Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) AO 6769: za-ap-pu [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. (2) Хеттская молитва: MUL.MUL [KUB IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2, 2:6; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:44]. (3) Новоассирийская молитва: mulZap-pu [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. Заклинания против скорпиона. a) mul.mul gir2.an.na «Звезды, Небесный меч» или «Звезды Небесного меча» (эпитет Скорпиона, см. g19), b) mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na «Звезды, Небесный бык» или «Звезды Небесного Быка» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 46; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249–250]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB; параллели в Sm.1113:5′ — dza-ap-pu, в Sm. 162 rev. 3 — mul.mul [Horowitz 1993, 151, 154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа, 220 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Менологии: itigu4 mul.mul dimin.bi / dingir.gal.gal.e.ne : itigu4 za-ap-pu dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš «Месяц айяру, Звезды (акк. Щетина), Семеро богов, божества великие» (A i 12–13, 19); параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985 403:6–7], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD Z, 50a; Емельянов 1999, 58]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-zu / mul.mul dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. позади mulAŠ.GAN2) стоит / Звезды, Семеро богов, божества великие» (B i 5–6); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 2]. (3) Список (3´12): itigu4 mul.mul šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц айяру: Звезды (на пути) Эа (восходят)» (C i 2). (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itigu4] mul.mul mulšu.gi mulA-nu-ni-tum ˹e3˺ «[Айяру:] Звезды, Старик, Ануниту восходят» (С 15), b) mul.mul mulšu.gi mulA-nu-ni-tum š[u2] «(Арахсамну): Звезды, Старик, Ануниту заход[ят]» [KAV 218, С 28; Horowitz 2014, 33–34, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа: [MUL.MUL] // 3,40 // KAK.SAR dŠar2-ur4 «[Звезды] // 220 // Оружие Шарура» [Walker–Pingree 1977, 30:4 + note]. BM 34713. [iti]gu4 // 3,40 mul2.mul2 // 1,40 múldil-bat // 50 múlapin «Айяру: 220 Звезды, 100 Венера, 50 Плуг» [LBAT, 1499:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 4): mul.mul [CT 33, 9 r. 9; MCG, 176]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu GUB-zu MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIR.GAL.GAL.E.NE a-na KI.LAM ŠE da-ma-qi2 «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulAŠ.GAN2), Звезды, Семеро богов, великие боги. Благоприятно для цен на зерно» (A. 3) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [ABCD, 222, 285; BPO 2, 13; BPO 3, 284b; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′–10′, 12′, 20′, 32′; Largement 1957, 246:59–60, 248:62, 250:83a–85a; Leibovici 1957, 23; NSAM 2, 249; van Soldt, 26 I 7; SpTU II, 40 r. 16; SpTU III, 101:12–17, 20–21; SpTU IV, 162 r. 3; SpTU V, 264:2]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch Westenholz 1999, 153:7–9]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 30): mullu-lim SUKKAL MUL.MUL, «Олень, посланник Звезд» (I i 31), см. L09LU.LIM. (2) Звезды Ану (№ 5): MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIRmeš GALmeš «Звезды, семь богов, великие боги» (I i 44). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 «1-го айяру Звезды становятся видны» (I ii 38). (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) MUL.MUL KUR-ma mulGIR2.TAB ŠU2-bi / mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma MUL.MUL ŠU2-bi «Звезды восходят, Скорпион заходит. Скорпион восходит, Звезды заходят» (I iii 13–14), ранняя параллель см. выше текст ВМ 77054. b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Пес восходят, а (Звезда) Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25). (5) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL / TA KUR ša2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA «10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд. 20 дней от восхода Звезд до восхода Небесного Быка» (I iii 44–45). (6) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM GABA ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma MUL.MUL KUR-ḫa «1-го айяру (утром перед восходом Солнца) Грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Звезды восходят» (I iv 15–16), параллель см. [ARAK, 507 r. 7]. (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: MUL.MUL на первом месте (I iv 33), см. s20Sîn. (8) Первая схема интеркаляций: a) ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ina lib3-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa / u dSin ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-az-ma «15-го ташриту Солнце восходит в Весах на востоке и Луна стоит впереди Звезд позади Наемника» (II i 14–15), b) ina itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] dSin ina li-la-a-ti ina ŠA3 / mulzi-ba-ni-tu2 ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB-ma «15-[го] нисану Луна стоит вечером в Весах на востоке, и Солнце на западе впереди Звезд позади Наемника» (II i 19–21), см. также u30dUTU, u20UR.GU.LA. (9) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: MUL.MUL — восток, см. k24KU6. (10) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: a) [DIŠ ina itiBAR2 UD 1 K]AM MUL.MUL u dSin šit-qu-lu MU BI GI.NA-ta «[Если 1-го нисану] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год нормальный» (II Gap A 8), b) [DIŠ ina itiBAR2 U]D 3 KAM MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI DIRI-at2 «[Если] 3-го [нисану] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год високосный» (II Gap A 9), c) [DIŠ ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM] MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI GI.NA-ta «[Если] звезды становятся видны [1-го айяру], этот год нормальный» (II Gap A 10), d) [DIŠ ina itiSIG4 U]D 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI D[IRI-at2] «[Если] Звезды становятся видны 1-го [симану], этот год висо[косный]» (II Gap A 11), e) [DIŠ ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM] MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI GI.NA-at2 «[Если 15-го арахсамну] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год нормальный» (II ii 1), f) [DIŠ ina itiGAN UD] 15 KAM MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI DIRI-at2 «[Если] Звезды и Луна в соединении 15-го [кислиму], этот год високосный» (II ii 2). (11) Астрологические предсказания: a) красный цвет Плеяд (II iii 16), b) 4 звезды в Плеядах (II iii 32)(?), в новом издании MUL.APIN предполагается, что цифра 4 здесь относится к созвездию mulAŠ.GAN2 [Hunger–Steele 2018, 158–9], см. также k15KAL.NE, с) Юпитер и Плеяды (II Gap B 1), см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 1. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 352–353]. Текст BM 77054. mul.mu[l…] / ˹mul˺[gir2.tab…] [George 1991, 305–306, rev. 15′–16′]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: [mul.mul](?) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:201]; параллель в 81-7-27,81: mul.mul mul kur elam.maki «Звезды — (Звезда) Элама» [ACh Ištar, 39:4; MCG, 175, 177]. Dalbanna-текст. (M). [mul.mul] «[Звезды]» (η, 27 Tau), см. g33GU4.AN.NA. Текст Nv.10. mul.mul — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце дуузу, см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Планисфера K 8538». В секторе 3 надпись: m˹ul.mul] «Звезды»; там же изображение эллипса с двумя треугольниками внутри него [Koch 1989, 56–60; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. «Учебник предсказателя». (1) šit-qul-ta ša2 mul.mul u dsin uṣur(uru3)-ma li-pu-ul-ka-ma «Наблюдай за «совпадениями» Звезд и Луны, и это даст тебе правильный ответ» (для введения интеркаляций). (2) a-na la-tak ūmē(ud)me ki-nu-tim / šit-qul-ti mul.mul u dsin «Чтобы предсказать точные дни, (ты изучаешь) «совпадения» Звезд и Луны» [Oppenheim 1974, 200:62, 68–69; MCG, 151–152]. «Дневники наблюдений». MULx.MULx, MUL2.MUL2: (1) созвездие [ADRT I, -567 r. 6], (2) «нормальная звезда» (η Tauri) [AD I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за -567 год [ADRT I, 50:13], (3) знак зодиака, соответствующий Тельцу, с начала эпохи Селевкидов (ранее — GU4.AN) [ADRT I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –346 год [ADRT I, 146:31]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itigu4 ina še-rim ud 28 mul2.mul2 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце айяру утром 28-го дня Звезды испускают mišḫu и восходят» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:9]. BM 36609+: TA SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 / EN 5 UŠ ina IGI kin?-ṣa / MUL2.MUL2 TA ˹SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «(В промежуток времени) от (кульминации) блестящей (звезды) на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди / До (кульминации точки, расположенной) в 50 впереди (его) Колена. / Звезды (=знак зодиака Телец), от своего начала до своего конца, восходят» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 17–19]; время восхода: 200 [ibid., 549]. Математическая астрономия. MUL.MUL — стандартное обозначение знака зодиака Телец [ACT I–III, 484b; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». mul2.mul2 — обозначение знака зодиака Телец [BH, 4 r. 4]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV 20: ki mul.mul «Область Звезд», ей соответствуют астрологические значения: «стопу зла не допустить к дому человека» (т. е. защита от врагов), (нападение) «демоницы бури» (Лилу), или «троицы демониц бури» (Лилиту), (лечение болезни) «схватывания языка» (простуда?), «успокоение гневного бога» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:24, 29, 30, 43, 48; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 194–196]. b) BRM IV, 19: mul2.mul2 — обозначение знака зодиака Телец в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: c, d, 7, 21, 38, 40; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 равных частей: a) AO 6483: ša2-ni-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) mul2.mul2 šum3-šu2 «Вторая часть, ее имя Звезды» [Sachs 1952, 66a:14; TU, 14:14], b) Sp II 202+: 2-tu2 ḫa.la 2 danna […] [Schaumberger 1955, 245:12]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 10-я часть — mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6:VAT 7847]. (4) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 / múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 MUL ša2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] «Секретное место Луны: Старик и Звезды, звезда Элама» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988b, 55]. (5) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 5 // MUL2.MUL2 5 // dām(UŠ2) alpi(GU4) lu šaman(I3.GIŠ) alpi(GU4) lu šārat(SIG2) alpi(GU4) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Дуузу 5 // Телец 50 // Кровь быка или жир быка, или шерсть быка ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:5, а также 104:18]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W22619/19+ [SpTU III, 105:2, 15, 28]. (6) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (MUL2.MUL2) [SpTU I, 94:6, 38]. (7) Зодиакальная астрология. KI mul2.mul2 UŠ2 ta-ḫa-zu «Область Тельца: смерть в сражении» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (8) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: MUL.MUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 2, 10], см. s20Sîn. Процедурный астрономический текст BM 36712. u4-˹mu dsin˺ ana2 AB2.AB2 te-u2 ina 27 u4.meš ana2 mul2.mul2 DIM4 «(Считая от) дня, когда Луна приблизилась к Плеядам, на 27-й день она (опять) окажется рядом с Плеядами» [Sachs–Neugebauer 1956, 132:13'].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25], а также [SpTU I, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V, 264:2].

II. Божество.

Семеро богов (см. i11dIMIN.BI). Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Молитвы ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Заклинания против скорпиона, см. выше. (3) Серия Šurpu (II 182): MUL.MUL …lip-ṭu-ru «Звезды … пусть избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18]. (4) Гемерология для 18-го нисана: pad-su ana mul.mul gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Звездам он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 ii 45; Labat 1939, 60–61]. (5) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб, см. b11BIR. (6) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam), см. [Ebeling 1953, 14–15:13, 62–63:22–24, 144–145]. (7) Заклинания в серии Намбурби: ina IGI MUL.MUL KUD-is-ma mu-uḫ-ra dIMIN.BI DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ / ḪUL an-na-a pu-uṭ-ra DUG4.GA-ma «Ты режешь жертвенного (козленка) перед Звездами и произносишь вслух: “Семеро, божества великие, зло это погасите”» [Caplice 1971, 142:6–7]. См. также [Ebeling 1953a, 391:3, 13]. (8) В серии bīt mēseri, см. [Meier 1942, 142:17]. (9) Заклинание против ослабления сексуальной потенции (ŠA3.ZI.GA). a) dMUL.<<d>>MUL dGU4.UD / [a]t-tu-nu MUL.MEŠ ša2 še-re-ti3 «Плеяды, Меркурий, / Вы звезды раннего утра» [Biggs 1967, 74:7–8], b) [EN2 dza].ba ku3.ga dza.ba ku3.ga / [an.d]a.gub.ba an.da.gub.ba «[Заклинание]. Блестящие [Пле]яды! Блестящие Плеяды! / (Вы) на [небе] находитесь! (Вы) на небе находитесь!» [ibid., 76:2–3]; по мнению Бигса, dza.ba, вероятно, поздняя псевдошумерская запись названия zappu, т.е. Плеяд, которые обозначались обычно как dMUL.MUL [ibid., 77]. (10) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [MUL.MUL dIMIN].BI ˹qar˺-rad la ša2-na-an ˹li˺-[b]el […] / [… i]t-ti LUGAL ina tu-š[a2!-ri …] «[Звезды, ‘Семер]ка’, герой несравненный, пусть одолеет […] / [c] царем в би[тве …]» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 1–2]. (11) В астрологической географии Звезды были связаны с Дером, Дуранки или Уром [Weidner 1963]. (12) Заклинание [Stol 1989, 252].

III. Символ.

Семь точек или семь звезд, см. i11dIMIN.BI, III.

Положение Плеяд (Zappu «Щетина») связывалось на небе с фигурой Небесного Быка. Косвенное подтверждение находим в некоторых поздних календарно-ритуальных и магических текстах, где в магической части текста обозначению MUL2.MUL2 ставится в соответствие dām(UŠ2) alpi(GU4) lu šaman(I3.GIŠ) alpi(GU4) lu šārat(SIG2) alpi(GU4) «Кровь быка или жир быка, или волосы быка» [SpTU III, 104–105]. В селевкидских календарных текстах mul.mul и gu4 приводятся иногда как равносильные обозначения для знака зодиака Телец [Weidner 1967, 17, Taf. 6, VAT 7847].

IV. Отождествление.

= Pleiades [G. 279; Weidner 1957–59, 73b; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Koch 1989, 77–79, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207–208, App. C; ASM, 276; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

Отождествление MUL.MUL c Семеркой богов предполагает выделение в созвездии 7 звезд, как это имело место в греческой астрономии (см., например, [Арат, Явления 256–8; Гигин, Введение III 20; Псевдо-Эратосфен, Катастеризмы XIV]). См. также предсказание: DIŠ dIM ina MURUB4 dIMIN.BI GU3-šu2 ŠUB-ma MUL.MEŠ 7-šu2-nu (вар.: si-bit-ti-šu2-nu) … «Если Адад в середине Семи богов свой крик издаст (т.е. прогремит гром), то Звезды, семеро их…» [ACh Suppl., 59:10; ACh Adad, 17:34; CAD S, 230]. Однако имеются и другие варианты: 4 звезды (MUL.APIN II iii 32), см. «Источники», MUL.APIN (11b); 12 звезд (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ-šu2 12) [BPO 3, 149, K.137:14]; 10 звезд (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ-šu2 10) [BPO 3, 149, K.137:15].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. [ARAK, 50:7; 72 r. 2; 376:9; 412 r. 2; LABS, 63 r. 8; BPO 3, 100:10].

(2) = Меркурий или Сатурн; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-ud dGU4.UD lu dSAG.UŠ dṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma «Если Звезды к Змее приблизились, (это означает, что) Меркурий или Сатурн к Марсу приблизились» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:7], см. также m43MUŠ, VI 2.

(3) = Почка; diš 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 gim mul.mul šu-par-ru-ur … «Если Луна при своем появлении размыта как Звезды: Энлиль спустится на страну с враждебными намерениями…». mul.mul ka-li-tum an.mi gar-ma gim ka-li-tum… «Звезды = Почка, (т.е.) затмение произойдет подобное почке» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 153:7–9].

(4) = Ворон; см. a02A.EDIN, V 2 b).

(5) = Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 13.

Предсказания:

(6) Гелиакический восход Плеяд в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ MUL.MUL ina itiGUD IGI-mar BE-ma MU[L BI NIM-ma IGI] DINGIR.ME …. BE-ma MUL BI uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma ITI-šu2 DIB-m[a IGI…] «Звезды восходят гелиакически в месяце айяру; если [это] созвез[дие восходит рано]: боги вынесут благоприятное решение о стране (вар.: урожай в стране будет обильным, страна увидит хорошие времена), если это созвездие опоздало, прошло свой месяц и восходит…» [BPO 2, IX 2, X 2]; параллели cм. [BPO 2, IX 13; ARAK, 275:6–r. 3; 507 r. 1–4].

(7) Луна окружена гало и в нем Плеяды (=Марс); DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma MUL.MUL ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB.MEŠ… «Если Луна окружена гало и внутри него стоят Звезды: в этом году женщины будут рождать мальчиков» [ARAK, 5 r. 2–3]; параллели [ARAK, 273 r. 3–5; 376:6–8; 529:1–5; 531:1–3]; вариант: [DIŠ 30] TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MU[L.MUL] / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «[Если Луна] окружена гало, и Поле, позади которого Зве[зды], стоит в нем: скот в стране будет процветать» [ARAK, 412:7–8], далее: mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.<TU>ki / mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MUL.MUL mul lúḪUN.GA2 / mul lúḪUN.GA2 MUL MAR.TUki «Марс — звезда запада; Поле, позади которого Звезды, — Наемный работник. Наемный работник — звезда запада» [ARAK, 412 r. 2–4].

(8) Луна и Плеяды(= Марс?); a) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana IGI d30 TE-ma GUB-iz… «Если Звезды приближаются к Луне спереди и стоят там: великие боги…» [ARAK, 72:1–3]. b) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana UGU 30 SI4-ma GUB-iz … «Если Звезды подходят близко к верху Луны и стоят там: царь обнаружит свое могущество и расширит свою страну» [ARAK, 296:1–2; 455:1–2; 548:3–4], вариант: DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LAL-šu2 MUL.MUL ina A2-šu2 / GUB-iz … «Если при появлении Луны Плеяды стоят сбоку от нее: (аподосис тот же)» [ARAK, 455:4–6], см. также [ARAK, 50:1–3, 548:1–2]. c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana ŠA3 30 TU.MEŠ-ma / ana IM.SI.SA2 E3.MEŠ… «Если Звезды входят в Луну и выходят к северу: Аккад станет счастливым; царь Аккада усилится и не будет иметь соперника» [ARAK, 351:4–7; 443:1–5; 455:7–r. 4]. d) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana ŠA3 [30 TU] … «Если Звезды [входят в Луну] (в день новолуния?): страна полностью погибнет…» [ARAK, 351:1–3].

(9) Затмение Луны в Звездах или Старике; a) BE-ma <d30> ina KI MUL.MUL u-lu-u2 mul˹ŠU.GI˺ a-dir EŠ.BAR2 BAD3.ANki Dur-an-ki KIMIN Uri2ki «Если Луна в области Звезд или в Старике затмилась: предсказание для Дера (и) Дуранки, вар.: для Ура» [ABCD, 222, EAE 20 text e r. 11], параллель см. MNB 1849:38 [Weidner 1963, 118; Steele 2015, 208–9]. b) DIŠ ina itiAPIN / UD.14.KAM AN.MI. GAR KA´MI-su TU … KI AB2.AB2 u AB2.GU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ «Если в месяце арахсамну в 14-й день происходит затмение и (Луна) заходит затмившейся… области Звезд и Небесного Быка — чума» [ABCD, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 22–24].

(10) Видимость Плеяд; а) DIŠ UL.UL šat-ḫu-ma u MI.MEŠ… «Если Звезды удлинились и потемнели: в стране чума» [BPO 2, XV 28]. b) DIŠ UL.UL ni-iḫ-su-ma UD.DA-su-nu NU GAL2 … «Если Звезды (стоят) по отдельности и не имеют света: Ирра появится, но не уничтожит людей» [BPO 2, XV 29]. c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ša2-ti-iḫ … «Если Звезды удлинились: поле даст урожай» [ARAK, 351 r. 4–5]. d) DIŠ MUL4.MUL4 ŠIRmeš-šu2 SA5meš-ma KI.A SI.SA2 «Если свет(?) Звезд красный(?): орошаемые земли будут благоденствовать» (MUL.APIN II iii 16) [MA, 108, 133].

(11) Плеяды и Повозка вместе стоят; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL u mulMAR.GID2.DA UR.BI GUB.ME dDil-bat KI MUL.MUL SAR-ma «[Если] Звезды и Повозка вместе стоят, (это означает): Венера в Плеядах вспыхивает» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:10].

(12) Плеяды и Праведный Пастух Ану; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ina SAG-šu2 GUB dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina IGI MUL.MUL GUB-ma «[Если] Звезды (и) Праведный Пастух Ану в начале их стоит, (это означает): Сатурн перед Плеядами стоит» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:9], предсказание предполагает тождество: Праведный Пастух Ану = Сатурн; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana MUL.MUL TE SU.KU2 i-mad «Если Праведный Пастух Ану (= Сатурн?) приближается к Звездам: голод станет постоянным(?)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 Col. ii 15]. См. также s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, VI 13.

(13) Юпитер и Плеяды; см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 2–3.

(14) Солнце и Плеяды; [DIŠ MAN KUR-ma MUL.M]UL NIGIN2… «[Если Солнце восходит и Звез]дами окружено: в стране этой будет несчастье» [van Soldt 70, Tabl. 26 (27) I 7].

(15) Плеяды(=Марс?) достигают созвездия; a) MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-ud… «Звезды достигают Змеи: деловая активность уменьшится» [BPO 3, 148, K.137:1], параллель [ibid., 146, Sm.1480+:13]. b) MUL.MUL mulBAN KUR-ud a-ki-lu GAL2-ši «Звезды достигают Лука: появится пожиратель (= полевой вредитель)» [BPO 3, 148, K.137:2; 146, Sm.1480+:13]. Аналогичные предсказания, касающиеся MUL.MUL и mulŠUDUN, mulKA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E, mulAMAR.UTU, mulELLAG2, mulAŠ.GAN2, см. [ARAK, 491 r. 3; Borger 1973, 40 r. 3′–4′; SpTU 3, 101:12–17].

(16) Венера и Плеяды (=Марс?); а) DIŠ mulDil-bat ana ˹MUL.MUL˺ KUR-ma NIM.MAki ina ḫi-im-ma-ti-ša2 ina-qar URU.DIDLI ina-qar «Если Венера входит! в Звезды: Элам будет снесен в своей совокупности(?); крепость(?) будет снесена» [BPO 3, 46:60], параллели [ibid., 68:5; 180:9]. b) DIŠ mulDil-bat ˹ana MUL.MUL UD.2KAM DU˺-ma DIB-iq… «Если Венера стоит в течение двух (вар.: одного) дней вблизи Звезд и затем проходит (их): мнение (настроение) страны изменится» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:61], параллели см. [BPO 3, 68:6; 174:39, 44; 186: viii 10; 196:5; 197:4]. с) DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiŠe-er-ʼi-EBUR ina GUB3-ša2 MUL.MUL DU-iz …. «Если Венера (появляется) в месяце Борозда Урожая, (и) Звезды стоят слева от нее: в стране будет голод, вар.: беспорядки в стране; (это случится, если) Марс стоит слева от нее» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:10], параллель [BPO 3, 170:15]. d) [DIŠ mulDil-bat ziq]-na zaq-na-at2 MUL.MUL ina A2-ša2 [KI.MIN ina IGI-š]a2 DU.ME-ma KI.MIN SA5-at2 u un-nu-ta-at2 «[Если у Венеры Бо]рода, Звезды стоят сбоку от нее, [вар.:] стоят [впереди не]е, вар. чтения: она красная и мрачная…» [BPO 3, 236, ND 4362:8]. е) Венера достигает Плеяд, см. a02A.EDIN, V 1. f) DIŠ ina SAG MU MUL.MUL / ina KAB? mulDil-bat GUB … «Если в начале года Плеяды стоят слева (?) от Венеры: враг, вар. чтения: потоп уничтожит урожай» [ARAK, 282 r. 1–3]. g) MUL.MUL a-na UD ŠEG6.GA2 ˹UD ŠEG6.˺GA2 [xxx] / mulDil-bat ina MUL.MUL GU[B-ma] «Звезды предсказывают день кипячения; «день кипячения» (означает) […] Венера сто[ит] в Звездах» [ARAK, 461:1–2].

(17) Олень и Звезды; см. L09LU.LIM, VI 3–4.

(18) Странная звезда (= Марс) и Звезды; см. m05MAN-ma, II 8.

(19) Орел (= Марс) к Звездам приближается; см. a15Aḫû, II 2.

(20) Планета и Звезды; см. u07UDU.IDIM, III

(21) Вечернее появление Меркурия в Плеядах; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 14.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]
[[Category:Pleiades]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

File:MULMUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151405.png

2025-12-02T04:10:19Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Convex Hull for the stars inside MULMUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

== Summary ==
Convex Hull for the stars inside MULMUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

SUḪUR.MAŠ2

2025-12-02T04:08:48Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2}}
[[File:Cap Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by J. Gullberg 2021 for Stellarium).]]
[[File:Cap Bab stellarium R-Perdok.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by R. Perdok 2016 for LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, here on Stellarium map).]]
mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (𒀯𒋦𒈧), syllabic spelling (mul)''Suḫurmāšu,'' "The Goat-Fish", is the Mesopotamian equivalent of the Greek Αἰγόκερος (The Goat-Horned), Latin [[Capricornus]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

===Krebernik (2023)===
= ''suḫurmāšu'' “goat-fish” (emblematic animal of Enki/Ea). mulMÁ.GUR8 ''u'' mulSUḪUR.MÁŠ (EA 15l). mulSUḪUR.MÁŠku6 (EA 14–15l).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''suḫurmāšu'' "Goat-Fish" (lit. "Carp-Goat"); a constellation corresponding to modern Capricorn (Capricornus) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 344; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184-185].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulMAŠ2 [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:46].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; NSAM 2<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; SpTU I<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 93:10'; SpTU IV<ref name=":5">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 6].
* Predictions of EAE (new reading based on photograph in [https://cdli.earth/artifacts/238211 CDLI P238211] (K2906+10108)):
** [DIŠ mu]l''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 TU-''ma''...
** "[If] Mars enters the area mulSUḪUR.MAŠ ..." [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 34:16].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.

* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 12): mulsuḫur.maš2ku6 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 20; HBA<ref name=":6">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 105; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Ship and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34).
* (2) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, after mulPA.BIL.SAG, before mulGU.LA (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 39, 68].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [LABS<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; ARAK<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 73 r. 3].
|
|-
|'''Star List V R 46, 1:38.'''
* mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = d''Nabû''(PA) ''u'' d''Taš-me-tu''4 "Ship (and) Goat-fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA<ref name=":6" />, 52:38; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. ˹mulsuḫur˺.maš2ku6 "Goat-Fish" (β Cap), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiBAR UD 1[5 KAM2...] / MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.[MAŠ2 ''šit-qu-lu''...]
** "On the 1[5th] of nisan (before sunrise) [...] the midpoint of the Goat-Fi[sh would be in equilibrium] (= culminates)" [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 95:1'-2'; ASM<ref name=":10">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) S[I ...] "Hor[n of ( Goat-Fish) ...]" (β Capricorni).
* (b) S[UḪUR? ...] "(Front star) Go[at-Fish]" (γ Capricorni) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:10′-11′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulsuḫur.maš2 "Area of the Goat-Fish," astrological meanings: removal of evil from a person's house, removal from former positions, etc. [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259: 11, 28, 49; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-197],
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 6th part is mulsuḫur.maš2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlSUḪUR.MAŠku6 ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Goat-Fish was born..." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (4) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations (among them múlSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6) and other phenomena [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 94, passim], ''zibbat''(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 94:36]. See also [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 336:11].
* (5) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the sign of the zodiac. DIŠ S[ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-''ma''...] "If the Mo[on eclipses in the Goat-Fish...]" [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135: rev. 19], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|}
See also: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 = ''suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 28b] (Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], VI 2), mulxSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (in unclear context) [SpTU IV<ref name=":5" />, 162 r. 6].
[[File:Sukhurmashu CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 193701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sukhurmashu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Deneb Algedi]]
|HIP 107556
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.83
|-
|2
|[[Dabih]]
|HIP 100345
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.08
|-
|3
|[[Algedi]]
|HIP 100064
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.58
|-
|4
|[[Nashira]]
|HIP 106985
|Inside the Hull
|3.67
|-
|5
|ζ Capricorni
|HIP 105881
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.74
|-
| 6
|θ Capricorni
|HIP 104139
|Constellation lines
|4.07
|-
|7
|ω Capricorni
|HIP 102978
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
|8
|ψ Capricorni
|HIP 102485
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.122
|-
|9
|ι Capricorni
|HIP 105515
| Inside the Hull
|4.27
|-
|10
|24 Cap
|HIP 104234
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.5
|-
|11
|[[Alshat]]
|HIP 100310
|Inside the Hull
|4.76
|-
|12
|η Capricorni
|HIP 104019
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
|13
|* rho Cap A
|HIP 101027
|Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
|14
| μ Capricorni
| HIP 108036
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.08
|-
|15
|υ Capricorni
| HIP 101984
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 16
|ϕ Capricorni
|HIP 104963
|Inside the Hull
| 5.152
|-
|17
|42 Cap
|HIP 107095
|Constellation lines
|5.18
|-
|18
|χ Capricorni
|HIP 104365
|Inside the Hull
|5.316
|-
|19
|29 Cap
|HIP 104974
|Inside the Hull
|5.317
|-
|20
|33 Cap
|HIP 105665
|Inside the Hull
| 5.366
|-
|21
|* 14 Cap A
|HIP 101923
|Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
|22
|30 Cap
|HIP 105143
|Inside the Hull
|5.383
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 105576
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 103389
|Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
|25
|35 Cap
|HIP 105928
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|26
|19 Cap
|HIP 103226
|Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 102026
|Inside the Hull
|5.799
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 102772
|Inside the Hull
|5.849
|-
| 29
| -
|HIP 103460
|Inside the Hull
|5.869
|-
|30
|44 Cap
|HIP 107232
| Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
|31
|17 Cap
|HIP 102487
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
|32
| 45 Cap
|HIP 107302
|Inside the Hull
|5.949
|-
|33
|DV Aqr
|HIP 103545
|Inside the Hull
|5.963
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 104914
| Inside the Hull
|6.037
|-
|35
| 21 Cap
|HIP 103703
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 101221
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 101507
|Inside the Hull
|6.116
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 104297
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 39
| -
|HIP 101608
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 102780
|Inside the Hull
|6.193
|-
|41
|27 Cap
|HIP 104452
|Inside the Hull
|6.242
|-
| 42
|20 Cap
|HIP 103616
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 43
| -
|HIP 105662
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|44
|57 G. Aqr
|HIP 105079
|Inside the Hull
|6.402
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 101011
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|46
|EW Aqr
|HIP 104634
|Inside the Hull
|6.445
|-
| 47
| -
| HR 7989
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|48
|* rho Cap B
|HD 194943B
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|}
=== Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
In the earliest images, the Goat-Fish is associated with the following: water, the jug from which water pours out, the god Enki/Ea, and is also confirmed in the texts [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 178-181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. In astronomical texts the Goat-Fish is identified with the goddess of fate Tašmētu (Tašmētu), who was considered to be the consort of Nabu [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 381] (see Kurtik n02 [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]). The Goat-Fish also appears as an astral incarnation of Tiamat in the text BM 55466, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is seen as an astral image of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu; ''ina qaq-qa-ri'' / múlmaš2 ''ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu''4 "In the region (of the constellation) of the Goat-Fish, Tiamat, (the head of the warrior) assembly, for the battle (settled down)" [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXX rev. 3-4; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371]. In astrological geography, the Goat-Fish is associated with the cities of Eridu and Hit, see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.

==== III. Symbol. ====
A mythological character from Ea/Enki's entourage who had goat-like frontal features (head, horns, and a pair of legs) and fish-like features in the hind (torso and tail). Images are found from the Ur III (XXI century BC) to the Hellenistic periods on seals, kudurru, and as clay statuettes that had apotropaic significance [CS<ref>''Frankfort H.'' Cylinder Seals. London, 1939.</ref>; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, Nr. 903-905, 907, etc.; Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 178; AUWE 19<ref name=":11">''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, nos. 661-714; Kurtik 1998, 41; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 36, 37, 38, 48]. According to some descriptions, the Goat-fish also had a dogwood cane (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. It is not known exactly when this symbol acquired astral significance as a figure of the constellation mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6. Most of the known images do not contain astral signs, which appear only on seals from Hellenistic times [AUWE 19<ref name=":11" />]. However, in the Old Babylonian period it seems to have already taken place. In astrology they distinguished between the frontal parts of the constellation - mulUZ3 "Goat" and the hind parts - mulKU6 "Fish" (see below), and they should not be confused with constellations with similar names that were outside the zodiacal belt. In the text W 22646, which, according to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, Capricorn corresponds to the word u2-ri-ṣa "goat" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:10, 26].

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Capricorn [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 344; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 14; 1952-53, 219; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78a; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11, 14; MA<ref name=":7" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":10" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 248].

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) SI MAŠ2 "Horn of the Goat-Fish" (β Capricorni).

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The front star of the Goat-Fish" (γ Capricorni).

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Rear star of the Goat-Fish" (δ Capricorni).

Stars (1)-(3) were used in the Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts as "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(4) The middle star in the horn of the Goat-Fish, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]].

(5) [...MU]L2? SIG ˹''ša''2 SI MAŠ2˺ "The lower [sta]r in the horn of the Goat-Fish" [AD III<ref name=":12">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -87 rev. 18].

(6) KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" /> 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].

(7) SI MAŠ2 ''ar''2 "The hind horn of the Goat-Fish" [AD I<ref name=":12" /> 242, No.-307 B: 6′].

(8) SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Head of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" /> 194, K. 42+:24′].

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Raven; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(2) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 2.

(3) = Kidney; MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM ''ana'' IGI''-it'' mulŠUDUN DU-''iz'' mulBIR / mulŠUDUN: mulGU.LA mulBIR mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The star that stands ahead of the Yoke during windrise is the Kidney. Yoke = Giant, Kidney = Goat-Fish" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31a].

(4) = Mars; [...mul''Ma-ak-r'']''u-u''2 mulKU6 KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 " [...Red Star (=Mars) = Fish = the tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].

(5) = Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 9 and below (9).

(6) = Yoke; see below (8).

(7) = Goat; see below (8).

===== Predictions: =====
(7) Venus approaches Piscis Austrinus (=Great One, Aqr, after Goat-Fish); see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 9.

(8) Venus passes ahead of the Goat-Fish; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAŠ2 UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-''ma ina'' SI m[ulUZ3] / ''E''3-''a'': ''ina'' itiAŠ2 UD.1.KAM ''ina'' SI mulŠUDUN [''iṭ-ḫi-m'']''a'' / ''i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina'' KUR ''i-ša''2-''an-ni'' / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR KUR2-''ir'' / mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ mulŠUDUN: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ ''ina'' itiAŠ2 ''ina'' IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Venus rises in the month of Shabbat on the 2nd (or) 3rd day and appears in the horn [of the Goat], var.: in the month of Shabbat on the 1st day [it comes close] and passes the horn of the Yoke: the order of the country will change, var.: the place of the country will become different; (explanation): Goat = the head (possibly the front part) of the Goat-Fish, Yoke = Goat-Fish, in the month of Shabbat, it (=Venus) passes in front of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 194, K.42:7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 196, K.12373:2].

(9) In Piscis Austrinus (behind the Goat-Fish) one star is red; [DIŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 m]ulKU6 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' ˹SA5˺ ... KU[N] ˹mul˺SUḪUR.MAŠ2 DU-''ma'' KU6.ME ḪA.A.ME ... "[If in] Pisces 1 star is very red: ... [Mars?] stands [in] the tail of the Goat-Fish: the fish will disappear ..." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:58]; here mulKU6 appears to denote the back of the constellation Goat-Fish, i.e., its tail.

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.

(11) Mercury becomes visible in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(12) Mars in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|d''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 35.

[1] In writing ''suḫurmāšu'' we follow [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1055; ARAK<ref name=":9" />; Borger 2004<ref>''Borger, R.'' Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004</ref>; LABS<ref name=":8" />; NSAM 2<ref name=":3" />], although the only known syllabic entry suggests a longitude at the end of the word; accordingly the Chicago Dictionary gives: suḫurmašû [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 351a].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, h06)
!G. 190
|-
|mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA (𒀯𒄭𒈗𒈦𒂟𒄩)
should now be read [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2]]'''''.'''''

See the photograph in CDLI P238211 (K2906+10108).
|mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA
only found in the predictions from EAE: correct reading is now S.
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s24 + s25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= suḫurmāšu[1] «Коза-Рыба» (букв. «Карп-Коза»); созвездие, соответствующее современному Козерогу (Capricornus) [G. 344; BPO 2, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184–185].
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulMAŠ2 [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3, 286; NSAM 2, 248; SpTU I, 93:10'; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 12): mulsuḫur.maš2ku6 [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Корабль и Коза-Рыба» (I ii 34). (2) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, после mulPA.BIL.SAG, перед mulGU.LA (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 39, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; ARAK, 73 r. 3]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:38. mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(PA) u dTaš-me-tu4 «Корабль (и) Коза-рыба = Набу и Ташмету» [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §r. ˹mulsuḫur˺.maš2ku6 «Коза-Рыба» (β Cap), см. a04A2mušen. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiBAR UD 1[5 KAM2…] / MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.[MAŠ2 šit-qu-lu…] «1[5-го] нисану (перед восходом Солнца) […] середина Козы-Ры[бы в равновесии] (= кульминирует)» [SpTU I, 95:1'–2'; ASM, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) S[I …] «Ро[г (Козы-Рыбы) …]» (β Capricorni). b) S[UḪUR? …] «(Передняя звезда) Ко[зы-Рыбы]» (γ Capricorni) [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:10′–11′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulsuḫur.maš2 «Область Козы-Рыбы», астрологические значения: удаление зла от дома человека, удаление с прежних позиций и др. [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 11, 28, 49; Емельянов 1999, 193–197], b) BRM IV, 19, см. m22MAŠ2. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 6-я часть — mulsuḫur.maš2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlSUḪUR.MAŠku6 a-lid … «В области Козы-Рыбы родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий (среди них múlSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6) и другим явлениям [SpTU I, 94, passim], zibbat(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 «Хвост Козы-Рыбы» [SpTU I, 94:36]. См. также [SpTU III, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974, 336:11]. (5) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ S[in ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-ma…] «Если Лу[на затмилась в Козе-Рыбе…]» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 19], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 = suḫur-ma-šu-u2 [BPO 2, III 28b] (a18AL.LUL, VI 2), mulxSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (в неясном контексте) [SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].

II. Божество.

На самых ранних изображениях Коза-Рыба ассоциируется с водой, кувшином, из которого изливается вода, богом Энки/Эа, что подтверждается также текстами [Seidl 1968, 178–181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. В астрономических текстах Коза–Рыба отождествляется с богиней судьбы Ташмету (Tašmētu), считавшейся супругой Набу [Tallqvist 1938, 381] (см. n02). Коза-Рыба выступает также в роли астрального воплощения Тиамат в тексте BM 55466, где ночное небо в месяце тебету рассматривается как астральное изображение сражения Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу; ina qaq-qa-ri / múlmaš2 ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu4 «В области (созвездия) Коза-Рыба Тиамат, (глава воинского) собрания, для битвы (расположилась)» [STC II, Pl. LXX rev. 3–4; Reynolds 1999, 370–371]. В астрологической географии Коза-Рыба связана с городами Эриду и Хит, см. g27GU.LA, VI 4.

III. Символ.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Эа/Энки, у которого передняя часть (голова, рога и пара ног) была козлиная, а задняя часть (туловище и хвост) — рыбья. Его изображения встречаются с эпохи III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.) до эллинистического времени на печатях, кудурру, а также в виде глиняных статуэток, имевших апотропеическое значение [CS; Braun-Holzinger 1996, Nr. 903–905, 907 и др.; Seidl 1968, 178; AUWE 19, № 661–714; Куртик 1998, 41; Куртик 2007, рис. 36, 37, 38, 48]. Согласно некоторым описаниям, у него имелась также кизиловая трость (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. В точности неизвестно, когда именно этот символ приобрел астральное значение как фигура созвездия mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6. Большинство известных изображений не содержит астральных признаков, которые появляются лишь на печатях эллинистического времени [AUWE 19]. Однако в старовавилонский период, по-видимому, это уже имело место. В астрологии различали переднюю часть созвездия — mulUZ3 «Коза» и заднюю часть — mulKU6 «Рыба» (см. ниже), которые не следует путать с созвездиями, имевшими аналогичные названия, но находившимися за пределами зодиакального пояса. В тексте W 22646, который, согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, Козерогу соответствует слово u2-ri-ṣa «коза» [SpTU II, 43:10, 26].

IV. Отождествление.

= Capricorn [G. 344; Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; Weidner 1957–59, 78a; BPO 2, 11, 14; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 248].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) SI MAŠ2 «Рог Козы-Рыбы» (β Capricorni).

(2) MUL2 IGI ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Передняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (γ Capricorni).

(3) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Задняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (δ Capricorni).

Звезды (1)–(3) использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений» в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL.ŠID.MEŠ.

(4) Средняя звезда рога Козы-Рыбы, см. m22MAŠ2.

(5) […MU]L2? SIG ˹ša2 SI MAŠ2˺ «Нижняя [звезд]а рога Козы-Рыбы» [AD III, No. -87 rev. 18].

(6) KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Хвост Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].

(7) SI MAŠ2 ar2 «Задний рог Козы-Рыбы» [AD I 242, No.-307 B: 6′].

(8) SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Голова Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3 194, K. 42+:24′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Ворон; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(2) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 2.

(3) = Почка; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM ana IGI-it mulŠUDUN DU-iz mulBIR / mulŠUDUN: mulGU.LA mulBIR mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Звезда, которая при восходе ветра впереди Ярма стоит, это Почка. Ярмо = Великан, Почка = Коза-Рыба» [BPO 2, III 31a].

(4) = Марс; […mulMa-ak-r]u-u2 mulKU6 KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «[… Красн]ая звезда (=Марс) = Рыба = хвост Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].

(5) = Рыба; см. k24KU6, V 9 и ниже (9).

(6) = Ярмо; см. ниже (8).

(7) = Коза; см. ниже (8).

Предсказания:

(7) Венера подходит к Рыбе (= Коза-Рыба); см. k24KU6, V 9.

(8) Венера проходит впереди Козы-Рыбы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAŠ2 UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-ma ina SI m[ulUZ3] / E3-a: ina itiAŠ2 UD.1.KAM ina SI mulŠUDUN [iṭ-ḫi-m]a / i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina KUR i-ša2-an-ni / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR2-ir / mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ mulŠUDUN: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ ina itiAŠ2 ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 DIB-iq-ma «Если Венера в месяце шабату восходит во 2-й (или) 3-й день и появляется на роге [Козы], вар.: в месяце шабату в 1-й день [она подходит близко] и проходит рог Ярма: порядок в стране изменится, вар.: место страны станет другим; (пояснение): Коза = голова (возможно, передняя часть) Козы-Рыбы, Ярмо = Коза-Рыба, в месяце шабату она (=Венера) проходит впереди Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 194, K.42:7], см. также [ibid., 196, K.12373:2].

(9) В Рыбе (= задняя часть Козы-Рыбы?) одна звезда красная; [DIŠ ina ŠA3 m]ulKU6 1 MUL ma-diš ˹SA5˺ … KU[N] ˹mul˺SUḪUR.MAŠ2 DU-ma KU6.ME ḪA.A.ME … «[Если в] Рыбе 1 звезда очень красная: … [Марс? в] хвосте Козы-Рыбы стоит: рыбы исчезнут …» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:58]; здесь mulKU6, по-видимому, обозначает заднюю часть созвездия Коза-Рыба, т.е. ее хвост.

(10) Затмение Луны в Козе-Рыбе; см. g27GU.LA, VI 4.

(11) Меркурий становится виден в Козе-Рыбе; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(12) Марс в Козе-Рыбе; см. ts02dṢalbatānu, III 35.
----[1] При написании suḫurmāšu мы следуем [AHw, 1055; ARAK; Borger 2004; LABS; NSAM 2], хотя единственная известная силлабическая запись предполагает долготу на конце слова; соответственно Чикагский словарь дает: suḫurmašû [CAD S, 351a].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, s24)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Suḫurmāšu'' ===
|
|-
|редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Коза-Рыба» (букв. «Карп-Коза»), месопотамский эквивалент греческого Козерога, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

PA.BIL.SAG

2025-12-02T04:04:07Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

[[File:Pabilsag stellarium2025.jpg|thumb|Pabilsag, Mesopotamian God, in boat. his torso in the Milky Way.]]
mul / dPA.BIL.SAG (𒀯𒉺𒉈𒊕) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, corresponding to Sagittarius and part of the Serpent ([[Sagittarius]] + [[Ophiuchus]]) [G. 358]. See also [[BURRUM AN.NA]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
Pabilsaĝ. The god Pabilsaĝ, city god of Larak, was identified with Ninurta, particularly in his role as the husband of the healing goddess Gula. mul''Pa-bíl-saĝ'' (EA 14r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. readings:
* mul dPA.BIL2.SAG,
* ulPA.BIL.SAG.GA2,
* mulpa.bil2.sag
* "Pabilsag," lit. "Elder, Priest";

Ungnad reads pa.bil2.sag as sig3.gi9.sag = ''māḫiṣ uṣṣi'', lit. "the one who strikes with an arrow, an archer." [Ungnad 1941-44, 257, note 48], depicts this deity on kudurru and seals as a bow-shooting centaur. However, the Akkadian ''māḫiṣ uṣṣi'' as an epithet of Pabilsag is, to our knowledge, not attested in the texts. See also [Krebernik 2003-5, 161].

Abbreviations:
# PA.BIL - designation of the 9th sign of the zodiac and constellation (=Sagittarius) in later astronomical and astrological texts [G. 357; Ungnad 257].
# PA - the name of the 9th sign of the zodiac and the constellation corresponding to Sagittarius (Sagittarius) in later astronomical and astrological texts [G. 356; Ungnad 1941-44, 257].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists:
** (a) mul''mi-si-iḫ'' dpa.bil2.sag (list from Nippur) [MSL XI, 108:408],
** (b) mulmi.še.eḫ dpa.bil2.sag.ga2 (Old Babylonian list from Kish) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 24].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulIN.dub.an.na = ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dpa.bil.sag "Indubanna = Shining Pabilsag" [SpTU III, 114 A v 55], parallel: [mulin.d]ub.an.na = ''mi-šiḫ'' dPa-bil-sag [Cavigneaux 1979, 133-134:18], and also [ARAK, 369 r. 1-2]; ''in-um an-na'' = ''mi-šiḫ'' d''Pa-bil-sag'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 110:312ʹ].
|Example
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulPA.BIL.SAG [Oppenheim 1959, 283:15].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ABCD, 224f., 281; SpTU I, 90:8].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.

* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 11): mul˹pa.bil2˺.sag [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; MCG, 176].

Text Nv. 10.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: mul''Pa-bil-sag'' as star Ea - star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Sabbath, see (Kurtiku19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].
* (2) the star AN.TA.ŠUR.RA in the month of abu [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 66:15, 40; ASM, 55-56], see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 13): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2-''nu'' GUB-''zu'' mulPA.BIL.SAG "The star that stands behind them (d''Šar''2-''ur''4 and d''Šar''2-''gaz'', the two stars on the sting of the Scorpius): Pabilsag" (I ii 33).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of kislim' (I iii 6), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings:
** a) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulPA.BIL.SAG ŠU2-''bi'' 'The True Shepherd of Anu rises, Pabilsag sets' (I iii 16),
** b) (I iii 27), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN|gišBAN]].
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mulPA.BIL.SAG, after mulGIR2.TAB, before mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (I iv 35) [MA, 39, 45, 48, 51, 68].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [LABS, 380a; ARAK, 350b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag;
* (2) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: dpa.bil.sag [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:142, 229].
|
|-
|'''LBAT, 1502.'''
* múlPa-bil-sag is the star Antagubba, see (Kurtik g09) [[GAŠAN.TIN]].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (Q) ''šu šumēli''(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu ban "the left hand of Pabilsag, which is on the bow" (δ Sag) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:27-28]; see (Kurtik m01) [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]].
* (R) mul ''tak-ša''2-''a-tu''2 kimin ''kin-ṣi'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 / [''u''? ''šu''? ''imittu''(15)? mulpa.bi]l2. sag ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu mul-mul gu "The star (of) Trinity (ziqpu V: δ Her) or the knee of Zababa (η Ser), [and the right hand of Pabi]lsag, which is on the arrow (φ Sag), is a rope" [ibid., BM 78161:28-29]; according to [Koch 1992, 60], here it should be, respectively: α Her, ξ Ser, SgrX.
* (S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ "(Star) Pabilsag, which is higher than the Ship" (ι Sag) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:30-31], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag "the sting of Pabilsag" (α CrA), see (Kurtik a02) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]].
* §t. ˹mul˺''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag "the sting of Pabilsag" (α CrA), see (Kurtik g32) [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''

'''PA.BIL'''
* Designation of the zodiac sign Sagittarius up to the Seleucid era (on a par with PA); earliest example in a diary from -567 [AD I, -567 r. 2, 5], then passim.

'''PA'''
* (1) Sign of the zodiac; first in a diary for -384 [ADRT I, -384 r. 3; hereafter passim].
* (2) Abbreviation used in the designation of the three "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], nos. 30-32.
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
'''PA''' is the 9th sign of the zodiac [ACT I-III, LBAT, passim]; used already in the lunar tablets of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31].

* Anaphora. А 3427: ta 5? UŠ ar2 múldili ''ša''2 ''kun-šu''2 en múl''na-ad-dul-lum'' mulPA ta sag-''šu''2 [en ''til-šu''2...] "From (the culmination of the point) 50(?) after the Separate Star on (Leo's) tail to (the culmination of) the Harness: Sagittarius from its beginning [to its end ...]";
* thus the time of rising of the zodiac sign Sagittarius is determined by the culminations of the two ziqpu stars [Schaumberger 1955, 239:19; 241-242].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
'''PA.BIL.SAG'''

* (1) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulpa.bil2.sag "Region of Pabilsag," astrological meaning: threat to life, attack by spirit "lilitu" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259: 9, 30, 31; Reiner 1995; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV 19, see (Kurtik p02) PA.BIL.
* (2) "Microzodiac". Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 5th part is mulpa.bil.sag [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847], see also (Kurtik p02) PA.BIL.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlPA.BI[L.SAG ...] 'The region of Pabi[lsag...]', ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ša''2 múlPA.BIL.SAG... 'In the middle of Pabilsag...', KI múlPA.BIL.SAG ''a-lid sa-le-e'' GIŠ.BAN ''ra-kab'' ANŠE.KUR.RA 'Born in the region of Pabilsag: (he will be skilled) in archery, in riding a horse'" [LBAT, 1593: 3′-4′, rev. 8′; Reiner 2000].
* (4) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena [SpTU I, 94, passim].
* (5) Predictions based on the positions of eclipses of the moon relative to zodiacal constellations [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 121, 134:136, BM 36746+: 6, r. 11, 17]. See also [SpTU I, 93:8', 11'].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the position of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mulPA.BI[L.S]AG AN.MI GAR-''ma''... "If the Moon is eclipsed in Pabi[ls]ag (= Sagittarius)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 11′ + passim], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''PA.BIL'''
* (1) "Lunaries." BRM IV 19: PA.BIL is the designation of the zodiac sign Sagittarius in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: i, 4, 6, 23, 38; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: 9-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlpa.bil "The 9th part of Hired Man is Pabilsag" [Schaumberger 1955, 245, Sp II 202+:20].
'''PA'''
* (1) "Horoscopes." PA — the designation of the 9th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts: AO 6483: [9]-''i-tu''4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlpa ''šum''3-''šu''2 "[9]-th part, its name is Pabilsag" [TU, 14:18; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], (b) Sp II 202+: 9-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlpa.bil ''ša''2 múllu "the 9th part of the Hired Man is Pabilsag Hired Man" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:20-21].
* (3) Calendrical-ritual texts.
** a) BM 34452+: a) [8 17 // 3 11 // ''Sin'' ...] ''ša''2 múlPA(?) / [KI M]UL2.SIP[A GUB] MAR2.DA.KI "[(Month) Abu 17 // simanu 11 // Moon ...] Pabilsag / [Region] of the True Sheph[erd] of Anu, [place] Marada".
** (b) 9 15 // 3 15 // ''Sin ina'' EGIR múlPA KI / múlSIPA GUB ŠIR.BUR.[LA.KI] "Kislim 15 // siman 15 // Moon behind the region of Pabilsaga. / True Shepherd of Anu, place of Lagash" [LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41, r. 1-2, 9-10].
** (b) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 11 // PA 17 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''an-zi-i kappi''(PA) ''an-zi-i u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''an-zi-i'') MIN (= ''tapašššaš'') "Duuzu 11 // Sagittarius 170 // Anzu's (bird) head, Anzu's wing and Anzu's blood you smear" [SpTU III, 104: 11, and also 104:24]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:8, 21].
* (4) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlPA UDmeš DU10me UŠ2 ZU:AB "Region of Sagittarius: good days, death in the oceans" [SpTU II, 43: 25; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14: 24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 11'], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
|
|}

* PA.BIL.SAG: See also mulPA.BIL.SAG [SpTU I, 93:8], múlPA.BIL.SAG (WA 77824) [HC 17].
* PA: See also [SpTU V, 268:18].
[[File:Pabilsag CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 193424.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Pabilsang (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Kaus Australis]]
| HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
| 1.81
|-
| 2
|[[Nunki]]
|HIP 92855
| Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
| 3
|[[Ascella]]
|HIP 93506
|Inside the Hull
|2.59
|-
|4
|[[Kaus Media]]
|HIP 89931
| Constellation lines
| 2.668
|-
|5
|[[Kaus Borealis]]
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|[[Albaldah]]
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.88
|-
|7
|[[Alnasl]]
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
| Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|α Telescopii
| HIP 90422
| Constellation lines
| 3.463
|-
|12
| ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Constellation lines
|3.51
|-
|13
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the Hull
|3.6
|-
|14
|θ Arae
| HIP 88714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.66
|-
|15
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Constellation lines
|3.77
|-
|16
|[[Polis]]
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|17
|[[Rukbat]]
|HIP 95347
| Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
| 18
|[[Arkab Prior]]
|HIP 95241
|Inside the Hull
|4.01
|-
|19
|[[Meridiana]]
|HIP 94114
|Inside the Hull
|4.087
|-
|20
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
| Inside the Hull
|4.095
|-
|21
|ζ Telescopii
|HIP 90568
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.11
|-
|22
| ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.13
|-
|23
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the Hull
| 4.21
|-
|24
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
| Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|25
|ϵ Telescopii
| HIP 89112
|Constellation lines
|4.508
|-
|26
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Inside the Hull
|4.528
|-
|27
|* gam CrA A
|HIP 93825
|Inside the Hull
|4.53
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the Hull
|4.56
|-
|29
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
| Inside the Hull
|4.571
|-
|30
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.58
|-
|31
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|32
|θ Coronae Australis
|HIP 90982
|Inside the Hull
|4.614
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the Hull
|4.627
|-
|34
|[[Terebellum]]
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.7
|-
|35
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the Hull
|4.725
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.764
|-
|37
|[[Ainalrami]]
|HIP 92761
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|38
|ϵ Coronae Australis
| HIP 93174
| Inside the Hull
|4.85
|-
|39
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
| HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
| 4.87
|-
|41
|δ 1 Telescopii
| HIP 90830
| Inside the Hull
|4.92
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 88726
|Inside the Hull
|4.95
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|45
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|46
|δ 2 Telescopii
|HIP 90853
|Inside the Hull
|5.07
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 90037
|Inside the Hull
| 5.073
|-
|48
|λ Coronae Australis
| HIP 91875
|Inside the Hull
|5.111
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 90887
|Inside the Hull
|5.155
|-
|50
|M 22
|M 22
| Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|51
| μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the Hull
|5.217
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 90200
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
|53
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the Hull
|5.276
|-
|54
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the Hull
|5.299
|-
|55
| V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the Hull
|5.33
|-
|56
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the Hull
|5.34
|-
| 57
| -
|HIP 92953
|Inside the Hull
|5.346
|-
|58
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the Hull
|5.366
|-
|59
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|60
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the Hull
|5.386
|-
|61
|V718 CrA
|HIP 91494
|Inside the Hull
|5.425
|-
| 62
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 91989
| Inside the Hull
|5.439
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 90414
|Inside the Hull
|5.446
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 89507
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
| 66
|η 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 92308
|Inside the Hull
|5.456
|-
|67
| 24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the Hull
|5.461
|-
|68
|V692 CrA
|HIP 89290
|Inside the Hull
|5.462
|-
|69
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the Hull
|5.473
|-
|70
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Inside the Hull
|5.482
|-
|71
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 92630
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|73
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the Hull
|5.512
|-
|74
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
| Inside the Hull
|5.518
|-
|75
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the Hull
|5.574
|-
|76
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Inside the Hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the Hull
|5.579
|-
|78
|η 2 Coronae Australis
|HIP 92382
|Inside the Hull
|5.587
|-
|79
|κ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 90968
|Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|80
|CD-43 12272A
|HR 6749
|Inside the Hull
|5.62
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 90541
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|82
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Inside the Hull
|5.628
|-
| 83
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the Hull
|5.64
|-
|84
|186 G. Sgr
| HIP 95619
| Inside the Hull
|5.644
|-
|85
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|86
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the Hull
|5.66
|-
|87
|33 Sgr
| HIP 92747
|Inside the Hull
|5.678
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 90662
| Inside the Hull
|5.679
|-
|89
|CD-43 12272B
|HR 6750
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 90842
|Inside the Hull
|5.686
|-
|91
| 189 G. Sgr
| HIP 95823
|Inside the Hull
| 5.701
|-
|92
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the Hull
|5.716
|-
| 93
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the Hull
|5.765
|-
| 94
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the Hull
|5.772
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 92367
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|96
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the Hull
|5.811
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 91461
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 89099
|Inside the Hull
| 5.845
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the Hull
|5.855
|-
|100
| -
| HIP 91438
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 90485
| Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94556
| Inside the Hull
|5.909
|-
|103
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|104
|116 G. Sgr
| HIP 92931
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|105
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
| Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|106
| 83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
| Inside the Hull
|5.931
|-
|107
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
| Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|108
|29 G. Sgr
|HIP 88694
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|109
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the Hull
|6.011
|-
|110
| -
|HIP 90759
|Inside the Hull
|6.018
|-
|111
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the Hull
|6.027
|-
|112
| RS Sgr
| HIP 89637
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|113
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the Hull
|6.031
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 89096
|Inside the Hull
|6.069
|-
|115
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Inside the Hull
| 6.08
|-
|116
|108 G. Sgr
| HIP 92643
|Inside the Hull
|6.098
|-
|117
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
| Inside the Hull
|6.131
|-
| 118
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|119
| 123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the Hull
| 6.141
|-
|120
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
| 122
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the Hull
|6.154
|-
|123
| 38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 92669
| Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 88859
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|127
| 49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|128
|κ 2 Coronae Australis
|HIP 90969
|Inside the Hull
|6.169
|-
|129
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the Hull
|6.205
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the Hull
|6.209
|-
|131
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 90936
|Inside the Hull
|6.217
|-
|133
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|134
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 135
|[[Gumala]]
| HIP 94645
| Inside the Hull
|6.237
|-
|136
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
| 138
| -
|HIP 93049
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
| 139
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the Hull
|6.272
|-
|140
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|141
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|142
| -
| HIP 93074
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 89726
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|144
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
| 145
|64 G. Sgr
| HIP 90336
|Inside the Hull
| 6.296
|-
|146
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|147
| 90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the Hull
|6.308
|-
| 148
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the Hull
|6.338
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the Hull
|6.344
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 90597
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
| 151
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the Hull
|6.356
|-
| 152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
| HIP 91172
|Inside the Hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|156
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|157
|* gam CrA B
|HIP 93825
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 89920
|Inside the Hull
|6.434
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the Hull
| 6.435
|-
|160
| [SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| [SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 92608
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|163
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|165
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
| 166
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 92487
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|168
|M 55
| M 55
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the Hull
|6.497
|-
| 170
| -
| HIP 90576
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Pabilsag is one of the most ancient Mesopotamian gods. His name is present in the list of gods from Fara [Krebernik 1986, 176, IX 4]. In the Neo-Sumerian period he was honored in Larak, Ur, Lagash, Umma, Isin, and Nippur [Sallaberger 1993, I 105, 153, 248; Krause 1951, 75-80; Krebernik 2003-5, 164-166]. Considered the son of Enlil and consort of Gula, among his epithets: "Great warrior, Mr. Pabilsag" (ur.sag gal en dpa.bil.sag) [Krause 1951, 78]. The earliest evidence for its astral meaning is the Sumerian list of stars from Nippur (see above). As usual, it is unclear exactly when and how the constellation Pabilsag was singled out in the Mesopotamian sky. In astrological geography Pabilsag corresponds:

* a) with Mutabal and Babylon,
* b) Kish, Dilmun and Girsu,
* c) Mutabal [Weidner 1963].

==== III. Symbol. ====
A bow-shooting centaur (winged in some images) with two heads (of a man and a lion) and two tails (of a horse and a scorpion). It occurs on seals and kudurru from the Kassite period [Seidl 1968, 176-178; Kurtik 2007, fig. 7). For astral images on seals from Uruk from the Hellenistic period, see. [AUWE 19, 42-44, 155; Kurtik 2007, figs. 33, 34, 35]. See also [Krebernik 2003-5, 164].

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Sagittarius + group of stars around θ Ophiuchi [G. 358, I].

= Sagittarius [Waerden 1952-53, 219; 1974 76, 125; Weidner 1957-59, 77b-78a].

= Sagittarius and probably θ+ Ophiuchi [BPO 2, 14; MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= stars from the constellations Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, Corona Australis, and Telescopium [Koch 1989, 118, 144, Anm. 447 + Abb. 18, 21, 22].

= Sagittarius (Sagittarius) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247].

==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 KUR ''ša''2 KIR4 ''šil'' PA "Star with great brilliance at the end of the arrow of Pabilsag" (θ Ophiuchi).

(2) 4-AM2 IGImeš ''ša''2 PA "4 front stars of Pabilsag" (μ (13), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii).

(3) 4-AM2 ar2meš ''ša''2 PA "4 back stars of Pabilsag" (ν1, ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii).

Star (1) and asterisms (2), (3) were among the "normal stars" and used in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], nos. 30-32.

(4) ''zi-qit'' mulPA.BIL.SAG "Sting of Pabilsag" (α Coronae Austrinae?), see dbn-text.

(5) ŠU ''šumēli''(2,30) mulPA.BIL.SAG ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu ban "Pabilsag's left hand which is on the bow", see GU-text.

(6) "Pabilsag's right hand which is on the arrow", see GU-text.

(7) ''ki-ṣir ša''2 PA.BIL "Pabilsag's elbow" [AD I, -567 r. 5]; MULx MURUB4 ''š''[''a''2 ''ki'']-''ṣir'' ˹''ša''2˺ PA.BIL "The star in the middle of [Pabilsag's] elbow" [AD I, -567 r. 2].

(8) SAG PA "The head of Pabilsag" [HCH 35, WA 35420:23].

(9) ''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG, lit. "The Radiance of Pabilsag," part of the constellation Pabilsag, possibly λ Scorpii and ε Sagittarii [Weidner 1959-60, 107b] or the bright clouds of the Milky Way in the area (SMH; see m26 [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]).

(10) "(Star) Pabilsag, which is higher than the Ship" (ι Sgr), see GU-text.

==== VI. Astrology. ====
In [G. 358, IV A] the identities, Pabilsag = Saturn, Pabilsag = Jupiter, are assumed, which, in our opinion, are not well founded.

==== Predictions: ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Sagittarius; [DIŠ] MUL ''ina'' KI mulPA.BIL.SAG ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ''Mut-tab-bal u'' KA2.DINGIR.RAki "[If] a star (=Moon_????) is eclipsed in the region of Pabilsag: a solution for Muttabal and Babylon" [ARAK, 4:8], for parallels see. [ABCD, 224, EAE 20 text g: r. 10; 225, EAE 20 text h: r. 9; 281, App. 2.1: r. 6; ARAK, 300 r. 11; 535 r. 7].

(2) "Sting of the Scorpius" = Pabilsag; ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB ''a-na'' mulPA.BIL.SAG ''qa-a-bi'' "Sting of the Scorpius, so they say of Pabilsag" [ARAK, 52:5-6], ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB EN GAL-''u''2 mulPA.BIL.SAG "Sting of the Scorpius is the great lord Pabilsag" [ARAK, 502:9], see also [ibid., 185:5, 550:5].

(3) Jupiter and mišḫu of Pabilsag;

* (a) DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina mi-ši-iḫ'' / [mulPA].BIL.SAG GUB (var.: IGI-''ir'') ''šag-ga-ša''2-''a-ti ina'' KUR GAL2.ME "If Jupiter stands (var.: becomes visible) in [Pa]bilsag: there will be murdering in the country" [ARAK, 369:3-4; 356:3-5], see also [ACh Suppl., 43:6-7],
* (b) DIŠ MUL.MIN ''ana'' mulIN.DUB.AN.NA TE / KI.LAM TUR / mulIN.DUB.AN.NA / ''mi-šiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG "If the same star (=Jupiter) comes close to Indubanna: business activity will decrease. Indubanna is mišḫu Pabilsaga" [ARAK, 369:5-r. 2].

(4) Mercury and mišḫu of Pabilsag; [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG / m[ulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG / GUB-''ma'' "Antasurra is the mišḫu of Pabilsag, (meaning) Mercury stands in Sagittarius" [ARAK, 381:4-7].

(5) Venus, Scorpius sting and Sagittarius; DIŠ mul˹ŠAR2.UR˺ [''u''] mul˹ŠAR2.GAZ ''ša zi-qit''˺ mulG[IR2.TAB] (glosses: ''ša''2-''ar-ur'', ''ṣar-gaz'') / ''it-ta-na-na-an-bi-ṭu'' gišTUKUL KUR.URIki ZI-''u''2 / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG ''in-na-mar-ma'' "If the luster of Sharur [and] Shar-gaz increases on the sting of the S[corpion]: the weapons of Akkad will be exalted. (This takes place when) Venus becomes visible (var.: stands) in Pabilsag" [ARAK, 51:1-3], var. cf. [ibid., 502:7-10].

(6) Mars, the Scorpius Sting, and the Pabilsag; [DIŠ mulŠAR2.UR3 ''u''] mulŠAR2.GAZ (glossa: ''ga-az'') / [''ša zi-qit'' mulG]IR2.TAB ''un-nu-tu''2 / [xxxx] KI ''ma-aq-tu''2 / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 / mulPA. BIL.SAG GUB-''ma zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''a-na'' mulPA.BIL.SAG ''qa-a-bi'' "[If Sharur and] Shargaz [on the sting of Scor]pion are dim: [.....] ruined. (This means:) Mars stands in Pabilsag; 'the sting of the Scorpius' is said of Pabilsag" [ARAK, 52:1-6].

(7) Mars in Sagittarius; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiGAN ''iṣ-ru-uḫ-ma ittananpaḫ''(MU2.MU2): AN ''i''-[''na''] / mulxPA.BIL.SAG ''ša''2''-ru-ru naši''(IL2)-''ma'' "If a planet flares up and (re-)flares up in the month of kislim: (this is said when) Mars bears a particularly strong luster [in] Sagittarius" (late commentary on EAE Table 56) [SpTU I, 90:7-8].

(8) The conjunction of Jupiter with the Moon in Sagittarius; see (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]'', III 6.

(9) Pabilsag and mišḫu; [DIŠ mulPA].BIL.SAG [MIN] (= ''miš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ'') [x x] KU2 GAL2-''ma'' [''ar''2]-''bu-tu'' GAR-''an'' "[If Pa]bilsag [emits mišḫu]: [...] there will be famine and desolation." [ACh Suppl. 2, 63 col. i 20].

For observations of the movements of Mars relative to Sagittarius, made for astrological purposes, see. [LABS, 349 s. 2, 350:11-12].

See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 20.

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, p03)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul dPA.BIL2.SAG, ulPA.BIL.SAG.GA2, mulpa.bil2.sag «Пабилсаг», букв. «Старейшина, Священник»; созвездие, соответствующее Стрельцу и части Змееносца (Sagittarius + Ophiuchus) [G. 358].
Унгнад читает pa.bil2.sag как sig3.gi9.sag = māḫiṣ uṣṣi, букв. «бьющий стрелой, стрелок» [Ungnad 1941–44, 257, note 48], в соответствии с изображениями этого божества на кудурру и печатях как стреляющего из лука кентавра. Однако аккадское māḫiṣ uṣṣi, как эпитет Пабилсага, насколько нам известно, в текстах не засвидетельствовано. См. также [Krebernik 2003–5, 161].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки: a) mulmi-si-iḫ dpa.bil2.sag (список из Ниппура) [MSL XI, 108:408], b) mulmi.še.eḫ dpa.bil2.sag.ga2 (старовавилонский список из Киша) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 24]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulIN.dub.an.na = mi-ši-iḫ dpa.bil.sag «Индубанна = Сияние Пабилсага» [SpTU III, 114 A v 55], параллель: [mulin.d]ub.an.na = mi-šiḫ dPa-bil-sag [Cavigneaux 1979, 133–134:18], а также [ARAK, 369 r. 1–2]; in-um an-na = mi-šiḫ dPa-bil-sag [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:312ʹ]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulPA.BIL.SAG [Oppenheim 1959, 283:15]. EAE. См. [ABCD, 224f., 281; SpTU I, 90:8]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 11): mul˹pa.bil2˺.sag [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 13): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2-nu GUB-zu mulPA.BIL.SAG «Звезда, которая стоит позади них (dŠar2-ur4 и dŠar2-gaz, двух звезд на жале Скорпиона): Пабилсаг» (I ii 33). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го кислиму» (I iii 6), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-ma mulPA.BIL.SAG ŠU2-bi «Праведный Пастух Ану восходит, Пабилсаг заходит» (I iii 16), b) (I iii 27), см. b06gišBAN. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulPA.BIL.SAG, после mulGIR2.TAB, перед mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (I iv 35) [MA, 39, 45, 48, 51, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 380a; ARAK, 350b]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = me-šiḫ dpa.bil.sag; (2) 7 lumāšu-звезд: dpa.bil.sag [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:142, 229]. LBAT, 1502. múlPa-bil-sag — звезда Антагубба, см. g09GAŠAN.TIN. GU-текст. (Q) šu šumēli(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu ban «левая рука Пабилсага, которая на луке» (δ Sag) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:27–28]; см. m01MA2.GUR8. (R) mul tak-ša2-a-tu2 kimin kin-ṣi mulZa-ba4-ba4 / [u? šu? imittu(15)? mulpa.bi]l2.sag ša2 ina ugu mul-mul gu «Звезда (из) Тройни (ziqpu V: δ Her) или колено Забабы (η Ser), [и правая рука Паби]лсага, которая на стреле (φ Sag), ― веревка» [ibid., BM 78161:28–29]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], здесь должно быть соответственно: α Her, ξ Ser, SgrX. (S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹ša2˺ ina ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ «(Звезда) Пабилсага, которая выше Корабля» (ι Sag) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30–31], см. также u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag «жало Пабилсага» (α CrA), см. a02A2mušen. §t. ˹mul˺zi-qit mulpa.bil.sag «жало Пабилсага» (α CrA), см. g32GU4.ALIM. Анафора. См. p01PA. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: mulPa-bil-sag как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце шабату, см. u19UR.GI7. (2) звезда AN.TA.ŠUR.RA в месяце абу [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 66:15, 40; ASM, 55–56], см. g06GAM3. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulpa.bil2.sag «Область Пабилсага», астрологическое значение: угроза для жизни, нападение духа «лилиту» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 9, 30, 31; Reiner 1995; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV 19, см. p02PA.BIL. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 5-я часть — mulpa.bil.sag [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847], см. также p02PA.BIL. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlPA.BI[L.SAG …] «Область Паби[лсага…]», ina ŠA3 ša2 múlPA.BIL.SAG… «В середине Пабилсага…», KI múlPA.BIL.SAG a-lid sa-le-e GIŠ.BAN ra-kab ANŠE.KUR.RA «Родился в области Пабилсага: (он будет искусен) в стрельбе из лука, в езде на лошади» [LBAT, 1593: 3′–4′, rev. 8′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Предсказания по положениям затмений Луны относительно зодиакальных созвездий [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 121, 134:136, BM 36746+: 6, r. 11, 17]. См. также [SpTU I, 93:8', 11']. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ Sin ina mulPA.BI[L.S]AG AN.MI GAR-ma… «Если Луна затмилась в Паби[лс]аге (= Стрельце)…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 11′ + passim], см. s20Sîn.

См. также mulPA.BIL.SAG [SpTU I, 93:8], múlPA.BIL.SAG (WA 77824) [HC 17].

II. Божество.

Пабилсаг ― один из древнейших месопотамских богов. Его имя присутствует в списке богов из Фары [Krebernik 1986, 176, IX 4]. В новошумерский период почитался в Лараке, Уре, Лагаше, Умме, Исине и Ниппуре [Sallaberger 1993, I 105, 153, 248; Krause 1951, 75–80; Krebernik 2003–5, 164–166]. Считался сыном Энлиля и супругом Гулы, среди его эпитетов: «Воин великий, господин Пабилсаг» (ur.sag gal en dpa.bil.sag) [Krause 1951, 78]. Самое раннее свидетельство о его астральном значении ― шумерский список звезд из Ниппура (см. выше). Как обычно, неясно, когда именно и каким образом было выделено созвездие Пабилсаг на месопотамском небе. В астрологической географии Пабилсаг соотносится: a) c Мутабалем и Вавилоном, b) Кишем, Дильмуном и Гирсу, с) Мутабалем [Weidner 1963].

III. Символ.

Стреляющий из лука кентавр (на некоторых изображениях ― крылатый) с двумя головами (человека и льва) и двумя хвостами (лошади и скорпиона). Встречается на печатях и кудурру с касситского периода [Seidl 1968, 176–178; Куртик 2007, рис. 7). Астральные изображения на печатях из Урука эллинистического времени см. [AUWE 19, 42–44, 155; Куртик 2007, рис. 33, 34, 35]. См. также [Krebernik 2003–5, 164].

IV. Отождествление.

= Sagittarius + группа звезд вокруг θ Ophiuchi [G. 358, I].

= Sagittarius [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 1974 76, 125; Weidner 1957–59, 77b–78a].

= Sagittarius и, вероятно, θ+ Ophiuchi [BPO 2, 14; MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= звезды из созвездий Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, Corona Australis и Telescopium [Koch 1989, 118, 144, Anm. 447 + Abb. 18, 21, 22].

= Стрелец (Sagittarius) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 KIR4 šil PA «Звезда с большим блеском на конце стрелы Пабилсага» (θ Ophiuchi).

(2) 4-AM2 IGImeš ša2 PA «4 передние звезды Пабилсага» (μ (13), 14, 15 и 16 Sagittarii).

(3) 4-AM2 ar2meš ša2 PA «4 задние звезды Пабилсага» (ν1, ν2, ξ1 и ξ2 Sagittarii).

Звезда (1) и астеризмы (2), (3) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 30–32.

(4) zi-qit mulPA.BIL.SAG «Жало Пабилсага» (α Coronae Austrinae?), см. dbn-текст.

(5) ŠU šumēli(2,30) mulPA.BIL.SAG ša2 ina ugu ban «Левая рука Пабилсага, которая на луке», см. GU-текст.

(6) «Правая рука Пабилсага, которая на стреле», см. GU-текст.

(7) ki-ṣir ša2 PA.BIL «локоть Пабилсага» [AD I, -567 r. 5]; MULx MURUB4 š[a2 ki]-ṣir ˹ša2˺ PA.BIL «Звезда в середине [лок]тя Пабилсага» [AD I, -567 r. 2].

(8) SAG PA «Голова Пабилсага» [HCH 35, WA 35420:23].

(9) mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG, букв. «Сияние Пабилсага» ― часть созвездия Пабилсаг, возможно λ Scorpii и ε Sagittarii [Weidner 1959–60, 107b] (см. m26).

(10) «(Звезда) Пабилсага, которая выше Корабля» (ι Sgr), см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

В [G. 358, IV A] предполагаются тождества: Пабилсаг = Сатурн, Пабилсаг = Юпитер, которые, на наш взгляд, не имеют достаточных оснований.

Предсказания:

(1) Затмение Луны в Стрельце; [DIŠ] MUL ina KI mulPA.BIL.SAG a-dir EŠ.BAR Mut-tab-bal u KA2.DINGIR.RAki «[Если] звезда (=Луна) затмилась в области Пабилсага: решение для Муттабаля и Вавилона» [ARAK, 4:8], параллели см. [ABCD, 224, EAE 20 text g: r. 10; 225, EAE 20 text h: r. 9; 281, App. 2.1: r. 6; ARAK, 300 r. 11; 535 r. 7].

(2) «Жало Скорпиона» = Пабилсаг; zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB a-na mulPA.BIL.SAG qa-a-bi «Жало Скорпиона», так говорят о Пабилсаге» [ARAK, 52:5–6], zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB EN GAL-u2 mulPA.BIL.SAG «Жало Скорпиона ― великий господин Пабилсаг» [ARAK, 502:9], см. также [ibid., 185:5, 550:5].

(3) Юпитер и mišḫu Пабилсага; a) DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ina mi-ši-iḫ / [mulPA].BIL.SAG GUB (вар.: IGI-ir) šag-ga-ša2-a-ti ina KUR GAL2.ME «Если Юпитер стоит (вар.: становится виден) в [Па]билсаге: в стране будут убийства» [ARAK, 369:3–4; 356:3–5], см. также [ACh Suppl., 43:6–7], b) DIŠ MUL.MIN ana mulIN.DUB.AN.NA TE / KI.LAM TUR / mulIN.DUB.AN.NA / mi-šiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG «Если та же звезда (=Юпитер) подходит близко к Индубанне: деловая активность уменьшится. Индубанна есть mišḫu Пабилсага» [ARAK, 369:5–r. 2].

(4) Меркурий и mišḫu Пабилсага; [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / mi-ši-iḫ dPA.BIL.SAG / m[ulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG / GUB-ma «Aнтасурра есть mišḫu Пабилсага, (это означает) Меркурий стоит в Стрельце» [ARAK, 381:4–7].

(5) Венера, Жало Скорпиона и Стрелец; DIŠ mul˹ŠAR2.UR˺ [u] mul˹ŠAR2.GAZ ša zi-qit˺ mulG[IR2.TAB] (глоссы: ša2-ar-ur, ṣar-gaz) / it-ta-na-an-bi-ṭu gišTUKUL KUR.URIki ZI-u2 / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG in-na-mar-ma «Если Шарур [и] Шаргаз на жале С[корпиона] увеличили блеск: оружие Аккада превознесется. (Это имеет место, когда) Венера становится видна (вар.: стоит) в Пабилсаге» [ARAK, 51:1–3], вар. см. [ibid., 502:7–10].

(6) Марс, Жало Скорпиона и Пабилсаг; [DIŠ mulŠAR2.UR3 u] mulŠAR2.GAZ (глосса: ga-az) / [ša zi-qit mulG]IR2.TAB un-nu-tu2 / [xxxx] KI ma-aq-tu2 / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG GUB-ma zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB / a-na mulPA.BIL.SAG qa-a-bi «[Если Шарур и] Шаргаз [на жале Скор]пиона тусклые: […..] разорены. (Это означает:) Марс стоит в Пабилсаге; «жало Скорпиона» — сказано о Пабилсаге» [ARAK, 52:1–6].

(7) Марс в Стрельце; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ina itiGAN iṣ-ru-uḫ-ma ittananpaḫ(MU2.MU2): AN i-[na] / mulxPA.BIL.SAG ša2-ru-ru naši(IL2)-ma «Если планета в месяце кислиму вспыхивает и (повторно) вспыхивает: (так говорят, когда) Марс [в] Стрельце особенно сильный блеск несет» (поздний комментарий к Табл. 56 EAE) [SpTU I, 90:7–8].

(8) Соединение Юпитера с Луной в Стрельце; см. n15Nēberu, III 6.

(9) Пабилсаг и mišḫu; [DIŠ mulPA].BIL.SAG [MIN] (= miš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ) [x x] KU2 GAL2-ma [ar2]-bu-tu GAR-an «[Если Па]билсаг [испускает mišḫu]: […] будет голод и опустошение» [ACh Suppl. 2, 63 col. i 20].

Наблюдения движений Марса относительно Стрельца, производившиеся в астрологических целях, см. [LABS, 349 s. 2, 350:11–12].

См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 20.
|Example
|-
!
=== p02 PABIL ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulPA.BIL.SAG «Пабилсаг»; обозначение 9-го знака зодиака и созвездия (=Стрелец) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 357; Ungnad 257].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». Обозначение знака зодиака Стрелец вплоть до эпохи Селевкидов (наравне с PA); самый ранний пример в дневнике за -567 год [AD I, -567 r. 2, 5], далее passim. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: PA.BIL — обозначение знака зодиака Стрелец в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: i, 4, 6, 23, 38; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 9-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlpa.bil «9-я часть Наемника — Пабилсаг» [Schaumberger 1955, 245, Sp II 202+:20].
|
|-
!
=== p01 PA ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulPA.BIL.SAG (mulPA.BIL) «Пабилсаг»; название 9-го знака зодиака и созвездие, соответствующее Стрельцу (Sagittarius), в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 356; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Знак зодиака; впервые в дневнике за –384 год [ADRT I, -384 r. 3; далее passim]. (2) Сокращение использовалось в обозначении трех «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 30–32. Математическая астрономия. PA — 9-й знак зодиака [ACT I–III, LBAT, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31]. Анафора. А 3427: ta 5? UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 kun-šu2 en múlna-ad-dul-lum mulPA ta sag-šu2 [en til-šu2…] «От (кульминации точки) 50(?) после Отдельной звезды на его (Льва) хвосте до (кульминации) Упряжи: Стрелец от его начала [до его конца …]»; таким образом определяется время восхода знака зодиака Стрелец по кульминациям двух ziqpu-звезд [Schaumberger 1955, 239:19; 241–242]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». PA — обозначение 9-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: АО 6483: [9]-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlpa šum3-šu2 «[9]-я часть, ее имя Пабилсаг» [TU, 14:18; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], b) Sp II 202+: 9-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlpa.bil ša2 múllu «9-я часть Наемника — Пабилсаг Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:20–21]. (3) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. a) BM 34452+: a) [8 17 // 3 11 // Sin …] ša2 múlPA(?) / [KI M]UL2.SIP[A GUB] MAR2.DA.KI «[(Месяц) абу 17 // симану 11 // Луна …] Пабилсага / [Область] Праведного Пасту[ха] Ану, [место] Марада». b) 9 15 // 3 15 // Sin ina EGIR múlPA KI / múlSIPA GUB ŠIR.BUR.[LA.KI] «Кислиму 15 // симану 15 // Луна позади области Пабилсага. / Праведный Пастух Ану, место Лагаша» [LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41, r. 1–2, 9–10]. b) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= ŠU) 11 // PA 17 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) an-zi-i kappi(PA) an-zi-i u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= an-zi-i) MIN (= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 11 // Стрелец 170 // Голову (птицы) Анзу, крыло Анзу и кровь Анзу ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 11, а также 104:24]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:8, 21]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlPA UDmeš DU10me UŠ2 ZU:AB «Область Стрельца: хорошие дни, смерть в океане» [SpTU II, 43:25; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 11'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].

См. также [SpTU V, 268:18].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]][[Category:Constellation]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Deity]]

GIR2.TAB

2025-12-02T03:38:31Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to classical [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the constellation of [[Scorpius]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
= ''zuqaqīpu'' “scorpion”.

* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' "Scorpius"; constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [G. 91].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Urra XXII series: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 Stars."'''
Anu 2.

* MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].
|
|-
|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)." '''''
'''Astrolabe P.'''
* Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].
* BM 82923.
** Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI
*** "Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].
* BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 1499:9], see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* (1) List (12´3):
** a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''
*** "The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];
** (b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''.
* (2) List (3´12):
** [itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''
*** The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':

* mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Ishkhara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2. TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Sharur and Shargas" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of arahsamnu the Scorpius becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of arahsamnu the Goat and the Breast of the Scorpius become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rises, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "towards the way of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of arahsamnu, the Scorpius, the 15th Scorpius Breast becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] Scorpius becomes visible and the south wind blows: this year will be favorable" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Ishkhara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Ishkhara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere???''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Ishkhara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' kimin murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit si'' mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' igi mulur.idim gu "The harness (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the Scorpion horn (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): the rope.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [''u''? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu "Shupa (=ziqpu I: α Boo) or the middle of Lib (γ Lib), the star of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a rope.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulgir2.tab ''u'' gir3II egir ''ša''2 mulur.idim gu "The 2nd star of the Harness (ziqpu II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulsag gir2.tab "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulgir2.tab] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Shullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Shull]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Hanish" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš ...] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ''zi-q''[''it'' gir2.tab x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Shullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The grief[o Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlgaba gir2.tab ''ka-bi-is'' gaba ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that goes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ''ša''2 múl''kun-šu''2 [gir2.tab] "From (culmination point) 50 after the 2 stars of the Lion head to (the culmination point) 50 after the Individual star on its tail: [Scorpius]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlgir2.tab ta ''sag-šu''2 en ''til-šu''2 ''kur-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1''-et'' ḫa.la ''ša''2 múlgir2.tab ''kur-ḫa'' ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end ascends [...] / (per) 2030' one (twelfth) part of the Scorpius ascends, 12 parts (per interval) 1 danna 10 UŠ (ascends) [...],
* c) ta ''sag-šu''2 en ''til-šu''2 ''kur-ḫa'' napḫar 2 danna ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(The constellation Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises, in a total of (the interval of) 2 danna, (measured) by the passages of the ziqpu stars [...]" (the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),
* d) múlgir2 tab ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits mišḫu and ascends" [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaries.
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part Aries — Aries Scorpius" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la ''sag-tu''2 ša, múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [''šum''3-''šu''2]? "The first part of Scorpius, [her name is] Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-''tim'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 7 // Scorpius 190 // Anything you smear." [SpTU III, 104:7, and also 20]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Ishkara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kishu, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month of Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of duuzu: ''pad-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Exaltation of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Ishkhara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Khursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Ishkhara, (i.e. The Scorpion Ishtar, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== III. Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpio-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997]. [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see. [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. See [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Librae, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== V. Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 indicated stars above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Breasts of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dbn-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dbn-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dbn-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance on the Scorpion's head" [AD I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag; see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance; mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later; "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month of arahsamnu, variant: tebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if the star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will appear, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king will strike his enemies with his hand" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [ARAK, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) it carries radiation, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all other countries will become hostile (to Akkad?), variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another." [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will be bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [ARAK, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion; ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night the star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [ARAK, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month of kislimu; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Ishkhara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?), her breasts have great luster, and her tails become dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; locusts will attack and devour the country; cattle will be destroyed and the houses of the herders..." [ARAK, 504: 5-r. 2], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month of kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Ishara, at its first appearance, its claws (resemble) the month? var.: connected, her breasts have great luster, and her tail is dark: ..." [ARAK, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina'' EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occured during the morning watch on the 14th of Simman. The eclipse began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared out in the south. Its right side eclipsed. The eclipse took place within the perimeters of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon, with an Open Mouth, culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [LABS, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA´M[I''-su''] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Siman a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Scorpion: solution for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo: lions and wolves will rage, the means of communication will become unsafe...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon): floods will come and wash away the dikes...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder: this year rats will destroy the canes and sesame...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn: this year locusts will attack and devour the country...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn: this year the locusts will attack and devour the country, the king of Akkad and the king (Amurru) will be hostile to each other ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year Umman-manda (the country) will attack (the country of Akkad)." [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [ARAK, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion; 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood". [ARAK, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will become pregnant, men, variant: lions will rage and cut the message." [ARAK, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

UR.IDIM

2025-12-02T03:34:14Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

{{distinguish|Uridim}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.IDIM}}

Mesopotamian constellation in the area of the modern constellation Lupus. UR.IDIM (𒌨𒁁), The Mad Dog (or: Rabid Dog), is a standalone constellation associated with a Mesopotamian female deity, a daughter of one of the three most important gods Anu (god of heavens) or Enlil (god of agriculture). This goddess did not have a constellation in the original Mesopotamian uranography of the -2nd millennium. To the west of the constellation of UR.IDIM, there is the constellation of the violent (male) nature god, Numushda whose iconographic representation and exact realm and origin are uncertain. However, it is well possible that the two neighbouring constellations Numushda and UR.IDIM were the model for the later Greek super-constellation of "[[Centaurus]] and [[Lupus]] with [[Ara]], the Censer".

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ''ur-idim'' = ''kalbu šegû'' (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
|[[File:LionMan Carter2019.jpg|alt=photograph of seal impression|thumb|Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature, half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and [https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/633185/azu_etd_17201_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Carter 2019]). The central creature, Urmahlullu, looks a bit like a lion-centaur and holds a dead animal in its left hand: this might be the template for the later Greek constellation.]]
|}

mulUR.IDIM The associated deity is '''Kusu:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba.
See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (EA 9r).
|[[File:Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin (CC0).]]
|}
Note that Nisaba carries an ear of grain, and that the (later, Greek) constellations of The Censer (Ara) and The Maiden (Virgo) are neighbouring the super-constellation [[Centaurus]]+[[Lupus]].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

* = ''ur(i)dimmu'' (𒀯𒌨𒁁𒈬) Akkadian parallel (Kurtik 2007, u25).
* "Mad Dog (var.: Lion)";
* constellation within the modern Wolf ([[Lupus]]) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172-174].

However, note that UR.IDIM = ''uridimmu'' figures in art correspond to composite lion-human figures (see fig. **, '''''<nowiki>[[Wayne provide reference from RlA or Wiggerman etc.???]]</nowiki>'''''. The significance of the figure standing behind the composite lion-human figure needs to be explained. Perhaps some connection somehow with a super-constellation consisting of the stars of classical Lupus and Centaurus may be suspected.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4].
* (2) Urra XIV series: ur.idim = ''ur-idim-mu'', ''kal-bu še-gu-u''2 'rabid dog', ''zi-i-bi'' 'jackal' [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94-95, 10:138].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Enlil, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): [mu]l ''ša i-na'' gub3 d''E''2-''a'' gub / [mu]lur.idim "[The constellation that stands to the left of Ea, the Mad Dog" (B i 21-22); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz, Ea 9].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiAPIN m]ulUR.IDIM ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog (rising in the way of) Ea " (C i 8).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m):
*** a) [itiAPIN] mulUR.IDIM mulGIR2.TAB mulLUGAL ˹E3˺ "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and the King are rising" (C 27)
*** b) mulUR.IDIM | mulGIR2.TAB mulLUGAL ''šu''2 "(Ayar): the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and King are coming in." [KAV 218, C 16; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Ea: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // d''En-l''[''il''2]? "Mad Dog // 140 // Enl[il]." [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea: instead of ur.idim, erroneously UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (see u19UR.GI7).
** "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺UR.IDIM // 2.20 "(Stars of Ea), Araḫsamnu: Mad Dog, 140" [CT 33, 11].
** "Catalog of 30 stars." Ea. 9. MUL ''ša a-na''(B: ''i-na''!) GUB3 d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''zu'' dUR.IDIM "The star that stands to the left of Ea (= mulBIR 'Kidney'), the Mad Dog" (A. 10, B. 12b) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177].
|[[File:British Museum Planisphere fragment.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Fragment of the circular clay tablet Sm. 162 (British Museum) with a record of constellations (planisphere), 4 curved + 13 lines of inscription and diagram, Neo-Assyrian (CC0).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 9): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GUB3- mulGIR2.TAB GUB-''zu'' mulUR.IDIM d''Ku''3-''su''3 "The asterism that stands on the left side of the Scorpius: The Mad Dog, Kusu" (I ii 28).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'On the 15th day of Tashritu, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gula) ascend' (I iii 1-2), see (Kurtik z10)''Zibānītum.''
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and settings:
** a) "The Libra, the Mad Dog, and Entenabarhum rise, while the Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2,
** b) "The Fish and the Old Man rise, the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33), see (Kurtik a06)AB.SIN2 [MA, 38, 43, 52].
|The Mad Dog is identified with Lupus. Gullberg's painting shows a dog laying next to Scorpius; this is the most careful interpretation. Other scholars read the designation as "rabid dog", and Krebernik even interprets it as "lion-man". [[File:Stellarium-UR.IDIM.jpg|alt=UR.IDIM painted as a dog on a star chart|thumb|(painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021, map: Stellarium). ]]
|-
|'''"Great Star List".'''
* (1) 12 stars of Akkad: mulUR.IDIM [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211].
|
|-
|VR Star List 46, 1:33.

* mulUR.IDIM d''ku''3-''su''3 = dKUR.GAL
* "The Mad Dog, Kusu = Kurgal" [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162-3]; dKUR.GAL is identified with dMAR.TU (=Amurru), cf. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154].
|
|-
|'''GU Text'''
* (M) igi mul-ur-idim "Eye of the Mad Dog" (γ Lup).
* (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺-ur-idim "[Middle] of the Mad Dog" (η Lup).
* (O) gir3II egir ''ša''2 mul-ur-idim "Mad Dog's hind paw" (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], see (Kurtik g19)GIR2.TAB.
|[[File:3GUs uridim.jpg|alt=screenshot from book|thumb|three GU-patterns with UR.IDIM (taken from Hoffmann 2022)]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §W.
** mulgir3 zag [ur.idim]
** "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš]].
* §Y.
** mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...]
** "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]"
** [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107];
** according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
* §Z.
** a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco),
** b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
* §AA.
** (a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco),
** (b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
* §BB. ˹
** mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...]
** "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]"
** [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108].
* §n.
** mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru'']
** "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot."
** [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109].
|No one of these Dalbanna-pattern can be completely identified (Hoffmann 2024):

* W: only one star name preserved
* Y: only one star name preserved
* Z: two star names preserved but geometrical shape unknown
* AA: dto.
* BB: dto.
* n: three names and pattern preserved but all three names are unidentified (suggestions arbitrary).
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427:
** [''ina'' itiapin ''ina še-rim ud'' 28] múlUR.IDIM ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI
** "[In the month of Araḫsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina apin ina še-rim'' 28 múlUR.IDIM ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid., 245:19].
|
|}
[[File:UR.IDIM CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192409.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.IDIM (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Uridim]]
|HIP 71860
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.286
|-
|2
|β Lupi
|HIP 73273
|Constellation lines
|2.68
|-
|3
|γ Lupi
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|2.765
|-
|4
| δ Lupi
| HIP 75141
|Constellation lines
| 3.19
|-
| 5
|ϵ Lupi
|HIP 75264
|Inside the Hull
|3.366
|-
|6
|η Lupi
|HIP 78384
|Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|7
|ζ Lupi
|HIP 74395
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.41
|-
|8
|* gam Lup A
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|3.48
|-
|9
|* gam Lup B
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|3.51
|-
|10
|ϕ 1 Lupi
| HIP 75177
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.546
|-
|11
|κ 1 Lupi
|HIP 74376
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|12
|π Lupi
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|3.89
|-
|13
|χ Lupi
|HIP 77634
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.946
|-
|14
|ρ Lupi
|HIP 71536
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.05
|-
|15
|λ Lupi
|HIP 74117
|Inside the Hull
|4.05
|-
|16
|θ Lupi
|HIP 78918
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.201
|-
|17
| ω Lupi
|HIP 76552
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
|18
|ϕ 2 Lupi
|HIP 75304
|Inside the Hull
|4.54
|-
|19
|* pi. Lup A
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 75501
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|21
|* pi. Lup B
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|4.62
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 76829
|Inside the Hull
|4.633
|-
|23
|ψ 1 Lupi
|HIP 76705
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.661
|-
|24
|* d Lup A
|HIP 76371
|Inside the Hull
|4.708
|-
|25
|ψ 2 Lupi
|HIP 76945
| Inside the Hull
|4.721
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 74449
|Inside the Hull
|4.806
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 78655
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|28
|* mu.01 Lup
|HIP 74911
|Inside the Hull
|4.945
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 78323
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.984
|-
|30
|ν 1 Lupi
|HIP 75206
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
| 31
|* mu.02 Lup
|HIP 74911
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|32
| -
| HIP 73826
|Inside the Hull
|5.127
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 74707
|Inside the Hull
|5.171
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 75828
|Inside the Hull
|5.222
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 76939
|Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
|36
|υ Lupi
|HIP 75439
| Inside the Hull
|5.37
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 76397
|Inside the Hull
|5.434
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 75647
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
| 39
|κ 2 Lupi
|HIP 74380
|Inside the Hull
|5.498
|-
|40
| -
| HIP 77286
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|41
| GG Lup
|HIP 74950
|Inside the Hull
|5.604
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 73111
| Inside the Hull
|5.64
|-
|43
|ν 2 Lupi
|HIP 75181
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 72250
| Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 74006
|Inside the Hull
| 5.766
|-
|46
| -
|HIP 74066
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 74100
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 76207
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 78142
|Inside the Hull
|5.83
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 78747
|Inside the Hull
|5.901
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 77086
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 74696
|Inside the Hull
|5.958
|-
|53
| -
| HR 5559
| Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 77358
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 78046
| Inside the Hull
|6.028
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 74716
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 76608
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 73354
|Inside the Hull
|6.095
|-
|59
| -
|HR 5846
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
| 60
| -
|HIP 75003
|Inside the Hull
|6.178
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 75164
|Inside the Hull
| 6.183
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 76063
|Inside the Hull
|6.219
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 78445
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 74875
| Inside the Hull
|6.277
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 78236
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|66
| -
|HD 137919A
|Inside the Hull
|6.329
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 74418
|Inside the Hull
|6.332
|-
| 68
| -
|HIP 73241
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 76234
|Inside the Hull
|6.349
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 71658
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 76165
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 74336
| Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 77350
|Inside the Hull
|6.414
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 75818
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 74769
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 74775
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|77
| -
| HIP 73881
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 78367
| Inside the Hull
|6.488
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 75324
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The minor deity dur.idim ''= ur(i)dimmu'' is known from sources of the Kassite, Neo-Assyrian and Seleucid periods. It was depicted in the form of a man-lion, sometimes paired with a man-bull, who performed protective functions as a guardian of the gates of Marduk and Zarpanitu and other deities. It also acted as an intermediary between the deities and the sick – expelling evil and helping the sick to regain health [Beaulieu 1990; Black-Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173-4].

In astronomical texts, the constellation mulUR.DIIM is associated with the deity Kusu, about whom little is known. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 298) d''Ku3.su''3 is one of the names of Nisaba, the goddess of fertility and writing [Litke 1998, 55]. However, in the late ritual text AO 6479 iii 9 d''Ku3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u'' ("Kusu, the high lord") is identified with d''Ur3.bad''3. da, one of Enmesharra's 7 sons, and in the ritual text of O 175, in addition to d''Ur3.bad3.da,'' also with d''Tu-tu'' (see Kurtik t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. In astronomical contexts, d''Ku''3''-su''3 appears to be always a male deity.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
(1) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king, cf. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12-13].

==== III. Symbol. ====
A monster-like figure, standing vertically, and sometimes depicted with a scepter, on top of which lays a month; the upper part of the figure is human (with a bearded face in a hat, a male torso, and two arms), the lower half – lion-like (two paws, a hind, a ring shaped and twisted tail with a tassel). The earliest known image is dated to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. The image of a lion-man on a kudurru (with a Scorpius tail) belongs to the same period [Seidl 1968, 41-42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. For images dating back to the Neo-Assyrian period see. [LABS, Fig. 24, 27]. In general, these images correspond to the descriptions of the parts of the constellation that we find in the texts, but they are too static and do not fit well with the epithet ''kalbu šegû'' "Mad Dog," which suggests a more expressive image.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1949, 13].

= Serpens or Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1974, 73].

= Serpens [Weidner 1957-59, 75a],

= Lupus [G. 163; Weidner 1957-59, 79b].

= Lupus [BPO 2, 16; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 274; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lupus and ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ''igi'' mul''ur.idim'' "Eye of the Mad Dog," see GU text.

(2) ''murub4'' mul''ur.idim'' "The middle of the Mad Dog," see GU-text.

(3) The hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see GU-text.

(4) The right paw of the Mad Dog (γ Lup), see dbn-text.

(5) The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(6) The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), see dbn-text.

(7) The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), see dbn-text.

(8) The central part (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), see dbn-text.

==== VI. Astrology. ====
The lack of predictions associated with the Mad Dog constellation may indicate its relatively late origin.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, u21 + u25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|'''(u25) ''Uridimmu'''''
* аккадская параллель в лексических текстах к mulUR.IDIM «Бешеный Пес» (см. u21UR.IDIM)
|
|-
| '''(u21) mulUR.IDIM'''
* = ur(i)dimmu «Бешеный Пес (вар.: Лев)»; созвездие в пределах современного Волка (Lupus) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172–174].
| 163. mulUR·iDiM (354)
|-
|I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4]. (2) Серия Urra XIV: ur.idim = ur-idim-mu, kal-bu še-gu-u2 «бешеная собака», zi-i-bi «шакал» [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94–95, 10:138]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub3 dE2-a gub / [mu]lur.idim «[Созвез]дие, которое стоит слева от Эа, Бешеный Пес» (B i 21–22); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz, Ea 9]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin m]ulur.idim šu-ut dE2-a «[Aрахсамну]: Бешеный Пес (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiapin] mulur.idim mulgir2.tab mullugal ˹e3˺ «[Арахсамну]: Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь восходят» (С 27), b) mulur.idim | mulgir2.tab mullugal šu2 «(Айяру): Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь заходят» [KAV 218, C 16 ; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // dEn-l[il2]? «Бешеный Пес // 140 // Энл[иль]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: вместо ur.idim ошибочно ur.gi7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (см. u19UR.GI7). «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺ur.idim // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), арахсамну: Бешеный Пес, 140» [CT 33, 11]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 9. MUL ša a-na(B: i-na!) GUB3 dE2-a GUB-zu dUR.IDIM «Звезда, которая слева от Эа (= mulBIR «Почка») стоит, Бешеный Пес» (А. 10, В. 12b) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 9): MUL ša2 ina GUB3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-zu mulUR.IDIM dKu3-su3 «Звезда, которая стоит с левой стороны от Скорпиона: Бешеный Пес, Кусу» (I ii 28). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту Весы, Бешеный Пес, Энтенабархум и Собака (Гулы) восходят» (I iii 1–2), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) «Весы, Бешеный Пес и Энтерабархум восходят, а Наемник заходит» (I iii 23–24), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) «Рыба и Старик восходят, Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят» (I iii 33), см. a06AB.SIN2 [MA, 38, 43, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Аккада: mulur.idim [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:33. mulur.idim dku3-su3 = dkur.gal «Бешеный Пес, Кусу = Кургаль» [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162–3]; dkur.gal отождествляется с dmar.tu (=Amurru), см. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154]. GU-текст. (M) igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса» (γ Lup). (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim «[Середи]на Бешеного Пса» (η Lup). (O) gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim «Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса» (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Dalbanna-текст. §W. mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] «Правая лапа [Бешеного Пса]» (γ Lup), см. h03Ḫaniš. §Y. mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 …] 3 mul.meš […2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x […] «Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), ле[вая] лапа […]: 3 звезды. […2] интервала, интервал. Звезда x […]» [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 …] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), […] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph). §Z. a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ «левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «[Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §BB. ˹mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x […] x […] «Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), звезда […] [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108]. §n. mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), центр (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), пр[авая] нога [Быка] (κ Oph): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, инт[ервал]. Правая нога Быка перв[ая].» [Walker 1995, 37–38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109]. Анафора. А 3427: [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] múlur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI «[В месяце арахсамну утром 28-го дня] Бешеный Пес испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 múlur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].

II. Божество.

Малое божество dur.idim = ur(i)dimmu известно по источникам касситского, новоассирийского и селевкидского времени. Оно изображалось в виде человека-льва иногда в паре с человеком-быком и исполняло защитные функции как страж ворот Мардука и Зарпаниту и других божеств. Выступало также в роли посредника между божествами и больным — изгоняло зло, помогало больному обрести здоровье [Beaulieu 1990; Black–Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173–4]. В астрономических текстах созвездие mulur.idim связано с божеством Кусу, о котором мало что известно. В серии AN:dAnum (I 298) dKu3.su3 — одно из имен Нисабы, богини плодородия и письма [Litke 1998, 55]. Однако в позднем ритуальном тексте AO 6479 iii 9 dKu3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u («Кусу, высокий господин») отождествляется с dUr3.bad3.da, одним из 7 сыновей Энмешарры, а в ритуальном тексте O 175, помимо dUr3.bad3.da, также с dTu-tu (см. t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. В астрономическом контексте dKu3-su3, по-видимому, всегда мужское божество. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю, см. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12–13].

III. Символ.

Вертикально стоящая монстрообразная фигура, иногда со скипетром, на вершине которого — месяц; верхняя часть фигуры — человеческая (бородатая голова в шапке, мужской торс и две руки), нижняя часть — львиная (две лапы, зад, скрученный кольцом хвост с кисточкой). Самое раннее известное изображение датируется последней четвертью II тыс. до н.э. К этому же периоду относится изображение человека-льва на кудурру (с хвостом скорпиона) [Seidl 1968, 41–42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. Изображения новоассирийского времени см. [LABS, Fig. 24, 27]. В целом эти изображения соответствуют описаниям частей созвездия, которые мы находим в текстах, однако чересчур статичны и плохо согласуются с эпитетом kalbu šegû «Бешеный Пес», предполагающем более экспрессивный образ.

IV. Отождествление.

= Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Serpens или Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Serpens [Weidner 1957–59, 75a],

= Lupus [G. 163; Weidner 1957–59, 79b].

= Lupus [BPO 2, 16; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 274; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lupus и ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(2) murub4 mulur.idim «Середина Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(3) Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. GU-текст.

(4) Правая лапа Бешеного Пса (γ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(5) Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(6) Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(7) Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(8) Центральная часть (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отсутствие предсказаний, связанных с созвездием Бешеный Пес, может свидетельствовать о его сравнительно позднем происхождении.
| I. Landsb. Fauna, 10,139 bietet die Var. UR•iDiM•MA, wofür die akk. Lesungen ''ur-idimmu''
bzw. ''kal-bu'' še-gu-u2, toller Hund; ''zi-i-bi'', Schakal, belegt sind {Landsb. l.c. S. 8, 94; 10, 139). Somit ist; mulUR•iDiM das Sternbild des wilden Hundes.

Identifizierungen:

* = δ, ε Ophiuchi {Kugl. SSB 1 2S4.).

* = Lupus (Bez.ZAF 16;Weid. Hdb. S.69, Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; nordöstl. Centaurus, Kugl. Erg. 203, 223; Bez. Farb.S.133, 26).

mul UR•iDiM ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Araḫsamnu; Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B I 8.
# Unter den Enlil-Gestirnen; Br.M.86378 II 28.
# Unter den Akkad-Gestirnen; K250IV8a; K 8067 II 10.
# Dem Enlil geweiht: VR 46 Vs. 33: mulUR•iDiM | dKUG•SUG4 | dKUR•GAL .

II Astronomische Angaben.

# Über die Lage am Fixsternhimmel: Das Sternbild, das zur Linken des Scorpius steht, ist mulUR•iDiM; Br.M. 86378 II 28(ZDMG 67 S. 528). Vgl. auch Astrol. B (K) I 21: zur Linken Eas.
# Hel. Aufgang: Im Monat Araḫsamnu geht UR•iDiM auf und die Plejaden gehen unter; im Monat Aiaru umgekehrt; Astrol. B I 15.27.
# Gleichzeitige tägl. Auf- und Untergänge: Wenn Libra, Lupus und Centaurus aufgehen, geht Aries unter: Br. M. 86378 III 24; wenn Piscis Austrinus, Perseus aufgehen, gehen Virgo und Lupus unter; Br. M. 86378 III 33; 1. Erg. S. 28.32.
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Lup]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

NU.MUŠ.DA

2025-12-02T03:28:55Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

mul / dNU.MUŠ.DA (𒀯𒉡𒈲𒁕) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation within [[Centaurus|The Centaur]] (Centaurus). Akkadian parallel to (mul)''Nammaššû'', "Herds of (wild) animals"(?) [CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 233-234].
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
The god d''Nu-muš-da'', city god of ''Kazallu'', is a son of the moon god ''Nanna''/''Sîn''. Spellings of the star name often omit the determinative for deities. According to Hh, the reading of the star name is ''nammaššû'' “herds of animals” (see SpTU III<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> nr. 114 iv 127). Therefore, the sumerogram could be based on folk etymology. 5R 46: 44 gives the reading/explanation d''Ša-gi-mu'' “The Roaring (god)”. MUL dNU.MUŠ.DA (EA 8r).

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''nammaššû'', lit. "Herds of (wild) animals"; (?) [CAD<ref name=":0" /> N/1, 233ff.; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 728a; Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 305].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mulnu.muš.da = ''nam-maš-šu-u''2 [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11:4; SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 114A v 63; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:323ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: [mul]nu.muš.da = ''na-maš-šu-u''2 = dIM [MSL XI, 41:48], mulnu.muš.da = (skip) = ''nam-maš-šu-u''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 116 iii 17].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ABCD<ref name=":3">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 203-204, EAE 20, VII Rec. B, r. 7, 9].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Shabbat, stars of Ea, 160 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (3´12): [itiziz2 mu]lnu.muš.da ''šu-ut'' dE2-''a'' "[Shabbat]: Numushda (on the way) of Ea (rising)" (C i 11).
* (2) List (sunrise-sunset=6m):
** a) itiziz2 mulnu.muš.da mulsim.maḫ mul''Da-mu'' e3 "[Shabbat: Numushda, Swallow, Damu ascend" (C 33),
** b) [mul]nu.muš.da mulsim.maḫ mul''Da-mu š''[''u''2] "(Abu): Numushda, Swallow, Damu dec[lines]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 22; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 40].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
Month of Shabbat, stars Ea:

* mulNU.MUŠ.DA // 2,40 // DINGIR.DINGIR ''ki-lal'' dIM dAMAR.UTU "Numushda // 160 // Both deities are Adad (and) Marduk" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:31].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiziz2 // 2.40 múlnu.muš.da // 1.10 múlalla // 35 múlti8[mušen] "Shabbat: 160 Numushda, 70 Crab, 35 Eagle" [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11].
|
|-
|'''"Round astrolabes."'''
* K.14943+: itiziz2.a.an // mulnu.muš.d[a] // ˹2,40˺ "(Stars of Ea), Shabbat, Numushda, 160" [CT<ref name=":4">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 3): mulnu.muš.da [CT<ref name=":4" /> 33, 9 r. 16; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 8): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2-''nu'' GUB-''zu'' GIM dE2-''a'' KUR-''ḫa'' / GIM dE2-''a'' ŠU2meš mul''Nu-muš-da'' dIM "The star that stands behind them (i.e., behind Shullat and Hanish) rises like Ea and sets like Ea: Numushda, Adad" (I ii 26-27) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 37].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) mulnu.muš.da = [...], mulmin = d[...], mulmin = damar.utu;
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: muln[u.muš.da] [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:130-132, 206].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:44.'''
* mulnu.muš.da = dingir ''ša''2-''gi-mu'' "Numushda = roaring god" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:44; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''

* (L) ˹mulnu.muš.˺da "Numushda" (κ Cen) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":3" />, BM 78161:20; ASM<ref name=":6">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 92], see also (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]].
|
|-
|'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''
* múlnu.muš.da ''muš-tab-ru-u zunni''(šeg3) "Numushda, the one who prolongs rain" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:312; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itiziz2 ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlnu.muš.da ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In (the month of) Shabbat, on the morning of the 28th day, Numushda emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":7">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:6], parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' ziz2 ''ina še-rim'' 28 múlnu.muš.da ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":7" /> 246:25]. See also: [mulNU].MUŠ.DA d˹E2˺-[''a''...] [CT<ref name=":4" /> 26, 48, K.11806: 10-11].
|
|}
[[File:Numushda CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 191954.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Numushda (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Rigil Kentaurus]]
|HIP 71683
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.01
|-
|2
|[[Hadar]]
|HIP 68702
| Constellation lines
| 0.58
|-
|3
|[[Acrux]]
|HIP 60718
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.76
|-
|4
|[[Mimosa]]
|HIP 62434
|Inside the Hull
|1.25
|-
|5
| * alf01 Cru
|HR 4730
|Inside the Hull
|1.28
|-
| 6
| [[Gacrux]]
|HIP 61084
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.64
|-
|7
|[[Menkent]]
|HIP 68933
|Constellation lines
|2.05
|-
|8
| γ Centauri
|HIP 61932
|Constellation lines
|2.17
|-
|9
|ϵ Centauri
|HIP 66657
|Constellation lines
|2.3
|-
|10
|η Centauri
|HIP 71352
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.31
|-
|11
|[[Leepwal]]
|HIP 68002
|Constellation lines
|2.55
|-
|12
|[[Kulou]]
|HIP 65109
|Constellation lines
|2.73
|-
|13
|* gam Cen A
|HIP 61932
|Constellation lines
|2.82
|-
|14
|* gam Cen B
|HIP 61932
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.88
|-
|15
|[[Heng]]
|HIP 67464
|Inside the Hull
|3.386
|-
|16
|μ Centauri
|HIP 67472
|Inside the Hull
|3.43
|-
|17
|ι Lupi
|HIP 69996
|Inside the Hull
|3.529
|-
|18
|ϕ Centauri
|HIP 68245
|Inside the Hull
|3.802
|-
| 19
|υ 1 Centauri
|HIP 68282
|Inside the Hull
|3.87
|-
|20
|d Cen
|HIP 65936
|Inside the Hull
|3.88
|-
|21
|ω Cen
|HD 116790
|Inside the Hull
|3.9
|-
|22
|* bet Cen B
| * bet Cen B
|Inside the Hull
|3.95
|-
|23
|μ 1 Crucis
|HIP 63003
| Inside the Hull
|4.04
|-
|24
|2 Cen
|HIP 67457
| within constellation lines
|4.19
|-
|25
|1 Cen
|HIP 67153
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.23
|-
|26
|n Cen
|HIP 62896
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|27
|ξ 2 Centauri
|HIP 64004
|Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
|28
|e Cen
|HIP 62867
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 29
|υ 2 Centauri
|HIP 68523
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
|30
|χ Centauri
|HIP 68862
|Inside the Hull
| 4.343
|-
|31
|v Cen
|HIP 70069
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
| 32
|τ 2 Lupi
|HIP 70576
| Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|33
|σ Lupi
|HIP 71121
|Inside the Hull
|4.423
|-
|34
|J Cen
|HIP 65271
| Inside the Hull
|4.509
|-
|35
|* 3 Cen A
|HIP 67669
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.52
|-
|36
|τ 1 Lupi
| HIP 70574
| Inside the Hull
| 4.553
|-
|37
|V831 Cen
|HIP 64425
|Inside the Hull
| 4.593
|-
|38
|λ Crucis
|HIP 63007
|Inside the hull
|4.602
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 62327
|Inside the hull
|4.62
|-
|40
|M Cen
|HIP 67234
|Inside the Hull
|4.632
|-
|41
|w Cen
|HIP 62012
|Inside the Hull
|4.66
|-
|42
|ι Crucis
|HIP 62268
|Inside the Hull
|4.686
|-
|43
|f Cen
| HIP 63945
|Inside the Hull
|4.691
|-
|44
|321 G. Cen
|HIP 69191
|Inside the Hull
|4.736
|-
|45
| -
| HIP 70104
| Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|46
|ξ 1 Centauri
|HIP 63724
|Inside the Hull
|4.826
|-
|47
|185 G. Cen
|HIP 64408
|Inside the Hull
|4.85
|-
|48
|191 G. Cen
|HIP 64583
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|49
|CH Cru
|HIP 61966
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|50
|340 G. Cen
|HIP 70264
| Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|51
|K Cen
|HIP 65810
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|52
|V795 Cen
|HIP 69618
|Inside the Hull
|5.07
|-
|53
|217 G. Cen
|HIP 65535
|Inside the Hull
|5.09
|-
|54
|z Cen
|HIP 67244
|Constellation lines
|5.147
|-
|55
|H Cen
|HIP 63210
|Inside the hull
|5.159
|-
|56
|μ 2 Crucis
|HIP 63005
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|57
| * Q Cen A
|HIP 66821
|Inside the Hull
|5.217
|-
|58
|182 G. Cen
|HIP 64348
|Inside the Hull
|5.231
|-
|59
|N Cen
|HIP 67703
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 63117
| Inside the Hull
|5.32
|-
|61
|251 G. Cen
|HIP 66849
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 70931
|Inside the Hull
|5.376
|-
|63
|V964 Cen
|HIP 65112
|Inside the Hull
|5.443
|-
|64
|152 G. Cen
|HIP 63066
|Inside the Hull
|5.445
|-
|65
|269 G. Cen
|HIP 67304
|Inside the Hull
|5.446
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 70915
|Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
|67
|NGC 5662
|NGC 5662
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|68
|BG Cru
|HIP 61136
|Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 71419
|Inside the Hull
| 5.55
|-
|70
|324 G. Cen
|HIP 69462
|Inside the Hull
|5.575
|-
| 71
|172 G. Cen
|HIP 63972
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|72
|NGC 5460
| NGC 5460
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|73
|248 G. Cen
|HIP 66656
|Inside the Hull
|5.603
|-
|74
|330 G. Cen
|HIP 69598
|Inside the Hull
|5.613
|-
|75
|221 G. Cen
|HIP 65593
|Inside the Hull
|5.656
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 70054
|Inside the Hull
|5.66
|-
|77
|177 G. Cen
|HIP 64053
| Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|78
|142 G. Cen
|HIP 62703
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|79
|288 G. Cen
|HIP 67973
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|80
|DS Cru
|HIP 62732
|Inside the Hull
| 5.72
|-
|81
|205 G. Cen
|HIP 65144
|Inside the Hull
|5.742
|-
|82
|278 G. Cen
| HIP 67663
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 83
| -
|HIP 62894
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|84
|181 G. Cen
|HIP 64332
|Inside the Hull
|5.772
|-
|85
|196 G. Cen
|HIP 64822
|Inside the Hull
| 5.803
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 70663
|Inside the Hull
|5.811
|-
|87
|293 G. Cen
|HIP 68079
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 88
|193 G. Cen
|HIP 64623
|Inside the Hull
|5.831
|-
|89
| -
| HIP 71182
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 71184
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
| 91
|283 G. Cen
|HIP 67836
|Inside the Hull
|5.873
|-
|92
|239 G. Cen
|HIP 66454
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|93
|151 G. Cen
|HIP 63033
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|94
|189 G. Cen
|HIP 64515
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|95
|190 G. Cen
|HIP 64580
|Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
|96
|148 G. Cen
|HIP 62861
| Inside the Hull
|5.908
|-
| 97
|209 G. Cen
|HIP 65247
|Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
|98
|268 G. Cen
|HIP 67292
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 66438A
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|100
|305 G. Cen
|HIP 68670
|Inside the Hull
|5.923
|-
|101
| 298 G. Cen
|HIP 68333
|Inside the Hull
|5.927
|-
| 102
| κ Crucis
|HIP 62931
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|103
|256 G. Cen
|HIP 66924
|Inside the Hull
|5.956
|-
|104
|236 G. Cen
|HIP 66427
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|105
|V869 Cen
|HIP 69174
|Inside the Hull
|5.961
|-
|106
|258 G. Cen
| HIP 66984
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
|107
|* 3 Cen B
|HIP 67669
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.98
|-
|108
|174 G. Cen
|HIP 64033
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 62058
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 70363
| Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|111
|242 G. Cen
|HIP 66575
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|112
| V744 Cen
|HIP 66666
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|113
|253 G. Cen
|HIP 66925
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 114
|291 G. Cen
|HIP 68101
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|115
|V824 Cen
|HIP 64320
|Inside the Hull
|6.026
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 66825
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 62026
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
| 118
|V828 Cen
|HIP 68673
|Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|119
|203 G. Cen
|HIP 65129
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|120
| V716 Cen
| HIP 69491
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 70325
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|122
|V767 Cen
|HIP 67861
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|123
|302 G. Cen
|HIP 68493
|Inside the Hull
|6.108
|-
|124
|192 G. Cen
|HIP 64557
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|125
|229 G. Cen
|HIP 66019
| Inside the Hull
|6.148
|-
|126
| -
|HR 5034
|Inside the Hull
|6.153
|-
|127
|319 G. Cen
|HIP 69113
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|128
|198 G. Cen
|HIP 64933
|Inside the Hull
|6.173
|-
|129
| 312 G. Cen
|HIP 68872
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|130
|187 G. Cen
|HIP 64472
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 67851
|Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
|132
|200 G. Cen
|HIP 65108
|Inside the Hull
|6.193
|-
|133
|186 G. Cen
|HIP 64478
|Inside the Hull
|6.197
|-
|134
|V992 Cen
|HIP 68842
|Inside the Hull
|6.204
|-
|135
|* y Cen A
|HIP 67819
|Inside the Hull
| 6.218
|-
|136
| -
| HIP 60861
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 61443
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 138
| V789 Cen
|HIP 63820
| Inside the Hull
|6.249
|-
|139
|141 G. Cen
| HIP 62655
|Inside the Hull
|6.257
|-
|140
|222 G. Cen
|HIP 65630
|Inside the Hull
|6.257
|-
|141
|147 G. Cen
|HIP 62821
|Inside the Hull
|6.262
|-
| 142
|144 G. Cen
|HIP 62799
|Inside the Hull
|6.304
|-
|143
|332 G. Cen
|HIP 69671
|Inside the Hull
|6.305
|-
| 144
|220 G. Cen
|HIP 65606
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|145
|232 G. Cen
|HIP 66236
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|147
| 347 G. Cen
|HIP 70580
|Inside the Hull
|6.333
|-
|148
|V883 Cen
|HIP 69122
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|149
|279 G. Cen
|HIP 67648
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|150
| 210 G. Cen
|HIP 65303
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|151
|V765 Cen
|HIP 66645
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|152
| -
|HD 126111
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|153
| 354 G. Cen
|HIP 71333
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 70320
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 70809
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|329 G. Cen
|HIP 69655
|Inside the Hull
|6.395
|-
|157
|223 G. Cen
|HIP 65621
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|158
|254 G. Cen
|HIP 66923
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|159
|V1154 Cen
|HIP 63883
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|160
|317 G. Cen
|HIP 69011
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 62084
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|162
|263 G. Cen
|HIP 67199
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 163
|168 G. Cen
|HIP 63849
|Inside the Hull
| 6.426
|-
|164
| -
| HIP 70451
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 67537
|Inside the Hull
| 6.431
|-
|166
| V827 Cen
| HIP 67036
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|167
| -
|HR 4764
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|168
| 238 G. Cen
| HIP 66521
|Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 65372
|Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|170
|299 G. Cen
|HIP 68413
|Inside the Hull
|6.469
|-
|171
|349 G. Cen
|HIP 70798
|Inside the Hull
|6.469
|-
|172
|237 G. Cen
|HIP 66405
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|173
|155 G. Cen
|HIP 63204
|Inside the Hull
| 6.485
|-
|174
| -
| HIP 65970
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|175
| -
| HIP 67008
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 71494
|Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
|177
| 310 G. Cen
|HIP 68902
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 65373
|Constellation lines
|6.77
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Numushda — an ancient Sumerian deity associated with the city of Kazallu in northern Babylonia; the name is mentioned already in the lists of gods from Fara (XXVI century B.C.) [Krebernik 1986<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.</ref>, 201]. He was considered the son of Nanna and was identified with the god of thunderstorm Adad, as well as with Marduk [Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 145; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 431].

==== III. Identification. ====
= Grus + Indus (the group of stars from α β Sagittarii to α Phoenicis) [G. 305, I]; Schaumberger's remark, "Numushda is one of the southern constellations; its stars, having hardly appeared, quickly disappear again" [3. Erg.<ref name=":8">''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 286].

= Crane (Grus)(?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a].

= η Centauri(?) [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138].

= η or κ Centauri [ASM<ref name=":6" />, 274].

= part of Centauri (Centauri) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA ''kal u''4-''mi'' GUB-''iz ina'' GI6 NU IGI ''a-bu-bu'' KUŠ7-''tim'' GAR-''an'' […] "If Numushda stands all day (and) is not seen at night: a devastating flood will occur [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":9">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78:15, 79:3], see also [3. Erg.<ref name=":8" />, 285; Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 305, III 1].

(2) = Mercury; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA ''za-mar i-lam-ma za-mar it-bal'' BE''-ma'' MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 GIM ''ka-ra-re-e'' GAL2.MEŠ / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD IGI-''ma'' TUM3-''ma'' NU IGI ''ki-ma ina u''4-''mi'' IGI TUM3-''ma'' NU IGI / MUL-''šu''2 GIM ''ka-ra-re-e'' DUG4.GA ''ša''2 NU IGI "If Numushda revolves quickly, (then) disappears quickly, if its stars are like the midday Sun, (it means): Mercury appears, disappears and (again) does not appear, when in the daytime it appears, disappears and (again) does not appear, its star is like the noonday Sun; so they say when he does not appear." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 28:12-14]; here the identity is assumed: Numushda = Mercury.

(3) Numushda = Marduk = Adad; [DIŠ mul]NU.MUŠ.DA dAMAR.UTU mulNU.MUŠ.DA dIM ''ša''2 ''ina'' itiBAR2 dIM GU3-''šu''2 ''ne''2-''eḫ'' "[If] Numushda = Marduk, Numushda = Adad, who is in the month of nisan: Adad has quieted his cry" [ACh Adad<ref name=":9" />, 17:7].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Numushda and the dark star; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA ''id'' IM.MER.RA MUL GI6 ''ra-kib'' AN.MI dUTU […] "If Numushda (= Venus?) rides to the northern dark star (Mercury or Saturn?): (there will be) a solar eclipse [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":9" /> 2, 68:16, 69:3].

(5) Numushda approaches the Plow; [DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] "[If Numush]da approaches the Plow, (it means): Venus approaches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 30:17]; for an alternative reading, see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 2.

See also the corrupted text: dAMAR.UTU ''ša-qu''2-''u''2 GUB3 d''Nu-muš-da'' […] «Мардук высоко слева от Нумушда (стоит) […], mul''Nu-muš-da'' ḪUL-''ta'' … […] 'The evil of Numushd ...[...]'" [ABCD<ref name=":3" />, 204, VII Rec. B: rev 7, 9].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, n05)
!
|-
|
=== (mul)''Nammaššû'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulNU.MUŠ.DA, «Стада (диких) животных»(?) [CAD N/1, 233–234], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n49)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
|
|-
| = nammaššû, букв. «Стада (диких) животных»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) (?) [CAD N/1, 233ff.; AHw, 728a; G. 305].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulnu.muš.da = nam-maš-šu-u2 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11:4; SpTU III, 114A v 63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:323ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mul]nu.muš.da = na-maš-šu-u2 = dIM [MSL XI, 41:48], mulnu.muš.da = (пропуск) = nam-maš-šu-u2 [SpTU III, 116 iii 17]. EAE. См. [ABCD 62, 203–204, EAE 20, VII Rec. B, r. 7, 9]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц шабату, звезды Эа, 160 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiziz2 mu]lnu.muš.da šu-ut dE2-a «[Шабату]: Нумушда (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 11). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiziz2 mulnu.muš.da mulsim.maḫ mulDa-mu e3 «Шабату: Нумушда, Ласточка, Даму восходят» (С 33), b) [mul]nu.muš.da mulsim.maḫ mulDa-mu š[u2] «(Абу): Нумушда, Ласточка, Даму захо[дят]» [KAV 218, C 22; Horowitz 2014, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц шабату, звезды Эа: mulNU.MUŠ.DA // 2,40 // DINGIR.DINGIR ki-lal dIM dAMAR.UTU «Нумушда // 160 // Оба божества — Адад (и) Мардук» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:31]. BM 34713. itiziz2 // 2,40 múlnu.muš.da // 1,10 múlalla // 35 múlti8[mušen] «Шабату: 160 Нумушда, 70 Краб, 35 Орел» [LBAT, 1499:11]. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: itiziz2.a.an // mulnu.muš.d[a] // ˹2,40˺ «(Звезды Эа), шабату, Нумушда, 160» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 3): mulnu.muš.da [CT 33, 9 r. 16; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 8): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2-nu GUB-zu GIM dE2-a KUR-ḫa / GIM dE2-a ŠU2meš mulNu-muš-da dIM «Звезда, которая стоит позади них (т. е. позади Шуллат и Ханиш), восходит как Эа и заходит как Эа: Нумушда, Адад» (I ii 26–27) [MA, 37]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulnu.muš.da = […], mulmin = d[…], mulmin = damar.utu; (2) 12 звезд Элама: muln[u.muš.da] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:130–132, 206]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:44. mulnu.muš.da = dingir ša2-gi-mu «Нумушда = рычащий бог» [HBA, 52:44; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (L) ˹mulnu.muš.˺da «Нумушда» (κ Cen) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:20; ASM, 92], см. также d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlnu.muš.da muš-tab-ru-u zunni(šeg3) «Нумушда, дождь продлевающий» [RAcc. 138:312; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiziz2 ina še-rim ud 28 múlnu.muš.da ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В (месяце) шабату утром 28-го дня Нумушда испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:6], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ziz2 ina še-rim 28 múlnu.muš.da meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:25]. См. также: [mulNU].MUŠ.DA d˹E2˺-[a…] [CT 26, 48, K.11806: 10–11].

II. Божество.

Нумушда — древнее шумерское божество, связанное с городом Казаллу на севере Вавилонии; имя упоминается уже в списках богов из Фары (XXVI в. до н.э.) [Krebernik 1986, 201]. Считался сыном Нанны и отождествлялся с богом грозы Ададом, а также с Мардуком [Black–Green 1992, 145; Tallqvist 1938, 431].

III. Отождествление.

= Grus + Indus (группа звезд от α β Sagittarii до α Phoenicis) [G. 305, I]; замечание Шаумбергера: «Нумушда — одно из южных созвездий; его звезды, едва появившись, быстро опять исчезают» [3. Erg., 286].

= Журавль (Grus)(?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= η Centauri(?) [MA, 138].

= η или κ Centauri [ASM, 274].

= часть Центавра (Centauri) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA kal u4-mi GUB-iz ina GI6 NU IGI a-bu-bu KUŠ7-tim GAR-an […] «Если Нумушда весь день стоит (и) ночью не виден: потоп опустошительный произойдет […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:15, 79:3], см. также [3. Erg., 285; G. 305, III 1].

(2) = Меркурий; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA za-mar i-lam-ma za-mar it-bal BE-ma MUL.MEŠ-šu2 GIM ka-ra-re-e GAL2.MEŠ / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD IGI-ma TUM3-ma NU IGI ki-ma ina u4-mi IGI TUM3-ma NU IGI / MUL-šu2 GIM ka-ra-re-e DUG4.GA ša2 NU IGI «Если Нумушда быстро вращается, (затем) быстро исчезает, если звезды его подобны полуденному Солнцу, (это означает): Меркурий появляется, исчезает и (вновь) не появляется, когда днем появляется, исчезает и (вновь) не появляется, звезда его подобна полуденному Солнцу; так говорят, когда он не появляется» [ACh Ištar, 28:12–14]; здесь предполагается тождество: Нумушда = Меркурий.

(3) Нумушда = Мардук = Адад; [DIŠ mul]NU.MUŠ.DA dAMAR.UTU mulNU.MUŠ.DA dIM ša2 ina itiBAR2 dIM GU3-šu2 ne2-eḫ «[Если] Нумушда = Мардук, Нумушда = Адад, который в месяце нисану: Адад крик свой усмирил» [ACh Adad, 17:7].

Предсказания:

(4) Нумушда и темная звезда; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA id IM.MER.RA MUL GI6 ra-kib AN.MI dUTU […] «Если Нумушда (= Венера?) к северу темную звезду (Меркурий или Сатурн?) оседлал: (будет) солнечное затмение […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 68:16, 69:3].

(5) Нумушда к Плугу приближается; [DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ].DA ana mulAPIN TE dDil-bat ana dGU4.UD TE-ma […] «[Если Нумуш]да к Плугу приближается, (это означает): Венера к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:17]; альтернативное прочтение см. a43gišAPIN, VI 2.

См. также поврежденный текст: dAMAR.UTU ša-qu2-u2 GUB3 dNu-muš-da […] «Мардук высоко слева от Нумушда (стоит) […], mulNu-muš-da ḪUL-ta … […] «Зло Нумушда …[…]» [ABCD, 204, VII Rec. B: rev 7, 9].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

GAN2.UR3

2025-12-02T03:02:55Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN2.UR3}}

mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
* mulGAN2.UR3
* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 44; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:301ʹ].
|Example
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e-f; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:27].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

*MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ''ša''2 d''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E2) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], dA.MAL) / ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''2
*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36-37].
List of stars VR 46, 1:25.
*mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2 ABZU igi.kar2
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List (Appendix)'''
*(Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)
|
|}
See also: mul gišGAN2.ur3 ''u'' mulAPIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Miaplacidus]]
|HIP 45238
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.69
|-
|2
|γ 2 Velorum
| HIP 39953
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.83
|-
|3
|ϵ Carinae
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|1.86
|-
|4
|[[Avior]] A
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
|5
| [[Suhail]]
|HIP 44816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.21
|-
|6
|[[Aspidiske]]
| HIP 45556
|Inside the Hull
|2.26
|-
|7
|[[Markeb]]
|HIP 45941
|Inside the Hull
|2.473
|-
|8
|μ Velorum
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|9
|θ Carinae
|HIP 52419
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.76
|-
|10
| υ Carinae
|HIP 48002
|Inside the Hull
|2.99
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 46701
|Inside the Hull
|3.139
|-
|12
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|13
|p Car
|HIP 51576
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|14
|V337 Car
|HIP 50371
| Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
|15
|a Car
|HIP 45080
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|16
|ϕ Velorum
| HIP 48774
|Inside the Hull
|3.45
|-
|17
|ο Velorum
|HIP 42536
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 44511
|Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|19
|l Car
|HIP 47854
| Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 43783
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 42570
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 51232
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|23
|Avior B
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|3.85
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 43023
|Inside the Hull
|3.91
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 45101
|Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
|26
|α Volantis
|HIP 44382
|Inside the Hull
|3.99
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 46974
| Inside the Hull
|4.09
|-
|28
| NGC 3114
|NGC 3114
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 52154
|Inside the Hull
|4.267
|-
|30
|IC 2581
|IC 2581
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|31
|V343 Car
|HIP 42568
|Inside the Hull
|4.313
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 45496
|Inside the Hull
|4.318
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 47175
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 51849
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|35
|V344 Car
|HIP 43105
| Inside the Hull
| 4.49
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 47391
|Inside the Hull
|4.498
|-
|37
|MV Vel
|HIP 50676
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|38
|GZ Vel
|HIP 50555
|Inside the Hull
|4.543
|-
|39
|V520 Car
|HIP 52468
|Inside the Hull
|4.545
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 48374
| Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|41
|IC 2395
|IC 2395
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|42
|V399 Car
|HIP 51192
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
| 43
|H Vel
|HIP 43878
|Inside the Hull
|4.723
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 42624
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 45856
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|46
|HY Vel
| HIP 42726
|Inside the Hull
|4.815
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 49712
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|49
| -
| HIP 42134
|Inside the Hull
|4.847
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 52102
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 51523
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|52
|V376 Car
|HIP 43937
|Inside the Hull
|4.895
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 43347
|Inside the Hull
|4.935
|-
|54
|GX Vel
|HIP 45085
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 42088
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 46950
| Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|57
| GU Vel
|HIP 41483
|Inside the Hull
|5.073
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 51912
|Inside the Hull
|5.088
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 46283
|Inside the Hull
|5.089
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 45505
| Inside the Hull
|5.094
|-
|61
|KX Vel
|HIP 43413
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46914
|Inside the Hull
|5.12
|-
|63
|FZ Vel
| HIP 44093
|Inside the Hull
|5.146
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 42834
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 44143
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|66
|* B Vel A
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 41296
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|NZ Vel
|HIP 42504
|Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
| 69
| -
|HR 3976
| Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|70
|LN Vel
|HIP 42679
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 42129
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 45328
|Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 45631
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 49698
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|75
|LW Vel
|HIP 50070
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 51313
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 43671
| Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|78
| -
| HIP 47479
|Inside the Hull
|5.307
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 45571
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 42459
|Inside the Hull
| 5.439
|-
| 81
| -
|HIP 52004
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|82
| OP Vel
|HIP 43082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.459
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 46594
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 47204
|Inside the Hull
|5.467
|-
|85
|HX Vel
|HIP 42712
|Inside the Hull
|5.468
|-
| 86
|KT Vel
|HIP 42715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.474
|-
|87
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 52405
| Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 40282
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 45219
|Inside the Hull
|5.532
|-
|91
| * 33 Vel A
|HIP 41616
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
|92
| -
| HIP 47717
|Inside the Hull
|5.544
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 51140
|Inside the Hull
|5.546
|-
|94
| -
| HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 48310
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|96
| -
|HR 3605
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|97
|* mu. Vel B
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.58
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 43499
| Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 45920
|Inside the Hull
|5.608
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 42535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.61
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 48348
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 43797
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 48613
|Inside the Hull
|5.705
|-
|105
|S Car
|HIP 49751
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 48287
|Inside the Hull
|5.711
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 45962
| Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 43148
|Inside the Hull
|5.748
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 49934
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 43669
| Inside the Hull
| 5.768
|-
|111
| -
| HIP 45122
| Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
| 112
| -
|HIP 46225
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 48339
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 44256
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 42177
|Inside the Hull
|5.782
|-
|116
| -
| HIP 47498
|Inside the Hull
|5.794
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 50493
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
| 118
| -
|HIP 40077
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|119
| -
| HIP 45314
|Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 44024
|Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
| 121
|V514 Car
|HIP 52043
| Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 42614
|Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
| 123
| -
|HR 4020
|Inside the Hull
| 5.88
|-
| 124
| -
|HIP 46460
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 41081
|Inside the Hull
|5.887
|-
|126
|V482 Car
|HIP 46620
|Inside the Hull
|5.888
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 43589
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 46482
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 50078
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 45270
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 49164
|Inside the Hull
|5.928
|-
|132
|LR Vel
|HIP 45675
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 50993
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|134
|V335 Vel
|HIP 48527
|Inside the Hull
|5.932
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 40932
|Inside the Hull
|5.954
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 41674
|Inside the Hull
|5.969
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 52127
| Inside the Hull
|5.979
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 47559
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 46101
|Inside the Hull
|5.988
|-
|140
|* ups Car B
|HR 3891
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 45418
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 43620
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 51623
|Inside the Hull
|6.006
|-
|144
| -
|HIP 41861
|Inside the Hull
|6.021
|-
|145
| -
|HR 3386
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 46328
|Inside the Hull
|6.039
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 45481
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 41373
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 48119
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 48835
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|151
| -
|HD 92463
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 44708
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 46093
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 51245
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
| 155
| -
| HIP 50044
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
|156
|* B Vel B
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|157
|NGC 2669
|NGC 2669
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|158
| R Car
|HIP 46806
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|159
| -
| HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
|160
|IV Vel
| HIP 48799
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
| 161
| -
|HIP 50232
|Inside the Hull
|6.134
|-
|162
|V478 Car
|HIP 45615
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 49994
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|164
|IP Vel
| HIP 47694
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 47172
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 49137
| Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 46067
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 49233
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 49160
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|170
|Cl Bochum 10
|Cl Bochum 10
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|171
| -
|HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 47913
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
| 173
| -
|HIP 45002
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 174
| -
|HIP 50287
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 41986
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 47145
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 51732
|Inside the Hull
|6.238
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 49394
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 42717
|Inside the Hull
|6.243
|-
|180
| -
|HR 4065
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 46737
|Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 43807
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|183
| -
|HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 51676
| Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 46045
|Inside the Hull
|6.264
|-
| 186
| -
|HIP 46049
|Inside the Hull
|6.265
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 43195
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|188
| -
| HIP 45742
|Inside the Hull
|6.268
|-
|189
|GY Vel
|HIP 50332
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 50562
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|191
|C 1033-598
|C 1033-598
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 45437
|Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 52160
|Inside the Hull
|6.314
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 45603
|Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
|195
|V486 Car
|HIP 47591
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|196
| -
| HIP 50916
|Inside the Hull
|6.325
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 41813
|Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 41653
|Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 199
| -
|HR 3971
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 50785
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|201
|V473 Car
|HIP 43763
|Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 44665
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 45214
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|204
| -
|HIP 49223
|Inside the Hull
|6.371
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 41781
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 44423
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 48730
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|208
| -
| HIP 49619
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|209
|V368 Car
|HIP 49926
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 210
| -
| HIP 51461
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 47422
|Inside the Hull
|6.403
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 50067
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|213
| -
| HIP 49092
|Inside the Hull
|6.412
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 51984
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 40433
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|216
| -
|HIP 51327
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|217
|WR 22
|HIP 52308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|218
|V507 Car
|HIP 51265
| Inside the Hull
|6.426
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 51866
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 42400
|Inside the Hull
|6.431
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 44509
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|222
| -
| HIP 40749
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|223
|V469 Car
|HIP 41644
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|224
| -
|HIP 44565
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|225
|V495 Car
|HIP 49642
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 50069
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|228
|V487 Car
|HIP 47893
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 44979
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 42440
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 52103
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|232
|WR 24
|HIP 52488
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 41905
|Inside the Hull
|6.481
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 41426
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|235
|QZ Vel
|HIP 48469
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 49477
|Inside the Hull
|6.492
|}
===Additional ===

====II. Deity. ====
The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Nirah'' (d''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''2 ''mār bīti ša''2 uru''De-e-erki'' "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].

====III. Symbol.====
Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].

====IV. Identification. ====
= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

====V. Parts of the constellation.====
''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

====VI. Astrology.*====
Identifications:

(1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Predictions:

(2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101: 27].

(3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the south; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 54:6-7].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; G. 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [G. 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2 «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [G. 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; ASM, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)''Maškakātu''
|
|-
|
===(mul)''Maškakātu''===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png

2025-12-02T02:58:37Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Convex Hull for the stars inside GISGANUR (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

== Summary ==
Convex Hull for the stars inside GISGANUR (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ

2025-12-02T02:56:51Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

[[File:ENTENABARGUZ stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul /d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'', 'The Mousey One', Jessica Gulberg's interpretation of a "mousey man" in the winter sky. Map in Stellarium, position rather uncertain.]]
[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|Mouse (CC BY George Shuklin)]]mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (𒀯𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝) now to be read mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'' (𒀯𒀭𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡)'','' 'The Mousey One'.

A constellation in the area of [[Centaurus]] but not identical to the classical constellation. A partially preserved description is available in the expanded version of the Uranology Text from late-period Uruk. The Akkadian name indicates that at least some elements of the constellation had rodent-like features.

==Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The reading needs to be changed from conventionally mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM to now read EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>Theoretically the BAR could also be read MAŠ since the two originally distinct signs merged in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. However, at least one Old Babylonian lexical text clearly has the old form of BAR (CBS 6074 + UM 29-16-44 + N 6069 rev. iii’ 1, Nippur forerunner to Hh XX-XXII, cf. photo cdli P229320: [mul]EN.TE.EN.NA.BAR.GUZ). The reading GUZ of the last sign LUM (= ḪUM) is confirmed by the spelling mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUŠ in a mB forerunner of the same list from Emar (Msk 47187 rev. ii’ 10’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.2, 461, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 215, II 127), where the name is translated ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-rù''. The usual form of the Akk. equivalent is, however, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu''. Once the name is explained as uzuGU2.MURGU dA-num “Back-bone of Anum”, see N. Veldhuis, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dcclt/corpus#P393814.19 . MURGU obviously resulted from a misinterpretation of the similar sign LUM. There and elsewhere the sumerogram is interpreted as “Shaggy Winter Star” or the like. This interpretation is based on Sum. enten “winter” and barguz = Akk. ''(ḫ)apparû'' “(with) shaggy (hair)” (cf., e.g., Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246, fn. 1620). In the dictionaries, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' is found under ''ḫums/ṣīru'' (AHW), ''ḫumṣiru'' (CAD), a term for a (big) “mouse”, which displays a variety of different forms. The ancient scribes understood ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' by means of folk etymology as ''*ḫabbāt-ṣēr-Anu'' “Raider of the back/steppe of Anum” according to the commentary ''iḫbut ṣēr Anu'' “he raided the back/steppe of Anu” in a star list (5R 46: 48, cf. Weidner, HbA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51–52). mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ (EA 4l). </blockquote>

===Dictionary<ref>Kurtik, Horowitz, Hoffmann, Kim, Hilder (2023-2026). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0 ([[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|online edition]])</ref>===
Var. readings:
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/HUŠ;
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/ḪUM/SIG4
* = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu''; the meaning of the Akkadian word is not quite clear, possible connections with ''ḫumṣīru'' "(big) mouse" with the meaning: "Mouse-like". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 355b; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 105f.]; a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 179; BPO 2<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; AHw<ref name=":2" />, 303]. For discussion of the Sumerian and Akkadian names see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 54. For previous readings see below Krebernik (2023).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu'' A / mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru'' B [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:163; Bloch-Horowitz 2016<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = ˹''ḫu-mu-un''˺-''si''3-''ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar. lum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7">''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 A v 41].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = UZU.GU2.MUR7 ''da-''˹''nim''˺ "Cosmic winter asterism = Mouse-like = Main support of Anu" [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 41:45], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":8" />, 116 Rs. III 14].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."''' '''''Problems with Albs that we need to address - how to deal w/ new Horowitz edition'''''
Astrolabe B.
* (1) List (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su "Entenabarhum, Ningirsu" (Section B i 26).
* (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] ... mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum ''šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "Tashrit month: ... Entenabarhum (on the way of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 7).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — Tashrit, sunset — nisan [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40-41]; see (Kurtik n37) [[NIN.MAḪ]].
Astrolabe P. Month of Tashrit, stars Ea, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

BM 82923.

* Tashritumonth, Enlil stars: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] "Entenabarhum // 40 // Weapon, star [...]". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:21].

BM 34713.

* The month of arahsamnu, the star of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8], see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].

"Circular Astrolabes".

* K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum "(Stars of Enlil, month Tebetu), [Entena]barhum" [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 7):
* ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].

Text Sm. 162 rev. (Parallel to The Hilprecht Text)

* rev. 8. [...mu]l''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 154].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5, 5b, 35-35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' "Entenabarchum, Ningirsu" (I ii 22).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "15th Tashritu" (I iii 1), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
* (3) Simultaneous daily rising and setting: a) (I iii 23), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) [[IKU|AŠ.GAN2.]]
* (4) Astrological predictions: MUL [TA i]mKUR ''ana'' imU18 SUR-''ma'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-''ma'' / ''ina'' imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI "(If) the star flashes from the east towards the west, passes Entenabarhum, and sets in the west: within three years the country will enjoy abundance" (II iii 46-47) [MA<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [ARAK<ref name=":12">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 158 r. 7].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* ''Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959''<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>'', 283:14]. <nowiki>[[need to chek]]</nowiki>''
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = dnin.gir2.su "The Mousey One = Ningirsu";
* (2) 12 asterisms of Elam: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum;
* (3) ''7'' lumāšu-stars: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7" />, 107:19].
* (2) mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'': ''iḫ-bu-tu''2 edin d''A-nu'' "Habatsiran, Ningirsu, (who) plunders the field of Anu." [CAD<ref name=":3" /> Ḫ, 7; HBA<ref name=":1" />, 52:48;
|
|-
| '''List of stars VR 46, 1:24, 48.'''
* (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = d''Uraš''(IB)
* (2) "Entenabarhum = Urash"; [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 179; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹d''Nin''˺-[''gir''2''-s'']''u''2 / ''ṣa-lam'' SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ''ina'' ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15? ]-˹''šu''2˺ xx [xxxxxx] "Entenabarhum, Nin[girs]u, / a human figure, on its head, one s[tar ...] / in her [right] hand [...]" (col. iii 7-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Entenabarhum's hand" (δ Cen) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:16], see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? [...] 3 mul.meš [... 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 ...]
* "Left leg [Ente]nabarhum (κ Cen?), Shullat [...], [..:] 3 stars. [... 2 interv]als, interval. Le[ft] leg [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM<ref name=":15">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107];
* According to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? [...] = mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Shullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), [...] = [mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL)] "[Hanish]" (α Cen?). "Dilbat tablet." mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — the name of Venus in the month of Tashritu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
|
|}
See also [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' dUDU.[IDIM] "Habatsiranu = Ningirsu = Planet" [ACh Sin<ref name=":16">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 19:22].
[[File:ENTENARBARGUZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 181343.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside EN.TE.NAR.BAR.GUZ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|υ 4 Eridani
|HIP 20042
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.56
|-
| 2
|τ 4 Eridani
|HIP 15474
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|3
|[[Theemin]]
|HIP 21393
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|4
|[[Beemim]]
|HIP 20535
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.96
|-
|5
| [[Dalim]]
|HIP 14879
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.98
|-
|6
|τ 3 Eridani
|HIP 14146
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|7
|τ 6 Eridani
|HIP 17651
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.2
|-
|8
|τ 5 Eridani
|HIP 16611
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|9
|τ 1 Eridani
|HIP 12843
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|10
|τ 8 Eridani
|HIP 18216
| Inside the Hull
|4.623
|-
|11
|15 Eri
|HIP 15382
| Inside the Hull
|4.875
|-
|12
|τ 7 Eridani
| HIP 17717
|Inside the Hull
|5.235
|-
|13
|83 G. Eri
|HIP 15643
|Inside the Hull
| 5.496
|-
| 14
|ρ Fornacis
|HIP 17738
|Inside the Hull
|5.54
|-
|15
|174 G. Eri
|HIP 19095
|Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|16
|AI For
|HIP 15479
| Inside the Hull
|5.622
|-
| 17
|σ Fornacis
| HIP 17618
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|18
|163 G. Eri
|HIP 18723
|Inside the Hull
|5.919
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 15357
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 16029
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|21
|τ Fornacis
| HIP 17007
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 15125
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 15700
| Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 16449
|Inside the Hull
|6.372
|-
| 25
|65 G. Eri
|HIP 14757
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 15585
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 16697
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The name of the constellation is recorded often with the divine (DINGIR) determinative and is mentioned in the list of Gods of the Night in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 14]. However, in the standard lists of gods, his name is absent. He is identified with Ningirsu and Urash, who were closely connected with Ninurta (Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17" />, 404-405, 480; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 233, A 71). The mythological background explaining the connection between these deities with the constellation remains unresolved.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (2) A ritual against epidemics [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:14].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Unknown. Apparently, it was a hybrid figure (Mischwesen) including human and non-human elements. The texts mention the figure's head, left leg and arm.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Centaurus (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 123; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, 11; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14" />, 72].

= most of Centaurus and probably the Cross (Centaurus, Crux) [MA<ref name=":11" />, 138].

= part of Centaurus, Centaurus (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C].

= most of Centaurus [ASM<ref name=":15" />, 272-273].

==== V. Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Hand of Entenabarhum", see GU-text, MLC 1866. (Uranalogy-text)

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum "Left foot of Entenabarhum," see Dalbanna-text (§X).

(3) Head (Entenabarhum)," see MLC 1866 (Uranlogy-text)

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications. =====
(1) = Venus in the month of Tashrit; see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.

(2) = Mercury; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT<ref name=":9" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" /> 2, 66:30].

(3) = Jupiter(?), see. [Bezold 1920,<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref> 123:205].

(4) = Saturn(?); the identification of Entenabarhum with Ningirsu, a local form of Ninurta, suggests a possible connection of the constellation with Saturn, but we find no explicit confirmation in texts.

(5) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 3.

===== Predictions. =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''a-na'' IM.SAG IM.SAG: ''ḫa-ru-up-tu''2: / DIŠ MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-''[''gir''2''-su''] "Entenabarḫum for (predicting) early winds. IM.SAG = ''ḫaruptu'' "early." The asterism that stands on its side, (is) Entenabarhum, Ningirsu" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 25:10-11; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5-5b].

(7) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR. ḪUM mul''A''[''n-nu-ni-tum'' BE-''ma ina''] UD.DU[G4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa''] / KI.ḪAL GUN-''ša''2 IL2 BE-''ma ina'' NU UD.[DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa'' KI.ḪAL] GUN-''ša''2 [NU? IL2] "In the month of Tashrit Entenabarhum, An[unit, if it rises] at its prescribed time: the furrow will bring its harvest, if [it rises] not at its prescribed time: [the furrow will not bring] its harvest." [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, X 18].

(8) Heliacal risings in the month of Tashrit; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-''šu''2 GID2.MEŠ "If in the month of Tashrit, Entenabarhum rises heliacally: the days of the king will be long" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) View of the constellation during heliacal risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''mul-lu-uḫ'' / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA "If Entenabarhum (=Mercury) flashes as it makes its appearance: normal harvest, business activity will be stable" [ARAK<ref name=":12" />, 158 r. 7-8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina'' ''E''3-''šu''2 ''mu-lu-uḫ ina'' SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''ḫa-an-ṭiš'' IGI-''ma'' "If Entenabarhum flares up during its appearance, and rises at the beginning of the month of duuzu: bread will be good, business activity will benormal. (This will be the case if) Mercury rises quickly after its disappearance." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:47-48], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:16], MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽a-lu'' "its stars are brilliant"; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''a-bi-il ina'' SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''a-dan-an-šu''2 ''ina'' AN''-e'' DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Entenabarhum is foggy during its appearance is foggy, and rises at the beginning of the month of abu: there will be no bread, business activity will decrease. (This will take place if) Mercury is absent from the sky after (its) disappearance at its set time." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:49-50], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:17], where the identity ''a-bi-il'' - mul.meš-''šu''2 ''um-mu-lu'' "its stars are misty" is given, cf. [3. Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 289].

(10) The position of the constellation during risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-''šu''2 AN-''e i-na-ṭa-la ina'' MU.B[I...] "If Entenabarhum, its head, (at his appearance) sees the sky: this year [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ana'' ABZU ''šu-ur''2 ''ina'' MU.BI [...] "If Entenabarhum (at its appearance) turns (?) towards Apsu: this year [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) The view of the constellation; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ma-diš'' SA5 ... "If Entenabarhum is very red..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''ḫi-i-pu'' DIŠ-''niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu''3 [...] "If Entenabarhum, its stars (originally damaged) together are very bright [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:54; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 104:6, 120:17; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''da-᾽a-mu'' IGI-''šu''2''-nu ana'' dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-''nu'' [...] "If Entenabarhum, its stars, are dark (and) their faces are facing the west [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:55].

(12) Sunset in the region of Habatsi; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''Ḫa-ba-ṣi'' GUB [...] "If the Sun, during its setting in the region of Habatsi, stands [...]". [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":16" />, 16:14]. ''<nowiki>[[this entry needs to collated???? because of name Habatsi]]</nowiki>''

(13) The pest reaches Entenabarhum; see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/LUM/ḪUŠ; = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'';
возможные значения: шум. «Косматая зимняя звезда», акк. «Подобный мыши» [CAD Ḫ, 8a; Landsberger, Fauna 105f; AHw, 303a, 355b; Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 12]. См. также h01Ḫabaṣīrānu.
|Example
|-
|Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu A / mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru B [Emar VI/4, 151:163; Bloch–Horowitz 2016, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum] = ˹ḫu-mu-un˺-si3-ru [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar.lum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [SpTU III, 114 A v 41]. (3) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = UZU.GU2.MUR7 da-˹nim˺ «Косматая зимняя звезда = Подобный мыши = Главная опора Ану» [MSL XI, 41:45], см. также [SpTU III, 116 Rs. III 14]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа, 40 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (Section B i 26). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] … mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц ташриту: … Энтенабархум (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход – ташриту, заход – нисану [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40–41]; см. n37NIN.MAḪ. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] «Энтенабархум // 40 // Оружие, звезда […]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:21]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:8], см. u19UR.GI7. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum «(Звезды Энлиля, месяц тебету), [Энтена]бархум» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 7): ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg–Halton 1987b, 212]. Текст Sm. 162 rev. 8. […mu]lḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 154]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 5, 5b, 35–35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3, 281]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (I ii 22). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту» (I iii 1), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 23), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Астрологические предсказания: MUL [TA i]mKUR ana imU18 SUR-ma mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-ma / ina imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI «(Если) звезда вспыхивает от востока по направлению к западу, проходит Энтенабархум и садится на западе: в течение трех лет страна будет наслаждаться изобилием» (II iii 46–47) [MA, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 158 r. 7]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959, 283:14]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = dnin.gir2.su «Подобный Мыши = Нингирсу»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum]; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959–60, 107:19]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:24, 48. (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = dUraš(IB) «Энтенабархум = Ураш»; (2) mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su: iḫ-bu-tu2 edin dA-nu «Хабацирану, Нингирсу, (кто) расхищает поле Ану» [CAD Ḫ, 7; HBA, 52:48; G. 179; Wee 2016, 162–3]. MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹dNin˺-[gir2-s]u2 / ṣa-lam SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ina ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15?]-˹šu2˺ xx [xxxxxx] «Энтенабархум, Нин[гирс]у, / человеческая фигура, на голове одна зв[езда …] / в ее [правой] руке […]» (col. iii 7–9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум» (δ Cen) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. также u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? […] 3 mul.meš [… 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 …] «Левая нога [Энте]набархум (κ Cen?), Шуллат […], […]: 3 звезды. [… 2 интерв]ала, интервал. Ле[вая] нога […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? […] = mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), […] = [mulḪaniš(LUGAL)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen?). «Таблица Дилбат». mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — имя Венеры в месяце ташриту, см. d06Dilbat.
См. также [SpTU II, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su dUDU.[IDIM] «Хабацирану = Нингирсу = Планета» [ACh Sin, 19:22].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия фиксируется нередко с детерминативом d, упоминается в списке ночных богов в новоассирийской молитве к ночным богам [Tallqvist 1938, 14]. Однако в стандартных списках богов его имя отсутствует. Отождествляется с Нингирсу и Урашем, которые были тесно связаны с Нинуртой [Tallqvist 1938, 404–405, 480; Litke 1998, 233, A 71]. Мифологический сюжет, объясняющий связь этих божеств с созвездием, остается нераскрытым. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:14].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. По-видимому, это была антропоморфная фигура. В текстах упоминаются голова, левая нога и рука фигуры.

IV. Отождествление.

= Центавр (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 11; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= большая часть Центавра и, вероятно, Крест (Centaurus, Crux) [MA, 138].

= часть Центавра, Центавр (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= большая часть Центавра [ASM, 272–273].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум», см. GU-текст, MLC 1866.

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum «Левая нога Энтенабархум», см. dbn-текст (§X).

(3) «Голова (Энтенабархум)», см. MLC 1866.

VI.,m Астрология.

Отождествления.

(1) = Венера в месяце ташриту; см. d06Dilbat.

(2) = Меркурий; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:30].

(3) = Юпитер(?), см. [Bezold 1920, 123:205].

(4) = Сатурн(?); отождествление Энтенабархум с Нингирсу, местной формой Нинурты, наводит на мысль о возможной связи созвездия с Сатурном, однако явных подтверждений в текстах мы не находим.

(5) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 3.

Предсказания.

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM a-na IM.SAG IM.SAG: ḫa-ru-up-tu2: / DIŠ MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-[gir2-su] «Энтенабархум для (предсказания) раннего ветра. IM.SAG = ḫaruptu «рано». Звезда, которая на его стороне стоит, (это) Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» [ACh Ištar, 25:10–11; BPO 2, III 5–5b].

(7) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulA[n-nu-ni-tum BE-ma ina] UD.DU[G4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa] / KI.ḪAL GUN-ša2 IL2 BE-ma ina NU UD.[DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa KI.ḪAL] GUN-ša2 [NU? IL2] «В месяце ташриту Энтенабархум, Ан[униту, если он восходит] в свое установленное время: борозда принесет свой урожай, если [он восходит] не в свое установленное время: [борозда не принесет] свой урожай» [BPO 2, X 18].

(8) Гелиакический восход в месяце ташриту; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-šu2 GID2.MEŠ «Если в месяце ташриту Энтенабархум восходит гелиакически: дни царя будут долгими» [BPO 2, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) Вид созвездия при гелиакическом восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mul-lu-uḫ / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA «Если Энтенабархум (=Меркурий) при своем появлении вспыхивает: нормальный урожай, деловая активность будет стабильной» [ARAK, 158 r. 7–8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mu-lu-uḫ ina SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 ḫa-an-ṭiš IGI-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении вспыхивает, в начале месяца дуузу восходит: хлеб будет хорошим, деловая активность нормальной. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после своего исчезновения быстро восходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:47–48], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:16], где дано тождество mulluC — mul.meš-šu2 ba-᾽a-lu «его звезды блестящие»; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 a-bi-il ina SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 a-dan-an-šu2 ina AN-e DIB-iq-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении туманный, в начале месяца абу восходит: хлеба не будет, деловая активность уменьшится. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после (своего) исчезновения в свое установленное время на небе отсутствует» [ACh Ištar, 21:49–50], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:17], где дано тождество a-bi-il — mul.meš-šu2 um-mu-lu «его звезды туманные», cм. [3. Erg., 289].

(10) Положение созвездия при восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-šu2 AN-e i-na-ṭa-la ina MU.B[I…] «Если Энтенабархум., голова его, (при его появлении) небо видит: в этом году […] [ACh Ištar, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ana ABZU šu-ur2 ina MU.BI […] «Если Энтенабархум (при своем появлении) к Апсу обращен(?): в этом году […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) Вид созвездия; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ma-diš SA5 … «Если Энтенабархум очень красный…» [ACh Ištar, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 ḫi-i-pu DIŠ-niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu3 […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его (оригинал поврежден) вместе очень яркие […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:54; LKU, 104:6, 120:17; CAD N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 da-᾽a-mu IGI-šu2-nu ana dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-nu […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его, темные (и) лица их на запад обращены […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:55].

(12) Заход Солнца в области Хабаци; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dḪa-ba-ṣi GUB […] «Если Солнце при своем заходе в области Хабаци стоит […]» [ACh Šamaš, 16:14].

(13) Вредитель достигает Энтенабархума; см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 4.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, h01)
!
|-
|вар. записи: d''Ḫa-ba-ri''; аккадская параллель к mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/SIG4; значение аккадского слова не вполне ясно, возможна связь с ''ḫumṣīru'' «(большая) мышь» и значение: «Подобный Мыши» [AHw, 355b; CAD Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934, 105f.]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 179; BPO 2, 12; AHw, 303].
См. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

NIN.MAḪ

2025-12-02T02:54:39Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

mul dNIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
“Foremost lady”, one of the names of the mother goddess. The Akk. equivalent of the star name is ''Bēlet/Šarrat-ilī'' “Lady/Queen of the Gods” (for evidence see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 148). MUL <d>''Nin-maḫ'' (EA 3r).

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= "Great Lady"; var.: mul dNIN.TU; constellation in the Sails (Vela) [Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 324; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII series: [mulnin.maḫ] = ˹d˺''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:7], [mu]l dnin.tu = d''be-let'' DINGIR.[MEŠ] "Nintu = Lady of the god[s]" [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 17:12; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:278ʹ], [mul dni]n.maḫ = [d''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 22].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Tashrit, stars of Enlil, 160 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): [mul ''ša''] ''i-na'' zag dE2-''a'' gub / [dnin].maḫ "[The constellation that] stands to the right of Ea, [Nin]mah" (B i 19-20); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 8].
* (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] mulnin.maḫ ''šu-ut'' dE2-''a'' "[Month of Tashrit]: the Great Lady (rises) (on the way) of Ea " (C i 7).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunrise=6m):
** (a) [itidu6] mulnin.maḫ mul''zi-ba-ni-tum'' mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum [e3] "[Tashrit]: the Great Lady, Libra, Entenabarhum [ascends]" (C 25),
** (b) [mul]nin.maḫ mul''zi-ba-ni-tum'' mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum [''šu''2] "(Nisan): The Great Lady [enters], the Libra, Entenabarhum " [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
* Month of Tashrit, stars of Ea: mulNIN.MAḪ // 2,40 // ''šar-rat'' DINGIR.DINGIR "Great Lady // 160 // Queen of the gods" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:19].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itidu6 // 2.40 múlnin.maḫ // 1.30 múlugamušen // 55 múl[š]u.pa "Tashritu: 160 Great Lady, 90 Raven, 55 [Sh]upa" [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:7].
* Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme: [...mul''Nin-maḫ''] as the star Ea — the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of arahsamnu, see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 8): mulnin.maḫ [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Ea 8. MUL ''ša a-na'' ZAG d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''zu'' dNIN.MAḪ "The star that stands to the right of Ea (= mulBIR 'Kidney'), the Great Lady" (A. 9, B. 12a) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 4): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' 15-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''Nin-maḫ'' "The star that stands on its right (mulNUNki) stands: ''Ninmah''" (I ii 21).
* (2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmah rises and Anunitu sets" (I iii 22) [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36, 49].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) mulnin.maḫ = mul min(=gir2.tab) "Great Lady = ditto(= Scorpius)";
* (2) mulnin.maḫ = dingir.maḫ ''du''3-''at'' an ''u'' ki "Great Lady = Great God, creator of heaven and earth";
* (3) 12 stars of Amur: mulnin.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 37, 38, 218].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
See Symbol.
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (H) šu mulnin.maḫ ''ša''2 ugu ka.kešda "The hand of the Great Lady which is on the knot(?)" (φ Vel) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:13], see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''The New Year's festival in Babylon.'''
* múlnin.maḫ ''ba-at''2 din "Ninmah, the giver of life" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 139:332; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 221, 230].
|
|-
|'''Text of LBAT 1502'''
* Obv. múlNIN.MAḪ is the star of Antagubba, see (Kurtik sh18) [[ŠUDUN]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
A 3427:

* (a) ''ina'' itidu6 ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlnin.maḫ ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of tashrit, on the morning of the 28th day, Ninmah emits mišḫu and rises,"
* (b) [... ''ina''] itiše ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlnin.maḫ ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "[In] the month of Adar, during the noon(?) on the 29th day, Ninmah emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":5">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239:14, 24], parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' du6 ''ina'' ''še-rim'' 28 múlnin.maḫ ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":5" />, 245:17].
|
|}
[[File:NINMAH Screenshot 2025-11-30 181133.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside NIN.MAḪ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Diphda]]
|HIP 3419
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
| 2
|τ Ceti
|HIP 8102
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.5
|-
|3
|ι Ceti
|HIP 1562
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.55
|-
|4
| υ Ceti
|HIP 9347
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.02
|-
|5
|46 Cet
| HIP 6670
|Inside the Hull
|4.907
|-
|6
|50 Cet
|HIP 7450
| Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|7
|81 G. Cet
| HIP 3849
|Inside the Hull
|5.594
|-
|8
|49 Cet
|HIP 7345
| Inside the Hull
|5.607
|-
|9
|78 G. Cet
| HIP 3717
|Inside the Hull
|5.693
|-
|10
|71 G. Cet
|HIP 3436
| Inside the Hull
|6.02
|-
|11
|18 Cet
|HIP 3559
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|12
|139 G. Cet
|HIP 6589
|Inside the Hull
| 6.183
|-
|13
|57 G. Cet
|HIP 2846
|Inside the Hull
|6.444
|-
|14
|101 G. Cet
|HIP 4801
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|15
|133 G. Cet
|HIP 6427
|Inside the Hull
| 6.487
|-
|16
|63 G. Cet
|HIP 3175
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|17
| -
|HR 206
|Inside the Hull
|6.498
|-
|18
|76 G. Cet
|HIP 3576
|Inside the Hull
|6.499
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Ninmah is an ancient Sumerian goddess, known already in the XXVI century B.C.; she was honored in the city of Adab in the temple of Emah. In Sumerian myth, Enki and Ninmah acts as an assistant to the goddess Nammu, who creates people. In the Akkadian myth of the bird Anzu, she is the wife of Enlil and mother of Ningirsu, the winner of Anzu. She was identified with the Sumerian goddess Ninhursag, considered to be the mother of many gods. From her, and on to Ninmah, the epithets ''be-let'' / ''šar-rat'' DINGIR.MEŠ were passed on, "Lady / queen of gods" [MNM 2<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 221-222; From the Beginning of the Beginnings, 42-47; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 141; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 413]. In the AN:d''Anum'' list (II 2-3) dNin.maḫ together with dNin.ḫur.sag.ga2 — variants of the names of the goddess Dingir.maḫ = d''Be-let-i''3-''li''2 [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 66]. All these mythological details, however, do not give anything for understanding the astronomical role of the goddess as a constellation. In the Neo-Assyrian period, she was addressed as ''dam-qa-a-ti'' mulNIN.MAḪ "Magnificent (star) of Ninmah" [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 79, 14 ii r. 11′]. Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king: [mulNIN.MAḪ x x x x NU]NUZ-''ka lu-uš-te-šir nab''-˹''ni''˺-''i''[''t-ka''] / [... ''b'']''e-lu-ti-ka a-n''[''a'' ...] "[Ninmah x x x] your descendant may your success and [your] creation / [...] your power until [...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 10-11].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Description in MLC 1866: mul''Nin-maḫ'' dGAŠAN DINGIR.MEŠ ''pu-uš-ku'' A.ME / ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''lab-ša''2-''at ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-at'' / TIR-''ri ina muḫ-ḫi ina'' ŠUII 15-''šu''2 ''u''3 2,30-''šu''2 ˹''na-ša''2''-at''˺ "Ninmah, Lady of the gods, ''pušku''(?) of the waters. / She is clothed, standing with ''kurkurru'', carrying ... in her right and left hand" (col. iii 4-6) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 37, 41, 53-54, Section J]. The description suggests that the constellation NIN.MAḪ represents a clothed female figure (it is not quite clear whether she was seated or was standing) who holds sacred objects like those we see in Gemini images — in her raised hands [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 17-21].

==== IV. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
šu mulnin.maḫ ''ša''2 ugu ka.kešda "The hand of the Great Lady who is on the knot(?)", see GU text (H).

==== V. Identification. ====
= Vela (?) [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 324; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79b].

= γ+ Velorum [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 14].

= most of Sails (Vela) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138].

= Sails (Vela) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

= part of Sails (Vela) [ASM, 274].

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; DIŠ mulNIN.MAḪ ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD IGI [...] "If Ninmah approaches the Arrow, (it means): Venus to Mercury ... [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:26]; see also [Bezold 1920<ref name=":6">Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 123:204].

(2) = Mars(?); cf. [Bezold 1920<ref name=":6" />, 123:203].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n35)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = «Великая Госпожа»; вар.: mul dNIN.TU; созвездие в Парусах (Vela) [G. 324; BPO 2, 14].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: [mulnin.maḫ] = ˹d˺be-let DINGIR.MEŠ [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:7], [mu]l dnin.tu = dbe-let DINGIR.[MEŠ] «Нинту = Госпожа бог[ов]» [Cavigneaux 1979, 17:12; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:278ʹ], [mul dni]n.maḫ = [dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ] [SpTU III, 114A v 22]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля, 160 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mul ša] i-na zag dE2-a gub / [dnin].maḫ «[Созвездие, которое] справа от Эа стоит, [Нин]мах» (B i 19–20); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 8]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] mulnin.maḫ šu-ut dE2-a «[Месяц ташриту]: Великая Госпожа (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itidu6] mulnin.maḫ mulzi-ba-ni-tum mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum [e3] «[Ташриту]: Великая Госпожа, Весы, Энтенабархум [восходят]» (С 25), b) [mul]nin.maḫ mulzi-ba-ni-tum mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum [šu2] «(Нисану): Великая Госпожа, Весы, Энтенабархум [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 14; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа: mulNIN.MAḪ // 2,40 // šar-rat DINGIR.DINGIR «Великая Госпожа // 160 // Царица богов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:19]. BM 34713. itidu6 // 2,40 múlnin.maḫ // 1,30 múlugamušen // 55 múl[š]u.pa «Ташриту: 160 Великая Госпожа, 90 Ворон, 55 [Ш]упа» [LBAT, 1499:7]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 8): mulnin.maḫ [CT 33, 9 r. 18; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 8. MUL ša a-na ZAG dE2-a GUB-zu dNIN.MAḪ «Звезда, которая стоит справа от Эа (= mulBIR «Почка»), Великая Госпожа» (A. 9, B. 12a) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 4): MUL ša2 ina 15-šu2 GUB-zu mulNin-maḫ «Звезда, которая справа от нее (mulNUNki) стоит: Нинмах» (I ii 21). (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит и Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22) [MA, 36, 49]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulnin.maḫ = mul min(=gir2.tab) «Великая Госпожа = ditto(= Скорпион)»; (2) mulnin.maḫ = dingir.maḫ du3-at an u ki «Великая Госпожа = Великий бог, творец неба и земли»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: mulnin.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 37, 38, 218]. MLC 1866. См. «Символ». GU-текст. (H) šu mulnin.maḫ ša2 ugu ka.kešda «Рука Великой Госпожи, которая на узле(?)» (φ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:13], см. также u17UR.A. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: […mulNin-maḫ] как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце арахсамну, см. u20UR.GU.LA. Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне. múlnin.maḫ ba-at2 din «Нинмах — дарующая жизнь» [RАcc., 139:332; Linssen 2004, 221, 230]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlNIN.MAḪ — звезда Антагубба, см. sh18ŠUDUN. Анафора. А 3427: a) ina itidu6 ina še-rim ud 28 múlnin.maḫ ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце ташриту утром 28-го дня Нинмах испускает mišḫu и восходит», b) [… ina] itiše ina AN.NE ud 29 múlnin.maḫ ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[В] месяце аддару в полдень(?) 29-го дня Нинмах испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:14, 24], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina du6 ina še-rim 28 múlnin.maḫ meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:17].

II. Божество.

Нинмах — древняя шумерская богиня, известная уже в XXVI в. до н.э.; почиталась в городе Адабе в храме Эмах. В шумерском мифе «Энки и Нинмах» выступает в роли помощницы богини Намму, творящей людей. В аккадском мифе о птице Анзу она — жена Энлиля и мать Нингирсу, победителя Анзу. Отождествлялась с шумерской богиней Нинхурсаг, считавшейся матерью многих богов. От нее к Нинмах перешли эпитеты be-let / šar-rat DINGIR.MEŠ «Госпожа/царица богов» [МНМ 2, 221–222; От начала начал. 42–47; Black–Green 1992, 141; Tallqvist 1938, 413]. В списке AN:dAnum (II 2–3) dNin.maḫ вместе с dNin.ḫur.sag.ga2 — варианты имен богини Dingir.maḫ = dBe-let-i3-li2 [Litke 1998, 66]. Все эти мифологические подробности, однако, ничего не дают для понимания астрономической роли богини как созвездия. В новоассирийский период к ней обращались как к dam-qa-a-ti mulNIN.MAḪ «Великолепная (звезда) Нинмах» [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 79, 14 ii r. 11′]. Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulNIN.MAḪ x x x x NU]NUZ-ka lu-uš-te-šir nab-˹ni˺-i[t-ka] / [… b]e-lu-ti-ka a-n[a …] «[Нинмах x x x x] потомок твой да будет иметь успех и творение [твое] / […] власть твоя до […]» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 10–11].

III. Символ.

Описание в MLC 1866: mulNin-maḫ dGAŠAN DINGIR.MEŠ pu-uš-ku A.ME / lu-bu-uš-tu4 lab-ša2-at ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-at / TIR-ri ina muḫ-ḫi ina ŠUII 15-šu2 u3 2,30-šu2 ˹na-ša2-at˺ «Нинмах, госпожа богов, pušku(?) вод. / Она в одеянии, стоит с kurkurru, несет … в своей правой и левой руке» (col. iii 4–6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41, 53–54, Section J]. Из описания следует, что созвездие NIN.MAḪ представляет собой женскую фигуру в одеянии (не вполне ясно, сидящую или стоящую), которая в приподнятых руках держит священные предметы вроде тех, которые мы видим на изображениях Близнецов [Куртик 2007, рис 17–21].

IV. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

šu mulnin.maḫ ša2 ugu ka.kešda «Рука Великой Госпожи, которая на узле(?)», см. GU-текст (H).

V. Отождествление.

= Vela (?) [G. 324; Weidner 1957–59, 79b].

= γ+ Velorum [BPO 2, 14].

= большая часть Парусов (Vela) [MA, 138].

= Паруса (Vela) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

= часть Парусов (Vela) [ASM, 274].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; DIŠ mulNIN.MAḪ ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 TE dDil-bat ana dGU4.UD IGI […] «Если Нинмах к Стреле приближается, (это означает): Венера к Меркурию … […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:26]; см. также [Bezold 1920, 123:204].

(2) = Марс(?); см. [Bezold 1920, 123:203].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

File:NINMAH Screenshot 2025-11-30 181133.png

2025-12-02T02:53:46Z

YoulaAzkarrula: Convex Hull for the stars inside NINMAH, Ninmakh (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

== Summary ==
Convex Hull for the stars inside NINMAH, Ninmakh (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

GU.LA

2025-12-02T02:51:36Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

{{distinguish|Gula}}
[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷), "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [G. 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [G. 71; Ungnad 1941-44, 257].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

===Krebernik (2023)===
[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg|thumb|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]
= ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?). This constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius. The Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [mul(.d?)GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert 210,1 210; II 127). mulGU.LA (EA 2l).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===

* see also (Kurtik g25) GU.
* see also (Kurtik r01) (mul)''Rabû''

Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII:

* [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''2-''e'' [ACh Suppl., 54:18].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulgu.la = (pass) [MSL XI, 30:25a'],
** [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64],
** mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
'''Astrolabe P.'''

* Month of Tebet, the stars of Ea, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575].

'''Astrolabe B.'''

* (1) List (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "The month of Tebet: the Giant (on the way towards) Ea (rises)" (C i 10).
* (2) List (rising-setting=6m):
** a) itiab mulgu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen ˹e3˺ "Tebet: Giant, Crab, Eagle rises" (C 31),
** b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen [šu2] "(Duuzu): the Giant, Crab, Eagle [comes in]." [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Tebet, stars of Ea: mulGU.LA // 2.20 // dEN BE d''E''2-''a'' "The Giant // 140 // Lord of sources, Ea". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:28].
|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3]
* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT, 1499:10].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; MCG 176].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ABCD 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2.mušen]],
** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": mulGU.LA, after mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, before KUNmeš (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]] [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68].
|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Elam: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [''ša'' dŠamaš...] / u mulGU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' it[iA]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''2 KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM3]
* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I, 95:3'-4'; ASM, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* a) ''qu''2-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]."
* b) ˹''qu''2?˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 564:12′-13′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU).
* (2) Microzodiac.
** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here).
** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+:
** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin ...] múlGU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''10 "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu."
** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine? of the Giant. / Region of the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4].
* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlGU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
!Kurtik (g25) GU (abbreviation)
!
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [AD I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [AD I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ].
* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* múlGU, the star of Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427:

* ''ina'' itiab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 múlgu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid. 246:23].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim].
* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Worker(=Aries) into 12 parts: a) AO 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu ''šum''3-''šu''2 "11th section, its name is the Giant" [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], (b) Sp II 202+: 11-''tu''2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu "11th part Hired Man - Hired Man Giant" [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24].
* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI8mušen) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')
** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III, 104:6, and also 104:19];
** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
** b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
|
|}
See also [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3′].
[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Enif]]
|HIP 107315
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.39
|-
|2
| [[Sadalsuud]]
|HIP 106278
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.89
|-
|3
|[[Sadalmelik]]
|HIP 109074
|Constellation lines
|2.94
|-
|4
|[[Skat]]
|HIP 113136
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|5
| [[Biham]]
|HIP 109427
| Inside the Hull
|3.55
|-
|6
|[[Safina]]
|HIP 114341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.64
|-
|7
|ζ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 110960
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
| 8
|γ Piscium
|HIP 114971
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|9
|[[Shatabhisha]]
|HIP 112961
|Constellation lines
|3.79
|-
|10
|[[Sadachbia]]
| HIP 110395
|Constellation lines
|3.834
|-
|11
|98 Aqr
|HIP 115438
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|12
| τ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 112716
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|13
|η Aquarii
|HIP 111497
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|14
|ι Piscium
|HIP 116771
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
| 15
| [[Ancha]]
|HIP 110003
|Constellation lines
|4.16
|-
| 16
|ϕ Aquarii
|HIP 114724
| Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
|17
|ψ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 114855
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|18
|ι Aquarii
|HIP 109139
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.27
|-
|19
|* zet02 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Constellation lines
|4.34
|-
|20
|ψ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 115033
|Constellation lines
|4.4
|-
|21
|30 Psc
|HIP 154
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.41
|-
| 22
|7 Cet
|HIP 1170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|23
|ω 2 Aquarii
|HIP 116971
|Constellation lines
|4.484
|-
|24
| * zet01 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|25
|λ Piscium
|HIP 116928
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|26
|[[Fumalsamakah]]
|HIP 113889
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|27
|[[Hydor]]
|HIP 301
|Inside the Hull
| 4.536
|-
| 28
|π Aquarii
|HIP 110672
|Constellation lines
| 4.64
|-
|29
|ο Aquarii
|HIP 108874
|Inside the Hull
|4.69
|-
| 30
|35 Peg
| HIP 110882
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 31
|σ Aquarii
|HIP 111123
|Inside the Hull
| 4.81
|-
|32
|104 Aqr A
| HIP 116901
|Constellation lines
|4.83
|-
|33
|ν Pegasi
|HIP 109068
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
| 34
|27 Psc
|HIP 118209
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.886
|-
|35
|6 Cet
|HIP 910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.89
|-
|36
| 3 Cet
|HIP 355
|Constellation lines
| 4.924
|-
|37
|κ Piscium
|HIP 115738
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|38
|ω 1 Aquarii
| HIP 116758
|Inside the Hull
|4.977
|-
|39
|ψ 3 Aquarii
| HIP 115115
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 40
|[[Situla]]
|HIP 111710
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|41
| χ Aquarii
|HIP 114939
|Inside the Hull
|5.06
|-
|42
|7 Psc
|HIP 115227
|Inside the Hull
|5.069
|-
|43
|25 Aqr
|HIP 106944
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 44
| 94 Aqr A
|HIP 115126
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|45
| 108 Aqr
|HIP 117629
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|46
|97 Aqr
|HIP 115404
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|47
| 106 Aqr
|HIP 117089
|Inside the Hull
|5.239
|-
|48
|258 G. Aqr
|HIP 116957
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|49
|18 G. Cet
|HIP 983
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|50
|32 Aqr
|HIP 108991
|Inside the Hull
| 5.271
|-
|51
|7 Peg
|HIP 107151
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|52
|42 Aqr
|HIP 110000
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|53
| ρ Aquarii
|HIP 110273
|Inside the Hull
|5.339
|-
| 54
| 103 Aqr
|HIP 116889
|Inside the Hull
|5.344
|-
|55
|30 Peg
|HIP 110298
|Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
|56
|38 Aqr
| HIP 109472
|Inside the Hull
|5.422
|-
|57
|2 Psc
|HIP 113521
|Inside the Hull
|5.426
|-
|58
| 5 Psc
|HIP 114273
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|59
|83 Aqr
|HIP 113996
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
| 60
|20 Psc
| HIP 117375
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|61
|30 Aqr
|HIP 108868
|Inside the Hull
|5.543
|-
|62
| 217 G. Aqr
| HIP 114822
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 115142
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|64
|77 Aqr
|HIP 113148
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|65
|28 Aqr
|HIP 108691
|Inside the Hull
|5.597
|-
|66
| * i02 Aqr A
|HIP 117218
|Inside the Hull
|5.616
|-
| 67
|11 Peg
|HIP 107575
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|68
|19 Peg
|HIP 108699
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|69
|26 Aqr
| HIP 107144
| Inside the Hull
|5.641
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 116591
|Inside the Hull
|5.654
|-
|71
|16 Psc
| HIP 116495
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|72
|τ 1 Aquarii
| HIP 112542
|Inside the Hull
|5.681
|-
|73
|269 G. Aqr
|HIP 117567
|Inside the Hull
|5.691
|-
|74
|* 37 Peg A
| HIP 111062
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|75
|94 G. Aqr
|HIP 108102
|Inside the Hull
|5.704
|-
| 76
|264 G. Aqr
|HIP 117314
| Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 117756
| Inside the Hull
|5.747
|-
|78
|44 Aqr
|HIP 110023
|Inside the Hull
|5.751
|-
|79
|50 Aqr
|HIP 110602
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 113184
|Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
|81
|7 G. Cet
|HIP 343
|Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
|82
|80 G. Aqr
|HIP 106592
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|83
|51 Aqr
|HIP 110578
|Inside the Hull
|5.779
|-
|84
|74 Aqr
|HIP 113031
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 110009
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|86
|34 Peg
|HIP 110785
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|87
|11 G. Psc
|HIP 113622
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|88
|271 G. Aqr
| HIP 117722
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|89
|14 Psc
|HIP 116323
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
|60 Aqr
| HIP 111394
|Inside the Hull
|5.875
|-
|91
| 138 G. Aqr
|HIP 110532
|Inside the Hull
|5.907
|-
|92
| -
| HR 8716
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|93
|255 G. Aqr
|HIP 116853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
|94
| 202 G. Aqr
|HIP 113686
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|95
|268 G. Aqr
|HIP 117541
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|96
|225 G. Aqr
|HIP 115144
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 97
|24 Psc
|HIP 117761
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|98
|246 G. Aqr
|HIP 116368
|Inside the Hull
|5.944
|-
|99
|45 Aqr
|HIP 110179
| Inside the Hull
|5.959
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 109466
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|101
|18 Peg
| HIP 108612
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|102
|39 Aqr
|HIP 109624
|Inside the Hull
|6.043
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 117420
|Inside the Hull
| 6.069
|-
|104
|198 G. Aqr
|HIP 113531
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 105
|1 Psc
|HIP 113167
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 114750
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
| 107
|CF Cet
|HIP 696
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|108
| 155 G. Aqr
|HIP 111171
|Inside the Hull
| 6.139
|-
|109
|13 G. Peg
|HIP 108090
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|110
|128 G. Aqr
|HIP 109984
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 113998
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
| 112
| -
| HIP 111170
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|113
|31 G. Peg
|HIP 110341
| Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 113421
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|115
|89 G. Aqr
|HIP 107596
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 115257
|Inside the Hull
|6.172
|-
|117
|70 Aqr
| HIP 112615
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|118
|78 Aqr
|HIP 113127
|Inside the Hull
| 6.181
|-
|119
|234 G. Aqr
|HIP 115528
|Inside the Hull
| 6.186
|-
| 120
|238 G. Aqr
| HIP 115906
|Inside the Hull
| 6.191
|-
|121
|29 G. Peg
|HIP 109939
|Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
|122
|82 Aqr
|HIP 113781
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|123
| 10 G. Cet
|HIP 602
|Inside the Hull
|6.203
|-
|124
|266 G. Aqr
|HIP 117494
|Inside the Hull
|6.213
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 106758
|Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
|126
|81 Aqr
|HIP 113674
| Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
| 127
|98 G. Aqr
| HIP 108506
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 128
|3 Psc
| HIP 113610
|Inside the Hull
|6.224
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 108144
|Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 111761
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|131
|9 Psc
|HIP 115768
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 115953
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|1 Cet
| HIP 118178
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|134
|115 G. Aqr
| HIP 109442
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|135
|5 G. Psc
|HIP 113360
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 111965
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 137
|197 G. Aqr
|HIP 113345
|Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 115015
| Inside the Hull
| 6.327
|-
|139
|96 G. Aqr
|HIP 108453
|Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|140
|24 G. Psc
| HIP 115476
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|141
|30 G. Psc
| HIP 115945
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|142
| 56 Aqr
|HIP 111086
| Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|143
|7 G. Psc
|HIP 113433
|Inside the Hull
| 6.374
|-
|144
|237 G. Aqr
|HIP 115839
| Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
| 145
| -
|HIP 110091
|Inside the Hull
|6.379
|-
|146
|189 G. Aqr
|HIP 113080
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|147
|251 G. Aqr
|HIP 116624
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|148
|58 Aqr
|HIP 111200
|Inside the Hull
|6.381
|-
|149
|13 Psc
| HIP 116146
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|150
|16 G. Psc
|HIP 114005
|Inside the Hull
|6.388
|-
|151
|240 G. Aqr
|HIP 116060
|Inside the Hull
|6.391
|-
|152
|121 G. Aqr
| HIP 109647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|153
|152 G. Aqr
| HIP 111066
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|154
| 67 Aqr
|HIP 112179
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|155
|248 G. Aqr
|HIP 116428
|Inside the Hull
|6.407
|-
|156
|15 G. Psc
|HIP 113904
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
| 157
| * i02 Aqr B
| HIP 117218
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|158
| 213 G. Aqr
|HIP 114371
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 112168
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|160
|13 G. Psc
|HIP 113705
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| -
|HR 8629
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|162
|15 Psc
|HIP 116422
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|163
|10 G. Peg
|HIP 107271
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 116106
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= d''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "dLaḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermer 1983; Wiggermer 1983]. See [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Kononenko 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].

==== III. Symbol. ====
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945, 124-133; Seidl 1968, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation mulGU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; AUWE 19, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [AUWE 19, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''2 GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) ''qup-pu ar''2 ''ša''2 GU "Hind reservoir of the Giant" (identification unknown),

Asterisms (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars" and used in the “Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts,” see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA "Spine of the Giant", see BM 34452+ "Dodecatemoria".

(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; ulgu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat".

(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 ''u''3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-''ma'' mulGAL: mulGU.LA ''ina'' [A2-''šu''2 GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Yoke; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' mulxGU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [ABCD, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2''-lu'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUNki ''u''2-''lu'' uru dID2 "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city dID2" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU, 11:2].

(6) Heliacal rising(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [d''Dil'']-''bat'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2''-tan-na-at''2-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2. KUR2 [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''š'']''u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [NSAM 2, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′].

(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ ulGU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪme IDIMme "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== GU.LA ===
|
|-
|= rabû «Великий, Великан»; созвездие в Водолее (Aquarius) [G. 81], см. также g25GU.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulgu.la = (пропуск) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], возможная параллель [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц тебету: Великан (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 10). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiab mulgu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen ˹e3˺ «Тебету: Великан, Краб, Орел восходят» (С 31), b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen [šu2] «(Дуузу): Великан, Краб, Орел [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа: mulGU.LA // 2,20 // dEN BE dE2-a «Великан // 140 // Господин источников, Эа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:28]. BM 34713. itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3] «Тебету: 140 Великан, 60 Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 30 [Коза]» [LBAT, 1499:10]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Эа (№ 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; MCG 176]. EAE. См. [ABCD 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19–20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 2): mulGU.LA dE2-a «Великан, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 18), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU.LA, после mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, перед KUNmeš (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x […] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x x […] «Великан (α Lyr?), язык Пса (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x […] (γ Ser): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервал[а, интервал. Звезда] x x […]» [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). Текст W. 22281a. ina itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [ša dŠamaš…] / u mulGU.LA šit-qu-lu ina it[iA]PIN [ina] l[i-l]a-a-tu2 KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠ[amaš ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3] «15-го айяру при восходе [Солнца…] и Великан в равновесии (= кульминируют). В (месяце) арахсамну вечером при заходе Сол[нца имеет место то же самое]» [SpTU I, 95:3'–4'; ASM, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. qu2–up–[pu …] «[Передняя] емко[сть Великана …]». b) ˹qu2?˺–[…] «[Задняя] ем[кость Великана]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:12′–13′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la «Область Великана (=Водолея)» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. g25GU. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник (Овен) на 12 частей, см. g25GU. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 7–я часть — mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin …] múlGU.LA / [….] Eri–du10 «[Тебету 10 // симану 10 // Луна …] Великан. / […] Эриду». b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN «Абу 24 // симану 12 // Луна на позвоночнике? Великана. / Область Праведного Пастуха Ану (= Сатурн, согласно Хунгеру), место дома dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Госпожа Эруа?)» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19–20, rev. 3–4]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGU.LA a–lid … «В области Водолея родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3'].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Энки/Эа (позднее — Мардука), возможно, один из сыновей Энки (= dLaḫmu, букв. «Покрытый волосами, волосатый»). Мужская обнаженная фигура с бородой и шестью локонами, изображавшаяся в фас. Аргументы в пользу отождествления «dLaḫmu = Покрытый волосами обнаженный герой (Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held)» см. [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 XI, 164–166]; подробный анализ трудностей, связанных с этим отождествлением, см. [Ellis 1995]. На печатях появляется с эпохи I династии Ура. Первоначально имел значение речного духа, приручающего диких зверей и оберегающего домашний скот. Его имя упоминается в списке 50 слуг Энки. Изображался также с кувшином, из которого изливается вода, или просто с двумя потоками воды. Имел значение привратника и охранителя ворот. После включения в свиту Мардука, его атрибутом становится лопата [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Кононенко 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 165–166]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи–божества, см. k24KU6.

III. Символ.

Мужская стоящая или сидящая на троне фигура, из плеч которой (или из кувшина, прижатого к груди) изливаются два потока воды (в которых иногда изображаются рыбы). Символ известен со староаккадского времени и в большинстве случаев представляет бога Энки/Эа, либо обнаженного волосатого героя Лахму, который изображался также с двумя потоками воды [Van Buren 1945, 124–133; Seidl 1968, 130–131; Braun–Holzinger 1996, 328–332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. Э.Порада рассматривает фигуру обнаженного героя как прообраз зодиакального созвездия mulGU.LA. Его относительно огромные размеры на печатях III тыс. до н.э. оправдывают название GU.LA «Великан». Первоначально это была обнаженная стоящая или расположенная горизонтально фигура, в I тыс. до н.э. — одетая фигура. Некоторые изображения старовавилонского времени имеют несомненно астральное значение, так как по обе стороны головы на них изображены месяц и звезды [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12–16; Куртик 2007, рис. 39, 40], см. также [Куртик 1998, 33; AUWE 19, 31, 155]. Два потока воды заканчиваются иногда в двух кувшинах; отсюда происходит, по–видимому, название «передняя и задняя емкости Великана». Изображения на кудурру и эллинистических печатях см. [AUWE 19, No. 126–141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 41–43]. Труднообъяснимо упоминание позвоночника Великана в BM 34452+ (см. выше).

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) qup–pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) qup–pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление неизвестно),

Астеризмы (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA «Позвоночник Великана», см. BM 34452+ «Додекатемория».

(4) «Рот Великана», см. ниже (9).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; ulgu.la — название Венеры в месяце кислиму [ACh Ištar, 8:2], см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат».

(2) = Юпитер; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] «Если в 28–й и 29–й день (месяца аддару Солнце) затмилось (и) Большая звезда (т.е. Юпитер?) = Великан с [его стороны стоит]» [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Ярмо; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

Предсказания:

(4) Затмение Луны в Великане; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma «Затмение в Великане произошло» [ABCD, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU […] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «Если 14-го [x] произошло затмение Луны, (и) она затмившейся зашла […], (это означает): затмение произошло в Великане» [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 r. 18–19], см. также [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 «Если (Луна) в пределах Великана или Козы–Рыбы затмилась: решение для Эриду или города dID2» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], см. также [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) Великан и затмение Луны; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Великан темный: лунное затмение произойдет в утреннюю стражу» [TU, 11:2].

(6) Гелиакический восход(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma «Великан, Краб, [Орел], Героический, (т.е.) Юпитер в облачный день …. восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Венера или Юпитер становятся слабыми; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI «Если Великан (Великая звезда?) падает, (это означает): [Ве]нера (или) Юпитер становятся слабыми, вариант: находятся на небе позади и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) Луна и Великан; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI […] «[Если Луна] при своем появлении (и) Великан на ее правом роге стоит: в этом месяце […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2.KUR2 […] «[Если Луна при своем появле]нии (и) Великан на ее левом роге стоит: война […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A…] «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Великан в ее середине стоит: царь всего трон […]» [NSAM 2, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′–18′].

(9) Гелиакический восход Великана и Юпитер; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme «Если при появлении Великана Юпитер сияет в области его рта: львы будут неистовствовать» [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9–10].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik 2022, g25 (GU)
!
|-
|
=== GU ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGU.LA «Великан» (см. g27); созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующий Водолею (Aquarius), в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [G. 71; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

Дневники наблюдений. 1) GU — обозначение знака зодиака Водолей [AD I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –384 год [AD I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. 2) Как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 3 «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlGU — звезда Анташурра, см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiab ina še-rim ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце тебету утром 28-го дня Великан испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ab ina še-rim 28 múlgu.la meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:23]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан (= Водолей) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: b, d, n, 10–13, 15, 28; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник(=Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu šum3-šu2 «11-я часть, ее имя Великан» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 11-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu «11-я часть Наемника — Великан Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24]. (4) Календарно-магические тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) erî(TI8mušen) kappi(PA) MIN(= erî) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= erî) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 6 // Водолей 120 // Голова орла, крыло орла и кровь орла — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:6, а также 104:19]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ «Область Водолея: имя доброе, сыновей будет иметь, смерть от воды» [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], параллели см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r01)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Rabû'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGU.LA «Великан» в Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64], см. g27GU.LA.
См. также: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Asterism]]