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SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA

2026-01-08T13:59:50Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA}}

(2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2) SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA (𒈫𒀯𒈨𒌍𒃻𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), The head ''(qaqqadu'') of the Lion ''(urgullû''). An asterism in the Lion constellation (Leo).

The entry seems to refer to two distinct stars in the Head of the Lion, making this a distinct two star asterism.

''The heading for this entry should be SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA,''

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var.: 2 MUL2.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG A "2 stars of the Lion's head"; = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88], see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Ziqpu]]''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 200 on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the Lion's head",
** (b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA | EN MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 "1⅔ minas of weight, 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From 2 stars on the Lion's head to 4 stars on his breast" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:11-14; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 11-14; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 MUL ''ša''2 SAG.GU mulUR.G[U.L]A "200 to 2 stars of the head of the L[io]n" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 225:15].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ''ša''2 SAG múlA // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 "2 (stars) of the Lion's head // 2 // 14600 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:12].
* (4) BM 38369+: TA SAG.DU ''ša'' mulUR.[GU.LA] / 10 UŠ ''a-na'' GABA ''ša'' mulUR.˹GU˺.[LA] "From the head of the Li[on] / 100 to the breast of the Li[on]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:12-13].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a) [⅔] DANNA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''2 MUL SAG.D[U U]R.GU.LA «[⅔] minas (=200) to 2 (stars) on the hea[d of the L]ion (rev. 20),
** (b) <2 ''ša''2> MUL SAG.DU <<A>> mulUR.GU.LA «<2 (stars)> head of the lion», the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:20, 176-177].
|Example
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (F) 2 mul ˹''ša''2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ "2 stars on the head of Leo" (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM78161:9], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
A 3427:
* The time of the rising of the first part of Scorpius (ḫa.la ''reš-tu ša''2 múlgir2.tab) is determined by the interval between the culminations of two points: 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag múlA (50 after the 2 stars of Leo's head) and 8 UŠ 20 gar ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag A (8020' after the 2 stars of Leo's head) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:1-2].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 23313/3:

* [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA U3.TU [...] "[If] he, when two stars on the head of the Leo (culminates) in the [reg]ion, was born [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:4'].
|
|}
===Additional ===

==== Previous Identification. ====
= ε, μ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229:XXI; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 86, 88].

= ε (+μ?) Leonis [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 565].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A «2 звезды головы Льва»; = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössman 1950, 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88], см. z11Ziqpu.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA | EN MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на голове Льва до 4 звезд на его груди» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:11–14; TU, 21 r. 11–14; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 MUL ša2 SAG.GU mulUR.G[U.L]A «200 до 2 звезд головы Ль[в]а» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:15]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ša2 SAG múlA // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «2 (звезды) головы Льва // 2 // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:12]. (4) BM 38369+: TA SAG.DU ša mulUR.[GU.LA] / 10 UŠ a-na GABA ša mulUR.˹GU˺.[LA] «От головы Ль[ва] / 100 до груди Л[ьва]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:12–13]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [⅔] DANNA ana 2 ša2 MUL SAG.D[U U]R.GU.LA «[⅔] мили(=200) до 2 (звезд) голов[ы Л]ьва» (rev. 20), b) <2 ša2> MUL SAG.DU <<A>> mulUR.GU.LA «<2 (звезды)> головы Льва», на диаграмме изображены 2 точки (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:20, 176–177]. GU-текст. (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ «2 звезды головы Льва» (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM78161:9], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Анафора. A 3427: время восхода первой части Скорпиона (ḫa.la reš-tu ša2 múlgir2.tab) определяется промежутком между кульминациями двух точек: 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA (50 после 2 звезд головы Льва) и 8 UŠ 20 gar ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag A (8020' после 2 звезд головы Льва) [Schaumberger 1955, 238:1–2]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда [обл]асть 2 звезд головы Льва (кульминирует), родился […]» [SpTU V, 265:4'].

II. Отождествление.

= ε, μ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XXI; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 88].

= ε (+μ?) Leonis [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 565].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

SA5

2026-01-08T13:51:50Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:SA5}}
mulSA5 (𒀯𒋛𒀀) = ''[[makrû]]'' is the shade of red seen in sky for the Moon, Mars, and a select number of stars. Horowitz 2020<ref>Horowitz, W. (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref> identifies this color as orange and red-orange, both of which fall under the category 'red' in the Mesopotamian color scheme for which see Thavapalan 2020<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>: 48. Horowitz 2020 connects Akkadian ''makrû'' (''w'')''akrû'' with a color of 'ochre.'
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: mulDIRI; The compound SI.A also has a reading DIRI but which does not apply to the color.

<s>=</s> (d)''Makrû'' "The Red-one, The Fiery Red-one";

Var. designations:

* 1) the name of Mars, fixing the observed color of the planet,
* 2) the color characteristic of some stars [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 140, 255; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 590b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>], see also (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]''.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
See (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]''.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 32, 34; BPO 3<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Borger 1973<ref name=":1">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 37′; Largement 1957<ref name=":2">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 244:44b; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 22; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Ea 7, see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]];
* Ea 10, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'';
* Anu 3, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]];
* Anu 6, see (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]];
* Anu 10, see (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) For a list of the stars of Enlil (no. 34), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":4">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 274:3-6, 288 r. 1-2].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) List of names for Mars: mulsa5 = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red (star) = Mars";
* (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim "Red (star) = planet (= Mars)";
* (3) ulsa5 = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red (star) = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:86, 170, 172].
|
|-
|'''Text LB 1321.'''
* mulsa5 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'': mul''lum-nu'' mul ˹''Ṣal''˺-[''bat-a-nu'' ...] "Red star = Mars, var.: Evil star = M[ars ...] [Borger 1973<ref name=":1" />, 41:37′].
|
|}
See also: mulSA5 ''ana''?(DIŠ) mulNUNki ... [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42 r. 3].

===Additional===

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) Red star = Evil star = Mars; see above, and also (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 3.

(1) Red planet = Mars; see below.

See also the identity, "Red star = Libra" (Kurtik z10 ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 6).

===== Predictions: =====
(3) The special brilliance of Mars; mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ŠE.ER.ZI ''it-tan-ši'' / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''nu-ḫuš'' UN.MEŠ / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 UŠ2.MEŠ ''šam-ru'' / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Mars bears radiation. Red planet (means): abundance (for) people; Red planet (means): the plague will be fierce. Red planet = Mars." [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 274 r. 3-6].

(4) The conjunction of Mars with Jupiter; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''u'' mulGAL TE.MEŠ / ŠUB-''tim bu-lum'' mulUDU.IDIM SA5 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / mulGAL mulŠUL.PA.E3 "If the Red Planet and the Big Star come close together: grazing cattle. The Red Planet is Mars, the Big Star is Shulpae (=Jupiter)" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 288 r. 1-3].

(5) The colors of the planets; mulSA5 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Red star = Mars" [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 248, K.2346+:54], for the full text see (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(6) The Red Planet is approaching the Red Star; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' ulSA5 TE AN.MI NU TAG4 "If the Red Planet approaches the Red Star: the eclipse will not pass by" [Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244: 44b; TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:44].

(7) Appearance of the Moon and the Red Star (or stars); DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) 2 MUL.MEŠ SA5.MEŠ ''ina'' SI ZAG-[-''šu''2 ...] "If (at the appearance of the Moon) 2 red stars [stand] on [its] right horn ... [Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, Ve:8′]; DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI. LA2-''šu''2) 1 MUL SA5 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB [...] "If (at the appearance of the Moon) 1 red star stands on its left horn [...] [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, Ve:12′], for the parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, Vt: 3′].

(8) The Red Planet and the Yellow-Green Star; see (Kurtik s18) [[SIG7|SIG7]], II 2.

(9) The Red Planet (= Mars) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' A2-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 ''iṭ-ṭe-ḫi'' dIM RA-''iṣ'' "If the Red Planet approaches the Dark Star: Adad will flood" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:40; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:40a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.[MI GAR-''an''] "If the Red Planet stands in the middle of the Dark Star: [there will be] an eclip[se]." [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:40; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:40b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ina'' EGIR-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.MI GAR-''an'' "If the Red Planet stands behind the Dark Star: there will be an eclipse" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:41; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:41a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' A2-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB dI[M RA-''iṣ''] "If the Red Star stands on the side of the Dark Star stands: Ad[ad will flood]" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:41; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:41b];

See also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], I. "Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)," (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIRI; = (d)Makrû «Красный, Огненно Красный»; 1) название Марса, фиксирующее наблюдаемый цвет планеты, 2) цветовая характеристика некоторых звезд [Gössman 1950, 140, 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], cм. также m03Makrû.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. См. m03Makrû. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 32, 34; BPO 3, 286; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 37′; Largement 1957, 244:44b; Leibovici 1957, 22; Verderame 2002, 248]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7, см. b11BIR; Ea 10, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu; Anu 3, см. s10SAG.UŠ; Anu 6, см. s19SIM.MAḪ; Anu 10, см. n15Nēberu. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 34), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 274:3–6, 288 r. 1–2]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulsa5 = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Красная (звезда) = Марс»; (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim «Красная (звезда) = планета (= Марс); (3) ulsa5 = šub-tim izi «Красная (звезда) = Падение Огня» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:86, 170, 172]. Текст LB 1321. mulsa5 mulṢal-bat-a-nu : mullum-nu mul ˹Ṣal˺-[bat-a-nu …] «Красная звезда = Марс, вар.: Злая звезда = М[арс …] [Borger 1973, 41:37′].

См. также: mulSA5 ana?(DIŠ) mulNUNki … [SpTU II, 42 r. 3].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) Красная звезда = Злая звезда = Марс; см. выше, а также h08ḪUL, III 3.

(1) Красная планета = Марс; см. ниже. См. также тождество: «Красная звезда = Весы» (z10Zibānītum, VI 6).

Предсказания:

(3) Особенный блеск Марса; mulṢal-bat-a-nu ŠE.ER.ZI it-tan-ši / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 nu-ḫuš UN.MEŠ / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 UŠ2.MEŠ šam-ru / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 mulṢal-bat-a-nu «Марс излучение несет. Красная планета (означает): изобилие (для) людей; Красная планета (означает): чума будет свирепой. Красная планета = Марс» [SAA 8, 274 r. 3–6].

(4) Соединение Марса с Юпитером; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 u mulGAL TE.MEŠ / ŠUB-tim bu-lum mulUDU.IDIM SA5 dṢal-bat-a-nu / mulGAL mulŠUL.PA.E3 «Если Красная планета и Большая звезда сближаются: падеж скота. Красная планета ― Марс, Большая звезда ― Шульпаэ (=Юпитер)» [SAA 8, 288 r. 1–3].

(5) Цвета планет; mulSA5 dṢal-bat-a-nu «Красная звезда = Марс» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54], полный текст см. m03Makrû, III 2.

(6) Красная планета приближается к Красной звезде; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana ulSA5 TE AN.MI NU TAG4 «Если Красная планета к Красной звезде приближается: затмение не пройдет мимо» [Largement 1957, 244: 44b; TU, 16:44].

(7) Появление Луны и Красная звезда (или звезды); DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) 2 MUL.MEŠ SA5.MEŠ ina SI ZAG-[-šu2 …] «Если (при появлении Луны) 2 красные звезды на [ее] правом роге [стоят …] [Verderame 2002, Ve:8′]; DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) 1 MUL SA5 ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB […] «Если (при появлении Луны) 1 красная звезда на ее левом роге стоит […] [ibid., Ve:12′], параллель см. [ibid., Vt: 3′].

(8) Красная планета и Желто-зеленая звезда; см. s18SIG7, II 2.

(9) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana A2-šu2 MUL.GI6 iṭ-ṭe-ḫi dIM RA-iṣ «Если Красная планета к стороне Темной звезды приближается: Адад затопит» [TU, 16:40; Largement 1957, 244:40a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ina MURUB4-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.[MI GAR-an] «Если Красная планета в середине Темной звезды стоит: [произойдет] затме[ние]» [TU, 16:40; Largement 1957, 244:40b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ina EGIR-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.MI GAR-an «Если Красная планета позади Темной звезды стоит: произойдет затмение» [TU, 16:41; Largement 1957, 244:41a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana A2-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB dI[M RA-iṣ] «Если Красная звезда на стороне Темной звезды стоит: Ад[ад затопит]» [TU, 16:41; Largement 1957, 244:41b];

См. также L09LU.LIM, I. «Астролябии», sh16ŠU.GI, VI 4.
|Example
|}

= References =
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Mars]]

(MUL) SA4

2026-01-08T13:40:20Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:(MUL) SA4}}

SA4 (𒀯𒄷𒈿) = ''nebû,'' an adjective indicating great luminosity is applied to particularly bright stars in a number of constellations and asterisms. There are a few examples where DILI.BAD (the standard Sumerian name for Venus) replaces SA4 to refer to the luminosity of individual stars in asterisms.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: DIL.BAD; = ''nebû'' "(Star) with great brilliance", lit. "brilliant, sparkling."

Var. designations:

* 1) An epithet of Venus,
* 2) a definition used in relation to a number of stars from different constellations [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 774; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 148-149; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 330bis].

These include:

(1) SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "(Star) with the great brilliance of the Eagle" (= α Aql), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].

(2) MUL dil.bad mulgu4.an.na "Star with great brilliance of the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau), MUL sa4 mulgu4.an.na, see (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]].

(3) UL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ul''is le-e'' "Star with great brilliance from the Jaws of the Bull" (α Tauri ), see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is lê'']].

(4) MUL dil.bat šu.gi, MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulšu.gi "Star with great brilliance of the Old Man" (θ Per ), see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].

(5) MUL dil.bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-ti'' 'A star with great brilliance of Anunītum' (γ Peg), see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|d''Anunītum'']].

(6) MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 muluz3 "A star with great brilliance of the Goat" (α Lyrae), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].

(7) MUL SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance of the head of the Scorpius", see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].

(8) MUL SA4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 'Star with great brilliance on the breast of the (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) (α Cygni), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].

See also (Kurtik n16) ''[[Nebû]]''.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mulDIL.BAD; = mulnebû «(Звезда) с большим блеском», букв. «блестящая, сверкающая». 1) Эпитет Венеры, 2) определение, употребляемое по отношению к ряду звезд из разных созвездий [AHw 774; CAD N/2, 148–149; Gössman 1950, 330bis].
В том числе:

(1) SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen «(Звезда) с большим блеском Орла» (= α Aql), см. a04A2mušen.

(2) mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.na «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau), mul sa4 mulgu4.an.na, см. g33GU4.AN.NA.

(3) UL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ulis le-e «Звезда с большим блеском Челюсти Быка» (α Tauri ), см. i15Is lê.

(4) mul dil.bat šu.gi, mul ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulšu.gi «Звезда с большим блеском Старика» (θ Per), см. sh16ŠU.GI.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. a42dAnunītum.

(6) mul ne2-bu-u2 ša2 muluz3 «Звезда с большим блеском Козы» (α Lyrae), см. u31UZ3.

(7) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском головы Скорпиона», см. g19GIR2.TAB.

(8) MUL SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Звезда с большим блеском на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди» (α Cygni), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

См. также n16Nebû.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]

KIŠIB

2026-01-08T13:34:12Z

WayneHorowitz:

mulKIŠIB (𒀯𒈩), mul''rittu'' (𒈩𒌓) "Hand" is the handle of the shepherds staff of mul[[GAM3|GAM3]] = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook' ([[Auriga]]). In Uranology E rev. 7'-10' (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":3">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 63-64). The constellation mul[[ŠU.GI]] = ''šibū'', 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]) is said to hold 'The Crook' in his hand, with 'The Crook' itself having a handle like the head of a ram.

__TOC__
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulRIT;
* = mul''rittu'' "Hand"; Akkadian parallel to mulKIŠIB, mulRIT "Hand";

It refers to a part of the constellation of the Crook: mul''rittu''/mulKIŠIB [[GAM3|GAM3]] "Hand/Handle on the Staff".

* 1) = ziqpu XVII,
* 2) Asterism forming part of larger constellations [Gössman 1950, 46, 369; AHw, 990b; CAD R, 386a], see [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI. MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 "[1⅔ min of weight], 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From Staff to Hand on Staff",
** (b) [5 MA. NA MIN] | 1 DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 54 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA "[5 min. of weight], 300 on earth, 54,000 miles in the sky / From the Hand on the Staff to the Twins" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:3-6; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 3-6; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' MUL ''rit-tu''2 ''gam-l''[''u''] "100 to the Hand on the Staf[f]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 224-225:12].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA // 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ "Hand on the Staff, Damkinunna // 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 226-227:9].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) 10 UŠ ''ana'' mulKIŠIB ''gam-lu'' "100 to the Hand (on) the Staff" (rev. 17),
** b) ˹KIŠIB˺ ''gam-''[''l'']''u'' ˹''ma-a''˺-''šu''2 "Hand on the Staff, Gemini" (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:17, 176-177].
* (5) BM 61677: [10 U]Š ''a-na ri-it-t''[''i gamli''...] "[100] up to the Han[d on the Staff]" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":1" />, 180:9].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
Uranology E rev. 7'-10' (MLC 1884 (reverse),<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":3" />: 63-64):

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|7' ''i''[''na''?](erased?) GÀM DIŠ+en mulGÀM GUB-''zu''

8' SAG.DU GÀM SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA

9' ⌈2(or 3)⌉ MUL ''ina'' SAG.DU GÀM ''e-ṣir''.MEŠ

10' [x M]UL ''ina rit-ti'' GÀM GUB-''zu''

|7' In the crook a (star called) “The Crook” stands.

8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.

9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.

10' [x] star(s) in the handle of the crook stand.

|}
|
|-
|'''Text W.22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ½ DANNA EGIR mulRIT.GAM3.A ''ziq-pi'' GUB?-. ''az-ma'' MU[L...] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''šit-qu-lu'' "On the 15th day of ulul at sunrise (the point located at) 150 behind (i.e., to the east) of the Hand on the Staff culminates and [...] / Gemini and the True Shepherd of Anu are in equilibrium" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:12-13].
|
|}
See also: múlKIŠIB GAM3 ''ziq-pu'' "The hand on the Staff culminates" [ADRT III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-85 B:10]; ''a-na'' KIŠIB GAM3 [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1501:16].

=== Additional ===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15].

= θ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

= θ + υ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2" />, 88].

Part of the figure of the constellations, see (Kurtik sh15) [[ŠU]].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, k21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulRIT; = mulrittu «Рука»; 1) = ziqpu XVII, группа звезд в созвездии Возничего (Auriga), 2) часть фигуры некоторых созвездий [Gössman 1950, 46, 369; AHw, 990b; CAD R, 386a].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе», b) [5 MA.NA MIN] | 1 DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 54 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «[5 мин веса], 300 на земле, 54000 миль на небе / От Руки на Посохе до Близнецов» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:3–6; TU, 21 r. 3–6; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na MUL rit-tu2 gam-l[u] «100 до Руки на Посох[е]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:12]. (3) VAT 16436: múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA // 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ «Рука на Посохе, Дамкинунна // 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:9]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) 10 UŠ ana mulKIŠIB gam-lu «100 до Руки (на) Посохе» (rev. 17), b) ˹KIŠIB˺ gam-[l]u ˹ma-a˺-šu2 «Рука на Посохе, Близнецы» (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:17, 176–177]. (5) BM 61677: [10 U]Š a-na ri-it-t[i gamli…] «[100] до Рук[и на Посохе]» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 180:9]. Текст W.22281a. ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ½ DANNA EGIR mulRIT.GAM3.A ziq-pi GUB?-az-ma MU[L…] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA šit-qu-lu «15-го улулу при восходе Солнца (точка, расположенная в) 150 позади (т.е. к востоку) от Руки на Посохе кульминирует и […] / Близнецы и Праведный Пастух Ану находятся в равновесии» [SpTU I, 95:12–13].

См. также: múlKIŠIB GAM3 ziq-pu «Рука на Посохе кульминирует» [ADRT III, No.-85 B:10]; a-na KIŠIB GAM3 [LBAT, 1501:16].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15].

= θ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

= θ + υ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

Часть фигуры созвездий, см. sh15ŠU.
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r05)
|
|-
|
=== mul''Rittu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulKIŠIB, mulRIT «Рука»; = ziqpu XVII, часть созвездия Посох: mulrittu/mulKIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе»; группа звезд в созвездии Возничего (Auriga), см. k21KIŠIB.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Aur]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

RI.ŠI.BE

2026-01-08T13:26:51Z

WayneHorowitz:

ulRI.ŠI.BE (𒌌𒊑𒅆𒁁). These three signs follow the UL-determinative for stars on one of two diagrams on the astrological tablet from TCL 6<ref name=":0" /> 13. The reading of the term is uncertain as each of the three signs have multiple possible readings. Rochberg-Halton's statement about the term, 'UL.RI.ŠI.BE is obscure' is certainly true. A photograph is available in Horowitz 2014 pl. XXIX.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
The name of the luminary occurs only in the circular diagram in [TCL 6<ref name=":0">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 224-226, now reprinted in Rochberg 2010<ref>Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</ref>: 129-131] in sectors I, II, IV. Perhaps it is one of the epithets of Venus; ul''Dil-bat'' stands in the corresponding position in sector II.
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, r04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| название светила встречается только в круглой диаграмме в [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224–226] в секторах I, II, IV. Возможно, это один из эпитетов Венеры; в соответствующей позиции в секторе II стоит ulDil-bat.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

ERIN2

2026-01-08T13:08:02Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERIN2}}
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Babylonian Balance (Libra) in Stellarium; painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
ERIN2 (𒂟) is a first millennium Sumerian name for [[Libra]] whose usual name in Akkadian is ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'' (corresponding to Sumerian mul[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]). The two bright stars of Libra may be for the cross bar connecting α and β Librae, which may have been seen to hold the other elements of the mechanism in place.

I do not see any examples of mul''gišrinnu'' as a star-name?? nor clear evidence for readingRIN. ??? Herman
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

*mulRIN2; short for mulGIŠ.ERIN2 '[[Libra]]';
*mulGIŠ.RIN2;
*= mul''gišrinnu'' "Libra";

The constellation and zodiacal sign [[Libra]] in later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

See also (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].

(Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2 is merged here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
*(1) Original designations of the constellation and then of the zodiac sign Libra [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":1">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; earliest example: ERIN2 in the diary for -651 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 42:16], later without the determinative.
*(2) Included in the names of the two "normal stars":
**a) ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 "Southern part of the Librae" (α Librae),
**b) ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI "Northern part of the Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 18].
|Example
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
*Sign of the zodiac Librae [ACT I-III<ref name=":1" />; LBAT<ref name=":2">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used in lunar tablets dating from the late 5th century B.C. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31; 2010<ref>Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', ''64''(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332. </ref>].
|Example
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ERIN2 is the designation of the 7th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV 19: ERIN2 is the zodiac sign of Libra in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts. Sp II 202+:16-17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "The 7th part of the Hired Man is the Libra of the Hired Man." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 245].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making healing ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-''tim tapašašaš''(ŠEŠˆ) "Duuzu 4 // Scales 210 // Anything you smear"(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, also 16, 29], for translation difficulties see. [ibid.<ref name=":4" /> 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105:9, 22].
*(5) Hypsoma. Libra — the hypsoma of Saturn, see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
*(6) Zodiacal astrology.
**a) See (Kurtik z06) [[ZI]].
**b) [K]I múlERIN2... "Area of Libra ...", KI múlERIN2 ''a-lid ki-nu la ki-num'' dUTU ''ra-gu-ug''? šu2 "Born in the realm of the Libra: (character) faithful or unfaithful, will Shamash treat him evil?" [LBAT<ref name=":2" />, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(7) Predicting the prices of cereal on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
*a) múlerin2 ''ša''2 tu15-1 20 erin2 "Southern Libra Bowl: 20 Librae" (α Librae).
*b) múlerin2 š''a2'' tu15-2 25 erin2 "Northern Bowl of Scales: 25 Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 150]; for a modern edition see. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
|
|-
|'''GU-text: variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(L) ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 "Front cup of Libra", udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub "Saturn that stands ahead of Libra" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:19-20], see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] as well as (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(1) The Lunaries. BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 "Area of the Libra". [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3" />, 259:29; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108].
* (2) "Microzodiac. The subdivisions of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**a) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "7th part, its name is Libra" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:17; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
**b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "7th part of Aries — Libra Aries" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4" />, 245:16-17],
**c) subdivisions of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: VAT 7847: the 3rd part is mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6].
*(3) Libra as Saturn's hypsoma [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56].
*(4) Predictions from star climaxes, lunar eclipses and positions of the Sun relative to constellations.
**''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR)ád ''pi-še''[''r''3''-ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2''-šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "While the Sun is moving in the direction (lit. reaching) of the Scales, the effe[cts of the ec]lipse have not come." [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102:16-17].
*(5) Predicting the prices of grains: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94, passim].
|
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e18 mulERIN2)
!'''Gössmann (1950)'''
|-
|вар. чтения: mulRIN2; сокращение от mulGIŠ.ERIN2 «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z10Zibānītu, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA.
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Обозначение первоначально созвездия, а затем знака зодиака Весы [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: ERIN2 в дневнике за –651 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 42:16], позднее без детерминатива. (2) Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: a) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae), b) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть весов» (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18]. Математическая астрономия. Знак зодиака Весы [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах, датируемых концом V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ERIN2 — обозначение 7-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: ERIN2 — знак зодиака Весы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей. Sp II 202+:16–17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Наемника — Весы Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления лечебной мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-tim tapaššaš(ŠEŠ2) «Дуузу 4 // Becы 210 // Все что угодно намазываешь»(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, а также 16, 29], о трудностях перевода см. [ibid. 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:9, 22]. (5) «Гипсома». Весы — гипсома Сатурна, см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (6) Зодиакальная астрология. a) См. z06ZI. b) [K]I múlERIN2… «Область Весов …», KI múlERIN2 a-lid ki-i-nu la ki-num dUTU ra-gu-ug?-šu2 «Родился в области Весов: (характер) верный или неверный, Шамаш будет обходиться с ним зло?» [LBAT, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000]. (7) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. См. также [SpTU V, 268]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-1 20 erin2 «Южная Чаша Весов: 20 Весы» (α Librae). b) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-2 25 erin2 «Северная Чаша Весов: 25 Весы» (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 150]; современное издание см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].
|Example
|-
!g22 mulGIŠ.RIN2
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIŠ.RIN2; = mulgišrinnu «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также e18ERIN2.
I. Источники.

GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов», udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub «Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:19–20], см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš, а также z10Zibānītum. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 «Область Весов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:29; Reiner 1995, 108]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделения знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 šum3-šu2 «7-я часть, ее имя Весы» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Овна — Весы Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:16–17], c) подразделения знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: VAT 7847: 3-я часть — mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6]. (3) Весы как гипсома Сатурна [Gössman 1950, 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR)ád pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Пока Солнце движется в направлении (букв. достигает) Весов, последс[твия зат]мения не наступ[ил]и» [SpTU III, 102:16–17]. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I, 94, passim].

См. также [SpTU I, 96:7].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lib]]

SAG.KUD

2026-01-05T13:48:53Z

WayneHorowitz:

dSAG.KUD (𒀭𒊕𒋻) is a divine name which is equated with Ninurta in the list of names for this deity in K. 4339. Ninurta is the god most often identified with Mercury in the first millennium. This explains the apparent use of this name for Mercury in an invocation of a series of planets and stars in the series '''Šurpu''' where an identification with Mercury would be most appropriate.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: dSAK.KUD; = "First in (making) decisions"(?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 336; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 440; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 75, note 3; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 30, note 83]. One of the names of Ninurta, the deity of Mercury, which was sometimes used as the name of the planet. His consort was thought to be [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]], see Kurtik n39.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of gods.'''
* (1) dSag.kud = d''Nin-urta'' [K4339 rev. ii 34 (CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 11:34].
* (2) AN:d''Anum'' (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 "dSag.kud = Treasurer(?) of Anu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 30].
*
|
|-
|'''Šurpu's series of spells.'''
* dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mercury (and) Saturn ... let them deliver<nowiki>''</nowiki> [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18, Table II 180-181].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dSAK.KUD; = «Первый в (принятии) решений»(?) [Gössman 1950, 336; Tallqvist 1938, 440; Kraus 1951, 75, note 3; Litke 1998, 30, note 83]. Одно из имен Нинурты, божества Меркурия, которое использовалось иногда как название планеты. Его супругой считалась dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI, см. n39.
I. Источники.

Списки богов. (1) dSag.kud = dNin-urta [CT 25, 11:34]. (2) AN:dAnum (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 «dSag.kud = Казначей(?) Ану» [Litke 1998, 30]. Серия заклинаний Шурпу. dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ … lip-ṭu-ru «Меркурий (и) Сатурн … пусть избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18, Table II 180–181].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Deity]]

SAG.KUD

2026-01-05T13:47:30Z

WayneHorowitz:

dSAG.KUD (𒀭𒊕𒋻) is a divine name which is equated with Ninurta in the list of names for Mercury in K. 4339. Ninurta is the god most often identified with Mercury in the first millennium. This explains the apparent use of this name for Mercury in an invocation of a series of planets and stars in the series '''Šurpu''' where an identification with Mercury would be most appropriate.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: dSAK.KUD; = "First in (making) decisions"(?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 336; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 440; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 75, note 3; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 30, note 83]. One of the names of Ninurta, the deity of Mercury, which was sometimes used as the name of the planet. His consort was thought to be [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]], see Kurtik n39.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of gods.'''
* (1) dSag.kud = d''Nin-urta'' [K4339 rev. ii 34 (CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 11:34].
* (2) AN:d''Anum'' (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 "dSag.kud = Treasurer(?) of Anu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 30].
*
|
|-
|'''Šurpu's series of spells.'''
* dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mercury (and) Saturn ... let them deliver<nowiki>''</nowiki> [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18, Table II 180-181].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dSAK.KUD; = «Первый в (принятии) решений»(?) [Gössman 1950, 336; Tallqvist 1938, 440; Kraus 1951, 75, note 3; Litke 1998, 30, note 83]. Одно из имен Нинурты, божества Меркурия, которое использовалось иногда как название планеты. Его супругой считалась dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI, см. n39.
I. Источники.

Списки богов. (1) dSag.kud = dNin-urta [CT 25, 11:34]. (2) AN:dAnum (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 «dSag.kud = Казначей(?) Ану» [Litke 1998, 30]. Серия заклинаний Шурпу. dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ … lip-ṭu-ru «Меркурий (и) Сатурн … пусть избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18, Table II 180–181].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Deity]]

SAG.KUD

2026-01-05T13:44:53Z

WayneHorowitz:

dSAG.KUD (𒀭𒊕𒋻) is a divine name which is equated with Ninurta in the list of names for Mercury K. 4339. Ninurta is the god most often identified with Mercury in the first millennium. This explains the apparent use of this name for Mercury in an invocation of a series of planets and stars in the series '''Šurpu''' where an identification with Mercury would be most appropriate.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: dSAK.KUD; = "First in (making) decisions"(?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 336; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 440; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 75, note 3; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 30, note 83]. One of the names of Ninurta, the deity of Mercury, which was sometimes used as the name of the planet. His consort was thought to be [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]], see Kurtik n39.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of gods.'''
* (1) dSag.kud = d''Nin-urta'' [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 11:34].
* (2) AN:d''Anum'' (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 "dSag.kud = Treasurer(?) of Anu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 30].
|
|-
|'''Šurpu's series of spells.'''
* dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mercury (and) Saturn ... let them deliver<nowiki>''</nowiki> [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18, Table II 180-181].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dSAK.KUD; = «Первый в (принятии) решений»(?) [Gössman 1950, 336; Tallqvist 1938, 440; Kraus 1951, 75, note 3; Litke 1998, 30, note 83]. Одно из имен Нинурты, божества Меркурия, которое использовалось иногда как название планеты. Его супругой считалась dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI, см. n39.
I. Источники.

Списки богов. (1) dSag.kud = dNin-urta [CT 25, 11:34]. (2) AN:dAnum (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 «dSag.kud = Казначей(?) Ану» [Litke 1998, 30]. Серия заклинаний Шурпу. dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ … lip-ṭu-ru «Меркурий (и) Сатурн … пусть избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18, Table II 180–181].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Deity]]

SAG.KUD

2026-01-05T13:41:33Z

WayneHorowitz:

dSAG.KUD (𒀭𒊕𒋻) is a name for the god Ninurta, the deity most often identified with Mercury in the first millennium. This name for Ninurta occurs in the context of an invocation of a series of planets and stars in the series '''Šurpu''' where an identification with Mercury would be most appropriate.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: dSAK.KUD; = "First in (making) decisions"(?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 336; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 440; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 75, note 3; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 30, note 83]. One of the names of Ninurta, the deity of Mercury, which was sometimes used as the name of the planet. His consort was thought to be [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]], see Kurtik n39.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of gods.'''
* (1) dSag.kud = d''Nin-urta'' [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 11:34].
* (2) AN:d''Anum'' (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 "dSag.kud = Treasurer(?) of Anu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 30].
|
|-
|'''Šurpu's series of spells.'''
* dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mercury (and) Saturn ... let them deliver<nowiki>''</nowiki> [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18, Table II 180-181].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dSAK.KUD; = «Первый в (принятии) решений»(?) [Gössman 1950, 336; Tallqvist 1938, 440; Kraus 1951, 75, note 3; Litke 1998, 30, note 83]. Одно из имен Нинурты, божества Меркурия, которое использовалось иногда как название планеты. Его супругой считалась dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI, см. n39.
I. Источники.

Списки богов. (1) dSag.kud = dNin-urta [CT 25, 11:34]. (2) AN:dAnum (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 «dSag.kud = Казначей(?) Ану» [Litke 1998, 30]. Серия заклинаний Шурпу. dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ … lip-ṭu-ru «Меркурий (и) Сатурн … пусть избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18, Table II 180–181].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Deity]]

SAG.DU3.A

2026-01-05T13:28:33Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSAG.DU3.A}}

mulSAG.DU3.A (𒀯𒊕𒆕𒀀) occurs just the one time in the Sumerian only, in the Sumerian list of star-names, Nippur Forerunner to Urra XXII (see Horowitz 2005: 106 line 402). The Akkadian equivalent of this term ''santakku'' refers to both geometric triangles and triangular shaped objects, including the wedges.that comprise cuneiform signs. Without any context other than the dictionary listing it is not possible to connect the term with any particular set of three stars in the sky.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ''santakku''(?) "Triangle"; in the Sumerian list of stars from Nippur [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:402]. See. [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 332; Horowitz 2005: 106; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1024a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 149ff.].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= santakku(?) «Треугольник»; в шумерском списке звезд из Ниппура [MSL XI, 108:402]. См. [Gössman 1950, 332; AHw, 1024a; CAD S, 149ff.].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA

2026-01-05T13:18:46Z

WayneHorowitz: Change heading to SAG.DU ....

{{DISPLAYTITLE:2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA}}

<s>2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2</s> SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA (𒈫𒀯𒈨𒌍𒃻𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), The [[head]] ''(qaqqadu'') of the [[Lion]] ''(urgullû''). An asterism in the Lion constellation (Leo).

''The heading for this entry should be SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA,''

Concordance, Etymology, History
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var.: 2 MUL2.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG A "2 stars of the Lion's head"; = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88], see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Ziqpu]]''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 200 on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the Lion's head",
** (b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA | EN MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 "1⅔ minas of weight, 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From 2 stars on the Lion's head to 4 stars on his breast" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:11-14; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 11-14; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 MUL ''ša''2 SAG.GU mulUR.G[U.L]A "200 to 2 stars of the head of the L[io]n" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 225:15].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ''ša''2 SAG múlA // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 "2 (stars) of the Lion's head // 2 // 14600 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:12].
* (4) BM 38369+: TA SAG.DU ''ša'' mulUR.[GU.LA] / 10 UŠ ''a-na'' GABA ''ša'' mulUR.˹GU˺.[LA] "From the head of the Li[on] / 100 to the breast of the Li[on]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:12-13].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a) [⅔] DANNA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''2 MUL SAG.D[U U]R.GU.LA «[⅔] minas (=200) to 2 (stars) on the hea[d of the L]ion (rev. 20),
** (b) <2 ''ša''2> MUL SAG.DU <<A>> mulUR.GU.LA «<2 (stars)> head of the lion», the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:20, 176-177].
|Example
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (F) 2 mul ˹''ša''2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ "2 stars on the head of Leo" (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM78161:9], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
A 3427:
* The time of the rising of the first part of Scorpius (ḫa.la ''reš-tu ša''2 múlgir2.tab) is determined by the interval between the culminations of two points: 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag múlA (50 after the 2 stars of Leo's head) and 8 UŠ 20 gar ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag A (8020' after the 2 stars of Leo's head) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:1-2].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 23313/3:

* [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA U3.TU [...] "[If] he, when two stars on the head of the Leo (culminates) in the [reg]ion, was born [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:4'].
|
|}
===Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
= ε, μ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229:XXI; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 86, 88].

= ε (+μ?) Leonis [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 565].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A «2 звезды головы Льва»; = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössman 1950, 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88], см. z11Ziqpu.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA | EN MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на голове Льва до 4 звезд на его груди» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:11–14; TU, 21 r. 11–14; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 MUL ša2 SAG.GU mulUR.G[U.L]A «200 до 2 звезд головы Ль[в]а» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:15]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ša2 SAG múlA // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «2 (звезды) головы Льва // 2 // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:12]. (4) BM 38369+: TA SAG.DU ša mulUR.[GU.LA] / 10 UŠ a-na GABA ša mulUR.˹GU˺.[LA] «От головы Ль[ва] / 100 до груди Л[ьва]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:12–13]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [⅔] DANNA ana 2 ša2 MUL SAG.D[U U]R.GU.LA «[⅔] мили(=200) до 2 (звезд) голов[ы Л]ьва» (rev. 20), b) <2 ša2> MUL SAG.DU <<A>> mulUR.GU.LA «<2 (звезды)> головы Льва», на диаграмме изображены 2 точки (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:20, 176–177]. GU-текст. (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ «2 звезды головы Льва» (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM78161:9], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Анафора. A 3427: время восхода первой части Скорпиона (ḫa.la reš-tu ša2 múlgir2.tab) определяется промежутком между кульминациями двух точек: 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA (50 после 2 звезд головы Льва) и 8 UŠ 20 gar ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag A (8020' после 2 звезд головы Льва) [Schaumberger 1955, 238:1–2]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда [обл]асть 2 звезд головы Льва (кульминирует), родился […]» [SpTU V, 265:4'].

II. Отождествление.

= ε, μ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XXI; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 88].

= ε (+μ?) Leonis [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 565].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA

2026-01-05T13:15:09Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA}}

2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA (𒈫𒀯𒈨𒌍𒃻𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), The two stars in the head of the Lion (

Concordance, Etymology, History
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var.: 2 MUL2.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG A "2 stars of the Lion's head"; = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88], see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Ziqpu]]''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 200 on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the Lion's head",
** (b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA | EN MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 "1⅔ minas of weight, 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From 2 stars on the Lion's head to 4 stars on his breast" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:11-14; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 11-14; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 MUL ''ša''2 SAG.GU mulUR.G[U.L]A "200 to 2 stars of the head of the L[io]n" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 225:15].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ''ša''2 SAG múlA // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 "2 (stars) of the Lion's head // 2 // 14600 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:12].
* (4) BM 38369+: TA SAG.DU ''ša'' mulUR.[GU.LA] / 10 UŠ ''a-na'' GABA ''ša'' mulUR.˹GU˺.[LA] "From the head of the Li[on] / 100 to the breast of the Li[on]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:12-13].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a) [⅔] DANNA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''2 MUL SAG.D[U U]R.GU.LA «[⅔] minas (=200) to 2 (stars) on the hea[d of the L]ion (rev. 20),
** (b) <2 ''ša''2> MUL SAG.DU <<A>> mulUR.GU.LA «<2 (stars)> head of the lion», the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:20, 176-177].
|Example
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (F) 2 mul ˹''ša''2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ "2 stars on the head of Leo" (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM78161:9], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
A 3427:
* The time of the rising of the first part of Scorpius (ḫa.la ''reš-tu ša''2 múlgir2.tab) is determined by the interval between the culminations of two points: 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag múlA (50 after the 2 stars of Leo's head) and 8 UŠ 20 gar ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag A (8020' after the 2 stars of Leo's head) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:1-2].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 23313/3:

* [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA U3.TU [...] "[If] he, when two stars on the head of the Leo (culminates) in the [reg]ion, was born [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:4'].
|
|}
===Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
= ε, μ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229:XXI; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 86, 88].

= ε (+μ?) Leonis [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 565].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A «2 звезды головы Льва»; = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössman 1950, 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88], см. z11Ziqpu.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA | EN MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на голове Льва до 4 звезд на его груди» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:11–14; TU, 21 r. 11–14; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 MUL ša2 SAG.GU mulUR.G[U.L]A «200 до 2 звезд головы Ль[в]а» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:15]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ša2 SAG múlA // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «2 (звезды) головы Льва // 2 // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:12]. (4) BM 38369+: TA SAG.DU ša mulUR.[GU.LA] / 10 UŠ a-na GABA ša mulUR.˹GU˺.[LA] «От головы Ль[ва] / 100 до груди Л[ьва]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:12–13]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [⅔] DANNA ana 2 ša2 MUL SAG.D[U U]R.GU.LA «[⅔] мили(=200) до 2 (звезд) голов[ы Л]ьва» (rev. 20), b) <2 ša2> MUL SAG.DU <<A>> mulUR.GU.LA «<2 (звезды)> головы Льва», на диаграмме изображены 2 точки (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:20, 176–177]. GU-текст. (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ «2 звезды головы Льва» (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM78161:9], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Анафора. A 3427: время восхода первой части Скорпиона (ḫa.la reš-tu ša2 múlgir2.tab) определяется промежутком между кульминациями двух точек: 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA (50 после 2 звезд головы Льва) и 8 UŠ 20 gar ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag A (8020' после 2 звезд головы Льва) [Schaumberger 1955, 238:1–2]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда [обл]асть 2 звезд головы Льва (кульминирует), родился […]» [SpTU V, 265:4'].

II. Отождествление.

= ε, μ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XXI; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 88].

= ε (+μ?) Leonis [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 565].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

SAG.DU

2026-01-05T11:50:42Z

WayneHorowitz:

SAG.DU (𒀯𒊕𒁺) = ''qaqqadu,'' 'head,' literally the head of human or animal shaped asterisms, or the top part of others as in the case of the 'head of the Crook' (mul[[GAM3|GAM3]]) in the Uranology texts.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. readings: SAG, SAG.KI; = ''qaqqadu'' "head, top, upper part" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 331];

Var. designations:

* 1) the name of Venus in the month of simanu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat" (11),
* 2) element of the figure of a number of constellations.

These include:

(1) mulANŠE.KUR.RA (see. Kurtik a39 [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]).

(2) mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (see. Kurtik e13 [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]).

(3) mulGAM3 (see. Kurtik g06 [[GAM3|GAM3]]).

(4) mulGIR2.TAB (see. Kurtik g19 [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]).

(5) mulGU4.ALIM (see. Kurtik g32 [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]).

(6) mul lúḪUN.GA2 (see. Kurtik h12 [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]).

(7) mulMUŠ (see. Kurtik m43 [[MUŠ]]).

(8) mulPA.BIL.SAG (see. Kurtik p03 [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]).

(9) mulSIM.MAḪ (see. Kurtik s19 [[SIM.MAḪ]]).

(10) mulUR.GI7 (see. Kurtik u19 [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]).

(11) mulUR.GU.LA (see. Kurtik u20 [[UR.GU.LA]]).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. записи: SAG, SAG.KI; = qaqqadu «Голова, вершина, верхняя часть» [Gössman 1950, 331]; 1) название Венеры в месяце симану, см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат» (11), 2) элемент фигуры ряда созвездий.
В том числе:

(1) mulANŠE.KUR.RA (см. a39).

(2) mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (см. e13).

(3) mulGAM3 (см. g06).

(4) mulGIR2.TAB (см. g19).

(5) mulGU4.ALIM (см. g32).

(6) mul lúḪUN.GA2 (см. h12).

(7) mulMUŠ (см. m43).

(8) mulPA.BIL.SAG (см. p03).

(9) mulSIM.MAḪ (см. s19).

(10) mulUR.GI7 (см. u19).

(11) mulUR.GU.LA (см. u20).
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

SA5

2026-01-05T11:44:45Z

WayneHorowitz: Problem of Kurtik giving diri as the reading instead of sa5

{{DISPLAYTITLE:SA5}}
mulSA5 (𒀯𒋛𒀀) is the shade of red seen in sky for the Moon, Mars, and a select number of stars. Horowitz 2020 identifies this color as orange and red-orange, both of which fall under the category 'red' in the Mesopotamian color scheme for which see Thavapalan 2020: 48.

Horowitz W., 2020, “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35: 135-146.

Thavapalan S. 2020: ''The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia'', Brill, Leiden

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
<s>Var. reading: mulDIRI; = (d)''Makrû'' "Red, Fiery Red"</s>; ''Kurtik gives DIRI but the correct reading for red is SA5 for the same sign. - should we cross out diri''

Var. designations:

* 1) the name of Mars, fixing the observed color of the planet,
* 2) the color characteristic of some stars [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 140, 255; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 590b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>], see also (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]''.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
See (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]''.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 32, 34; BPO 3<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Borger 1973<ref name=":1">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 37′; Largement 1957<ref name=":2">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 244:44b; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 22; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Ea 7, see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]];
* Ea 10, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'';
* Anu 3, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]];
* Anu 6, see (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]];
* Anu 10, see (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) For a list of the stars of Enlil (no. 34), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":4">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 274:3-6, 288 r. 1-2].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) List of names for Mars: mulsa5 = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red (star) = Mars";
* (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim "Red (star) = planet (= Mars)";
* (3) ulsa5 = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red (star) = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:86, 170, 172].
|
|-
|'''Text LB 1321.'''
* mulsa5 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'': mul''lum-nu'' mul ˹''Ṣal''˺-[''bat-a-nu'' ...] "Red star = Mars, var.: Evil star = M[ars ...] [Borger 1973<ref name=":1" />, 41:37′].
|
|}
See also: mulSA5 ''ana''?(DIŠ) mulNUNki ... [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42 r. 3].

===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) Red star = Evil star = Mars; see above, and also (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 3.

(1) Red planet = Mars; see below.

See also the identity, "Red star = Libra" (Kurtik z10 ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 6).

===== Predictions: =====
(3) The special brilliance of Mars; mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ŠE.ER.ZI ''it-tan-ši'' / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''nu-ḫuš'' UN.MEŠ / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 UŠ2.MEŠ ''šam-ru'' / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Mars bears radiation. Red planet (means): abundance (for) people; Red planet (means): the plague will be fierce. Red planet = Mars." [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 274 r. 3-6].

(4) The conjunction of Mars with Jupiter; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''u'' mulGAL TE.MEŠ / ŠUB-''tim bu-lum'' mulUDU.IDIM SA5 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / mulGAL mulŠUL.PA.E3 "If the Red Planet and the Big Star come close together: grazing cattle. The Red Planet is Mars, the Big Star is Shulpae (=Jupiter)" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 288 r. 1-3].

(5) The colors of the planets; mulSA5 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Red star = Mars" [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 248, K.2346+:54], for the full text see (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(6) The Red Planet is approaching the Red Star; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' ulSA5 TE AN.MI NU TAG4 "If the Red Planet approaches the Red Star: the eclipse will not pass by" [Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244: 44b; TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:44].

(7) Appearance of the Moon and the Red Star (or stars); DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) 2 MUL.MEŠ SA5.MEŠ ''ina'' SI ZAG-[-''šu''2 ...] "If (at the appearance of the Moon) 2 red stars [stand] on [its] right horn ... [Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, Ve:8′]; DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI. LA2-''šu''2) 1 MUL SA5 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB [...] "If (at the appearance of the Moon) 1 red star stands on its left horn [...] [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, Ve:12′], for the parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, Vt: 3′].

(8) The Red Planet and the Yellow-Green Star; see (Kurtik s18) [[SIG7|SIG7]], II 2.

(9) The Red Planet (= Mars) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' A2-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 ''iṭ-ṭe-ḫi'' dIM RA-''iṣ'' "If the Red Planet approaches the Dark Star: Adad will flood" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:40; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:40a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.[MI GAR-''an''] "If the Red Planet stands in the middle of the Dark Star: [there will be] an eclip[se]." [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:40; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:40b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ina'' EGIR-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.MI GAR-''an'' "If the Red Planet stands behind the Dark Star: there will be an eclipse" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:41; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:41a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' A2-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB dI[M RA-''iṣ''] "If the Red Star stands on the side of the Dark Star stands: Ad[ad will flood]" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:41; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:41b];

See also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], I. "Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)," (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIRI; = (d)Makrû «Красный, Огненно Красный»; 1) название Марса, фиксирующее наблюдаемый цвет планеты, 2) цветовая характеристика некоторых звезд [Gössman 1950, 140, 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], cм. также m03Makrû.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. См. m03Makrû. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 32, 34; BPO 3, 286; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 37′; Largement 1957, 244:44b; Leibovici 1957, 22; Verderame 2002, 248]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7, см. b11BIR; Ea 10, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu; Anu 3, см. s10SAG.UŠ; Anu 6, см. s19SIM.MAḪ; Anu 10, см. n15Nēberu. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 34), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 274:3–6, 288 r. 1–2]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulsa5 = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Красная (звезда) = Марс»; (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim «Красная (звезда) = планета (= Марс); (3) ulsa5 = šub-tim izi «Красная (звезда) = Падение Огня» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:86, 170, 172]. Текст LB 1321. mulsa5 mulṢal-bat-a-nu : mullum-nu mul ˹Ṣal˺-[bat-a-nu …] «Красная звезда = Марс, вар.: Злая звезда = М[арс …] [Borger 1973, 41:37′].

См. также: mulSA5 ana?(DIŠ) mulNUNki … [SpTU II, 42 r. 3].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) Красная звезда = Злая звезда = Марс; см. выше, а также h08ḪUL, III 3.

(1) Красная планета = Марс; см. ниже. См. также тождество: «Красная звезда = Весы» (z10Zibānītum, VI 6).

Предсказания:

(3) Особенный блеск Марса; mulṢal-bat-a-nu ŠE.ER.ZI it-tan-ši / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 nu-ḫuš UN.MEŠ / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 UŠ2.MEŠ šam-ru / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 mulṢal-bat-a-nu «Марс излучение несет. Красная планета (означает): изобилие (для) людей; Красная планета (означает): чума будет свирепой. Красная планета = Марс» [SAA 8, 274 r. 3–6].

(4) Соединение Марса с Юпитером; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 u mulGAL TE.MEŠ / ŠUB-tim bu-lum mulUDU.IDIM SA5 dṢal-bat-a-nu / mulGAL mulŠUL.PA.E3 «Если Красная планета и Большая звезда сближаются: падеж скота. Красная планета ― Марс, Большая звезда ― Шульпаэ (=Юпитер)» [SAA 8, 288 r. 1–3].

(5) Цвета планет; mulSA5 dṢal-bat-a-nu «Красная звезда = Марс» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54], полный текст см. m03Makrû, III 2.

(6) Красная планета приближается к Красной звезде; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana ulSA5 TE AN.MI NU TAG4 «Если Красная планета к Красной звезде приближается: затмение не пройдет мимо» [Largement 1957, 244: 44b; TU, 16:44].

(7) Появление Луны и Красная звезда (или звезды); DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) 2 MUL.MEŠ SA5.MEŠ ina SI ZAG-[-šu2 …] «Если (при появлении Луны) 2 красные звезды на [ее] правом роге [стоят …] [Verderame 2002, Ve:8′]; DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) 1 MUL SA5 ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB […] «Если (при появлении Луны) 1 красная звезда на ее левом роге стоит […] [ibid., Ve:12′], параллель см. [ibid., Vt: 3′].

(8) Красная планета и Желто-зеленая звезда; см. s18SIG7, II 2.

(9) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana A2-šu2 MUL.GI6 iṭ-ṭe-ḫi dIM RA-iṣ «Если Красная планета к стороне Темной звезды приближается: Адад затопит» [TU, 16:40; Largement 1957, 244:40a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ina MURUB4-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.[MI GAR-an] «Если Красная планета в середине Темной звезды стоит: [произойдет] затме[ние]» [TU, 16:40; Largement 1957, 244:40b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ina EGIR-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.MI GAR-an «Если Красная планета позади Темной звезды стоит: произойдет затмение» [TU, 16:41; Largement 1957, 244:41a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana A2-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB dI[M RA-iṣ] «Если Красная звезда на стороне Темной звезды стоит: Ад[ад затопит]» [TU, 16:41; Largement 1957, 244:41b];

См. также L09LU.LIM, I. «Астролябии», sh16ŠU.GI, VI 4.
|Example
|}

= References =
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Mars]]

(MUL) SA4

2026-01-05T11:33:36Z

WayneHorowitz: I crossed out all the MUL's as determinatives - Bright Star i.e. MUL SA4. To be discussed ,

{{DISPLAYTITLE:(MUL) SA4}}

<s>(MUL)</s> SA4 (𒀯𒄷𒈿) = ''nebû,'' an adjective indicating great luminosity is applied to particularly bright stars in a number of constellations and asterisms.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: <s>mu</s>lDIL.BAD; = <s>mul</s>''nebû'' "(Star) with great brilliance", lit. "brilliant, sparkling."

Var. designations:

* 1) An epithet of Venus,
* 2) a definition used in relation to a number of stars from different constellations [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 774; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 148-149; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 330bis].

These include:

(1) SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "(Star) with the great brilliance of the Eagle" (= α Aql), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].

(2) <s>mul</s> MUL dil.bad mulgu4.an.na "Star with great brilliance of the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau), MUL <s>mul</s> sa4 mulgu4.an.na, see (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]].

(3) UL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ul''is le-e'' "Star with great brilliance from the Jaws of the Bull" (α Tauri ), see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is lê'']].

(4) <s>mul</s> MUL dil.bat šu.gi, MUL <s>mu</s>l ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulšu.gi "Star with great brilliance of the Old Man" (θ Per ), see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].

(5) <s>mul</s> MUL dil.bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-ti'' 'A star with great brilliance of Anunītum' (γ Peg), see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|d''Anunītum'']].

(<s>6) mul</s> MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 muluz3 "A star with great brilliance of the Goat" (α Lyrae), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].

(7) <s>MUL2</s> MUL SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance of the head of the Scorpius", see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].

(8) <s>MUL</s> MUL SA4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 'Star with great brilliance on the breast of the (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) (α Cygni), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].

See also (Kurtik n16) ''[[Nebû]]''.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mulDIL.BAD; = mulnebû «(Звезда) с большим блеском», букв. «блестящая, сверкающая». 1) Эпитет Венеры, 2) определение, употребляемое по отношению к ряду звезд из разных созвездий [AHw 774; CAD N/2, 148–149; Gössman 1950, 330bis].
В том числе:

(1) SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen «(Звезда) с большим блеском Орла» (= α Aql), см. a04A2mušen.

(2) mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.na «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau), mul sa4 mulgu4.an.na, см. g33GU4.AN.NA.

(3) UL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ulis le-e «Звезда с большим блеском Челюсти Быка» (α Tauri ), см. i15Is lê.

(4) mul dil.bat šu.gi, mul ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulšu.gi «Звезда с большим блеском Старика» (θ Per), см. sh16ŠU.GI.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. a42dAnunītum.

(6) mul ne2-bu-u2 ša2 muluz3 «Звезда с большим блеском Козы» (α Lyrae), см. u31UZ3.

(7) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском головы Скорпиона», см. g19GIR2.TAB.

(8) MUL SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Звезда с большим блеском на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди» (α Cygni), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

См. также n16Nebû.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]

SA.RI

2026-01-05T11:25:12Z

WayneHorowitz:

mulSA.RI (𒀯𒌑𒊑) = ''muraššû, '''The Wild Cat,' is an asterism so far only attested in the Dalbanna-text best known from Assurbanipal's 7th century palace library.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''muraššû'' "Wild Cat" [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 675]; constellation in Telescope(?) (Telescopium).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §s. mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ "Mid[dle of the Wild Cat]" (η Tel), see (Kurtik g32) [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]].
* §z. mulsag sa.ri "Star of the Wild Cat's Head" (ι Tel). see (Kurtil u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]], and also (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
= ηιλρ Telescopii [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 64 + Anm. 29].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = muraššû «Дикий Кот» [AHw, 675]; созвездие в Телескопе(?) (Telescopium).
I. Источники.

Dalbanna-текст. §s. mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ «Середи[на Дикого Кот]а» (η Tel), см. g32GU4.ALIM. §z. mulsag sa.ri «Звезда Головы Дикого Кота» (ι Tel)., см. u19UR.GI7, а также h03dḪaniš.

II. Отождествление.

= ηιλρ Telescopii [Koch 1995, 64 + Anm. 29].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

SA.GAZ

2026-01-05T11:21:13Z

WayneHorowitz:

mul lúSA.GAZ (𒀯𒇽𒌑𒄤) = ''habbātu'',"Bandit/Outlaw", is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars [AHw<ref name=":0">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 304; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ 13; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''ḫabbātu(m)'' (𒆸𒁀𒌈), "Bandit";

the name of Mars [AHw<ref name=":0" />, 304; CAD<ref name=":1" /> Ḫ, 13; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2" />]. The syllabic notation occurs only in the lexical lists of the stars.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
(1) Urra XXII series:

* mul lúsa!.gaz = mul''ḫa-am-ba-t''[''a''] A / mul''ḫa-am-ba-t''[''i''] B [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:181], [mul lúsa. gaz] = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:22],
* mul lúsa.gaz = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' (var.: ''-ba-a-'') [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 56; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:315ʹ].

(2) Series Ḫg. B VI:

* mul lúsa.gaz = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' = min(= d''ṣal-''[''bat-a-nu'']) [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:32].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
List of names for Mars:

* mul lúsa.gaz = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Bandit = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:95].
|
|}

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik (2022, h02)
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul lúSA.GAZ «Разбойник»; название Марса [AHw, 304; CAD Ḫ 13; Reynolds 1998]. Силлабическая запись встречается только в лексических списках звезд, см. s01lúSA.GAZ.
!
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, s01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = mulḫabbātu(m) «Разбойник»; название Марса [AHw, 304; CAD Ḫ, 13; Reynolds 1998].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul lúsa!.gaz = mulḫa-am-ba-t[a] A / mulḫa-am-ba-t[i] B [Emar VI/4, 151:181], [mul lúsa.gaz] = ḫab-ba-tum [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:22], mul lúsa.gaz = ḫab-ba-tum (вар.: -ba-a-) [SpTU III, 114A v 56; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:315ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul lúsa.gaz = ḫab-ba-tum = min(= dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) [MSL XI, 40:32]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mul lúsa.gaz = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Разбойник = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:95].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

SA.GAZ

2026-01-05T11:20:34Z

WayneHorowitz:

mul lúSA.GAZ (𒀯𒇽𒌑𒄤) = ''habbāatu'',"Bandit/Outlaw", is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars [AHw<ref name=":0">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 304; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ 13; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''ḫabbātu(m)'' (𒆸𒁀𒌈), "Bandit";

the name of Mars [AHw<ref name=":0" />, 304; CAD<ref name=":1" /> Ḫ, 13; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2" />]. The syllabic notation occurs only in the lexical lists of the stars.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
(1) Urra XXII series:

* mul lúsa!.gaz = mul''ḫa-am-ba-t''[''a''] A / mul''ḫa-am-ba-t''[''i''] B [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:181], [mul lúsa. gaz] = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:22],
* mul lúsa.gaz = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' (var.: ''-ba-a-'') [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 56; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:315ʹ].

(2) Series Ḫg. B VI:

* mul lúsa.gaz = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' = min(= d''ṣal-''[''bat-a-nu'']) [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:32].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
List of names for Mars:

* mul lúsa.gaz = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Bandit = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:95].
|
|}

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik (2022, h02)
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul lúSA.GAZ «Разбойник»; название Марса [AHw, 304; CAD Ḫ 13; Reynolds 1998]. Силлабическая запись встречается только в лексических списках звезд, см. s01lúSA.GAZ.
!
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, s01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = mulḫabbātu(m) «Разбойник»; название Марса [AHw, 304; CAD Ḫ, 13; Reynolds 1998].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul lúsa!.gaz = mulḫa-am-ba-t[a] A / mulḫa-am-ba-t[i] B [Emar VI/4, 151:181], [mul lúsa.gaz] = ḫab-ba-tum [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:22], mul lúsa.gaz = ḫab-ba-tum (вар.: -ba-a-) [SpTU III, 114A v 56; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:315ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul lúsa.gaz = ḫab-ba-tum = min(= dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) [MSL XI, 40:32]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mul lúsa.gaz = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Разбойник = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:95].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

KIŠIB

2026-01-05T10:37:19Z

WayneHorowitz:

mulKIŠIB (𒀯𒈩), mul''rittu'' (𒈩𒌓) "Hand" is the handle of the shepherds staff of mul[[GAM3|GAM3]] = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook' ([[Auriga]]). In Uranology E rev. 7'-10' (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":3">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 63-64). The constellation mul[[ŠU.GI]] = ''šibū'', 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]) is said to hold 'The Crook' in his hand, with 'The Crook' itself having a handle like the head of a ram.

__TOC__
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulRIT;
* = mul''rittu'' "Hand"; Akkadian parallel to mulKIŠIB, mulRIT "Hand";

It refers to a part of the constellation of the Crook: mul''rittu''/mulKIŠIB [[GAM3|GAM3]] "Hand/Handle on the Staff".

* 1) = ziqpu XVII,
* <s>2) Asterism forming part of larger constellations [Gössman 1950, 46, 369; AHw, 990b; CAD R, 386a].</s>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI. MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 "[1⅔ min of weight], 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From Staff to Hand on Staff",
** (b) [5 MA. NA MIN] | 1 DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 54 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA "[5 min. of weight], 300 on earth, 54,000 miles in the sky / From the Hand on the Staff to the Twins" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:3-6; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 3-6; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' MUL ''rit-tu''2 ''gam-l''[''u''] "100 to the Hand on the Staf[f]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 224-225:12].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA // 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ "Hand on the Staff, Damkinunna // 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 226-227:9].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) 10 UŠ ''ana'' mulKIŠIB ''gam-lu'' "100 to the Hand (on) the Staff" (rev. 17),
** b) ˹KIŠIB˺ ''gam-''[''l'']''u'' ˹''ma-a''˺-''šu''2 "Hand on the Staff, Gemini" (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:17, 176-177].
* (5) BM 61677: [10 U]Š ''a-na ri-it-t''[''i gamli''...] "[100] up to the Han[d on the Staff]" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":1" />, 180:9].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
Uranology E rev. 7'-10' (MLC 1884 (reverse),<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":3" />: 63-64):

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|<s>3' ⌈''ṣa''⌉-''lam šu-ú lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-b''[''i-iš'']</s>
<s>4' ''ziq-nu za-qin-nu ku-ur-ku-ru šá-kin''</s>

<s>5' DIŠ+en MUL ''ina ku-ur-ku-ru-šú'' GUB-''zu''</s>

<s>6' ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šú'' GÀM ''na-ši''</s>

7' ''i''[''na''?](erased?) GÀM DIŠ+en mulGÀM GUB-''zu''

8' SAG.DU GÀM SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA

9' ⌈2(or 3)⌉ MUL ''ina'' SAG.DU GÀM ''e-ṣir''.MEŠ

10' [x M]UL ''ina rit-ti'' GÀM GUB-''zu''

11' [M]UL SA4 ''ina ur-šú'' GUB-''zu''

12' [x]⌈(x) x⌉-''šú''? dNE?.GI? ''na-áš-rap na-ši''

13' [x x x] ⌈x x⌉ ''ina''? ''na''?-''áš''??-''rap e-ṣir''.MEŠ
|<s>3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],</s>
<s>4' bearded, set with a kurkurru.</s>

<s>5' 1 star stands in its kurkurru.</s>

<s>6' In its right hand it carries a crook.</s>

7' In the crook a (star called) “The Crook” stands.

8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.

9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.

10' [x] star(s) in the handle of the crook stand.

11' A bright [st]ar in its shaft stands.

12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.

13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|}
|
|-
|'''Text W.22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ½ DANNA EGIR mulRIT.GAM3.A ''ziq-pi'' GUB?-. ''az-ma'' MU[L...] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''šit-qu-lu'' "On the 15th day of ulul at sunrise (the point located at) 150 behind (i.e., to the east) of the Hand on the Staff culminates and [...] / Gemini and the True Shepherd of Anu are in equilibrium" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:12-13].
|
|}
See also: múlKIŠIB GAM3 ''ziq-pu'' "The hand on the Staff culminates" [ADRT III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-85 B:10]; ''a-na'' KIŠIB GAM3 [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1501:16].

=== Additional ===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15].

= θ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

= θ + υ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2" />, 88].

Part of the figure of the constellations, see (Kurtik sh15) [[ŠU]].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, k21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulRIT; = mulrittu «Рука»; 1) = ziqpu XVII, группа звезд в созвездии Возничего (Auriga), 2) часть фигуры некоторых созвездий [Gössman 1950, 46, 369; AHw, 990b; CAD R, 386a].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе», b) [5 MA.NA MIN] | 1 DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 54 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «[5 мин веса], 300 на земле, 54000 миль на небе / От Руки на Посохе до Близнецов» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:3–6; TU, 21 r. 3–6; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na MUL rit-tu2 gam-l[u] «100 до Руки на Посох[е]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:12]. (3) VAT 16436: múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA // 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ «Рука на Посохе, Дамкинунна // 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:9]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) 10 UŠ ana mulKIŠIB gam-lu «100 до Руки (на) Посохе» (rev. 17), b) ˹KIŠIB˺ gam-[l]u ˹ma-a˺-šu2 «Рука на Посохе, Близнецы» (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:17, 176–177]. (5) BM 61677: [10 U]Š a-na ri-it-t[i gamli…] «[100] до Рук[и на Посохе]» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 180:9]. Текст W.22281a. ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ½ DANNA EGIR mulRIT.GAM3.A ziq-pi GUB?-az-ma MU[L…] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA šit-qu-lu «15-го улулу при восходе Солнца (точка, расположенная в) 150 позади (т.е. к востоку) от Руки на Посохе кульминирует и […] / Близнецы и Праведный Пастух Ану находятся в равновесии» [SpTU I, 95:12–13].

См. также: múlKIŠIB GAM3 ziq-pu «Рука на Посохе кульминирует» [ADRT III, No.-85 B:10]; a-na KIŠIB GAM3 [LBAT, 1501:16].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15].

= θ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

= θ + υ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

Часть фигуры созвездий, см. sh15ŠU.
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r05)
|
|-
|
=== mul''Rittu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulKIŠIB, mulRIT «Рука»; = ziqpu XVII, часть созвездия Посох: mulrittu/mulKIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе»; группа звезд в созвездии Возничего (Auriga), см. k21KIŠIB.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Aur]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

KIŠIB

2026-01-04T17:43:24Z

WayneHorowitz:

mulKIŠIB (𒀯𒈩), mul''rittu'' (𒈩𒌓) "Hand" is the handle of the shepherds staff of mul[[GAM3|GAM3]] = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook' ([[Auriga]]). In Uranology E rev. 7'-10' (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 63-64). The constellation mul[[ŠU.GI]] = ''šibū'', 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]) is said to hold 'The Crook' in his hand, with 'The Crook' itself having a handle like the head of a ram.

__TOC__
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulRIT;
* = mul''rittu'' "Hand"; Akkadian parallel to mulKIŠIB, mulRIT "Hand";

It refers to a part of the constellation of the Crook: mul''rittu''/mulKIŠIB [[GAM3|GAM3]] "Hand/Handle on the Staff".

* 1) = ziqpu XVII,
* <s>2) Asterism forming part of larger constellations [Gössman 1950, 46, 369; AHw, 990b; CAD R, 386a].</s>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI. MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 "[1⅔ min of weight], 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From Staff to Hand on Staff",
** (b) [5 MA. NA MIN] | 1 DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 54 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA "[5 min. of weight], 300 on earth, 54,000 miles in the sky / From the Hand on the Staff to the Twins" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:3-6; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 3-6; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' MUL ''rit-tu''2 ''gam-l''[''u''] "100 to the Hand on the Staf[f]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 224-225:12].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA // 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ "Hand on the Staff, Damkinunna // 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 226-227:9].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) 10 UŠ ''ana'' mulKIŠIB ''gam-lu'' "100 to the Hand (on) the Staff" (rev. 17),
** b) ˹KIŠIB˺ ''gam-''[''l'']''u'' ˹''ma-a''˺-''šu''2 "Hand on the Staff, Gemini" (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:17, 176-177].
* (5) BM 61677: [10 U]Š ''a-na ri-it-t''[''i gamli''...] "[100] up to the Han[d on the Staff]" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":1" />, 180:9].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
Beaulieu et al. 20???

MLC 1884 (reverse)<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|3' ⌈''ṣa''⌉-''lam šu-ú lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-b''[''i-iš'']
4' ''ziq-nu za-qin-nu ku-ur-ku-ru šá-kin''

5' DIŠ+en MUL ''ina ku-ur-ku-ru-šú'' GUB-''zu''

6' ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šú'' GÀM ''na-ši''

7' ''i''[''na''?](erased?) GÀM DIŠ+en mulGÀM GUB-''zu''

8' SAG.DU GÀM SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA

9' ⌈2(or 3)⌉ MUL ''ina'' SAG.DU GÀM ''e-ṣir''.MEŠ

10' [x M]UL ''ina rit-ti'' GÀM GUB-''zu''

11' [M]UL SA4 ''ina ur-šú'' GUB-''zu''

12' [x]⌈(x) x⌉-''šú''? dNE?.GI? ''na-áš-rap na-ši''

13' [x x x] ⌈x x⌉ ''ina''? ''na''?-''áš''??-''rap e-ṣir''.MEŠ
|3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],
4' bearded, set with a kurkurru.

5' 1 star stands in its kurkurru.

6' In its right hand it carries a crook.

7' In the crook a (star called) “The Crook” stands.

8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.

9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.

10' [x] star(s) in the handle of the crook stand.

11' A bright [st]ar in its shaft stands.

12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.

13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|}
|
|-
|'''Text W.22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ½ DANNA EGIR mulRIT.GAM3.A ''ziq-pi'' GUB?-. ''az-ma'' MU[L...] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''šit-qu-lu'' "On the 15th day of ulul at sunrise (the point located at) 150 behind (i.e., to the east) of the Hand on the Staff culminates and [...] / Gemini and the True Shepherd of Anu are in equilibrium" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:12-13].
|
|}
See also: múlKIŠIB GAM3 ''ziq-pu'' "The hand on the Staff culminates" [ADRT III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-85 B:10]; ''a-na'' KIŠIB GAM3 [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1501:16].

=== Additional ===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15].

= θ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

= θ + υ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2" />, 88].

Part of the figure of the constellations, see (Kurtik sh15) [[ŠU]].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, k21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulRIT; = mulrittu «Рука»; 1) = ziqpu XVII, группа звезд в созвездии Возничего (Auriga), 2) часть фигуры некоторых созвездий [Gössman 1950, 46, 369; AHw, 990b; CAD R, 386a].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе», b) [5 MA.NA MIN] | 1 DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 54 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «[5 мин веса], 300 на земле, 54000 миль на небе / От Руки на Посохе до Близнецов» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:3–6; TU, 21 r. 3–6; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na MUL rit-tu2 gam-l[u] «100 до Руки на Посох[е]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:12]. (3) VAT 16436: múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA // 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ «Рука на Посохе, Дамкинунна // 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:9]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) 10 UŠ ana mulKIŠIB gam-lu «100 до Руки (на) Посохе» (rev. 17), b) ˹KIŠIB˺ gam-[l]u ˹ma-a˺-šu2 «Рука на Посохе, Близнецы» (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:17, 176–177]. (5) BM 61677: [10 U]Š a-na ri-it-t[i gamli…] «[100] до Рук[и на Посохе]» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 180:9]. Текст W.22281a. ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ½ DANNA EGIR mulRIT.GAM3.A ziq-pi GUB?-az-ma MU[L…] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA šit-qu-lu «15-го улулу при восходе Солнца (точка, расположенная в) 150 позади (т.е. к востоку) от Руки на Посохе кульминирует и […] / Близнецы и Праведный Пастух Ану находятся в равновесии» [SpTU I, 95:12–13].

См. также: múlKIŠIB GAM3 ziq-pu «Рука на Посохе кульминирует» [ADRT III, No.-85 B:10]; a-na KIŠIB GAM3 [LBAT, 1501:16].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15].

= θ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

= θ + υ Aurigae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

Часть фигуры созвездий, см. sh15ŠU.
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r05)
|
|-
|
=== mul''Rittu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulKIŠIB, mulRIT «Рука»; = ziqpu XVII, часть созвездия Посох: mulrittu/mulKIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе»; группа звезд в созвездии Возничего (Auriga), см. k21KIŠIB.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Aur]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

RI.ŠI.BE

2026-01-04T13:54:29Z

WayneHorowitz:

ulRI.ŠI.BE (𒌌𒊑𒅆𒁁). These three signs follow the UL-determinative for stars on one of two diagrams on the astrological tablet from TCL 6 13. The reading of the term is uncertain as each of the three signs have multiple possible readings. Rochberg-Halton's statement about the term, 'UL.RI.ŠI.BE is obscure' is certainly true.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
The name of the luminary occurs only in the circular diagram in [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 224-226, now reprinted in Rochbert 2010: 129-131] in sectors I, II, IV. Perhaps it is one of the epithets of Venus; ul''Dil-bat'' stands in the corresponding position in sector II.

Rochberg 2010 = F. Rochberg, ''In the Path of the Moon: Celestial Divination and Its Legacy'' (Brill, Boston).
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, r04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| название светила встречается только в круглой диаграмме в [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224–226] в секторах I, II, IV. Возможно, это один из эпитетов Венеры; в соответствующей позиции в секторе II стоит ulDil-bat.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

ERIN2

2026-01-01T12:11:31Z

WayneHorowitz: please see my queries re. Akkadian gishrinnu and Sumerian rin2

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERIN2}}
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Babylonian Balance (Libra) in Stellarium; painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
ERIN2 (𒂟) is a first millennium Sumerian name for [[Libra]] whose usual name in Akkadian is ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'' (corresponding to Sumerian mul[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]). <s>llation 'yoke' is the arm in the middle of the balance</s>.

I do not see any examples of mul''gišrinnu'' as a star-name?? nor clear evidence for readingRIN. ??? Herman
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

*mulRIN2; short for mulGIŠ.ERIN2 '[[Libra]]';
*mulGIŠ.RIN2;
*= mul''gišrinnu'' "Libra";

The constellation and zodiacal sign [[Libra]] in later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

See also (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].

(Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2 is merged here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
*(1) Original designations of the constellation and then of the zodiac sign Libra [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":1">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; earliest example: ERIN2 in the diary for -651 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 42:16], later without the determinative.
*(2) Included in the names of the two "normal stars":
**a) ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 "Southern part of the Librae" (α Librae),
**b) ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI "Northern part of the Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 18].
|Example
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
*Sign of the zodiac Librae [ACT I-III<ref name=":1" />; LBAT<ref name=":2">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used in lunar tablets dating from the late 5th century B.C. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31; 2010<ref>Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', ''64''(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332. </ref>].
|Example
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ERIN2 is the designation of the 7th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV 19: ERIN2 is the zodiac sign of Libra in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts. Sp II 202+:16-17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "The 7th part of the Hired Man is the Libra of the Hired Man." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 245].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making healing ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-''tim tapašašaš''(ŠEŠˆ) "Duuzu 4 // Scales 210 // Anything you smear"(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, also 16, 29], for translation difficulties see. [ibid.<ref name=":4" /> 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105:9, 22].
*(5) Hypsoma. Libra — the hypsoma of Saturn, see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
*(6) Zodiacal astrology.
**a) See (Kurtik z06) [[ZI]].
**b) [K]I múlERIN2... "Area of Libra ...", KI múlERIN2 ''a-lid ki-nu la ki-num'' dUTU ''ra-gu-ug''? šu2 "Born in the realm of the Libra: (character) faithful or unfaithful, will Shamash treat him evil?" [LBAT<ref name=":2" />, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(7) Predicting the prices of cereal on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
*a) múlerin2 ''ša''2 tu15-1 20 erin2 "Southern Libra Bowl: 20 Librae" (α Librae).
*b) múlerin2 š''a2'' tu15-2 25 erin2 "Northern Bowl of Scales: 25 Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 150]; for a modern edition see. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
|
|-
|'''GU-text: variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(L) ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 "Front cup of Libra", udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub "Saturn that stands ahead of Libra" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:19-20], see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] as well as (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(1) The Lunaries. BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 "Area of the Libra". [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3" />, 259:29; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108].
* (2) "Microzodiac. The subdivisions of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**a) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "7th part, its name is Libra" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:17; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
**b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "7th part of Aries — Libra Aries" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4" />, 245:16-17],
**c) subdivisions of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: VAT 7847: the 3rd part is mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6].
*(3) Libra as Saturn's hypsoma [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56].
*(4) Predictions from star climaxes, lunar eclipses and positions of the Sun relative to constellations.
**''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR)ád ''pi-še''[''r''3''-ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2''-šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "While the Sun is moving in the direction (lit. reaching) of the Scales, the effe[cts of the ec]lipse have not come." [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102:16-17].
*(5) Predicting the prices of grains: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94, passim].
|
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e18 mulERIN2)
!'''Gössmann (1950)'''
|-
|вар. чтения: mulRIN2; сокращение от mulGIŠ.ERIN2 «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z10Zibānītu, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA.
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Обозначение первоначально созвездия, а затем знака зодиака Весы [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: ERIN2 в дневнике за –651 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 42:16], позднее без детерминатива. (2) Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: a) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae), b) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть весов» (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18]. Математическая астрономия. Знак зодиака Весы [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах, датируемых концом V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ERIN2 — обозначение 7-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: ERIN2 — знак зодиака Весы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей. Sp II 202+:16–17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Наемника — Весы Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления лечебной мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-tim tapaššaš(ŠEŠ2) «Дуузу 4 // Becы 210 // Все что угодно намазываешь»(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, а также 16, 29], о трудностях перевода см. [ibid. 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:9, 22]. (5) «Гипсома». Весы — гипсома Сатурна, см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (6) Зодиакальная астрология. a) См. z06ZI. b) [K]I múlERIN2… «Область Весов …», KI múlERIN2 a-lid ki-i-nu la ki-num dUTU ra-gu-ug?-šu2 «Родился в области Весов: (характер) верный или неверный, Шамаш будет обходиться с ним зло?» [LBAT, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000]. (7) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. См. также [SpTU V, 268]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-1 20 erin2 «Южная Чаша Весов: 20 Весы» (α Librae). b) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-2 25 erin2 «Северная Чаша Весов: 25 Весы» (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 150]; современное издание см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].
|Example
|-
!g22 mulGIŠ.RIN2
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIŠ.RIN2; = mulgišrinnu «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также e18ERIN2.
I. Источники.

GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов», udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub «Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:19–20], см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš, а также z10Zibānītum. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 «Область Весов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:29; Reiner 1995, 108]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделения знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 šum3-šu2 «7-я часть, ее имя Весы» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Овна — Весы Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:16–17], c) подразделения знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: VAT 7847: 3-я часть — mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6]. (3) Весы как гипсома Сатурна [Gössman 1950, 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR)ád pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Пока Солнце движется в направлении (букв. достигает) Весов, последс[твия зат]мения не наступ[ил]и» [SpTU III, 102:16–17]. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I, 94, passim].

См. также [SpTU I, 96:7].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lib]]

ERIN2

2026-01-01T12:06:07Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERIN2}}
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Babylonian Balance (Libra) in Stellarium; painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
ERIN2 (𒂟) is a first millennium Sumerian name for [[Libra]] whose usual name in Akkadian is ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'' (corresponding to Sumerian mul[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]). llation 'yoke' is the arm in the middle of the balance.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

*mulRIN2; short for mulGIŠ.ERIN2 '[[Libra]]';
*mulGIŠ.RIN2;
*= mul''gišrinnu'' "Libra";

The constellation and zodiacal sign [[Libra]] in later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

See also (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].

(Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2 is merged here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
*(1) Original designations of the constellation and then of the zodiac sign Libra [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":1">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; earliest example: ERIN2 in the diary for -651 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 42:16], later without the determinative.
*(2) Included in the names of the two "normal stars":
**a) ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 "Southern part of the Librae" (α Librae),
**b) ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI "Northern part of the Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 18].
|Example
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
*Sign of the zodiac Librae [ACT I-III<ref name=":1" />; LBAT<ref name=":2">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used in lunar tablets dating from the late 5th century B.C. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31; 2010<ref>Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', ''64''(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332. </ref>].
|Example
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ERIN2 is the designation of the 7th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV 19: ERIN2 is the zodiac sign of Libra in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts. Sp II 202+:16-17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "The 7th part of the Hired Man is the Libra of the Hired Man." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 245].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making healing ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-''tim tapašašaš''(ŠEŠˆ) "Duuzu 4 // Scales 210 // Anything you smear"(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, also 16, 29], for translation difficulties see. [ibid.<ref name=":4" /> 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105:9, 22].
*(5) Hypsoma. Libra — the hypsoma of Saturn, see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
*(6) Zodiacal astrology.
**a) See (Kurtik z06) [[ZI]].
**b) [K]I múlERIN2... "Area of Libra ...", KI múlERIN2 ''a-lid ki-nu la ki-num'' dUTU ''ra-gu-ug''? šu2 "Born in the realm of the Libra: (character) faithful or unfaithful, will Shamash treat him evil?" [LBAT<ref name=":2" />, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(7) Predicting the prices of cereal on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
*a) múlerin2 ''ša''2 tu15-1 20 erin2 "Southern Libra Bowl: 20 Librae" (α Librae).
*b) múlerin2 š''a2'' tu15-2 25 erin2 "Northern Bowl of Scales: 25 Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 150]; for a modern edition see. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
|
|-
|'''GU-text: variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(L) ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 "Front cup of Libra", udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub "Saturn that stands ahead of Libra" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:19-20], see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] as well as (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(1) The Lunaries. BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 "Area of the Libra". [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3" />, 259:29; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108].
* (2) "Microzodiac. The subdivisions of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**a) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "7th part, its name is Libra" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:17; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
**b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "7th part of Aries — Libra Aries" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4" />, 245:16-17],
**c) subdivisions of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: VAT 7847: the 3rd part is mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6].
*(3) Libra as Saturn's hypsoma [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56].
*(4) Predictions from star climaxes, lunar eclipses and positions of the Sun relative to constellations.
**''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR)ád ''pi-še''[''r''3''-ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2''-šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "While the Sun is moving in the direction (lit. reaching) of the Scales, the effe[cts of the ec]lipse have not come." [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102:16-17].
*(5) Predicting the prices of grains: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94, passim].
|
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e18 mulERIN2)
!'''Gössmann (1950)'''
|-
|вар. чтения: mulRIN2; сокращение от mulGIŠ.ERIN2 «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z10Zibānītu, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA.
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Обозначение первоначально созвездия, а затем знака зодиака Весы [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: ERIN2 в дневнике за –651 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 42:16], позднее без детерминатива. (2) Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: a) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae), b) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть весов» (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18]. Математическая астрономия. Знак зодиака Весы [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах, датируемых концом V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ERIN2 — обозначение 7-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: ERIN2 — знак зодиака Весы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей. Sp II 202+:16–17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Наемника — Весы Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления лечебной мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-tim tapaššaš(ŠEŠ2) «Дуузу 4 // Becы 210 // Все что угодно намазываешь»(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, а также 16, 29], о трудностях перевода см. [ibid. 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:9, 22]. (5) «Гипсома». Весы — гипсома Сатурна, см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (6) Зодиакальная астрология. a) См. z06ZI. b) [K]I múlERIN2… «Область Весов …», KI múlERIN2 a-lid ki-i-nu la ki-num dUTU ra-gu-ug?-šu2 «Родился в области Весов: (характер) верный или неверный, Шамаш будет обходиться с ним зло?» [LBAT, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000]. (7) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. См. также [SpTU V, 268]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-1 20 erin2 «Южная Чаша Весов: 20 Весы» (α Librae). b) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-2 25 erin2 «Северная Чаша Весов: 25 Весы» (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 150]; современное издание см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].
|Example
|-
!g22 mulGIŠ.RIN2
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIŠ.RIN2; = mulgišrinnu «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также e18ERIN2.
I. Источники.

GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов», udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub «Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:19–20], см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš, а также z10Zibānītum. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 «Область Весов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:29; Reiner 1995, 108]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделения знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 šum3-šu2 «7-я часть, ее имя Весы» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Овна — Весы Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:16–17], c) подразделения знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: VAT 7847: 3-я часть — mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6]. (3) Весы как гипсома Сатурна [Gössman 1950, 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR)ád pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Пока Солнце движется в направлении (букв. достигает) Весов, последс[твия зат]мения не наступ[ил]и» [SpTU III, 102:16–17]. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I, 94, passim].

См. также [SpTU I, 96:7].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lib]]

NANNA

2026-01-01T05:35:35Z

WayneHorowitz:

dNANNA (𒀭𒋀𒆠) is the most common, standard, Sumerian name for the Moon-god = Akkadian Sin. The name is also used as a loan-word in Akkadian, occasionally with a final consonant 'r' as with dNannaru in Enūma Eliš, V 12 where Marduk places the Moon-god in the sky and commands him to show the lunar phases each month.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings:'''

* dNANNAR,
* and dŠEŠ.KI (to be read dNANNA);

Nanna is the most common Sumerian name for the Moon-god, both in astronomical/astrological and mythological contexts. as well as in his earthly manifestations, for example when present in temple-statuary. For Nannar resumed by R, note e.g. Enūma eliš, V 12: d''Nanna-ru'' (var. d''Nanna-ri'')'','' and see CAD NI 269-270 (nannaru A). For names of the Moon according to the phases of the month see GSL 281-286 (Koch-Westenholz 1995: 202-203).

A'''dd GSL = Great Star List to abbreviations - should this be added to a Moon entry??'''

<s>For the name in Old Babylonian and Middle Babylonian astrological and mythological texts, see e.g. Šileiko 1927<ref>Šileiko 1927. ''Šileiko V. '' Mondlaufprognosen aus der Zeit der erster babylonischen Dynastie // ДАН. Сер. В. 1927. С. 125-128. </ref>, 126; Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 204:17],</s>

Identification in the list of gods AN:

* d''Anum'' (III 1): d''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI) = d''Sîn''(EŠ) "Nanna = Sin" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 116 + Comment.]

See also e.g. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 731b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 260-261; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 295; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 18; Krebernik 1995; Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 46-47; I<s>IIR, 55, 3:10; Verderame 2002</s><ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 380; Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:10].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: dNANNAR, dŠEŠ.KI (устаревшие); Нанна — шумерское божество Луны, имя которого в значении «Луна» иногда используется в старовавилонских и средневавилонских астрологических и мифологических текстах. См., например, «Текст Шилейко» [Šileiko 1927, 126; Horowitz 2000, 204:17], а также Enūma eliš, V 12. Отождествление в списке богов AN:dAnum (III 1): dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI) = dSîn(EŠ) «Нанна = Син» [Litke 1998, 116 + Comment.]. См. также [AHw, 731b; CAD N/1, 260–261; Gössmann 1950, 295; HBA, 18; Krebernik 1995; Livingstone 1986, 39, 46; IIIR, 55, 3:10; Verderame 2002, 248; Tallqvist 1938, 380; Weidner 1924–25, 10:10].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]
[[Category:Deity]]

AMAR.UTU

2025-12-31T09:41:12Z

WayneHorowitz:

[[File:ASE logo.jpg|thumb|ASE logo]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, Marduk.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub. [[Nēberu]].

Var. readings:

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the night gods."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the star of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [LABS<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; ARAK<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Glitter = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk <s>(IIIR 53:2)</s>. . K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR 43, 2 = ACh Ištar VIII'''
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' iti''še'' ul''ku''6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2-13) [IIIR 53,2:2-13]; parallel in S. 777 [CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:1-13; HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(AN)e "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century B.C. (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== III. Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Jupiter = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is so said, (when referring to) Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring to) the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) ''Jupiter and the Pleiades''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117]; for a parallel see. [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) ''Pleiades and Jupiter''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) ''Jupiter and Raven'' (= Mercury?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) ''The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: then this year’s harvest will be in abundance. - Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) ''Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [LABS<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) ''Magical prohibition''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see. [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [G. 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [ABCD 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [MA, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 67 r. 1; ARAK, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [G. 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [ARAK, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA 117]; параллель см. [ARAK, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [ARAK, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA, 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [LABS, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [ARAK, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

AMAR.UTU

2025-12-31T09:21:20Z

WayneHorowitz:

[[File:ASE logo.jpg|thumb|ASE logo]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, Marduk.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub. [[Nēberu]].

Var. readings:

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the night gods."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the star of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [LABS<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; ARAK<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Glitter = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk (IIIR 53:2)'''.
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' iti''še'' ul''ku''6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2-13) [IIIR 53,2:2-13]; parallel in S. 777 [CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:1-13; HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(AN)e "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century B.C. (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== III. Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Jupiter = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is so said, (when referring to) Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring to) the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) ''Jupiter and the Pleiades''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117]; for a parallel see. [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) ''Pleiades and Jupiter''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) ''Jupiter and Raven'' (= Mercury?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) ''The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: then this year’s harvest will be in abundance. - Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) ''Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [LABS<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) ''Magical prohibition''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see. [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [G. 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [ABCD 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [MA, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 67 r. 1; ARAK, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [G. 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [ARAK, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA 117]; параллель см. [ARAK, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [ARAK, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA, 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [LABS, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [ARAK, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

AMAR.UTU

2025-12-31T09:20:06Z

WayneHorowitz:

[[File:ASE logo.jpg|thumb|ASE logo]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, Marduk.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub. [[Nēberu]].

Var. readings:

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the night gods."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the star of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [LABS<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; ARAK<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Glitter = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk (IIIR 53:2)'''.
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3
* n01) [[NA2|NA2]] = damar.utu,***
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' iti''še'' ul''ku''6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2-13) [IIIR 53,2:2-13]; parallel in S. 777 [CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:1-13; HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(AN)e "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century B.C. (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== III. Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Jupiter = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is so said, (when referring to) Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring to) the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) ''Jupiter and the Pleiades''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117]; for a parallel see. [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) ''Pleiades and Jupiter''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) ''Jupiter and Raven'' (= Mercury?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) ''The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: then this year’s harvest will be in abundance. - Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) ''Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [LABS<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) ''Magical prohibition''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see. [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [G. 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [ABCD 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [MA, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 67 r. 1; ARAK, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [G. 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [ARAK, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA 117]; параллель см. [ARAK, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [ARAK, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA, 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [LABS, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [ARAK, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

Marduk

2025-12-31T09:15:30Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Marduk''}}
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BC Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi I. Detailed info, from Schaudig (2008), p. 559:]]
d''Marduk'' (𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌) is the supreme deity of the city of Babylon, identified for the most part with Jupiter or Mercury; for a syllabic entry in lexical texts, but sometimes other planets and asterisms. His name is most often written with Sumerograms [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. For the astronomical information concerning '''''dMarduk =''''' '''''[[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]] =''''' '''[[Nēberu|Neberu]] (as Marduk's Star), with the list of the names of Marduk's asterism for each month of the year also given in this entry.'''

<s>XVIX. K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR 43, 2 = ACh Ištar VIII</s>

<s>11<reverse only>)</s>

<s>Venus -Names; see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.</s>

<s>Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.</s>

<s>Marduk-Names</s>

<s>measurements: 72 × 120.5 × 21 mm</s>

<s>obv. 1 [M]U AD.ḪAL d[AMAR.UTU]</s>

<s>2 [DIŠ ina ITU].BÁR dŠUL.PA.È dAMAR.[UTU]</s>

<s>3 [DIŠ ina I]TU.GUD dUD.AL.TAR dAMAR.U[TU]</s>

<s>4 [DIŠ ina IT]U.SIG4 dAŠ.GÁN KÁ.DINGIR.MEŠ dAMAR.UT[U]</s>

<s>5 DIŠ ina ITU.ŠU dda-pi-nu dAMAR. UT[U]</s>

<s>6 DIŠ ina ITU.NE dma-ak-ru-ú dAMAR.UTU</s>

<s>7 DIŠ ina ITU.KIN dSAG.ME.GAR dAMAR.UTU</s>

<s>8 DIŠ ina ITU.DUL dni-bi-ru dAMAR. UT[U]]214</s>

<s>9 [DIŠ i]na ITU.APIN drap-pu dAMAR. UT[U]]</s>

<s>10 [DIŠ ina I]TU.GÁN UL.GÀM dAMAR. UT[U]</s>

<s>11 [DIŠ ina I]TU.AB UL.LUGAL dAMAR. UT[U]</s>

<s>12 [DIŠ ina IT]U.ZÍZ UL.GAL dAMAR. UT[U]</s>

<s>13 [DIŠ ina IT]U.ŠE UL.KU6 dé-a dAMAR.UTU</s>

== <s>Contents</s> ==

<s> 
Here we need an edition of Marduk\s star for each month - see NA3</s>

==<s>Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref></s>==
<s>City god of Babylon, identified with Enki’s son Assalluḫi, became head of the Babylonian pantheon towards the end of the 2nd mill. BCE. dAMAR.UTU (EN 33r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref></s>

===<s>Historical Dictionaries</s>===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |<s>Kurtik (2022, m11)</s>
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |<s>Gössmann (1950)</s>
|-
|<s>= mul dAMAR.UTU; Мардук — верховное божество города Вавилон, отождествляемое с Юпитером или Меркурием; силлабическая запись в лексических текстах см. a28dAMAR.UTU.</s>
|<s>Example</s>
|}
==<s>References</s>==
*[[References (Babylonian)|<s>Kurtik's references</s>]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GAM3

2025-12-31T09:12:08Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism the corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of classical [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislev (Month IX).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mulGÀM = [''gam-lu''] [ Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10.

* ˹diš˺ ''ina'' itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // ''u'' mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mul''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. T]A.Š[U.UR.RA]
** "In the month of ab: the Staff, the True Shepherd [Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 "On the 20th of Nisan the Staff becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see. [LABS, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Staff. 10 days from the rising of the Staff to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ziqpu-stars: mulGAM3 after mulŠU.GI before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' "20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the staff is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGAM3, after mulŠU.GI, before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislev). See [[AMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Staff". [HBA, 51-52; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) [2½ MA.NA KI. LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ min. weight], 150 o[n the lan]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Natsrapu to the [Staff],"
** b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ weight mines], 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Staff to the Hand on the Staff". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1-4; TU, 21 r. 1-4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u''] "150 to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 "Marduk's staff // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu'' "½ mile(150) to the Staff. [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|
|-
|'''Uranology''' (Beaulieu et al. 2018, 63-64)
* r'1'–2' (traces only)
* 3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],
* 4' bearded, set with a kurkurru.
* 5' 1 star stands in its kurkurru.
* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook.
* 7' In the crook a (star called) “The Crook” stands.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.
* 9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
* 10' [x] star(s) in the handle of the crook stand.
* 11' A bright [st]ar in its shaft stands.
* 12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.
* 13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he), when the Staff (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Staff] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's staff and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed suchobjects [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== III. Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on the seals, and later on the kudurru [Seidl 1968, 165-167; Van Buren 1945, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== IV. Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [G. 64; Weidner 1957-59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The True Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangly long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Staff", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]],. Beaulieu et al. 2018, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Staff", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': d''Sag-me-gar u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) ominous Staff, (it means): the luster of Jupiter is weak" [SpTU I, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gesman [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaning; [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Staff (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The staff is evil: the dynasty will perish. / If the staff becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiation in the Staff; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Staff emits radiations: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [ARAK, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Staff; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter approaches the staff: the harvest of Akkad will be abundant" [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Staff; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Staff behind [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Aur]]

AMAR.UTU

2025-12-31T09:10:39Z

WayneHorowitz:

[[File:ASE logo.jpg|thumb|ASE logo]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, Marduk.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub. [[Nēberu]].

Var. readings:

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the night gods."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the star of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [LABS<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; ARAK<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Glitter = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk (IIIR 53:2)'''.
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 ulNA2 (so in the autograph, but should apparently be ulgam3, cf. [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 260] and (Kurtik n01) [[NA2|NA2]] = damar.utu,***
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' iti''še'' ul''ku''6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2-13) [IIIR 53,2:2-13]; parallel in S. 777 [CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:1-13; HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(AN)e "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century B.C. (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== III. Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Jupiter = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is so said, (when referring to) Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring to) the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) ''Jupiter and the Pleiades''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117]; for a parallel see. [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) ''Pleiades and Jupiter''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) ''Jupiter and Raven'' (= Mercury?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) ''The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: then this year’s harvest will be in abundance. - Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) ''Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [LABS<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) ''Magical prohibition''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see. [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [G. 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [ABCD 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [MA, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 67 r. 1; ARAK, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [G. 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [ARAK, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA 117]; параллель см. [ARAK, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [ARAK, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA, 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [LABS, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [ARAK, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

AMAR.UTU

2025-12-31T09:10:09Z

WayneHorowitz:

[[File:ASE logo.jpg|thumb|ASE logo]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, Marduk.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub. [[Nēberu]].

Var. readings:

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the night gods."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the star of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [LABS<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; ARAK<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Glitter = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk (IIIR 53:2)'''.
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 ulNA2 (so in the autograph, but should apparently be ulgam3, cf. [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 260] and (Kurtik n01) [[NA2|NA2]] = damar.utu,***
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' iti''še'' ul''ku''6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2-13) [IIIR 53,2:2-13]; parallel in S. 777 [CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:1-13; HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(AN)e "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century B.C. (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== III. Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Jupiter = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is so said, (when referring to) Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring to) the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) ''Jupiter and the Pleiades''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117]; for a parallel see. [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) ''Pleiades and Jupiter''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) ''Jupiter and Raven'' (= Mercury?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) ''The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: then this year’s harvest will be in abundance. - Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) ''Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [LABS<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) ''Magical prohibition''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [ARAK<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see. [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [G. 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [ABCD 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [MA, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 67 r. 1; ARAK, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [G. 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [ARAK, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [MA 117]; параллель см. [ARAK, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [MA 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [ARAK, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [MA, 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [LABS, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [MA 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [MA 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [ARAK, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

Marduk

2025-12-31T08:41:49Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Marduk''}}
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BC Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi I. Detailed info, from Schaudig (2008), p. 559:]]
d''Marduk'' (𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌) is the supreme deity of the city of Babylon, identified for the most part with Jupiter or Mercury; for a syllabic entry in lexical texts, but sometimes other planets and asterisms. His name is most often written with Sumerograms [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. For the astronomical information concerning '''''dMarduk =''''' '''''[[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]] =''''' '''[[Nēberu|Neberu]] (as Marduk's Star).'''

XVIX. K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR 43, 2 = ACh Ištar VIII

11<reverse only>)

Venus -Names; see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.

Marduk-Names

measurements: 72 × 120.5 × 21 mm

obv. 1 [M]U AD.ḪAL d[AMAR.UTU]

2 [DIŠ ina ITU].BÁR dŠUL.PA.È dAMAR.[UTU]

3 [DIŠ ina I]TU.GUD dUD.AL.TAR dAMAR.U[TU]

4 [DIŠ ina IT]U.SIG4 dAŠ.GÁN KÁ.DINGIR.MEŠ dAMAR.UT[U]

5 DIŠ ina ITU.ŠU dda-pi-nu dAMAR. UT[U]

6 DIŠ ina ITU.NE dma-ak-ru-ú dAMAR.UTU

7 DIŠ ina ITU.KIN dSAG.ME.GAR dAMAR.UTU

8 DIŠ ina ITU.DUL dni-bi-ru dAMAR. UT[U]]214

9 [DIŠ i]na ITU.APIN drap-pu dAMAR. UT[U]]

10 [DIŠ ina I]TU.GÁN UL.GÀM dAMAR. UT[U]

11 [DIŠ ina I]TU.AB UL.LUGAL dAMAR. UT[U]

12 [DIŠ ina IT]U.ZÍZ UL.GAL dAMAR. UT[U]

13 [DIŠ ina IT]U.ŠE UL.KU6 dé-a dAMAR.UTU

== Contents ==

Here we need an edition of Marduk\s star for each month - see NA3

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
City god of Babylon, identified with Enki’s son Assalluḫi, became head of the Babylonian pantheon towards the end of the 2nd mill. BCE. dAMAR.UTU (EN 33r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul dAMAR.UTU; Мардук — верховное божество города Вавилон, отождествляемое с Юпитером или Меркурием; силлабическая запись в лексических текстах см. a28dAMAR.UTU.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Marduk

2025-12-31T08:40:12Z

WayneHorowitz:

GAM3

2025-12-31T08:37:04Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism the corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of classical [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Tebet?? (Month X).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mulGÀM = [''gam-lu''] [ Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10.

* ˹diš˺ ''ina'' itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // ''u'' mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mul''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. T]A.Š[U.UR.RA]
** "In the month of ab: the Staff, the True Shepherd [Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 "On the 20th of Nisan the Staff becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see. [LABS, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Staff. 10 days from the rising of the Staff to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ziqpu-stars: mulGAM3 after mulŠU.GI before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' "20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the staff is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGAM3, after mulŠU.GI, before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month X (Tebet): give source???
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Staff". [HBA, 51-52; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) [2½ MA.NA KI. LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ min. weight], 150 o[n the lan]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Natsrapu to the [Staff],"
** b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ weight mines], 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Staff to the Hand on the Staff". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1-4; TU, 21 r. 1-4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u''] "150 to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 "Marduk's staff // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu'' "½ mile(150) to the Staff. [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|
|-
|'''Uranology''' (Beaulieu et al. 2018, 63-64)
* r'1'–2' (traces only)
* 3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],
* 4' bearded, set with a kurkurru.
* 5' 1 star stands in its kurkurru.
* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook.
* 7' In the crook a (star called) “The Crook” stands.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.
* 9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
* 10' [x] star(s) in the handle of the crook stand.
* 11' A bright [st]ar in its shaft stands.
* 12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.
* 13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he), when the Staff (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Staff] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's staff and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed suchobjects [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== III. Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on the seals, and later on the kudurru [Seidl 1968, 165-167; Van Buren 1945, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== IV. Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [G. 64; Weidner 1957-59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The True Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangly long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Staff", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]],. Beaulieu et al. 2018, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Staff", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': d''Sag-me-gar u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) ominous Staff, (it means): the luster of Jupiter is weak" [SpTU I, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gesman [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaning; [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Staff (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The staff is evil: the dynasty will perish. / If the staff becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiation in the Staff; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Staff emits radiations: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [ARAK, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Staff; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter approaches the staff: the harvest of Akkad will be abundant" [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Staff; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Staff behind [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Aur]]

NA2

2025-12-31T08:34:13Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:NA2}}

'''The Marduk names are here because GAM3 is the Marduk star for Month X. See below for the Marduk-stars in each month.''' That is why I have the Marduk-star name list in the file

<s>ulNA2 (𒌌𒈿) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It</s> It is GAM3 -

XVIX. K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR 43, 2 = ACh Ištar VIII

11<reverse only>)

Venus -Names; see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.

Marduk-Names

measurements: 72 × 120.5 × 21 mm

obv. 1 [M]U AD.ḪAL d[AMAR.UTU]

2 [DIŠ ina ITU].BÁR dŠUL.PA.È dAMAR.[UTU]

3 [DIŠ ina I]TU.GUD dUD.AL.TAR dAMAR.U[TU]

4 [DIŠ ina IT]U.SIG4 dAŠ.GÁN KÁ.DINGIR.MEŠ dAMAR.UT[U]

5 DIŠ ina ITU.ŠU dda-pi-nu dAMAR. UT[U]

6 DIŠ ina ITU.NE dma-ak-ru-ú dAMAR.UTU

7 DIŠ ina ITU.KIN dSAG.ME.GAR dAMAR.UTU

8 DIŠ ina ITU.DUL dni-bi-ru dAMAR. UT[U]]214

9 [DIŠ i]na ITU.APIN drap-pu dAMAR. UT[U]]

10 [DIŠ ina I]TU.GÁN UL.GÀM dAMAR. UT[U]

11 [DIŠ ina I]TU.AB UL.LUGAL dAMAR. UT[U]

12 [DIŠ ina IT]U.ZÍZ UL.GAL dAMAR. UT[U]

13 [DIŠ ina IT]U.ŠE UL.KU6 dé-a dAMAR.UTU

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: ulNAD3; = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of kislimu [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. Possibly a scribe's error; instead of NA2 it should be GAM3(?).
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: ulNAD3; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA2 должно быть GAM3(?).
| Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

ŠUDUN.ANŠE

2025-12-29T14:00:41Z

WayneHorowitz:

mulŠUDUN.ANŠE (𒀯𒋙𒂈𒀲), mul''nattullu'', "Harness" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in Bootes. The ziqpu-star text VAT 16436: 19, states that is consists of three stars. See also the nearby ''ziqpu''-star mu[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|l]][[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']] '', = mulnattullu arkīti "Back of the Harness"''

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ''ziqpu'' XXVI

Kurtik repeats the identification ξ, ο, π Bootis? [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 379, II 1; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 120-121] in ŠUDUN.ANŠE, but υ, η Bootis (with no reference) for the Akkadian equivalent mul''Nattullu''.

naddullu - variant
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 mins 10 shekels in weight, 250 on earth, 45,000 miles in the sky / From the Branch to th Harness".
** (b) 1 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | 8 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 14 IGI 4 ME DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE | EN mulŠUDUN "1⅓ minas of weight, 80 on earth, 14400 miles in the sky / From the Harness to the Yoke" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:21-24; TU<ref name=":0">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 21-24; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[ŠUDUN.ANŠE] "250 to [the Harness]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 225:20].
* (3) VAT 16436: múl''na-tul-lum'' // 3 // 13 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 "Harness // 3 (stars) // 13400 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:19].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) [1 DANNA] ''ana'' mu[lŠUDUN.ANŠ]E "[300] to [Harnes]s" (rev. 25),
** b) mulŠ[UDUN].ANŠE, in diagram: the harness is not marked with dots(?) (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:25, 177-178].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* ˹múl˺GU MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 1 UŠ ''ar''2 ŠUDUN.ANŠE <<''ar''2>> ''ana ziq-pi'' 10 [...]
* "The giant — the star of Antashurra. (Point) 10 culminates after the [Ha]rness 10 [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 7', ii 6'].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum "[Ha]rness." [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:21], see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* (1) A 3427, see (Kurtik p01) [[PA.BIL.SAG|PA]] (an abbrevation of PA.BIL.SAG).
* (2) U 196: múl''na-ad-dul'' [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 242-243].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
AO 6483:

* [...]-''az''/''s''/''ṣ'': múl''na-ad-dul-lu e''3-''a'' dumu nu [tuk?]
* (If a child is born when) [...] The harness appears: he will not [have] a son." [TU<ref name=":0" />, 14 r. 29; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= ξ Boötis (+ ο, π or ζ) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 218, 229: II].

= υ Boötis [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 320, M 1; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58:22].

= ξ, ο, π Boötis [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88, XXVI (for II)].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, n09)
!
|-
|
=== mul''Nattullu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»; = ziqpu XXVI (υ, η Bootis), см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulnattullu «Упряжь»; группа из трех звезд в Волопасе, = ziqpu XXVI (ξ, ο, π Bootis?) [Gössmann 1950, 379, II 1; CAD N/2, 120–121].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 45 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи». b) 1 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | 8 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 14 IGI 4 ME DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE | EN mulŠUDUN «1⅓ мины веса, 80 на земле, 14400 миль на небе / От Упряжи до Ярма» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:21–24; TU, 21 r. 21–24; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ a-na mul[ŠUDUN.ANŠE] «250 до [Упряжи]» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:20]. (3) VAT 16436: múlna-tul-lum // 3 // 13 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Упряжь // 3 (звезды) // 13400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:19]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [1 DANNA] ana mu[lŠUDUN.ANŠ]E «[300] до [Упряж]и» (rev. 25), b) mulŠ[UDUN].ANŠE, на диаграмме: Упряжь не обозначена точками(?) (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:25, 177–178]. LBAT 1502 obv. ˹múl˺GU MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 1 UŠ ar2 ŠUDUN.ANŠE <<ar2>> ana ziq-pi 10 […] «Великан — звезда Анташурра. (Точка) 10 после [Уп]ряжи кульминирует 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 7', ii 6']. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum «[Уп]ряжь» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Анафора. (1) A 3427, cм. p01PA. (2) U 196: múlna-ad-dul [Schaumberger 1955, 242–243]. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […]-az/s/ṣ : múlna-ad-dul-lu e3-a dumu nu [tuk?] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Упряжь появляется: у него не [будет] сына» [TU, 14 r. 29; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

= ξ Boötis (+ ο, π или ζ) [Schaumberger 1952, 218, 229: II].

= υ Boötis [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320, M 1; Koch 1992, 58:22].

= ξ, ο, π Boötis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88, XXVI (for II)].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti

2025-12-29T13:56:55Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}

mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'' (𒀯𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾)'', = mulnattullu arkīti "Back of the Harness"'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, in Bootes. The ziqpu-star text VAT 16436: 19 states that it consists of two stars. This is the next star in the ziqpu-star sequence after mul[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]] = ''nattullu'', 'The Harness.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ziqpu II (η + υ Bootis) (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 379; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 120-121].

var - n''a-ad-dul for naddullu??''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 1½ MA.NA KI.LA2 | 9 UŠ ''i-na qaq-qa-ri'' | 16 IGI 2 ME DANNA [''i-na'' AN-''e''] / TA mulŠUDUN | EN mulŠUDUN.[ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']
*** "1 ½ mina in weight, 90 on earth, 16200 miles [in the sky] / From the Yoke to [Back of the H]arness,"
** (b) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ ''i-na qaq-qa-ri'' | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA ''ina'' AN-''e''] / TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'' | EN m[ulGAM-''ti'']
*** "2 mina in weight, 120 on the ground, 21600 mi[les in the sky] / From the Back of the Harness to the Ri[ng]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216 5-8; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:5-8; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** múl''na-at-tu-lum ar''2-''ku''-''u''2 // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3
** "Back of the Harness // 2 (stars) // 14600 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 226-227:17].
* (3) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) ˹9˺ UŠ ''ana'' mu[lŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti''] "90 to B[ack part of the harness]" (rev. 2),
** b) mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR "Back part of the harness", diagram shows 3 points forming a triangle (?) (obv, Segment 5) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:2, 177-178].
|Example
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 "the 2nd star of the Harness" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":1">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:24], see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* (a) 3 UŠ ar2 múl''na-ad-dul'' ar2 ''ziq-pi'' d[''sin'' AN.KU10...] "(When point) 30 culminates behind the Back of the Harness, [a lunar eclipse...]" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III<ref name=":2">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-163 rev. 20].
* (b) [...GE6 14 ŠUDUN.]ANŠE ''ar''2-''u''2 ''ziq-pi'' [... night of the 14th], (when) the Back part of the [Har]ness culminates" [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, No.-85 C1 rev. 20].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* [...] MUL2!<nowiki> AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ŠUDUN.ANŠE IGI (error, d.b. EGIR-</nowiki>''ti'') ''ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "[...] is the star of Antashurra. The back of the Harness culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 9', ii 8'].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 23313/3:

* DIŠ KI mul''na-at-tul-lum ar''2-''ku-u''2 U3.TU ''im-man-''˹''gar''˺
* "If he, when the back of the Harness (culminates), is born: he will receive recognition(?)" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:9'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= η + υ Bootis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 219, 229: XXVI].

= ξ Bootis [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":1" />, 321: O 1].

= π1 Bootis [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59:24-25].

= η + υ Bootis [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88, II (for XXVI)].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, n10)
!
|-
|
=== mul''Nattullu arkīti'' ===
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя Часть Упряжи»; = ziqpu II, группа звезд в Волопасе (Boоtes), см. sh21.
!
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulnattullu arkīti «Задняя часть Упряжи»; группа из двух звезд в Волопасе, = ziqpu II (η + υ Bootis) (?) [Gössmann 1950, 379; CAD N/2, 120–121].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1½ MA.NA KI.LA2 | 9 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 16 IGI 2 ME DANNA [i-na AN-e] / TA mulŠUDUN | EN mulŠUDUN.[ANŠE EGIR-ti] «1 ½ мины веса, 90 на земле, 16200 миль [на небе] / От Ярма до [Задней части У]пряжи», b) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA ina AN-e] / TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti | EN m[ulGAM-ti] «2 мины веса, 120 на земле, 21600 ми[ль на небе] / От Задней части Упряжи до Ко[льца]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216 5–8; TU, 21:5–8; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]]. (2) VAT 16436: múlna-at-tu-lum ar2-ku-u2 // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Задняя часть упряжи // 2 (звезды) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:17]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: a) ˹9˺ UŠ ana mu[lŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti] «90 до З[адней части Упряжи]» (rev. 2), b) mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR «Задняя часть Упряжи», на диаграмме 3 точки, образующие треугольничек (?) (obv., Segment 5) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:2, 177–178]. GU-текст. (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 «2-я звезда Упряжи» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:24], см. g19GIR2.TAB. «Дневники наблюдений». a) 3 UŠ ar2 múlna-ad-dul ar2 ziq-pi d[sin AN.KU10…] «(Когда точка) 30 позади Задней части Упряжи кульминировала, [лунное затмение…]» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No.-163 rev. 20]. b) […GE6 14 ŠUDUN.]ANŠE ar2-u2 ziq-pi […Ночь 14-го], (когда) Задняя часть [Упр]яжи кульминировала» [ibid., No.-85 C1 rev. 20]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. […] MUL2! AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ŠUDUN.ANŠE IGI (ошибка, д.б. EGIR-ti) ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезда Анташурра. Задняя часть Упряжи кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 9', ii 8']. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulna-at-tul-lum ar2-ku-u2 U3.TU im-man-˹gar˺ «Если он, когда задняя часть Упряжи (кульминирует), родился: он получит признание(?)» [SpTU V, 265:9'].

II. Отождествление.

= η + υ Bootis [Schaumberger 1952, 219, 229: XXVI].

= ξ Bootis [Pingree–Walker 1988, 321: O 1].

= π1 Bootis [Koch 1992, 59:24–25].

= η + υ Bootis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88, II (for XXVI)].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

ŠUDUN.ANŠE

2025-12-29T13:51:08Z

WayneHorowitz:

mulŠUDUN.ANŠE (𒀯𒋙𒂈𒀲), mul''nattullu'', "Harness" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in Bootes. The ziqpu-star text VAT 16436: 19, states that is consists of three stars.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ''ziqpu'' XXVI

Kurtik repeats the identification ξ, ο, π Bootis? [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 379, II 1; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 120-121] in ŠUDUN.ANŠE, but υ, η Bootis (with no reference) for the Akkadian equivalent mul''Nattullu''.

naddullu - variant
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 mins 10 shekels in weight, 250 on earth, 45,000 miles in the sky / From the Branch to th Harness".
** (b) 1 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | 8 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 14 IGI 4 ME DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE | EN mulŠUDUN "1⅓ minas of weight, 80 on earth, 14400 miles in the sky / From the Harness to the Yoke" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:21-24; TU<ref name=":0">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 21-24; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[ŠUDUN.ANŠE] "250 to [the Harness]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 225:20].
* (3) VAT 16436: múl''na-tul-lum'' // 3 // 13 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 "Harness // 3 (stars) // 13400 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:19].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) [1 DANNA] ''ana'' mu[lŠUDUN.ANŠ]E "[300] to [Harnes]s" (rev. 25),
** b) mulŠ[UDUN].ANŠE, in diagram: the harness is not marked with dots(?) (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:25, 177-178].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* ˹múl˺GU MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 1 UŠ ''ar''2 ŠUDUN.ANŠE <<''ar''2>> ''ana ziq-pi'' 10 [...]
* "The giant — the star of Antashurra. (Point) 10 culminates after the [Ha]rness 10 [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 7', ii 6'].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum "[Ha]rness." [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:21], see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* (1) A 3427, see (Kurtik p01) [[PA.BIL.SAG|PA]] (an abbrevation of PA.BIL.SAG).
* (2) U 196: múl''na-ad-dul'' [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 242-243].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
AO 6483:

* [...]-''az''/''s''/''ṣ'': múl''na-ad-dul-lu e''3-''a'' dumu nu [tuk?]
* (If a child is born when) [...] The harness appears: he will not [have] a son." [TU<ref name=":0" />, 14 r. 29; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= ξ Boötis (+ ο, π or ζ) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 218, 229: II].

= υ Boötis [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 320, M 1; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58:22].

= ξ, ο, π Boötis [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88, XXVI (for II)].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, n09)
!
|-
|
=== mul''Nattullu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»; = ziqpu XXVI (υ, η Bootis), см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulnattullu «Упряжь»; группа из трех звезд в Волопасе, = ziqpu XXVI (ξ, ο, π Bootis?) [Gössmann 1950, 379, II 1; CAD N/2, 120–121].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 45 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи». b) 1 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | 8 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 14 IGI 4 ME DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE | EN mulŠUDUN «1⅓ мины веса, 80 на земле, 14400 миль на небе / От Упряжи до Ярма» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:21–24; TU, 21 r. 21–24; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ a-na mul[ŠUDUN.ANŠE] «250 до [Упряжи]» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:20]. (3) VAT 16436: múlna-tul-lum // 3 // 13 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Упряжь // 3 (звезды) // 13400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:19]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [1 DANNA] ana mu[lŠUDUN.ANŠ]E «[300] до [Упряж]и» (rev. 25), b) mulŠ[UDUN].ANŠE, на диаграмме: Упряжь не обозначена точками(?) (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:25, 177–178]. LBAT 1502 obv. ˹múl˺GU MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 1 UŠ ar2 ŠUDUN.ANŠE <<ar2>> ana ziq-pi 10 […] «Великан — звезда Анташурра. (Точка) 10 после [Уп]ряжи кульминирует 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 7', ii 6']. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum «[Уп]ряжь» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Анафора. (1) A 3427, cм. p01PA. (2) U 196: múlna-ad-dul [Schaumberger 1955, 242–243]. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […]-az/s/ṣ : múlna-ad-dul-lu e3-a dumu nu [tuk?] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Упряжь появляется: у него не [будет] сына» [TU, 14 r. 29; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

= ξ Boötis (+ ο, π или ζ) [Schaumberger 1952, 218, 229: II].

= υ Boötis [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320, M 1; Koch 1992, 58:22].

= ξ, ο, π Boötis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88, XXVI (for II)].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Naṣrapu

2025-12-29T13:46:00Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Naṣrapu''}}
mul''Naṣrapu'' (𒀯𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, a group of stars in the constellation Perseus [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 296; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 757a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 51a]. It is a ziqpu-star, between the Old Man and the Crook, but the sense of the name if it is in regard to the shape of the asterism is uncertain . The number of stars in this asterism is alternatively given as 6 or 2 (see Fincke-Horowitz 2017: ??PAGE N NEEDED?? . We would follow the total of 6 which appears in the most reliable source (VAT 16436) and so suggest the cluster of mostly 4th magnitude stars behind the Old Man in the direction of the Crook.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ziqpu XV,
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [1½ MA.NA MIN (=''šuqultu'') | 10] UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN](=''ina šamê'') / [TA MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 mulŠU.GI] | EN mul''na''-[''aṣ-ra-pi''] "[1½ min. weight, 10 degrees] on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / [From the brilliant star in the Old Man] to the ''na''[''ṣrapu'']",
** (b) [2½ MA. NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3] "[2½ minas of weight], 150 o[n ear]th, 27,000 miles in the sky / From Natsrapu to [the Staff]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:31-32, 217:1-2; TU, 21:31-32, r. 1-2; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' "10 degrees to the ''naṣrapu''" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:10], parallel [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1501:14].
* '''<big>''(3) VAT 16436: múlna-aṣ2-ra-pu // 6 // 8 IGI 2 ME "naṣrap // 6 (stars) // 8200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:7].''</big>'''
* '''<big>(4) Parallel: BM 37373 - 2 stars in ''naṣrapu'' Horowitz and Fincke JNES 77 2017????</big>'''
*
* AO 6478 - does not give dots = numbers of stars - 10 USH
* vAT 16436 A obv. 11’: [… MUL.na-a]ṣ-ra-⸢pu⸣ 6 MUL-š[ú] - 10 USH BM 37373 B obv. 7: MÚL.na-áṣ-ra-pu 2 : 8 LIM 2 ME KÙŠ - 8 LIM 2 ME KUSH = 8,200 cubits
*
*
*
* (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul''na''-˹''aṣ''˺-''ra-pi'' "10 degrees to the ''naṣrapu''" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":2">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:15]; see also BM 61677: ˹⅔˺ DANNA a-na na-aṣ-r[a-pi...] "2/3 of a league to the ''naṣr''[''apu'']" [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 180:7'].
|Example
|-
|'''W22281a.'''
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= ε Persei [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 296].

= b, c Persei+ [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ziqpu XV, группа звезд в созвездии Персея [Gössmann 1950, 296; AHw, 757a; CAD N/1, 51a].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [1½ MA.NA MIN (=šuqultu) | 10] UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN](=ina šamê) / [TA MUL ni-bi-i ša2 mulŠU.GI] | EN mulna-[aṣ-ra-pi] «[1½ мины веса, 100] на земле, 18000 миль на небе / [От блестящей звезды в Старике] до На[црапу]», b) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на неб[е] / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:31–32, 217:1–2; TU, 21:31–32, r. 1–2; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mulna-aṣ-ra-pi «100 до Нацрапу» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:10], параллель [LBAT, 1501:14]. (3) VAT 16436: múlna-aṣ2-ra-pu // 6 // 8 IGI 2 ME «Нацрапу // 6 (звезд) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:7]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mulna-˹aṣ˺-ra-pi «100 до Нацрапу» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:15]; см. также BM 61677: ˹⅔˺ DANNA a-na na-aṣ-r[a-pi…] «200 до Нацр[апу]» [ibid., 180:7']. W22281a. См. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Отождествление.

= ε Persei [Gössmann 1950, 296].

= b, c Persei+ [Schaumberger 1952, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Naṣrapu

2025-12-29T13:18:58Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Naṣrapu''}}
mul''Naṣrapu'' (𒀯𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, a group of stars in the constellation Perseus [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 296; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 757a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 51a]. It is a ziqpu-star, but the intent of the name is uncertain.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ziqpu XV,
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [1½ MA.NA MIN (=''šuqultu'') | 10] UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN](=''ina šamê'') / [TA MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 mulŠU.GI] | EN mul''na''-[''aṣ-ra-pi''] "[1½ min. weight, 10 degrees] on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / [From the brilliant star in the Old Man] to the ''na''[''ṣrapu'']",
** (b) [2½ MA. NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3] "[2½ minas of weight], 150 o[n ear]th, 27,000 miles in the sky / From Natsrapu to [the Staff]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:31-32, 217:1-2; TU, 21:31-32, r. 1-2; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' "10 degrees to the ''naṣrapu''" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:10], parallel [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1501:14].
* '''<big>''(3) VAT 16436: múlna-aṣ2-ra-pu // 6 // 8 IGI 2 ME "naṣrap // 6 (stars) // 8200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:7]. BM 37373 - 6 stars in natsrapu???? - check all BM37373???= Horowitz and Fincke JNES 77 2017????''</big>'''
* (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul''na''-˹''aṣ''˺-''ra-pi'' "10 degrees to the ''naṣrapu''" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":2">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:15]; see also BM 61677: ˹⅔˺ DANNA a-na na-aṣ-r[a-pi...] "2/3 of a league to the ''naṣr''[''apu'']" [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 180:7'].
|Example
|-
|'''W22281a.'''
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= ε Persei [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 296].

= b, c Persei+ [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ziqpu XV, группа звезд в созвездии Персея [Gössmann 1950, 296; AHw, 757a; CAD N/1, 51a].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [1½ MA.NA MIN (=šuqultu) | 10] UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN](=ina šamê) / [TA MUL ni-bi-i ša2 mulŠU.GI] | EN mulna-[aṣ-ra-pi] «[1½ мины веса, 100] на земле, 18000 миль на небе / [От блестящей звезды в Старике] до На[црапу]», b) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на неб[е] / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:31–32, 217:1–2; TU, 21:31–32, r. 1–2; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mulna-aṣ-ra-pi «100 до Нацрапу» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:10], параллель [LBAT, 1501:14]. (3) VAT 16436: múlna-aṣ2-ra-pu // 6 // 8 IGI 2 ME «Нацрапу // 6 (звезд) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:7]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mulna-˹aṣ˺-ra-pi «100 до Нацрапу» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:15]; см. также BM 61677: ˹⅔˺ DANNA a-na na-aṣ-r[a-pi…] «200 до Нацр[апу]» [ibid., 180:7']. W22281a. См. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Отождествление.

= ε Persei [Gössmann 1950, 296].

= b, c Persei+ [Schaumberger 1952, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

GIGIR

2025-12-29T13:12:53Z

WayneHorowitz:

[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
mul gišGIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = (mul)''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024]<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":0" />. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulLAGABxBAD, the compound elements for the sign GIGIR.
* = ''narkabtu''; the syllabic entry is found mostly in lexical texts.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists of stars: mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹mulgigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18].
* (2) Urra XXII series: Urra XXII: 290', mul gišgigir = d''En''-[''me-šar''2]-''ra'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],
* (3) Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGABxBAD ''ša''2 mulLAGABxBAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|Example
|-
| '''"Enki and the World Order."'''
See (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = [[IKU|mulIKU]] (mul gišgigir as a star name in Sumerian literature).
|Example
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: in the list of astral gods mul gišGIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Astrological predictions, see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN II iii 22-27].
|
|-
|'''"Letters"'''
Report on the observation of Jupiter:

* ''šap-la'' mul gišGIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2 ''iz-za-az'' "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [SAA 10, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2 289-291].
|
|-
|'''The Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:
** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′],
** GU4.UD ''ar''2 GIGIR ŠU2, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU2...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′],
** MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU2 "The last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12],
** GENNA ''ina'' GIGIR SU2 "The last appearance of Saturn in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′], etc.
* (2) There are two "normal stars" in the constellation.
** (a) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).
** (b) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU2 "Southern Chariot reins" (ζ Tauri).
|
|}
See also: mul gišGIGIR ''='' d[[Dilbat|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Enmesharra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Symbol. ====
Chariot with the body of Enmesharra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

===== Identification. =====
= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913, 15:62].

= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59, 73a].

= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2, 291].

= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2, 11-12].

= north of Taurus [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).

(2) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU2 "Southern Chariot reins" (ζ Tauri).

Stars (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon "rides" on the Chariot; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 12.

In astrological texts the asterism is mentioned more often as d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' (cf. e11).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g15)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulLAGAB´BAD; = narkabtu «Колесница»; созвездие, включавшее звезды северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки звезд: mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹mulgigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [nar-kab-tu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13], mul gišgigir = dEn-[me-šar2]-ra [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. (3) Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница (созвездия) “Колесница Энмешарры”» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. См. также sh16ŠU.GI. «Энки и устройство мира». См. a48AŠ.GAN2. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: в списке астральных богов mul gišGIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания, см. u02U.RI.RI [MA, 110]. «Письма» Сообщение о наблюдении Юпитера: šap-la mul gišGIGIR ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2 iz-za-az «ниже Колесницы на пути (звезд) Энлиля он стоит» [SAA 10, 363 r. 9–10, 11; LAS 2 289–291]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) Созвездие использовалось для фиксации положений планет, например: AN ina GIGIR «Марс в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL2.BABBAR ina GIGIR «Юпитер в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′], GU4.UD ar2 GIGIR ŠU2, AN ina G[IGIR SU2…] «Последнее появление Меркурия позади Колесницы, [последнее появление] Марса в Ко[леснице…]» [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′], MUL2.BABBAR ina GIGIR ŠU2 «Последнее появление Юпитера в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12], GENNA ina GIGIR SU2 «Последнее появление Сатурна в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′] и др. (2) В созвездии две «нормальных звезды» (см. ниже).

См. также: mul gišGIGIR = dDili-pat2 [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ].

II. Божество.

Энмешарра, см. e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.

III. Символ.

Колесница c телом Энмешарры (?), см. e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.

IV. Отождествление.

= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα «Колесница», упоминается в «Варварской сфере» греческого астролога Тевкра («Вавилонянина») (I в.н.э.?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold–Kopff–Boll 1913, 15:62].

= Hyades [Weidner 1957–59, 73a].

= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2, 291].

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11–12].

= северная часть Тельца [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) ŠUR GIGIR ša2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы» (β Tauri).

(2) ŠUR GIGIR ša2 ULU2 «Южная вожжа Колесницы» (ζ Tauri).

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Луна “едет” на Колеснице; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 12.

В астрологических текстах созвездие упоминается чаще как dEn-me-šar2-ra (см. e11).
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, n07)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Narkabtu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGIGIR «Колесница»; cозвездие в северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus); силлабическая запись встречается в основном в лексических текстах. См. g15GIGIR и e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]

NANNA

2025-12-29T13:06:58Z

WayneHorowitz:

dNANNA (𒀭𒋀𒆠) is the most common, standard, Sumerian name for the Moon-god = Akkadian Sin. The name is also used as a loan-word in Akkadian, occasionally with a final consonant 'r' as with dNannaru in Enūma Eliš, V 12 where Marduk places the Moon-god in the sky and commands him to show the lunar phases each month.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, ===
Var. readings: dNANNAR, and dŠEŠ.KI (to be read dNANNA);

Nanna is the most common Sumerian name for the Moon-god, both in astronomical/astrological and mythological contexts. as well as in his earthly manifestations, for example when present in temple-statuary. For Nannar resumed by R, note e.g. Enūma eliš, V 12: d''Nanna-ru'' (var. d''Nanna-ri'')'','' and see CAD NI 269-270 (nannaru A). <s>For the name in Old Babylonian and Middle Babylonian astrological and mythological texts, see e.g. Šileiko 1927<ref>Šileiko 1927. ''Šileiko V. '' Mondlaufprognosen aus der Zeit der erster babylonischen Dynastie // ДАН. Сер. В. 1927. С. 125-128. </ref>, 126; Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 204:17],</s>

Identification in the list of gods AN:

* d''Anum'' (III 1): d''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI) = d''Sîn''(EŠ) "Nanna = Sin" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 116 + Comment.]

See also e.g. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 731b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 260-261; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 295; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 18; Krebernik 1995; Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 46-47; I<s>IIR, 55, 3:10; Verderame 2002</s><ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 380; Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:10].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: dNANNAR, dŠEŠ.KI (устаревшие); Нанна — шумерское божество Луны, имя которого в значении «Луна» иногда используется в старовавилонских и средневавилонских астрологических и мифологических текстах. См., например, «Текст Шилейко» [Šileiko 1927, 126; Horowitz 2000, 204:17], а также Enūma eliš, V 12. Отождествление в списке богов AN:dAnum (III 1): dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI) = dSîn(EŠ) «Нанна = Син» [Litke 1998, 116 + Comment.]. См. также [AHw, 731b; CAD N/1, 260–261; Gössmann 1950, 295; HBA, 18; Krebernik 1995; Livingstone 1986, 39, 46; IIIR, 55, 3:10; Verderame 2002, 248; Tallqvist 1938, 380; Weidner 1924–25, 10:10].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]
[[Category:Deity]]

NU.MUŠ.DA

2025-12-29T12:56:45Z

WayneHorowitz:

mul / dNU.MUŠ.DA (𒀯𒉡𒈲𒁕) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation within [[Centaurus|The Centaur]] (Centaurus). Akkadian parallel to (mul)''Nammaššû'', "Herds of (wild) animals"(?) [CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 233-234]. The Akkadian name makes note of the fact that the area of this asterism is in the Milky Way and so covers a multitude of stars (see the list below).
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
The god d''Nu-muš-da'', city god of ''Kazallu'', is a son of the moon god ''Nanna''/''Sîn''. Spellings of the star name often omit the determinative for deities. According to Hh, the reading of the star name is ''nammaššû'' “herds of animals” (see SpTU III<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> nr. 114 iv 127). Therefore, the sumerogram could be based on folk etymology. 5R 46: 44 gives the reading/explanation d''Ša-gi-mu'' “The Roaring (god)”. MUL dNU.MUŠ.DA (EA 8r).

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''nammaššû'', lit. "Herds of (wild) animals"; (?) [CAD<ref name=":0" /> N/1, 233ff.; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 728a; Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 305].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mulnu.muš.da = ''nam-maš-šu-u''2 [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11:4; SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 114A v 63; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:323ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: [mul]nu.muš.da = ''na-maš-šu-u''2 = dIM [MSL XI, 41:48], mulnu.muš.da = (skip) = ''nam-maš-šu-u''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 116 iii 17].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":3">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 203-204, EAE 20, VII Rec. B, r. 7, 9].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Shabbat, stars of Ea, 160 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (3´12): [itiziz2 mu]lnu.muš.da ''šu-ut'' dE2-''a'' "[Shabbat]: Numushda (on the way) of Ea (rising)" (C i 11).
* (2) List (sunrise-sunset=6m):
** a) itiziz2 mulnu.muš.da mulsim.maḫ mul''Da-mu'' e3 "[Shabbat: Numushda, Swallow, Damu ascend" (C 33),
** b) [mul]nu.muš.da mulsim.maḫ mul''Da-mu š''[''u''2] "(Abu): Numushda, Swallow, Damu dec[lines]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 22; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 40].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
Month of Shabbat, stars Ea:

* mulNU.MUŠ.DA // 2,40 // DINGIR.DINGIR ''ki-lal'' dIM dAMAR.UTU "Numushda // 160 // Both deities are Adad (and) Marduk" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:31].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiziz2 // 2.40 múlnu.muš.da // 1.10 múlalla // 35 múlti8[mušen] "Shabbat: 160 Numushda, 70 Crab, 35 Eagle" [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11].
|
|-
|'''"Round astrolabes."'''
* K.14943+: itiziz2.a.an // mulnu.muš.d[a] // ˹2,40˺ "(Stars of Ea), Shabbat, Numushda, 160" [CT<ref name=":4">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 3): mulnu.muš.da [CT<ref name=":4" /> 33, 9 r. 16; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 8): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2-''nu'' GUB-''zu'' GIM dE2-''a'' KUR-''ḫa'' / GIM dE2-''a'' ŠU2meš mul''Nu-muš-da'' dIM "The star that stands behind them (i.e., behind Shullat and Hanish) rises like Ea and sets like Ea: Numushda, Adad" (I ii 26-27) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 37].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) mulnu.muš.da = [...], mulmin = d[...], mulmin = damar.utu;
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: muln[u.muš.da] [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:130-132, 206].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:44.'''
* mulnu.muš.da = dingir ''ša''2-''gi-mu'' "Numushda = roaring god" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:44; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''

* (L) ˹mulnu.muš.˺da "Numushda" (κ Cen) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":3" />, BM 78161:20; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 92], see also (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]].
|
|-
|'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''
* múlnu.muš.da ''muš-tab-ru-u zunni''(šeg3) "Numushda, the one who prolongs rain" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:312; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itiziz2 ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlnu.muš.da ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In (the month of) Shabbat, on the morning of the 28th day, Numushda emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":7">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:6], parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' ziz2 ''ina še-rim'' 28 múlnu.muš.da ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":7" /> 246:25]. See also: [mulNU].MUŠ.DA d˹E2˺-[''a''...] [CT<ref name=":4" /> 26, 48, K.11806: 10-11].
|
|}
[[File:Numushda CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 191954.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Numushda (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Rigil Kentaurus]]
|HIP 71683
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.01
|-
|2
|[[Hadar]]
|HIP 68702
| Constellation lines
| 0.58
|-
|3
|[[Acrux]]
|HIP 60718
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.76
|-
|4
|[[Mimosa]]
|HIP 62434
|Inside the Hull
|1.25
|-
|5
| * alf01 Cru
|HR 4730
|Inside the Hull
|1.28
|-
| 6
| [[Gacrux]]
|HIP 61084
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.64
|-
|7
|[[Menkent]]
|HIP 68933
|Constellation lines
|2.05
|-
|8
| γ Centauri
|HIP 61932
|Constellation lines
|2.17
|-
|9
|ϵ Centauri
|HIP 66657
|Constellation lines
|2.3
|-
|10
|η Centauri
|HIP 71352
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.31
|-
|11
|[[Leepwal]]
|HIP 68002
|Constellation lines
|2.55
|-
|12
|[[Kulou]]
|HIP 65109
|Constellation lines
|2.73
|-
|13
|* gam Cen A
|HIP 61932
|Constellation lines
|2.82
|-
|14
|* gam Cen B
|HIP 61932
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.88
|-
|15
|[[Heng]]
|HIP 67464
|Inside the Hull
|3.386
|-
|16
|μ Centauri
|HIP 67472
|Inside the Hull
|3.43
|-
|17
|ι Lupi
|HIP 69996
|Inside the Hull
|3.529
|-
|18
|ϕ Centauri
|HIP 68245
|Inside the Hull
|3.802
|-
| 19
|υ 1 Centauri
|HIP 68282
|Inside the Hull
|3.87
|-
|20
|d Cen
|HIP 65936
|Inside the Hull
|3.88
|-
|21
|ω Cen
|HD 116790
|Inside the Hull
|3.9
|-
|22
|* bet Cen B
| * bet Cen B
|Inside the Hull
|3.95
|-
|23
|μ 1 Crucis
|HIP 63003
| Inside the Hull
|4.04
|-
|24
|2 Cen
|HIP 67457
| within constellation lines
|4.19
|-
|25
|1 Cen
|HIP 67153
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.23
|-
|26
|n Cen
|HIP 62896
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|27
|ξ 2 Centauri
|HIP 64004
|Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
|28
|e Cen
|HIP 62867
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 29
|υ 2 Centauri
|HIP 68523
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
|30
|χ Centauri
|HIP 68862
|Inside the Hull
| 4.343
|-
|31
|v Cen
|HIP 70069
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
| 32
|τ 2 Lupi
|HIP 70576
| Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|33
|σ Lupi
|HIP 71121
|Inside the Hull
|4.423
|-
|34
|J Cen
|HIP 65271
| Inside the Hull
|4.509
|-
|35
|* 3 Cen A
|HIP 67669
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.52
|-
|36
|τ 1 Lupi
| HIP 70574
| Inside the Hull
| 4.553
|-
|37
|V831 Cen
|HIP 64425
|Inside the Hull
| 4.593
|-
|38
|λ Crucis
|HIP 63007
|Inside the hull
|4.602
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 62327
|Inside the hull
|4.62
|-
|40
|M Cen
|HIP 67234
|Inside the Hull
|4.632
|-
|41
|w Cen
|HIP 62012
|Inside the Hull
|4.66
|-
|42
|ι Crucis
|HIP 62268
|Inside the Hull
|4.686
|-
|43
|f Cen
| HIP 63945
|Inside the Hull
|4.691
|-
|44
|321 G. Cen
|HIP 69191
|Inside the Hull
|4.736
|-
|45
| -
| HIP 70104
| Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|46
|ξ 1 Centauri
|HIP 63724
|Inside the Hull
|4.826
|-
|47
|185 G. Cen
|HIP 64408
|Inside the Hull
|4.85
|-
|48
|191 G. Cen
|HIP 64583
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|49
|CH Cru
|HIP 61966
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|50
|340 G. Cen
|HIP 70264
| Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|51
|K Cen
|HIP 65810
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|52
|V795 Cen
|HIP 69618
|Inside the Hull
|5.07
|-
|53
|217 G. Cen
|HIP 65535
|Inside the Hull
|5.09
|-
|54
|z Cen
|HIP 67244
|Constellation lines
|5.147
|-
|55
|H Cen
|HIP 63210
|Inside the hull
|5.159
|-
|56
|μ 2 Crucis
|HIP 63005
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|57
| * Q Cen A
|HIP 66821
|Inside the Hull
|5.217
|-
|58
|182 G. Cen
|HIP 64348
|Inside the Hull
|5.231
|-
|59
|N Cen
|HIP 67703
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 63117
| Inside the Hull
|5.32
|-
|61
|251 G. Cen
|HIP 66849
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 70931
|Inside the Hull
|5.376
|-
|63
|V964 Cen
|HIP 65112
|Inside the Hull
|5.443
|-
|64
|152 G. Cen
|HIP 63066
|Inside the Hull
|5.445
|-
|65
|269 G. Cen
|HIP 67304
|Inside the Hull
|5.446
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 70915
|Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
|67
|NGC 5662
|NGC 5662
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|68
|BG Cru
|HIP 61136
|Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 71419
|Inside the Hull
| 5.55
|-
|70
|324 G. Cen
|HIP 69462
|Inside the Hull
|5.575
|-
| 71
|172 G. Cen
|HIP 63972
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|72
|NGC 5460
| NGC 5460
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|73
|248 G. Cen
|HIP 66656
|Inside the Hull
|5.603
|-
|74
|330 G. Cen
|HIP 69598
|Inside the Hull
|5.613
|-
|75
|221 G. Cen
|HIP 65593
|Inside the Hull
|5.656
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 70054
|Inside the Hull
|5.66
|-
|77
|177 G. Cen
|HIP 64053
| Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|78
|142 G. Cen
|HIP 62703
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|79
|288 G. Cen
|HIP 67973
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|80
|DS Cru
|HIP 62732
|Inside the Hull
| 5.72
|-
|81
|205 G. Cen
|HIP 65144
|Inside the Hull
|5.742
|-
|82
|278 G. Cen
| HIP 67663
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 83
| -
|HIP 62894
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|84
|181 G. Cen
|HIP 64332
|Inside the Hull
|5.772
|-
|85
|196 G. Cen
|HIP 64822
|Inside the Hull
| 5.803
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 70663
|Inside the Hull
|5.811
|-
|87
|293 G. Cen
|HIP 68079
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 88
|193 G. Cen
|HIP 64623
|Inside the Hull
|5.831
|-
|89
| -
| HIP 71182
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 71184
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
| 91
|283 G. Cen
|HIP 67836
|Inside the Hull
|5.873
|-
|92
|239 G. Cen
|HIP 66454
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|93
|151 G. Cen
|HIP 63033
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|94
|189 G. Cen
|HIP 64515
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|95
|190 G. Cen
|HIP 64580
|Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
|96
|148 G. Cen
|HIP 62861
| Inside the Hull
|5.908
|-
| 97
|209 G. Cen
|HIP 65247
|Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
|98
|268 G. Cen
|HIP 67292
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 66438A
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|100
|305 G. Cen
|HIP 68670
|Inside the Hull
|5.923
|-
|101
| 298 G. Cen
|HIP 68333
|Inside the Hull
|5.927
|-
| 102
| κ Crucis
|HIP 62931
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|103
|256 G. Cen
|HIP 66924
|Inside the Hull
|5.956
|-
|104
|236 G. Cen
|HIP 66427
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|105
|V869 Cen
|HIP 69174
|Inside the Hull
|5.961
|-
|106
|258 G. Cen
| HIP 66984
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
|107
|* 3 Cen B
|HIP 67669
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.98
|-
|108
|174 G. Cen
|HIP 64033
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 62058
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 70363
| Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|111
|242 G. Cen
|HIP 66575
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|112
| V744 Cen
|HIP 66666
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|113
|253 G. Cen
|HIP 66925
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 114
|291 G. Cen
|HIP 68101
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|115
|V824 Cen
|HIP 64320
|Inside the Hull
|6.026
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 66825
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 62026
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
| 118
|V828 Cen
|HIP 68673
|Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|119
|203 G. Cen
|HIP 65129
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|120
| V716 Cen
| HIP 69491
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 70325
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|122
|V767 Cen
|HIP 67861
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|123
|302 G. Cen
|HIP 68493
|Inside the Hull
|6.108
|-
|124
|192 G. Cen
|HIP 64557
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|125
|229 G. Cen
|HIP 66019
| Inside the Hull
|6.148
|-
|126
| -
|HR 5034
|Inside the Hull
|6.153
|-
|127
|319 G. Cen
|HIP 69113
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|128
|198 G. Cen
|HIP 64933
|Inside the Hull
|6.173
|-
|129
| 312 G. Cen
|HIP 68872
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|130
|187 G. Cen
|HIP 64472
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 67851
|Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
|132
|200 G. Cen
|HIP 65108
|Inside the Hull
|6.193
|-
|133
|186 G. Cen
|HIP 64478
|Inside the Hull
|6.197
|-
|134
|V992 Cen
|HIP 68842
|Inside the Hull
|6.204
|-
|135
|* y Cen A
|HIP 67819
|Inside the Hull
| 6.218
|-
|136
| -
| HIP 60861
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 61443
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 138
| V789 Cen
|HIP 63820
| Inside the Hull
|6.249
|-
|139
|141 G. Cen
| HIP 62655
|Inside the Hull
|6.257
|-
|140
|222 G. Cen
|HIP 65630
|Inside the Hull
|6.257
|-
|141
|147 G. Cen
|HIP 62821
|Inside the Hull
|6.262
|-
| 142
|144 G. Cen
|HIP 62799
|Inside the Hull
|6.304
|-
|143
|332 G. Cen
|HIP 69671
|Inside the Hull
|6.305
|-
| 144
|220 G. Cen
|HIP 65606
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|145
|232 G. Cen
|HIP 66236
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|147
| 347 G. Cen
|HIP 70580
|Inside the Hull
|6.333
|-
|148
|V883 Cen
|HIP 69122
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|149
|279 G. Cen
|HIP 67648
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|150
| 210 G. Cen
|HIP 65303
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|151
|V765 Cen
|HIP 66645
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|152
| -
|HD 126111
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|153
| 354 G. Cen
|HIP 71333
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 70320
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 70809
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|329 G. Cen
|HIP 69655
|Inside the Hull
|6.395
|-
|157
|223 G. Cen
|HIP 65621
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|158
|254 G. Cen
|HIP 66923
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|159
|V1154 Cen
|HIP 63883
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|160
|317 G. Cen
|HIP 69011
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 62084
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|162
|263 G. Cen
|HIP 67199
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 163
|168 G. Cen
|HIP 63849
|Inside the Hull
| 6.426
|-
|164
| -
| HIP 70451
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 67537
|Inside the Hull
| 6.431
|-
|166
| V827 Cen
| HIP 67036
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|167
| -
|HR 4764
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|168
| 238 G. Cen
| HIP 66521
|Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 65372
|Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|170
|299 G. Cen
|HIP 68413
|Inside the Hull
|6.469
|-
|171
|349 G. Cen
|HIP 70798
|Inside the Hull
|6.469
|-
|172
|237 G. Cen
|HIP 66405
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|173
|155 G. Cen
|HIP 63204
|Inside the Hull
| 6.485
|-
|174
| -
| HIP 65970
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|175
| -
| HIP 67008
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 71494
|Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
|177
| 310 G. Cen
|HIP 68902
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 65373
|Constellation lines
|6.77
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Numushda — an ancient Sumerian deity associated with the city of Kazallu in northern Babylonia; the name is mentioned already in the lists of gods from Fara (XXVI century B.C.) [Krebernik 1986<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.</ref>, 201]. He was considered the son of Nanna and was identified with the god of thunderstorm Adad, as well as with Marduk [Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 145; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 431].

==== III. Identification. ====
= Grus + Indus (the group of stars from α β Sagittarii to α Phoenicis) [Gössmann 1950, 305, I]; Schaumberger's remark, "Numushda is one of the southern constellations; its stars, having hardly appeared, quickly disappear again" [3. Erg.<ref name=":8">''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 286].

= Crane (Grus)(?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a].

= η Centauri(?) [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138].

= η or κ Centauri [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6" />, 274].

= part of Centauri (Centauri) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA ''kal u''4-''mi'' GUB-''iz ina'' GI6 NU IGI ''a-bu-bu'' KUŠ7-''tim'' GAR-''an'' […] "If Numushda stands all day (and) is not seen at night: a devastating flood will occur [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":9">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78:15, 79:3], see also [3. Erg.<ref name=":8" />, 285; Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 305, III 1].

(2) = Mercury; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA ''za-mar i-lam-ma za-mar it-bal'' BE''-ma'' MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 GIM ''ka-ra-re-e'' GAL2.MEŠ / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD IGI-''ma'' TUM3-''ma'' NU IGI ''ki-ma ina u''4-''mi'' IGI TUM3-''ma'' NU IGI / MUL-''šu''2 GIM ''ka-ra-re-e'' DUG4.GA ''ša''2 NU IGI "If Numushda revolves quickly, (then) disappears quickly, if its stars are like the midday Sun, (it means): Mercury appears, disappears and (again) does not appear, when in the daytime it appears, disappears and (again) does not appear, its star is like the noonday Sun; so they say when he does not appear." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 28:12-14]; here the identity is assumed: Numushda = Mercury.

(3) Numushda = Marduk = Adad; [DIŠ mul]NU.MUŠ.DA dAMAR.UTU mulNU.MUŠ.DA dIM ''ša''2 ''ina'' itiBAR2 dIM GU3-''šu''2 ''ne''2-''eḫ'' "[If] Numushda = Marduk, Numushda = Adad, who is in the month of nisan: Adad has quieted his cry" [ACh Adad<ref name=":9" />, 17:7].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Numushda and the dark star; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA ''id'' IM.MER.RA MUL GI6 ''ra-kib'' AN.MI dUTU […] "If Numushda (= Venus?) rides to the northern dark star (Mercury or Saturn?): (there will be) a solar eclipse [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":9" /> 2, 68:16, 69:3].

(5) Numushda approaches the Plow; [DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] "[If Numush]da approaches the Plow, (it means): Venus approaches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 30:17]; for an alternative reading, see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 2.

See also the corrupted text: dAMAR.UTU ''ša-qu''2-''u''2 GUB3 d''Nu-muš-da'' […] «Мардук высоко слева от Нумушда (стоит) […], mul''Nu-muš-da'' ḪUL-''ta'' … […] 'The evil of Numushd ...[...]'" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":3" />, 204, VII Rec. B: rev 7, 9].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, n05)
!
|-
|
=== (mul)''Nammaššû'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulNU.MUŠ.DA, «Стада (диких) животных»(?) [CAD N/1, 233–234], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n49)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
|
|-
| = nammaššû, букв. «Стада (диких) животных»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) (?) [CAD N/1, 233ff.; AHw, 728a; Gössmann 1950, 305].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulnu.muš.da = nam-maš-šu-u2 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11:4; SpTU III, 114A v 63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:323ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mul]nu.muš.da = na-maš-šu-u2 = dIM [MSL XI, 41:48], mulnu.muš.da = (пропуск) = nam-maš-šu-u2 [SpTU III, 116 iii 17]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 62, 203–204, EAE 20, VII Rec. B, r. 7, 9]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц шабату, звезды Эа, 160 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiziz2 mu]lnu.muš.da šu-ut dE2-a «[Шабату]: Нумушда (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 11). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiziz2 mulnu.muš.da mulsim.maḫ mulDa-mu e3 «Шабату: Нумушда, Ласточка, Даму восходят» (С 33), b) [mul]nu.muš.da mulsim.maḫ mulDa-mu š[u2] «(Абу): Нумушда, Ласточка, Даму захо[дят]» [KAV 218, C 22; Horowitz 2014, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц шабату, звезды Эа: mulNU.MUŠ.DA // 2,40 // DINGIR.DINGIR ki-lal dIM dAMAR.UTU «Нумушда // 160 // Оба божества — Адад (и) Мардук» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:31]. BM 34713. itiziz2 // 2,40 múlnu.muš.da // 1,10 múlalla // 35 múlti8[mušen] «Шабату: 160 Нумушда, 70 Краб, 35 Орел» [LBAT, 1499:11]. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: itiziz2.a.an // mulnu.muš.d[a] // ˹2,40˺ «(Звезды Эа), шабату, Нумушда, 160» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 3): mulnu.muš.da [CT 33, 9 r. 16; Horowitz 1998, 176]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 8): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2-nu GUB-zu GIM dE2-a KUR-ḫa / GIM dE2-a ŠU2meš mulNu-muš-da dIM «Звезда, которая стоит позади них (т. е. позади Шуллат и Ханиш), восходит как Эа и заходит как Эа: Нумушда, Адад» (I ii 26–27) [MA, 37]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulnu.muš.da = […], mulmin = d[…], mulmin = damar.utu; (2) 12 звезд Элама: muln[u.muš.da] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:130–132, 206]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:44. mulnu.muš.da = dingir ša2-gi-mu «Нумушда = рычащий бог» [HBA, 52:44; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (L) ˹mulnu.muš.˺da «Нумушда» (κ Cen) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:20; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 92], см. также d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlnu.muš.da muš-tab-ru-u zunni(šeg3) «Нумушда, дождь продлевающий» [RAcc. 138:312; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiziz2 ina še-rim ud 28 múlnu.muš.da ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В (месяце) шабату утром 28-го дня Нумушда испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:6], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ziz2 ina še-rim 28 múlnu.muš.da meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:25]. См. также: [mulNU].MUŠ.DA d˹E2˺-[a…] [CT 26, 48, K.11806: 10–11].

II. Божество.

Нумушда — древнее шумерское божество, связанное с городом Казаллу на севере Вавилонии; имя упоминается уже в списках богов из Фары (XXVI в. до н.э.) [Krebernik 1986, 201]. Считался сыном Нанны и отождествлялся с богом грозы Ададом, а также с Мардуком [Black–Green 1992, 145; Tallqvist 1938, 431].

III. Отождествление.

= Grus + Indus (группа звезд от α β Sagittarii до α Phoenicis) [Gössmann 1950, 305, I]; замечание Шаумбергера: «Нумушда — одно из южных созвездий; его звезды, едва появившись, быстро опять исчезают» [3. Erg., 286].

= Журавль (Grus)(?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= η Centauri(?) [MA, 138].

= η или κ Centauri [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= часть Центавра (Centauri) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA kal u4-mi GUB-iz ina GI6 NU IGI a-bu-bu KUŠ7-tim GAR-an […] «Если Нумушда весь день стоит (и) ночью не виден: потоп опустошительный произойдет […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:15, 79:3], см. также [3. Erg., 285; Gössmann 1950, 305, III 1].

(2) = Меркурий; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA za-mar i-lam-ma za-mar it-bal BE-ma MUL.MEŠ-šu2 GIM ka-ra-re-e GAL2.MEŠ / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD IGI-ma TUM3-ma NU IGI ki-ma ina u4-mi IGI TUM3-ma NU IGI / MUL-šu2 GIM ka-ra-re-e DUG4.GA ša2 NU IGI «Если Нумушда быстро вращается, (затем) быстро исчезает, если звезды его подобны полуденному Солнцу, (это означает): Меркурий появляется, исчезает и (вновь) не появляется, когда днем появляется, исчезает и (вновь) не появляется, звезда его подобна полуденному Солнцу; так говорят, когда он не появляется» [ACh Ištar, 28:12–14]; здесь предполагается тождество: Нумушда = Меркурий.

(3) Нумушда = Мардук = Адад; [DIŠ mul]NU.MUŠ.DA dAMAR.UTU mulNU.MUŠ.DA dIM ša2 ina itiBAR2 dIM GU3-šu2 ne2-eḫ «[Если] Нумушда = Мардук, Нумушда = Адад, который в месяце нисану: Адад крик свой усмирил» [ACh Adad, 17:7].

Предсказания:

(4) Нумушда и темная звезда; DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ.DA id IM.MER.RA MUL GI6 ra-kib AN.MI dUTU […] «Если Нумушда (= Венера?) к северу темную звезду (Меркурий или Сатурн?) оседлал: (будет) солнечное затмение […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 68:16, 69:3].

(5) Нумушда к Плугу приближается; [DIŠ mulNU.MUŠ].DA ana mulAPIN TE dDil-bat ana dGU4.UD TE-ma […] «[Если Нумуш]да к Плугу приближается, (это означает): Венера к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:17]; альтернативное прочтение см. a43gišAPIN, VI 2.

См. также поврежденный текст: dAMAR.UTU ša-qu2-u2 GUB3 dNu-muš-da […] «Мардук высоко слева от Нумушда (стоит) […], mulNu-muš-da ḪUL-ta … […] «Зло Нумушда …[…]» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 204, VII Rec. B: rev 7, 9].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

NAGAR

2025-12-29T12:51:57Z

WayneHorowitz:

The sign NAGAR and ALLA are readings for the same sign as a name of 'The Crab,' with ALLA now preferred. Examples are to be found under [[AL.LUL]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= mulalla; sign of the zodiac and constellation Crab (Cancer) in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 294], see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]] and (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = mulalla; знак зодиака и созвездие Краб (Cancer) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 294], см. a21ALLA и a18AL.LUL.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

NAGAR

2025-12-29T12:46:22Z

WayneHorowitz:

The sign NAGAR and [[ALLA]] are for all intents and purposes the same. The reading [[ALLA]] is now preferred.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= mulalla; sign of the zodiac and constellation Crab (Cancer) in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 294], see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]] and (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = mulalla; знак зодиака и созвездие Краб (Cancer) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 294], см. a21ALLA и a18AL.LUL.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2025-12-24T13:57:43Z

WayneHorowitz: /* Page 5 (q01. Qaštu to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) */

[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. For now, many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations remain in the beta-version. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Hebrew
!Akkadian
!...
|-
|Month I
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month II
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month III
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month IV
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month V
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month VI
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month VII
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month VIII
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month IX
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month X
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month XI
|
|
|
|
|-
|Month XII
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Cite ===
Gennady Kurtik, Wayne Horowitz, Susanne M Hoffmann, Hermann Hunger, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Jan Safford (2021-202x). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online.

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik, we added terms without numbers by us.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''Andurruna''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|[[Puššānītu|''Buššānītu'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ishtar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primoridal deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. [[KU.RU.NA|*KU.RU.NA]]
|
|now read [[Andurunna]]
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Bison
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. [[LA.KU.DU|dLA.KU.DU]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. [[LU]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. [[LU2|LU2]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
|Lion's head
|? to UR.GU.LA
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. [[SIPA]]
|True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. [[SUḪUR]]
|Goat-Fish
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''šubtu''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. ''Tak-ša''2''-a-ti'' / ''tu''2
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''[[Tinūru]]''
|Furnace
|
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. [[Ur-um AN.NA|''Ur-um'' AN.NA]]
|Celestial Light
|
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. [[ZI]]
|
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''[[Zibānītum]]''
|Saturn, Mercury, Mars
|
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''[[Zuqaqīpu]]''
|Scorpius
|
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

GU.LA

2025-12-24T13:56:16Z

WayneHorowitz: Look at this and we may need to add mul dGU.LA as a separate entry.

{{distinguish|Gula}}
[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [G. 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [G. 71; Ungnad 1941-44, 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA mulGU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism mul dGU.LA, and the Lion-constellation mulUR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014: 115, 154). '''''For mul dGU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 33 and below g27+??'''''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg|thumb|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]

* see also (Kurtik g25) GU.
* see also (Kurtik r01) (mul)''Rabû''

Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII:

* [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''2-''e'' [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
* = ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?).
Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [mul(.d?)GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert 210,1 210; II 127). mulGU.LA (EA 2l).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulgu.la = (pass) [MSL XI, 30:25a'],
** [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64],
** mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
'''Astrolabe P.'''

* Month of Tebet, the stars of Ea, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575].

'''Astrolabe B.'''

* (1) List (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "The month of Tebet: the Giant (on the way towards) Ea (rises)" (C i 10).
* (2) List (rising-setting=6m):
** a) itiab mulgu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen ˹e3˺ "Tebet: Giant, Crab, Eagle rises" (C 31),
** b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen [šu2] "(Duuzu): the Giant, Crab, Eagle [comes in]." [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Tebet, stars of Ea: mulGU.LA // 2.20 // dEN BE d''E''2-''a'' "The Giant // 140 // Lord of sources, Ea". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:28].
|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3]
* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT, 1499:10].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; MCG 176].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ABCD 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2.mušen]],
** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": mulGU.LA, after mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, before KUNmeš (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]] [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68].
|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Elam: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [''ša'' dŠamaš...] / u mulGU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' it[iA]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''2 KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM3]
* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I, 95:3'-4'; ASM, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* a) ''qu''2-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]."
* b) ˹''qu''2?˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 564:12′-13′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU).
* (2) Microzodiac.
** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here).
** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+:
** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin ...] múlGU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''10 "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu."
** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine? of the Giant. / Region of the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4].
* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlGU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
!Kurtik (g25) GU (abbreviation)
!
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [AD I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [AD I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ].
* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* múlGU, the star of Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427:

* ''ina'' itiab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 múlgu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid. 246:23].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim].
* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Worker(=Aries) into 12 parts: a) AO 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu ''šum''3-''šu''2 "11th section, its name is the Giant" [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], (b) Sp II 202+: 11-''tu''2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu "11th part Hired Man - Hired Man Giant" [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24].
* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI8mušen) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')
** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III, 104:6, and also 104:19];
** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
** b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
|
|}
See also [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3′].
[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Enif]]
|HIP 107315
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.39
|-
|2
| [[Sadalsuud]]
|HIP 106278
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.89
|-
|3
|[[Sadalmelik]]
|HIP 109074
|Constellation lines
|2.94
|-
|4
|[[Skat]]
|HIP 113136
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|5
| [[Biham]]
|HIP 109427
| Inside the Hull
|3.55
|-
|6
|[[Safina]]
|HIP 114341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.64
|-
|7
|ζ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 110960
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
| 8
|γ Piscium
|HIP 114971
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|9
|[[Shatabhisha]]
|HIP 112961
|Constellation lines
|3.79
|-
|10
|[[Sadachbia]]
| HIP 110395
|Constellation lines
|3.834
|-
|11
|98 Aqr
|HIP 115438
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|12
| τ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 112716
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|13
|η Aquarii
|HIP 111497
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|14
|ι Piscium
|HIP 116771
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
| 15
| [[Ancha]]
|HIP 110003
|Constellation lines
|4.16
|-
| 16
|ϕ Aquarii
|HIP 114724
| Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
|17
|ψ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 114855
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|18
|ι Aquarii
|HIP 109139
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.27
|-
|19
|* zet02 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Constellation lines
|4.34
|-
|20
|ψ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 115033
|Constellation lines
|4.4
|-
|21
|30 Psc
|HIP 154
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.41
|-
| 22
|7 Cet
|HIP 1170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|23
|ω 2 Aquarii
|HIP 116971
|Constellation lines
|4.484
|-
|24
| * zet01 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|25
|λ Piscium
|HIP 116928
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|26
|[[Fumalsamakah]]
|HIP 113889
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|27
|[[Hydor]]
|HIP 301
|Inside the Hull
| 4.536
|-
| 28
|π Aquarii
|HIP 110672
|Constellation lines
| 4.64
|-
|29
|ο Aquarii
|HIP 108874
|Inside the Hull
|4.69
|-
| 30
|35 Peg
| HIP 110882
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 31
|σ Aquarii
|HIP 111123
|Inside the Hull
| 4.81
|-
|32
|104 Aqr A
| HIP 116901
|Constellation lines
|4.83
|-
|33
|ν Pegasi
|HIP 109068
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
| 34
|27 Psc
|HIP 118209
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.886
|-
|35
|6 Cet
|HIP 910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.89
|-
|36
| 3 Cet
|HIP 355
|Constellation lines
| 4.924
|-
|37
|κ Piscium
|HIP 115738
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|38
|ω 1 Aquarii
| HIP 116758
|Inside the Hull
|4.977
|-
|39
|ψ 3 Aquarii
| HIP 115115
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 40
|[[Situla]]
|HIP 111710
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|41
| χ Aquarii
|HIP 114939
|Inside the Hull
|5.06
|-
|42
|7 Psc
|HIP 115227
|Inside the Hull
|5.069
|-
|43
|25 Aqr
|HIP 106944
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 44
| 94 Aqr A
|HIP 115126
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|45
| 108 Aqr
|HIP 117629
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|46
|97 Aqr
|HIP 115404
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|47
| 106 Aqr
|HIP 117089
|Inside the Hull
|5.239
|-
|48
|258 G. Aqr
|HIP 116957
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|49
|18 G. Cet
|HIP 983
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|50
|32 Aqr
|HIP 108991
|Inside the Hull
| 5.271
|-
|51
|7 Peg
|HIP 107151
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|52
|42 Aqr
|HIP 110000
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|53
| ρ Aquarii
|HIP 110273
|Inside the Hull
|5.339
|-
| 54
| 103 Aqr
|HIP 116889
|Inside the Hull
|5.344
|-
|55
|30 Peg
|HIP 110298
|Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
|56
|38 Aqr
| HIP 109472
|Inside the Hull
|5.422
|-
|57
|2 Psc
|HIP 113521
|Inside the Hull
|5.426
|-
|58
| 5 Psc
|HIP 114273
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|59
|83 Aqr
|HIP 113996
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
| 60
|20 Psc
| HIP 117375
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|61
|30 Aqr
|HIP 108868
|Inside the Hull
|5.543
|-
|62
| 217 G. Aqr
| HIP 114822
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 115142
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|64
|77 Aqr
|HIP 113148
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|65
|28 Aqr
|HIP 108691
|Inside the Hull
|5.597
|-
|66
| * i02 Aqr A
|HIP 117218
|Inside the Hull
|5.616
|-
| 67
|11 Peg
|HIP 107575
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|68
|19 Peg
|HIP 108699
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|69
|26 Aqr
| HIP 107144
| Inside the Hull
|5.641
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 116591
|Inside the Hull
|5.654
|-
|71
|16 Psc
| HIP 116495
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|72
|τ 1 Aquarii
| HIP 112542
|Inside the Hull
|5.681
|-
|73
|269 G. Aqr
|HIP 117567
|Inside the Hull
|5.691
|-
|74
|* 37 Peg A
| HIP 111062
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|75
|94 G. Aqr
|HIP 108102
|Inside the Hull
|5.704
|-
| 76
|264 G. Aqr
|HIP 117314
| Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 117756
| Inside the Hull
|5.747
|-
|78
|44 Aqr
|HIP 110023
|Inside the Hull
|5.751
|-
|79
|50 Aqr
|HIP 110602
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 113184
|Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
|81
|7 G. Cet
|HIP 343
|Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
|82
|80 G. Aqr
|HIP 106592
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|83
|51 Aqr
|HIP 110578
|Inside the Hull
|5.779
|-
|84
|74 Aqr
|HIP 113031
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 110009
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|86
|34 Peg
|HIP 110785
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|87
|11 G. Psc
|HIP 113622
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|88
|271 G. Aqr
| HIP 117722
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|89
|14 Psc
|HIP 116323
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
|60 Aqr
| HIP 111394
|Inside the Hull
|5.875
|-
|91
| 138 G. Aqr
|HIP 110532
|Inside the Hull
|5.907
|-
|92
| -
| HR 8716
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|93
|255 G. Aqr
|HIP 116853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
|94
| 202 G. Aqr
|HIP 113686
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|95
|268 G. Aqr
|HIP 117541
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|96
|225 G. Aqr
|HIP 115144
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 97
|24 Psc
|HIP 117761
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|98
|246 G. Aqr
|HIP 116368
|Inside the Hull
|5.944
|-
|99
|45 Aqr
|HIP 110179
| Inside the Hull
|5.959
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 109466
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|101
|18 Peg
| HIP 108612
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|102
|39 Aqr
|HIP 109624
|Inside the Hull
|6.043
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 117420
|Inside the Hull
| 6.069
|-
|104
|198 G. Aqr
|HIP 113531
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 105
|1 Psc
|HIP 113167
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 114750
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
| 107
|CF Cet
|HIP 696
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|108
| 155 G. Aqr
|HIP 111171
|Inside the Hull
| 6.139
|-
|109
|13 G. Peg
|HIP 108090
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|110
|128 G. Aqr
|HIP 109984
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 113998
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
| 112
| -
| HIP 111170
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|113
|31 G. Peg
|HIP 110341
| Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 113421
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|115
|89 G. Aqr
|HIP 107596
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 115257
|Inside the Hull
|6.172
|-
|117
|70 Aqr
| HIP 112615
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|118
|78 Aqr
|HIP 113127
|Inside the Hull
| 6.181
|-
|119
|234 G. Aqr
|HIP 115528
|Inside the Hull
| 6.186
|-
| 120
|238 G. Aqr
| HIP 115906
|Inside the Hull
| 6.191
|-
|121
|29 G. Peg
|HIP 109939
|Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
|122
|82 Aqr
|HIP 113781
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|123
| 10 G. Cet
|HIP 602
|Inside the Hull
|6.203
|-
|124
|266 G. Aqr
|HIP 117494
|Inside the Hull
|6.213
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 106758
|Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
|126
|81 Aqr
|HIP 113674
| Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
| 127
|98 G. Aqr
| HIP 108506
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 128
|3 Psc
| HIP 113610
|Inside the Hull
|6.224
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 108144
|Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 111761
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|131
|9 Psc
|HIP 115768
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 115953
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|1 Cet
| HIP 118178
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|134
|115 G. Aqr
| HIP 109442
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|135
|5 G. Psc
|HIP 113360
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 111965
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 137
|197 G. Aqr
|HIP 113345
|Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 115015
| Inside the Hull
| 6.327
|-
|139
|96 G. Aqr
|HIP 108453
|Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|140
|24 G. Psc
| HIP 115476
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|141
|30 G. Psc
| HIP 115945
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|142
| 56 Aqr
|HIP 111086
| Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|143
|7 G. Psc
|HIP 113433
|Inside the Hull
| 6.374
|-
|144
|237 G. Aqr
|HIP 115839
| Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
| 145
| -
|HIP 110091
|Inside the Hull
|6.379
|-
|146
|189 G. Aqr
|HIP 113080
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|147
|251 G. Aqr
|HIP 116624
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|148
|58 Aqr
|HIP 111200
|Inside the Hull
|6.381
|-
|149
|13 Psc
| HIP 116146
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|150
|16 G. Psc
|HIP 114005
|Inside the Hull
|6.388
|-
|151
|240 G. Aqr
|HIP 116060
|Inside the Hull
|6.391
|-
|152
|121 G. Aqr
| HIP 109647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|153
|152 G. Aqr
| HIP 111066
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|154
| 67 Aqr
|HIP 112179
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|155
|248 G. Aqr
|HIP 116428
|Inside the Hull
|6.407
|-
|156
|15 G. Psc
|HIP 113904
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
| 157
| * i02 Aqr B
| HIP 117218
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|158
| 213 G. Aqr
|HIP 114371
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 112168
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|160
|13 G. Psc
|HIP 113705
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| -
|HR 8629
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|162
|15 Psc
|HIP 116422
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|163
|10 G. Peg
|HIP 107271
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 116106
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= d''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "dLaḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermer 1983; Wiggermer 1983]. See [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Kononenko 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].

==== III. Symbol. ====
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945, 124-133; Seidl 1968, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation mulGU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; AUWE 19, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [AUWE 19, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''2 GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) ''qup-pu ar''2 ''ša''2 GU "Hind reservoir of the Giant" (identification unknown),

Asterisms (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars" and used in the “Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts,” see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA "Spine of the Giant", see BM 34452+ "Dodecatemoria".

(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; ulgu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat".

(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 ''u''3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-''ma'' mulGAL: mulGU.LA ''ina'' [A2-''šu''2 GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Yoke; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' mulxGU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [ABCD, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2''-lu'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUNki ''u''2-''lu'' uru dID2 "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city dID2" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU, 11:2].

(6) Heliacal rising(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [d''Dil'']-''bat'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2''-tan-na-at''2-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2. KUR2 [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''š'']''u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [NSAM 2, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′].

(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ ulGU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪme IDIMme "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== GU.LA ===
|
|-
|= rabû «Великий, Великан»; созвездие в Водолее (Aquarius) [G. 81], см. также g25GU.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulgu.la = (пропуск) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], возможная параллель [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц тебету: Великан (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 10). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiab mulgu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen ˹e3˺ «Тебету: Великан, Краб, Орел восходят» (С 31), b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen [šu2] «(Дуузу): Великан, Краб, Орел [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа: mulGU.LA // 2,20 // dEN BE dE2-a «Великан // 140 // Господин источников, Эа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:28]. BM 34713. itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3] «Тебету: 140 Великан, 60 Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 30 [Коза]» [LBAT, 1499:10]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Эа (№ 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; MCG 176]. EAE. См. [ABCD 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19–20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 2): mulGU.LA dE2-a «Великан, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 18), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU.LA, после mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, перед KUNmeš (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x […] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x x […] «Великан (α Lyr?), язык Пса (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x […] (γ Ser): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервал[а, интервал. Звезда] x x […]» [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). Текст W. 22281a. ina itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [ša dŠamaš…] / u mulGU.LA šit-qu-lu ina it[iA]PIN [ina] l[i-l]a-a-tu2 KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠ[amaš ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3] «15-го айяру при восходе [Солнца…] и Великан в равновесии (= кульминируют). В (месяце) арахсамну вечером при заходе Сол[нца имеет место то же самое]» [SpTU I, 95:3'–4'; ASM, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. qu2–up–[pu …] «[Передняя] емко[сть Великана …]». b) ˹qu2?˺–[…] «[Задняя] ем[кость Великана]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:12′–13′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la «Область Великана (=Водолея)» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. g25GU. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник (Овен) на 12 частей, см. g25GU. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 7–я часть — mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin …] múlGU.LA / [….] Eri–du10 «[Тебету 10 // симану 10 // Луна …] Великан. / […] Эриду». b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN «Абу 24 // симану 12 // Луна на позвоночнике? Великана. / Область Праведного Пастуха Ану (= Сатурн, согласно Хунгеру), место дома dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Госпожа Эруа?)» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19–20, rev. 3–4]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGU.LA a–lid … «В области Водолея родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3'].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Энки/Эа (позднее — Мардука), возможно, один из сыновей Энки (= dLaḫmu, букв. «Покрытый волосами, волосатый»). Мужская обнаженная фигура с бородой и шестью локонами, изображавшаяся в фас. Аргументы в пользу отождествления «dLaḫmu = Покрытый волосами обнаженный герой (Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held)» см. [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 XI, 164–166]; подробный анализ трудностей, связанных с этим отождествлением, см. [Ellis 1995]. На печатях появляется с эпохи I династии Ура. Первоначально имел значение речного духа, приручающего диких зверей и оберегающего домашний скот. Его имя упоминается в списке 50 слуг Энки. Изображался также с кувшином, из которого изливается вода, или просто с двумя потоками воды. Имел значение привратника и охранителя ворот. После включения в свиту Мардука, его атрибутом становится лопата [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Кононенко 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 165–166]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи–божества, см. k24KU6.

III. Символ.

Мужская стоящая или сидящая на троне фигура, из плеч которой (или из кувшина, прижатого к груди) изливаются два потока воды (в которых иногда изображаются рыбы). Символ известен со староаккадского времени и в большинстве случаев представляет бога Энки/Эа, либо обнаженного волосатого героя Лахму, который изображался также с двумя потоками воды [Van Buren 1945, 124–133; Seidl 1968, 130–131; Braun–Holzinger 1996, 328–332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. Э.Порада рассматривает фигуру обнаженного героя как прообраз зодиакального созвездия mulGU.LA. Его относительно огромные размеры на печатях III тыс. до н.э. оправдывают название GU.LA «Великан». Первоначально это была обнаженная стоящая или расположенная горизонтально фигура, в I тыс. до н.э. — одетая фигура. Некоторые изображения старовавилонского времени имеют несомненно астральное значение, так как по обе стороны головы на них изображены месяц и звезды [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12–16; Куртик 2007, рис. 39, 40], см. также [Куртик 1998, 33; AUWE 19, 31, 155]. Два потока воды заканчиваются иногда в двух кувшинах; отсюда происходит, по–видимому, название «передняя и задняя емкости Великана». Изображения на кудурру и эллинистических печатях см. [AUWE 19, No. 126–141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 41–43]. Труднообъяснимо упоминание позвоночника Великана в BM 34452+ (см. выше).

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) qup–pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) qup–pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление неизвестно),

Астеризмы (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA «Позвоночник Великана», см. BM 34452+ «Додекатемория».

(4) «Рот Великана», см. ниже (9).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; ulgu.la — название Венеры в месяце кислиму [ACh Ištar, 8:2], см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат».

(2) = Юпитер; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] «Если в 28–й и 29–й день (месяца аддару Солнце) затмилось (и) Большая звезда (т.е. Юпитер?) = Великан с [его стороны стоит]» [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Ярмо; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

Предсказания:

(4) Затмение Луны в Великане; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma «Затмение в Великане произошло» [ABCD, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU […] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «Если 14-го [x] произошло затмение Луны, (и) она затмившейся зашла […], (это означает): затмение произошло в Великане» [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 r. 18–19], см. также [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 «Если (Луна) в пределах Великана или Козы–Рыбы затмилась: решение для Эриду или города dID2» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], см. также [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) Великан и затмение Луны; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Великан темный: лунное затмение произойдет в утреннюю стражу» [TU, 11:2].

(6) Гелиакический восход(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma «Великан, Краб, [Орел], Героический, (т.е.) Юпитер в облачный день …. восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Венера или Юпитер становятся слабыми; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI «Если Великан (Великая звезда?) падает, (это означает): [Ве]нера (или) Юпитер становятся слабыми, вариант: находятся на небе позади и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) Луна и Великан; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI […] «[Если Луна] при своем появлении (и) Великан на ее правом роге стоит: в этом месяце […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2.KUR2 […] «[Если Луна при своем появле]нии (и) Великан на ее левом роге стоит: война […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A…] «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Великан в ее середине стоит: царь всего трон […]» [NSAM 2, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′–18′].

(9) Гелиакический восход Великана и Юпитер; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme «Если при появлении Великана Юпитер сияет в области его рта: львы будут неистовствовать» [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9–10].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik 2022, g25 (GU)
!
|-
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=== GU ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGU.LA «Великан» (см. g27); созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующий Водолею (Aquarius), в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [G. 71; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

Дневники наблюдений. 1) GU — обозначение знака зодиака Водолей [AD I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –384 год [AD I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. 2) Как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 3 «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlGU — звезда Анташурра, см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiab ina še-rim ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце тебету утром 28-го дня Великан испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ab ina še-rim 28 múlgu.la meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:23]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан (= Водолей) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: b, d, n, 10–13, 15, 28; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник(=Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu šum3-šu2 «11-я часть, ее имя Великан» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 11-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu «11-я часть Наемника — Великан Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24]. (4) Календарно-магические тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) erî(TI8mušen) kappi(PA) MIN(= erî) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= erî) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 6 // Водолей 120 // Голова орла, крыло орла и кровь орла — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:6, а также 104:19]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ «Область Водолея: имя доброе, сыновей будет иметь, смерть от воды» [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], параллели см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r01)
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|-
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=== (mul)''Rabû'' ===
|
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|аккадская параллель к mulGU.LA «Великан» в Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64], см. g27GU.LA.
См. также: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Aqr]]

GU.LA

2025-12-24T13:51:26Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|Gula}}
[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷), "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [G. 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [G. 71; Ungnad 1941-44, 257]. Two attestations of an Akkadian translation of the name ''rabû'' (great, large) are attested, while a loan-word into Akkadian directly as ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' is suggested by the entry for the asterism's name in the star-list Urra XXII.

For indirect associations, perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism mul dGU.LA, and the Lion-constellation mulUR.GU.LA see Horowitz 2014: 115, 154. For mul dGU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 33 and below g

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg|thumb|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]

* see also (Kurtik g25) GU.
* see also (Kurtik r01) (mul)''Rabû''

Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII:

* [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''2-''e'' [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
* = ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?).
Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [mul(.d?)GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert 210,1 210; II 127). mulGU.LA (EA 2l).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulgu.la = (pass) [MSL XI, 30:25a'],
** [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64],
** mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
'''Astrolabe P.'''

* Month of Tebet, the stars of Ea, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575].

'''Astrolabe B.'''

* (1) List (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "The month of Tebet: the Giant (on the way towards) Ea (rises)" (C i 10).
* (2) List (rising-setting=6m):
** a) itiab mulgu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen ˹e3˺ "Tebet: Giant, Crab, Eagle rises" (C 31),
** b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen [šu2] "(Duuzu): the Giant, Crab, Eagle [comes in]." [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Tebet, stars of Ea: mulGU.LA // 2.20 // dEN BE d''E''2-''a'' "The Giant // 140 // Lord of sources, Ea". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:28].
|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3]
* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT, 1499:10].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; MCG 176].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ABCD 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2.mušen]],
** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": mulGU.LA, after mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, before KUNmeš (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]] [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68].
|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Elam: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [''ša'' dŠamaš...] / u mulGU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' it[iA]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''2 KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM3]
* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I, 95:3'-4'; ASM, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* a) ''qu''2-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]."
* b) ˹''qu''2?˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 564:12′-13′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU).
* (2) Microzodiac.
** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here).
** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+:
** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin ...] múlGU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''10 "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu."
** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine? of the Giant. / Region of the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4].
* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlGU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
!Kurtik (g25) GU (abbreviation)
!
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [AD I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [AD I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ].
* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* múlGU, the star of Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427:

* ''ina'' itiab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 múlgu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid. 246:23].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim].
* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Worker(=Aries) into 12 parts: a) AO 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu ''šum''3-''šu''2 "11th section, its name is the Giant" [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], (b) Sp II 202+: 11-''tu''2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu "11th part Hired Man - Hired Man Giant" [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24].
* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI8mušen) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')
** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III, 104:6, and also 104:19];
** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
** b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
|
|}
See also [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3′].
[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Enif]]
|HIP 107315
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.39
|-
|2
| [[Sadalsuud]]
|HIP 106278
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.89
|-
|3
|[[Sadalmelik]]
|HIP 109074
|Constellation lines
|2.94
|-
|4
|[[Skat]]
|HIP 113136
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|5
| [[Biham]]
|HIP 109427
| Inside the Hull
|3.55
|-
|6
|[[Safina]]
|HIP 114341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.64
|-
|7
|ζ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 110960
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
| 8
|γ Piscium
|HIP 114971
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|9
|[[Shatabhisha]]
|HIP 112961
|Constellation lines
|3.79
|-
|10
|[[Sadachbia]]
| HIP 110395
|Constellation lines
|3.834
|-
|11
|98 Aqr
|HIP 115438
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|12
| τ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 112716
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|13
|η Aquarii
|HIP 111497
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|14
|ι Piscium
|HIP 116771
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
| 15
| [[Ancha]]
|HIP 110003
|Constellation lines
|4.16
|-
| 16
|ϕ Aquarii
|HIP 114724
| Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
|17
|ψ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 114855
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|18
|ι Aquarii
|HIP 109139
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.27
|-
|19
|* zet02 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Constellation lines
|4.34
|-
|20
|ψ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 115033
|Constellation lines
|4.4
|-
|21
|30 Psc
|HIP 154
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.41
|-
| 22
|7 Cet
|HIP 1170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|23
|ω 2 Aquarii
|HIP 116971
|Constellation lines
|4.484
|-
|24
| * zet01 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|25
|λ Piscium
|HIP 116928
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|26
|[[Fumalsamakah]]
|HIP 113889
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|27
|[[Hydor]]
|HIP 301
|Inside the Hull
| 4.536
|-
| 28
|π Aquarii
|HIP 110672
|Constellation lines
| 4.64
|-
|29
|ο Aquarii
|HIP 108874
|Inside the Hull
|4.69
|-
| 30
|35 Peg
| HIP 110882
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 31
|σ Aquarii
|HIP 111123
|Inside the Hull
| 4.81
|-
|32
|104 Aqr A
| HIP 116901
|Constellation lines
|4.83
|-
|33
|ν Pegasi
|HIP 109068
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
| 34
|27 Psc
|HIP 118209
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.886
|-
|35
|6 Cet
|HIP 910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.89
|-
|36
| 3 Cet
|HIP 355
|Constellation lines
| 4.924
|-
|37
|κ Piscium
|HIP 115738
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|38
|ω 1 Aquarii
| HIP 116758
|Inside the Hull
|4.977
|-
|39
|ψ 3 Aquarii
| HIP 115115
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 40
|[[Situla]]
|HIP 111710
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|41
| χ Aquarii
|HIP 114939
|Inside the Hull
|5.06
|-
|42
|7 Psc
|HIP 115227
|Inside the Hull
|5.069
|-
|43
|25 Aqr
|HIP 106944
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 44
| 94 Aqr A
|HIP 115126
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|45
| 108 Aqr
|HIP 117629
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|46
|97 Aqr
|HIP 115404
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|47
| 106 Aqr
|HIP 117089
|Inside the Hull
|5.239
|-
|48
|258 G. Aqr
|HIP 116957
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|49
|18 G. Cet
|HIP 983
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|50
|32 Aqr
|HIP 108991
|Inside the Hull
| 5.271
|-
|51
|7 Peg
|HIP 107151
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|52
|42 Aqr
|HIP 110000
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|53
| ρ Aquarii
|HIP 110273
|Inside the Hull
|5.339
|-
| 54
| 103 Aqr
|HIP 116889
|Inside the Hull
|5.344
|-
|55
|30 Peg
|HIP 110298
|Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
|56
|38 Aqr
| HIP 109472
|Inside the Hull
|5.422
|-
|57
|2 Psc
|HIP 113521
|Inside the Hull
|5.426
|-
|58
| 5 Psc
|HIP 114273
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|59
|83 Aqr
|HIP 113996
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
| 60
|20 Psc
| HIP 117375
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|61
|30 Aqr
|HIP 108868
|Inside the Hull
|5.543
|-
|62
| 217 G. Aqr
| HIP 114822
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 115142
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|64
|77 Aqr
|HIP 113148
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|65
|28 Aqr
|HIP 108691
|Inside the Hull
|5.597
|-
|66
| * i02 Aqr A
|HIP 117218
|Inside the Hull
|5.616
|-
| 67
|11 Peg
|HIP 107575
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|68
|19 Peg
|HIP 108699
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|69
|26 Aqr
| HIP 107144
| Inside the Hull
|5.641
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 116591
|Inside the Hull
|5.654
|-
|71
|16 Psc
| HIP 116495
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|72
|τ 1 Aquarii
| HIP 112542
|Inside the Hull
|5.681
|-
|73
|269 G. Aqr
|HIP 117567
|Inside the Hull
|5.691
|-
|74
|* 37 Peg A
| HIP 111062
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|75
|94 G. Aqr
|HIP 108102
|Inside the Hull
|5.704
|-
| 76
|264 G. Aqr
|HIP 117314
| Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 117756
| Inside the Hull
|5.747
|-
|78
|44 Aqr
|HIP 110023
|Inside the Hull
|5.751
|-
|79
|50 Aqr
|HIP 110602
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 113184
|Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
|81
|7 G. Cet
|HIP 343
|Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
|82
|80 G. Aqr
|HIP 106592
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|83
|51 Aqr
|HIP 110578
|Inside the Hull
|5.779
|-
|84
|74 Aqr
|HIP 113031
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 110009
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|86
|34 Peg
|HIP 110785
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|87
|11 G. Psc
|HIP 113622
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|88
|271 G. Aqr
| HIP 117722
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|89
|14 Psc
|HIP 116323
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
|60 Aqr
| HIP 111394
|Inside the Hull
|5.875
|-
|91
| 138 G. Aqr
|HIP 110532
|Inside the Hull
|5.907
|-
|92
| -
| HR 8716
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|93
|255 G. Aqr
|HIP 116853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
|94
| 202 G. Aqr
|HIP 113686
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|95
|268 G. Aqr
|HIP 117541
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|96
|225 G. Aqr
|HIP 115144
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 97
|24 Psc
|HIP 117761
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|98
|246 G. Aqr
|HIP 116368
|Inside the Hull
|5.944
|-
|99
|45 Aqr
|HIP 110179
| Inside the Hull
|5.959
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 109466
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|101
|18 Peg
| HIP 108612
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|102
|39 Aqr
|HIP 109624
|Inside the Hull
|6.043
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 117420
|Inside the Hull
| 6.069
|-
|104
|198 G. Aqr
|HIP 113531
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 105
|1 Psc
|HIP 113167
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 114750
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
| 107
|CF Cet
|HIP 696
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|108
| 155 G. Aqr
|HIP 111171
|Inside the Hull
| 6.139
|-
|109
|13 G. Peg
|HIP 108090
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|110
|128 G. Aqr
|HIP 109984
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 113998
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
| 112
| -
| HIP 111170
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|113
|31 G. Peg
|HIP 110341
| Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 113421
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|115
|89 G. Aqr
|HIP 107596
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 115257
|Inside the Hull
|6.172
|-
|117
|70 Aqr
| HIP 112615
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|118
|78 Aqr
|HIP 113127
|Inside the Hull
| 6.181
|-
|119
|234 G. Aqr
|HIP 115528
|Inside the Hull
| 6.186
|-
| 120
|238 G. Aqr
| HIP 115906
|Inside the Hull
| 6.191
|-
|121
|29 G. Peg
|HIP 109939
|Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
|122
|82 Aqr
|HIP 113781
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|123
| 10 G. Cet
|HIP 602
|Inside the Hull
|6.203
|-
|124
|266 G. Aqr
|HIP 117494
|Inside the Hull
|6.213
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 106758
|Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
|126
|81 Aqr
|HIP 113674
| Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
| 127
|98 G. Aqr
| HIP 108506
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 128
|3 Psc
| HIP 113610
|Inside the Hull
|6.224
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 108144
|Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 111761
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|131
|9 Psc
|HIP 115768
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 115953
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|1 Cet
| HIP 118178
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|134
|115 G. Aqr
| HIP 109442
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|135
|5 G. Psc
|HIP 113360
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 111965
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 137
|197 G. Aqr
|HIP 113345
|Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 115015
| Inside the Hull
| 6.327
|-
|139
|96 G. Aqr
|HIP 108453
|Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|140
|24 G. Psc
| HIP 115476
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|141
|30 G. Psc
| HIP 115945
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|142
| 56 Aqr
|HIP 111086
| Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|143
|7 G. Psc
|HIP 113433
|Inside the Hull
| 6.374
|-
|144
|237 G. Aqr
|HIP 115839
| Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
| 145
| -
|HIP 110091
|Inside the Hull
|6.379
|-
|146
|189 G. Aqr
|HIP 113080
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|147
|251 G. Aqr
|HIP 116624
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|148
|58 Aqr
|HIP 111200
|Inside the Hull
|6.381
|-
|149
|13 Psc
| HIP 116146
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|150
|16 G. Psc
|HIP 114005
|Inside the Hull
|6.388
|-
|151
|240 G. Aqr
|HIP 116060
|Inside the Hull
|6.391
|-
|152
|121 G. Aqr
| HIP 109647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|153
|152 G. Aqr
| HIP 111066
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|154
| 67 Aqr
|HIP 112179
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|155
|248 G. Aqr
|HIP 116428
|Inside the Hull
|6.407
|-
|156
|15 G. Psc
|HIP 113904
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
| 157
| * i02 Aqr B
| HIP 117218
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|158
| 213 G. Aqr
|HIP 114371
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 112168
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|160
|13 G. Psc
|HIP 113705
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| -
|HR 8629
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|162
|15 Psc
|HIP 116422
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|163
|10 G. Peg
|HIP 107271
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 116106
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= d''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "dLaḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermer 1983; Wiggermer 1983]. See [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Kononenko 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].

==== III. Symbol. ====
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945, 124-133; Seidl 1968, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation mulGU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; AUWE 19, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [AUWE 19, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''2 GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) ''qup-pu ar''2 ''ša''2 GU "Hind reservoir of the Giant" (identification unknown),

Asterisms (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars" and used in the “Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts,” see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA "Spine of the Giant", see BM 34452+ "Dodecatemoria".

(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; ulgu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat".

(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 ''u''3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-''ma'' mulGAL: mulGU.LA ''ina'' [A2-''šu''2 GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Yoke; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' mulxGU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [ABCD, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2''-lu'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUNki ''u''2-''lu'' uru dID2 "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city dID2" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU, 11:2].

(6) Heliacal rising(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [d''Dil'']-''bat'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2''-tan-na-at''2-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2. KUR2 [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''š'']''u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [NSAM 2, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′].

(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ ulGU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪme IDIMme "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== GU.LA ===
|
|-
|= rabû «Великий, Великан»; созвездие в Водолее (Aquarius) [G. 81], см. также g25GU.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulgu.la = (пропуск) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], возможная параллель [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц тебету: Великан (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 10). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiab mulgu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen ˹e3˺ «Тебету: Великан, Краб, Орел восходят» (С 31), b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen [šu2] «(Дуузу): Великан, Краб, Орел [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа: mulGU.LA // 2,20 // dEN BE dE2-a «Великан // 140 // Господин источников, Эа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:28]. BM 34713. itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3] «Тебету: 140 Великан, 60 Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 30 [Коза]» [LBAT, 1499:10]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Эа (№ 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; MCG 176]. EAE. См. [ABCD 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19–20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 2): mulGU.LA dE2-a «Великан, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 18), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU.LA, после mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, перед KUNmeš (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x […] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x x […] «Великан (α Lyr?), язык Пса (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x […] (γ Ser): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервал[а, интервал. Звезда] x x […]» [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). Текст W. 22281a. ina itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [ša dŠamaš…] / u mulGU.LA šit-qu-lu ina it[iA]PIN [ina] l[i-l]a-a-tu2 KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠ[amaš ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3] «15-го айяру при восходе [Солнца…] и Великан в равновесии (= кульминируют). В (месяце) арахсамну вечером при заходе Сол[нца имеет место то же самое]» [SpTU I, 95:3'–4'; ASM, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. qu2–up–[pu …] «[Передняя] емко[сть Великана …]». b) ˹qu2?˺–[…] «[Задняя] ем[кость Великана]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:12′–13′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la «Область Великана (=Водолея)» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. g25GU. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник (Овен) на 12 частей, см. g25GU. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 7–я часть — mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin …] múlGU.LA / [….] Eri–du10 «[Тебету 10 // симану 10 // Луна …] Великан. / […] Эриду». b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN «Абу 24 // симану 12 // Луна на позвоночнике? Великана. / Область Праведного Пастуха Ану (= Сатурн, согласно Хунгеру), место дома dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Госпожа Эруа?)» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19–20, rev. 3–4]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGU.LA a–lid … «В области Водолея родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3'].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Энки/Эа (позднее — Мардука), возможно, один из сыновей Энки (= dLaḫmu, букв. «Покрытый волосами, волосатый»). Мужская обнаженная фигура с бородой и шестью локонами, изображавшаяся в фас. Аргументы в пользу отождествления «dLaḫmu = Покрытый волосами обнаженный герой (Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held)» см. [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 XI, 164–166]; подробный анализ трудностей, связанных с этим отождествлением, см. [Ellis 1995]. На печатях появляется с эпохи I династии Ура. Первоначально имел значение речного духа, приручающего диких зверей и оберегающего домашний скот. Его имя упоминается в списке 50 слуг Энки. Изображался также с кувшином, из которого изливается вода, или просто с двумя потоками воды. Имел значение привратника и охранителя ворот. После включения в свиту Мардука, его атрибутом становится лопата [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Кононенко 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 165–166]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи–божества, см. k24KU6.

III. Символ.

Мужская стоящая или сидящая на троне фигура, из плеч которой (или из кувшина, прижатого к груди) изливаются два потока воды (в которых иногда изображаются рыбы). Символ известен со староаккадского времени и в большинстве случаев представляет бога Энки/Эа, либо обнаженного волосатого героя Лахму, который изображался также с двумя потоками воды [Van Buren 1945, 124–133; Seidl 1968, 130–131; Braun–Holzinger 1996, 328–332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. Э.Порада рассматривает фигуру обнаженного героя как прообраз зодиакального созвездия mulGU.LA. Его относительно огромные размеры на печатях III тыс. до н.э. оправдывают название GU.LA «Великан». Первоначально это была обнаженная стоящая или расположенная горизонтально фигура, в I тыс. до н.э. — одетая фигура. Некоторые изображения старовавилонского времени имеют несомненно астральное значение, так как по обе стороны головы на них изображены месяц и звезды [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12–16; Куртик 2007, рис. 39, 40], см. также [Куртик 1998, 33; AUWE 19, 31, 155]. Два потока воды заканчиваются иногда в двух кувшинах; отсюда происходит, по–видимому, название «передняя и задняя емкости Великана». Изображения на кудурру и эллинистических печатях см. [AUWE 19, No. 126–141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 41–43]. Труднообъяснимо упоминание позвоночника Великана в BM 34452+ (см. выше).

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) qup–pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) qup–pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление неизвестно),

Астеризмы (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA «Позвоночник Великана», см. BM 34452+ «Додекатемория».

(4) «Рот Великана», см. ниже (9).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; ulgu.la — название Венеры в месяце кислиму [ACh Ištar, 8:2], см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат».

(2) = Юпитер; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] «Если в 28–й и 29–й день (месяца аддару Солнце) затмилось (и) Большая звезда (т.е. Юпитер?) = Великан с [его стороны стоит]» [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Ярмо; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

Предсказания:

(4) Затмение Луны в Великане; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma «Затмение в Великане произошло» [ABCD, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU […] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «Если 14-го [x] произошло затмение Луны, (и) она затмившейся зашла […], (это означает): затмение произошло в Великане» [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 r. 18–19], см. также [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 «Если (Луна) в пределах Великана или Козы–Рыбы затмилась: решение для Эриду или города dID2» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], см. также [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) Великан и затмение Луны; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Великан темный: лунное затмение произойдет в утреннюю стражу» [TU, 11:2].

(6) Гелиакический восход(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma «Великан, Краб, [Орел], Героический, (т.е.) Юпитер в облачный день …. восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Венера или Юпитер становятся слабыми; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI «Если Великан (Великая звезда?) падает, (это означает): [Ве]нера (или) Юпитер становятся слабыми, вариант: находятся на небе позади и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) Луна и Великан; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI […] «[Если Луна] при своем появлении (и) Великан на ее правом роге стоит: в этом месяце […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2.KUR2 […] «[Если Луна при своем появле]нии (и) Великан на ее левом роге стоит: война […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A…] «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Великан в ее середине стоит: царь всего трон […]» [NSAM 2, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′–18′].

(9) Гелиакический восход Великана и Юпитер; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme «Если при появлении Великана Юпитер сияет в области его рта: львы будут неистовствовать» [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9–10].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik 2022, g25 (GU)
!
|-
|
=== GU ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGU.LA «Великан» (см. g27); созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующий Водолею (Aquarius), в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [G. 71; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

Дневники наблюдений. 1) GU — обозначение знака зодиака Водолей [AD I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –384 год [AD I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. 2) Как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 3 «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlGU — звезда Анташурра, см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiab ina še-rim ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце тебету утром 28-го дня Великан испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ab ina še-rim 28 múlgu.la meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:23]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан (= Водолей) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: b, d, n, 10–13, 15, 28; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник(=Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu šum3-šu2 «11-я часть, ее имя Великан» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 11-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu «11-я часть Наемника — Великан Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24]. (4) Календарно-магические тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) erî(TI8mušen) kappi(PA) MIN(= erî) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= erî) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 6 // Водолей 120 // Голова орла, крыло орла и кровь орла — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:6, а также 104:19]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ «Область Водолея: имя доброе, сыновей будет иметь, смерть от воды» [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], параллели см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r01)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Rabû'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGU.LA «Великан» в Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64], см. g27GU.LA.
См. также: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Aqr]]

PAN

2025-12-24T13:22:30Z

WayneHorowitz: qashtum elamatum is most likely a separate asterism which should therefore be listed under Q - see Horowitz 2014 (the Astrolabe book pp. 75)

[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellations PAN (Bow) in Arrow Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
mulPAN (𒀯𒉼) = ''qaštu''. “bow”. Historically read BAN, but a number of syllabic writings of the star name (''pa-an, pa-na)'' confirm the reading PAN in preference to the older reading BAN. The ancient constellation includes stars in classical [[Canis Major]] and [[Puppis]]. Its proximity to the bright star [[Sirius]] in the Sumerian constellation [[KAK.SI.SA2|kak.si.sa2]] (= Akkadian ''šukudu),'' 'the Arrow,' suggesting a super-constellation consisting of a Bow and Arrow illustrated here. For what may be another 'bow' constellation see ''qaštum elamatum'' (below).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The transliteration BAN or PAN is conventional, but note that the earliest sources give the reading pa-na (e.g., OB Diri Nippur 197, see MSL 15, 18). mulPAN (AN 12l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. readings and designations:
* mul (giš)PAN;
* = "Bow". [Gössmann 47; CAD Q, 152-3];
* mul dBAN
* ''qaštu (''Akkadian parallel to mulBAN/PAN "bow").
Syllabic Akkadian entries in the lexical texts of the Urra XXII tradition, and in the Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night.

Generally accepted designation:

* mul (giš)PAN; constellation in the Great Dog ([[Canis Major]] + [[Puppis]]).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
!
=== PAN / ''qaštum'' ===
!
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars:
** mul gišpan [MSL XI, 108:406],
** [mul]pan [ibid., 144, BM 78206 iii 4].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulpan = ''qa-al-tu''4 [Emar VI/4, 151:167],
** mul[gišpan] = [''qa'']-''aš''2-''tum'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:5],
** mul[giš]pan = ''qa-aš-tum'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:275′];
** for parallels see. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:9; SpTU III, 114A v 20].
* (3) Series Ḫg.: mulpan = ''qa-aš-tu''2 [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 16].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** (a) Erm. 15642: ''qa''2-''aš-tum'' "Bow". [Horowitz 2000,<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref> 196-197:17], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306],
** (b) AO 6769: ''qa''2-''aš-tum'' [Dossin 1935, 181:17],
** (c) CBS 574: gišPA[N] [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996, 58:13].
* (2) Hittite prayer: mul gišPAN [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
* (3) Neo-Assyrian prayer K. 2315+: mulPAN is missing on the surviving portion of the tablet, but it was undoubtedly present in the original [Oppenheim 1959, 282-283].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. The month of Abu, stars of Ea, 200 [Pinches 1900, 574].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) Menology:
*** '''''itikin mulpan dInanna elam.maki.ke4: itikin ši-pir2 dEš4-dar e-la-ma-ti, Sum. ??Here or there etc. with the below ???'''''
*** '''''"The Month of Ululu, the Constellation of the Bow, Inanna of Elam," Akk. "Month of Ululu, service of Ishtar of Elam" (A ii 16); for parallels see. [BPO 2, IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985, 405:31], see also [BPO 2, 82; Emelyanov 1999, 92].'''''
** '''''(2) List (<s>1</s>2´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulpan dIštar(inanna) e-la-ma-tum / [du]mu.munus dA-nim "The constellation which comes after it (i.e. after mulkak.si.sa2 "Arrow") stands, the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Ana" (B i 14-16); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 6].'''''
** '''''(3) List (3´12): itine mulpan šu-ut dE2-a "Abu month: the Bow (on the way of) Ea (rising)" (C i 5); for a parallel see. [CAD N/1 259a; Q 152-153].'''''
** '''''(4) List (sunrise-sunset=6m):'''''
*** a) [itine] mulpan mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal mulmar.gid2. da ˹e3˺ "[Abu]: the Bow, the Great Twins, Wagon rises" (C 21),
*** b) mulpan mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal mulmar.gid2.da šu2.˹a˺ "(Abu): The Bow, the Great Twins, the Wagon sets." [KAV 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-7].
* BM 82923.
** Abu month, stars of Ea: MUL [PAN] // 3,2[0 // ...] "[Bow // 200 // ...] [Walker-Pingree 1977, 30:13].
* BM 34713.
** [iti]ne // 3.20 múlpan // 1.50 múlmaš.tab.ba // 50? [...múl]al.tar
** "Abu: 200 Bow, 110 Gemini, 50 [...] Jupiter." [LBAT, 1499:5].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, IX 5, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7-8, XIV 7, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.12457:6, K.137:2, K.3124:9, K.2346+:57; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 12′-14′, 27′; NSAM 2, 248; SpTU III, 101:22-24].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 Stars.”'''
Ea. 6.

* M'''''UL KI.MIN (=ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu) mulPAN Iš8-tar2 (B: d15) e-la-ma-tum (B adds: DUMU.SAL dEN:ZU) a-na ṣe-er-re-et ša-me-e'''''
* '''''"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after mulKAK.SI.SA2 "Arrow"), the Bow, Ishtar of Elam (B adds: daughter of Sîn.)'''''
* '''''For the lead-rope of heaven" (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177, 179]; for the translation of ṣerret šamê / šamāmī = "lead-rope of heaven" see. [CAD Ṣ, 134-137; MCG, 119-120, 265].'''''
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [ARAK 350b].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 12):
** mulPAN d''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''4 DUMU.SAL d''En-lil''2
** "(Constellation) of the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Enlil" (I ii 7).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiNE UD 5 KAM mulPAN ''u'' mulLUGAL IGIme
** "On the 5th of abu, the Bow constellation and the King star rises" (I ii 44).v
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulPAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi''
** "The Bow and the King rises, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
** b) mul''Pa-bil-sag'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''u'' DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš-''ma'' / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulPAN ''u'' mulGAM3 ŠU2meš
** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Staff rise, the Arrow, Bow and thee Staff goes down" (I iii 27-28).
* (4) Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulPAN
** "20 days from Arrow rising to Bow rising" (I iii 48).
* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiIZI UD 15 KAM MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 mulŠU. GI / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulPAN KUR-''ḫa''
** "On the 15th of abu, the faint stars of the Old Man stands in the middle of the sky, opposite your breast, and the Bow rises" (I iv 22-23), (see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) mulpan = mulab.sin2 "Bow = Furrow";
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [mulpan] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42, 203].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:23.'''
* mulpan = d''Iš''8-''tar''2 kur.ka2ki "Bow = Ishtar of Babylon" [HBA 52, Wee 2016, 162-3:23].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies''' (Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41 [Text D, col. ii 23-24]
[m]ulPAN d''ša-la ru-ba-at'' [...] ana şer-ret [AN-e . . .
"The Bow, Lady Šala [...], for the lead-rope(s)/breasts [of heaven . . .]

|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (D) mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988, 315:5-6].

cf. (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]]
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.''' А 3427:

* ''ina'' itine ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlpan ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Abu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Bow emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955, 238:12]. Rochberg ???
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
An extispicy, involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* ME.NI d''Nin-e''2-''gal'' itiNE mulLUGAL E2.GAL / mulPAN ''it-ti'' mulLUGAL
* "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu - King, Palace; the Bow with the King" [SpTU IV, 159:10-11; Reiner 1995, 78].

PAN.AN.NA, PAN AN-''e'' 'Heavenly Bow' as a designation of the rainbow, see (Kurtik t05) [[TIR.AN.NA]], I.

|
|-
!
=== ''qaštum elamatum'' ===
!
|-
|'''Horowitz 2014, 74-75 - ''See there for qashtum elamatum as a separate asterism which should therefore be listed under Q'''''
|
|-
|'''Prayer to the Gods of the Night'''
* see [[Elamātum]]
|
|-
|manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow
|
|-
|'''GU-Text'''
* the "left leg" at the Arrow could be the leg of a deity next to the superconstellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar
|
|}
[[File:PAN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 170022.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside PAN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy
|NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy
|Inside the Hull
| -0.1
|-
|2
|[[Adhara]]
|HIP 33579
|Inside the Hull
|1.5
|-
|3
|[[Wezen]]
|HIP 34444
|Inside the Hull
|1.84
|-
|4
|[[Tureis]]
|HIP 39757
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.81
|-
|5
|[[Furud]]
|HIP 30122
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.99
|-
|6
|ο 2 Canis Majoris
|HIP 33977
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.02
|-
|7
|[[Wazn]]
|HIP 27628
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.12
|-
|8
|[[Azmidi]]
| HIP 38170
|Inside the Hull
|3.3
|-
|9
|[[Nganurganity]]
|HIP 33856
|Inside the Hull
|3.47
|-
|10
|ω Canis Majoris
|HIP 35037
|Inside the Hull
|3.82
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 36795
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.39
|-
|12
|τ Canis Majoris
|HIP 35415
|Inside the Hull
|4.4
|-
|13
|λ Canis Majoris
|HIP 30788
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|14
|ο Puppis
|HIP 38070
|Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 35205
|Inside the Hull
|4.64
|-
|16
|27 CMa
|HIP 34981
|Inside the Hull
| 4.65
|-
|17
|PU Pup
|HIP 37173
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 35210
|Inside the Hull
|4.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 36431
|Inside the Hull
|4.86
|-
|20
|UW CMa
|HIP 35412
|Inside the Hull
|4.95
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 36817
|Inside the Hull
|5.09
|-
|22
| 10 CMa
|HIP 32292
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 35427
|Inside the Hull
|5.288
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 38146
| Inside the Hull
|5.313
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 35848
| Inside the Hull
|5.356
|-
|26
| -
| HIP 34624
|Inside the Hull
|5.448
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 33478
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 28524
|Inside the Hull
|5.524
|-
|29
|FY CMa
|HIP 36168
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 35044
|Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 33575
|Inside the Hull
|5.583
|-
|32
|V390 Pup
|HIP 37751
| Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 37590
|Inside the Hull
|5.628
|-
|34
|LS CMa
|HIP 33804
|Inside the Hull
|5.635
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 32385
|Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
|36
|LZ CMa
|HIP 34579
|Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 31190
|Inside the Hull
|5.706
|-
|38
| -
| HIP 31870
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|39
|IY CMa
|HIP 30840
|Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|40
|* n Pup A
|HIP 36817
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 36848
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 36024
|Inside the Hull
|5.782
|-
|43
| -
|HIP 35213
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|44
|* n Pup B
|HIP 36817
|Inside the Hull
|5.795
|-
| 45
|FV CMa
| HIP 34360
|Inside the Hull
|5.83
|-
|46
| -
|HIP 36721
|Inside the Hull
|5.83
|-
|47
| -
| HIP 28992
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
| 48
| MZ CMa
|HIP 35626
|Inside the Hull
| 5.886
|-
| 49
|IY CMa
|HIP 30840
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|50
|26 CMa
|HIP 34798
|Inside the Hull
|5.897
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 36236
|Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 35611
| Inside the Hull
| 5.986
|-
| 53
| -
|HIP 33094
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 34318
|Inside the Hull
| 6.088
|-
| 55
|GY CMa
|HIP 34924
| Inside the Hull
|6.101
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 35920
| Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 33492
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 36264
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 33760
|Inside the Hull
| 6.279
|-
| 60
| -
|HIP 32827
|Inside the Hull
|6.314
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 30376
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 35132
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 33532
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 37089
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 32322
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 35326
|Inside the Hull
|6.434
|-
|67
|KX CMa
|HIP 33040
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 38316
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|69
| NGC 2354
|NGC 2354
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The Bow constellation as a deity enjoyed great popularity, probably because of its association with the goddess Ishtar, attested in many texts. Her name was often written with the determinative d.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
(1) Old Babylonian prayers to the deities of the night (see above).

(2) The Hittite prayer to the deities of the night [Van der Toorn, 1985 130:45; BPO 2, 2].

(3) In the Šurpu series of incantations (II 182) [Reiner 1970, 18:182].

(4) In an apotropaic Namburbi ritual against the harm a bow can do as a fighting weapon [Caplice 1970, 116-117; Ebeling 1955, 137; Reiner 1995, 88].

(5) Babylonian New Year ritual: referring to múlpan ''šub-at''2 ''dan-nu-tu''2 "the bow that overthrows rulers" as one of the star manifestations of Ishtar(?) [RAcc. 139:326; Reiner 1995, 139; Linssen 2004, 221, 229]. The notion of mulPAN as a weapon of Ishtar seems to go back to a rather early time. In the series AN:d''Anum'' (IV 257) d''Qa-aš-tum'' "Deity Bow" stands after the logogram INANNA-INANNA [Litke 1998, 164]. For images of an armed goddess with a bow, see for example [CS 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955, Fig. 23]. According to Neo-Assyrian descriptions, Ishtar holds a bow in her hand [CAD Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956, 249]. The origin of the constellation Bow is also explained in Enuma elish (VI 82-94), but in it, the Bow is a weapon of Anu: 82 ''im-ḫur-ma be-lum'' GIŠ.PAN GIŠ.TUKUL-''šu''2 ''ma-ḫar-šu''2-''un id-di'' / 83 ''sa-pa-ra ša''2 ''i-te-ep-pu-šu''2 ''i-mu-ru'' DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-''šu''2 / 84 ''i-mu-ru-ma'' GIŠ.PAN ''ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu'' / 85 ''ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu''2 ''i-na-ad-du'' AD. MEŠ-''šu''2 / 86 ''iš-ši-ma'' d''A-num ina'' UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''i-qab-bi'' / 87 GIŠ.PAN ''it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u''2 DUMU.MI2 / 88 ''im-bi-ma ša''2 GIŠ.PAN ''ki-a-am'' MU.MEŠ-''ša'' / 89 ''i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša''2-''nu-u''2 ''lu-u ka-šid'' / 90 ''šal-šu''2 ''šum-ša''2 MUL.PAN ''ina'' AN-''e u''2-''ša''2-''pi'' / 91 ''u''2-''kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša''2 ''it-ti'' DINGIR.MEŠ ''at-ḫe-e-ša''2 / 92 ''ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša''2 GIŠ.PAN ''i-ši-mu'' d''A-nu-um'' / 93 ''id-di-ma'' GIŠ.GU.ZA ''šar-ru-ti ša''2 ''ina'' DINGIR.DINGIR ''ša-qa-a-ta'' / 94 d''A-nu-um ina'' UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''šu-a-ša''2 ''ul-te-šib-ši'' "The lord took the bow, his weapon, before them he cast, / The net that he created, saw the gods, his fathers, / Saw the bow: "How perfect the creation!" / The form of the created was praised by his fathers. / Anum lifted (it) up before the assembly of the gods, and said, / The bow kissed: "Let him be a daughter (to me)!" / He called the bow by such names of his: / “Let its first be the Long trunk, let its second be the victor, / its third name let it (be) the asterism Bow!", the sky gave (it) radiance, / Established it (asterism) on its stand (lit. throne) among the gods, his companions. / After Anum had determined the fortunes of the bow, / He erected a throne of kingship, the highest among the gods. / Anum in the assembly of the gods placed that (bow)." [Lambert 2013: 114-115] <s>(transcribed and translated by V. V. Emelyanov), see also [I will reveal to you. 46-47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965].</s>

(6) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulPAN] d˹''Iš''˺-[''tar''] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-''tu'' DUMU.MI2 d+EN.LIL2 ''li-is-pu-un'' KUR2.MEŠ-''ka'' / [... ''ina qaq'']''qar tuq-ma-ti'' "[Bow, Ishtar] of Elam, daughter of Enlil, may she destroy your enemies [... at the] battlefield!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 7-8].

==== Symbol. ====
The figure of the constellation mulPAN is undoubtedly the image of a bow.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Canis Major without Sirius + Puppis border stars [G. 47];

= τφσεκη Canis Majoris + κζ (?) Puppis [Waerden 1949, 13, 16, fig. 4];

= Canis Major without Sirius [Weidner 1957-59, 73-74, 76, 79];

= parts of Canis majoris and Puppis [Waerden 1974, 73, 74, fig. 9]; for a Russian translation, see [Waerden 1991, 82, 85, 85]. [Waerden 1991, 82, 85, fig. 9];

= τ, δ, σ, ε + Canis Majoris [BPO 2, 11];

= ε, σ, δ and ω Canis Majoris and possibly Puppis [MA, 138];

= δεεηκστ Canis Majoris + ρ11,12,37G.,108G. Puppis [Koch 1989, 69-74, 111, 117, Abb. 17];

= part of the Great Hound (Canis Major) [Mesop. Astrol., 207].

= δ, ε, σ, ω Canis Majoris and κ Puppis [ASM, 271].

= rear of the Great Hound [Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; the Bow —Venus in the month of Abu [LBAT, 1564:3; HBA, 118-121] (see Kurtk d06 ''[[Dilbat]]''), see also [BPO 3, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] and prediction (9) below.

(2) = Mercury; mulPAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA2 mul[AB.SIN2 DU-''ma''] "If the Bow reaches the Arrow: crops will be abundant, the market will be stable. (This means:) Mercury stands in the Arrow." [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; for a parallel see. [Borger 1973, 41: 13′; SpTU III, 101:24], see also mulPAN = mulUDU.IDIM "Bow = planet (=Mercury)" [R II 39, 5:19]. See also k10KAK.SI.SA2, VI 3.

(3) = Mars; see the identity in predicting (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2.mušen]], VI 13, and also [ACh Suppl 2., 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126].

(4) = Furrow; ˹DIŠ mulKU6˺ ''ana'' mulPAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2 ...] "If the Fish approaches the Bow ... (It means) Mercury towards the Furrow [it approaches]" [BPO 2, XVI 17 + Parallels]; mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB. SIN2 / ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the vicinity of the Furrow (=Maiden)", followed by the astrological interpretation: DIŠ mulKU6 ''a-na'' mulPAN TE ... "If the Fish (=Mercury) comes close to the Bow (=Furrow): the country's crops will be abundant; cattle will spread into the steppes; the king will strengthen and bind his enemies; sesame and dates will be abundant" [ARAK, 325:1-7].

(4ʹ) = Elamatum, cf. [Cooley 2013, 128-129].

See also: mulPAN = dUDU.IDIM [NSAM 2, Vg:20′].

===== Predictions: =====
(5) Lunar halo asnd the Bow; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mul dPAN ''ana'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Bow stands in it: people will be in panic/rage, theft will multiply in the country." [ARAK, 295:3-4]; for parallels see. [ibid., 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl. 2, 16:31-32].

(6) The Moon and the Bow; DIŠ mulPAN ''ana'' UGU 30 SI4-''ma'' / ''ana'' ŠA3 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ "If the Bow (= Mars) comes close to the top portion of the Moon and enters into the Moon: the days of the king will end" [ARAK, 399:3-4]; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA-''šu''2 mulPAN ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB A.RA2 KUR DU3.A.BI [KUD?...] "[If] the Moon appears (and) at her shoulder the Bow (=Mars?) stands: the communication routes of the whole country [will be cut?] [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: § 14].

(7) The Bow and the Eagle; ''šumma'' mulPAN ''ana'' mulTI8mušen ''ikšud(''KUR)ud ''šamaššammu'' (ŠE.GIŠ.I3) ''idammiq'' (SIG5) [...] "If the Bow (= Mars) reaches the Eagle (= Pleiades): sesame will be yielded" [SpTU III, 101:22]; for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl., 50:14; BPO 3, 230, K.3124:9]; see also [Borger 1973, 41:12′], the last prediction assumes the identities: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = Pleiades.

(8) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; [DIŠ ''ina'' itiNE] mulPAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5-''iq'' "If the Bow rises in the month of Abu: sesame will be yielded" [BPO 2, XIII 7]; mulPAN [''ina'' itiNE IGI-''mar''?] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.[A KUR ''u me-riš'' ...] / [...] ... ŠE [SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [KUR ''u me-riš'' ...] / [...] ... ŠE [NU SI.SA2] "The bow [rises heliacally in the month of Abu? ]; if this star rises early: irrigated land and tilled barley in the country will be normal; if this star rises late: irrigated land of the country and tilled barley will not be normal" [BPO 2, IX 5].

(9) The Bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; [DIŠ mulPAN ''ana''] mulUD.AL.TAR DIM4 KUR NIM.MAki NINDA DUG3.GA KU2 "[If the Bow] comes close [to] Jupiter: Elam will eat good bread" [BPO 2, XIII 8]; parallel: mulPAN ''ana'' mul''Šul-pa''-''e''3 KUR-''ud'' [SpTU III, 101:23]; see also [ACh Suppl, 50:15; Borger 1973, 41:14′].

(10) Bow and Arrow; DIŠ mulpan ''ana'' mulgag.si.sa2 ''kur-ud'' burux(ERUB) si.sa2 ki.lam gi.na muludu.idim.[gu4.ud ''ina'' ša3 mulab.sin2 ''gub-ma''] "If the Arrow reaches the Bow: the harvest will be abundant. (This means): Mercury stands in the Furrow." [Borger 1973, 41:13′], see also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], VI 3.

(11) The Bow (= Mercury?) and the Raven (= Goat-Fish?); DIŠ ulpan <''ana''> ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' ku6.meš ''u'' SIG [mušen].meš u[d?-''daššû''...] "If the Bow stands near the Raven: fish and [bird]s (will become) a[bundant]" [Borger 1973, 41:27′], perhaps here the identities are as follows: "Bow = Mercury", "Raven = Goat-Fish" as in [ARAK, 73 r. 1-2] (Kurtik k24 [[KU6|KU6]], V 10).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, p01)
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulBAN/PAN «Лук». Силлабическая запись в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII и Ḫg., а также в старовавилонской молитве ночным богам, см. b06BAN.
!
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: mul dBAN, mul (giš)PAN; = qaštu «Лук» [G. 47; CAD Q, 152–3]; в настоящее время общепринятое обозначение: mul (giš)PAN; созвездие в Большом Псе и Корме (Canis Maioris + Puppis).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mul gišpan [MSL XI, 108:406], [mul]pan [ibid., 144, BM 78206 iii 4]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulpan = qa-al-tu4 [Emar VI/4, 151:167], mul[gišpan] = [qa]-aš2-tum [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:5], mul[giš]pan = qa-aš-tum [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:275′]; параллели см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:9; SpTU III, 114A v 20]. (3) Серия Ḫg.: mulban = qa-aš-tu2 [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 16]. «Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: qa2-aš-tum «Лук» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:17], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: qa2-aš-tum [Dossin 1935, 181:17], c) CBS 574: gišBA[N] [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. (2) Хеттская молитва: mul gišBAN [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. (3) Новоассирийская молитва K. 2315+: на сохранившейся части таблички mulBAN отсутствует, однако, несомненно, оно имелось в оригинале [Oppenheim 1959, 282–283]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц абу, звезды Эа, 200 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Менологии: itikin mulban dInanna elam.maki.ke4: itikin ši-pir2 dEš4-dar e-la-ma-ti, шум. «Месяц улулу, созвездие Лук, Инанна Эламская», акк. «Месяц улулу, служба Иштар Эламской» (A ii 16); параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985, 405:31], см. также [BPO 2, 82; Емельянов 1999, 92]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulban dIštar(inanna) e-la-ma-tum / [du]mu.munus dA-nim «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е. после mulkak.si.sa2 «Стрела») стоит, Лук, Иштар Эламская, дочь Ана» (B i 14–16); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 6]. (3) Cписок (3´12): itine mulban šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц абу: Лук (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 5); параллель см. [CAD N/1 259a; Q 152–153]. (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itine] mulban mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal mulmar.gid2.da ˹e3˺ «[Абу]: Лук, Большие Близнецы, Повозка восходят» (С 21), b) mulban mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal mulmar.gid2.da šu2.˹a˺ «(Абу): Лук, Большие Близнецы, Повозка заходят» [KAV 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–7]. BM 82923. Месяц абу, звезды Эа: MUL [BAN] // 3,2[0 // ...] «[Лук // 200 // …] [Walker–Pingree 1977, 30:13]. BM 34713. [iti]ne // 3,20 múlban // 1,50 múlmaš.tab.ba // 50? […múl]al.tar «Абу: 200 Лук, 110 Близнецы, 50 […] Юпитер» [LBAT, 1499:5]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, IX 5, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7–8, XIV 7, XVI 17–18; BPO 3, K.12457:6, K.137:2, K.3124:9, K.2346+:57; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 12′–14′, 27′; NSAM 2, 248; SpTU III, 101:22–24]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea. 6. MUL KI.MIN (=ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu) mulPAN Iš8-tar2 (B: d15) e-la-ma-tum (B добавляет: DUMU.SAL dEN:ZU) a-na ṣe-er-re-et ša-me-e «Созвездие, которое стоит после него (т.е. после mulKAK.SI.SA2 «Стрела»), Лук, Иштар Эламская (В добавляет: дочь Сина). Для главной веревки неба» (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177, 179]; о переводе ṣerret šamê / šamāmī = «lead–rope of heaven» см. [CAD Ṣ, 134–137; MCG, 119–120, 265]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK 350b]. Текст BM 77054. См. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 12): mulBAN dIš-tar NIM.MA-tu4 DUMU.SAL dEn-lil2 «(Созвездие) Лук, Иштар Эламская, дочь Энлиля» (I ii 7). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiNE UD 5 KAM mulBAN u mulLUGAL IGIme «5-го абу созвездие Лук и звезда Царь восходят» (I ii 44). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulBAN u mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-bi «Лук и Царь восходят, Коза заходит» (I iii 19), b) mulPa-bil-sag mulZa-ba4-ba4 u DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš-ma / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulBAN u mulGAM3 ŠU2meš «Пабилсаг, Забаба и Посох восходят, Стрела, Лук и Посох заходят» (I iii 27–28). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulBAN «20 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода Лука» (I iii 48). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiIZI UD 15 KAM MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 mulŠU.GI / ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulBAN KUR-ḫa «15-го абу слабые звезды Старика стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Лук восходит» (I iv 22–23), (см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulban = mulab.sin2 «Лук = Борозда»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulban] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42, 203]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:23. mulban = dIš8-tar2 kur.ka2ki «Лук = Иштар Вавилонская» [HBA 52, Wee 2016, 162–3:23]. MLC 1866. [m]ulBAN dša-la ru-ba-at […] «Лук, госпожа Шала […]» (col. B ii 23) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (D) mul˹ban˺ «Лук» (η CMa), cм. a18AL.LUL. Анафора. А 3427: ina itine ina še-rim ud 28 múlban ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце абу утром 28-го дня Лук испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:12]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ME.NI dNin-e2-gal itiNE mulLUGAL.E2.GAL / mulBAN it-ti mulLUGAL «‘Ворота дворца’ — Нинегаль; месяц абу; Царь Дворца; Лук с Царем» [SpTU IV, 159:10–11; Reiner 1995, 78].

BAN.AN.NA, BAN AN-e «Небесный Лук» как обозначение радуги, см. t05TIR.AN.NA, I.

II. Божество.

Созвездие Лук как божество пользовалось большой популярностью, вероятно, вследствие его связи с богиней Иштар, засвидетельствованной во многих текстах. Его название нередко записывалось с детерминативом d. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Старовавилонские молитвы к божествам ночи (см. выше). (2) Хеттская молитва к божествам ночи [Van der Toorn, 1985 130:45; BPO 2, 2]. (3) В серии заклинаний Šurpu (II 182) [Reiner 1970, 18:182]. (4) В апотропеическом ритуале намбурби против вреда, который может причинить лук как боевое оружие [Caplice 1970, 116–117; Ebeling 1955, 137; Reiner 1995, 88]. (5) Вавилонский новогодний ритуал: обращение к múlban šub-at2 dan-nu-tu2 «Лук, который ниспровергает правителей» как к одному из звездных проявлений Иштар(?) [RАcc. 139:326; Reiner 1995, 139; Linssen 2004, 221, 229]. Представление о mulBAN как оружии Иштар восходит, по-видимому, к достаточно раннему времени. В серии AN:dAnum (IV 257) dQa-aš-tum «Божество Лук» стоит после логограммы INANNA–INANNA [Litke 1998, 164]. Изображения вооруженной богини с луком, см., например, [CS 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955, Fig. 23]. Согласно новоассирийскому описанию, Иштар держит в своей руке лук [CAD Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956, 249]. Происхождение созвездия Лук объясняется также в космологической поэме «Энума элиш» (VI 82–94), однако в ней Лук ― оружие Ану: 82im-ḫur-ma be-lum GIŠ.BAN GIŠ.TUKUL-šu2 ma-ḫar-šu2-un id-di / 83sa-pa-ra ša2 i-te-ep-pu-šu2 i-mu-ru DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-šu2 / 84i-mu-ru-ma GIŠ.BAN ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu / 85ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu2 i-na-ad-du AD.MEŠ-šu2 / 86iš-ši-ma dA-num ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ i-qab-bi / 87GIŠ.BAN it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u2 DUMU.MI2 / 88im-bi-ma ša2 GIŠ.BAN ki-a-am MU.MEŠ-ša / 89i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša2-nu-u2 lu-u ka-šid / 90šal-šu2 šum-ša2 MUL.BAN ina AN-e u2-ša2-pi / 91u2-kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša2 it-ti DINGIR.MEŠ at-ḫe-e-ša2 / 92ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša2 GIŠ.BAN i-ši-mu dA-nu-um / 93id-di-ma GIŠ.GU.ZA šar-ru-ti ša2 ina DINGIR.DINGIR ša-qa-a-ta / 94 dA-nu-um ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ šu-a-ša2 ul-te-šib-ši «Взял Владыка лук, свое оружие, перед ними бросил, / Сеть, что он создал, увидели боги, отцы его, / Увидели лук: “Как совершенно творение!” / Форму созданную хвалили отцы его. / Поднял (его) Анум перед cобранием богов, сказал, / Лук поцеловав: “Он пусть дочь (мне)!” / Назвал он лук такими именами его: / “Длинный ствол пусть первое, второе пусть Победитель, / Третье имя его пусть (будет) звезда Лук!”, в небе дал (ему) сиянье, / Установил его (звездную) стоянку (букв. престол) среди богов, его товарищей. / После того, как судьбы луку определил Анум, / Воздвиг он престол царственности, высочайший среди богов. / Анум в собрании богов тот (лук) поместил.» [Lambert 1966, 37] (транскрипция и перевод В.В. Емельянова), см. также [Я открою тебе. 46–47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965]. (6) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBAN] d˹Iš˺-[tar] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-tu DUMU.MI2 d+EN.LIL2 li-is-pu-un KUR2.MEŠ-ka / [… ina qaq]qar tuq-ma-ti «[Лук, Иштар] из Элама, дочь Энлиля, пусть уничтожит твоих врагов [… на по]ле битвы!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 7–8].

III. Символ.

Фигура созвездия mulBAN — несомненно, изображение лука.

IV. Отождествление.

= Canis Major без Сириуса + пограничные звезды Puppis [G. 47];

= τφσεκη Canis Majoris + κζ (?) Puppis [Waerden 1949, 13, 16, fig. 4];

= Canis Major без Сириуса [Weidner 1957–59, 73–74, 76, 79];

= части Canis Majoris и Puppis [Waerden 1974, 73, 74, Fig. 9], русский пер. см. [Варден 1991, 82, 85, илл. 9];

= τ, δ, σ, ε + Canis Majoris [BPO 2, 11];

= ε, σ, δ и ω Canis Majoris и, возможно, Puppis [MA, 138];

= δεηκστ Canis Majoris + ρ11,12,37G.,108G. Puppis [Koch 1989, 69–74, 111, 117, Abb. 17];

= часть Большого Пса (Canis Major) [Mesop. Astrol., 207].

= δ, ε, σ, ω Canis Majoris и κ Puppis [ASM, 271].

= задняя часть Большого Пса [Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; Лук — Венера в месяце абу [LBAT, 1564:3; HBA, 118–121] (см. d06Dilbat), см. также [BPO 3, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] и ниже предсказание (9).

(2) = Меркурий; mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina ŠA2 mul[AB.SIN2 DU-ma] «Если Лук достигает Стрелы: урожай будет обильным, рынок стабильным. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в Борозде» [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; параллель см. [Borger 1973, 41: 13′; SpTU III, 101:24], см. также mulBAN = mulUDU.IDIM «Лук = планета (=Меркурий)» [R II 39, 5:19]. См. также k10KAK.SI.SA2, VI 3.

(3) = Марс; см. тождество в предсказании a04A2mušen, VI 13, а также [ACh Suppl 2., 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126].

(4) = Борозда; ˹DIŠ mulKU6˺ ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2 …] «Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (Это означает) Меркурий к Борозде [приближается]» [BPO 2, XVI 17 + Parallels]; mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 / it-tan-mar «Меркурий стал виден на востоке на территории Борозды (= Дева)», вслед за которым приводится астрологическая интерпретация: DIŠ mulKU6 a-na mulBAN TE … «Если Рыба (=Меркурий) к Луку (=Борозда) подходит близко: урожай страны будет обильным; крупный рогатый скот распространится в степи; царь усилится и свяжет своих врагов; сезам и финики будут обильными» [ARAK, 325:1–7].

(4ʹ) = Эламатум, см. [Cooley 2013, 128–129].

См. также: mulBAN = dUDU.IDIM [NSAM 2, Vg:20′].

Предсказания:

(5) Лунное гало и Лук; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mul dBAN ana ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Луна окружена гало и Лук стоит в нем: люди будут беситься, кражи умножатся в стране» [ARAK, 295:3–4]; параллели см. [ibid., 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl. 2, 16:31–32].

(6) Луна и Лук; DIŠ mulBAN ana UGU 30 SI4-ma / ana ŠA3 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ «Если Лук (= Марс) подходит близко к верхней части Луны и входит в Луну: дни царя закончатся» [ARAK, 399:3–4]; [DIŠ] 30 ina IGI.LA-šu2 mulBAN ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB A.RA2 KUR DU3.A.BI [KUD?…] «[Если] Луна появляется (и) у нее на плече Лук (=Марс?) стоит: пути сообщения всей страны [будут перерезаны?]» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: § 14].

(7) Лук и Орел; šumma mulBAN ana mulTI8mušen ikšud(KUR)ud šamaššammu (ŠE.GIŠ.I3) idammiq (SIG5) […] «Если Лук (= Марс) Орла (= Плеяды) достигает: сезам уродится» [SpTU III, 101:22]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl., 50:14; BPO 3, 230, K.3124:9]; см. также [Borger 1973, 41:12′], в последнем предсказании предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Плеяды.

(8) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; [DIŠ ina itiNE] mulBAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5-iq «Если Лук восходит в месяце абу: сезам уродится» [BPO 2, XIII 7]; mulBAN [ina itiNE IGI-mar?] / BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.[A KUR u me-riš …] / […] … ŠE [SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [KUR u me-riš …] / […] … ŠE [NU SI.SA2] «Лук [восходит гелиакически в месяце абу?]; если эта звезда восходит рано: орошаемая земля и обработанный ячмень в стране будут нормальными; если эта звезда восходит поздно: орошаемая земля страны и обработанный ячмень не будут нормальными» [BPO 2, IX 5].

(9) Лук (=Венера) приближается к Юпитеру; [DIŠ mulBAN ana] mulUD.AL.TAR DIM4 KUR NIM.MAki NINDA DUG3.GA KU2 «[Если Лук] близко подходит [к] Юпитеру: Элам будет есть хороший хлеб» [BPO 2, XIII 8]; параллель: mulBAN ana mulŠul-pa-e3 KUR-ud [SpTU III, 101:23]; см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:15; Borger 1973, 41:14′].

(10) Лук и Стрела; DIŠ mulpan ana mulgag.si.sa2 kur-ud burux(ERUB) si.sa2 ki.lam gi.na muludu.idim.[gu4.ud ina ša3 mulab.sin2 gub-ma] «Если Лук Стрелы достигает: урожай будет обильным. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в Борозде» [Borger 1973, 41:13′], см. также k10KAK.SI.SA2, VI 3.

(11) Лук (= Меркурий?) и Ворон (= Коза-Рыба?); DIŠ ulpan <ana> ulug5.ga i-mid ku6.meš u SIG [м.б. mušen].meš u[d?-daššû…] «Если Лук стоит вблизи Ворона: рыбы и [птиц]ы (cтанут) о[бильны]» [Borger 1973, 41:27′], возможно, здесь имеют место тождества: «Лук = Меркурий», «Ворон = Коза-Рыба» как в [ARAK, 73 r. 1–2] (k24KU6, V 10).
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:CMa]]