All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

All Skies Encyclopaedia

2026-01-18T13:55:11Z

Sushoff:

[[File:WGSN Logo.png|thumb]]
This is a project of the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The website of the WGSN is https://exopla.net

== Thanks for visiting ==
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All Skies Encyclopaedia

2026-01-18T13:54:41Z

Sushoff:

[[File:WGSN Logo.png|thumb]]
This is a project of the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The website of the WGSN is https://exopla.net

== Welcome to the All Skies Encyclopaedia! ==
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[[Category:Service]]

All Skies Encyclopaedia

2026-01-18T13:54:20Z

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{{#evt:
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|poster=File:IntroASE_david2025.jpg
}}

This is a project of the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The website of the WGSN is https://exopla.net

== Welcome to the All Skies Encyclopaedia! ==
[[File:WGSN Logo.png|thumb]] We haved moved to a new server. Please find us at

== https://ase.exopla.net ==

[[Category:Service]]

Contributions

2026-01-15T16:38:41Z

Sushoff: /* Predecessors */

[[File:Wgsn+iau logo.png|thumb|IAU WGSN]]

== About ==
The All Skies Encyclopaedia is a project set up as an initiative of the [https://exopla.net/ IAU Working Group on Star Names], thankfully supported by the [https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/oeaw-home/austrian-academy-of-sciences Austrian Academy of Science] with a research grant for the sub-project "Planetarium Babylonicum", with gentle support by the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Jena with the Michael Stifel Center Jena (Germany) by providing a virtual machine and the Research Center for History and Heritage of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (Hefei).

All contributors agreed to the [https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/About/Statutes---Rules/Code-of-Conduct.aspx IAU Code of Conduct] and the open science and open knowledge policy of the IAU.
[[File:ResearchCenter-HistHeritage-USTC.jpg|thumb|Thanks.]]

== These are the wonderful scholars who share their knowledge here ==

* Antonio Panaino ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-9903 ORCiD])
* Boshun Yang ([https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0458-5210 ORCiD])
* B.S. Shylaja (ORCiD)
* Chris Cannon ([https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-772X ORCiD])
* Clive Ruggles (ORCiD)
* Danielle Adams (ORCiD)
* David Hilder (ORCiD)
* Doris Vickers ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-6461 ORCiD])
* Duane Hamacher ([https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3072-8468 ORCiD])
* Eric Mamajek ([https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2008-1488 ORCiD])
* Euin Choung Kim (ORCiD)
* Gennady Kurtik (ORCiD)
* Henry Stadhouders (ORCiD)
* Hermann Hunger (ORCiD)
* Hitoshi Yamaoka ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2879-3108 ORCiD])
* Ian Ridpath (ORCiD)
* Jan Safford (ORCiD)
* J. Matthias Determann ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9463-9408 ORCiD])
* Jordi Pàmias ([https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6919-6521 ORCiD])
* Juan A. Belmonte ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8357-0564 ORCiD])
* Khalid Al-Ajaji (ORCiD)
* Konrad Rybka (ORCiD)
* Manfred Krebernik ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4996 ORCiD])
* M.Sadegh Faghanpour (ORCiD)
* Rob van Gent ([https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3897 ORCiD])
* Roland Laffitte (ORCiD)
* Steven R. Gullberg ([https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5108-5866 ORCiD])
* Susanne M Hoffmann ([https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5384-7545 ORCiD])
* Wayne Horowitz ([https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2406-3658 ORCiD])
* Youla Azkarrula ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3703-4517 ORCiD])

== They are supported by the following scientific institutions ==
<gallery>
File:IAU logo.svg.png|International Astronomical Union
File:WGSN Logo.png|Working Group on Star Names
File:Logo-mscj-combined.jpg|Michael Stifel Center Jena
File:Wort-Bildmarke Universität Jena.jpg|Friedrich Schiller University of Jena
File:ÖAW engl.jpg|Austrian Academy of Science
File:Logo of University of Science and Technology of China.svg.png|University of Science and Technology of China Hefei
</gallery>

== Predecessors ==
This project is a standalone research project but, of course, there had been earlier attempts of this type. In particular, the project "Ancient Skies" by two hobby astronomers, Doris Vickers and Rüdiger Schultz, in Vienna was one of the early attempts to produce such a collection. We particularly acknowledge it, as D. Vickers is a member of our group.
[[File:Ancient-skies homepage title2020.JPG|center|a predessor project of this encyclopaedia ]]
[[Category:Service]]

Contributions

2026-01-15T16:36:42Z

Sushoff:

[[File:Wgsn+iau logo.png|thumb|IAU WGSN]]

== About ==
The All Skies Encyclopaedia is a project set up as an initiative of the [https://exopla.net/ IAU Working Group on Star Names], thankfully supported by the [https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/oeaw-home/austrian-academy-of-sciences Austrian Academy of Science] with a research grant for the sub-project "Planetarium Babylonicum", with gentle support by the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Jena with the Michael Stifel Center Jena (Germany) by providing a virtual machine and the Research Center for History and Heritage of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (Hefei).

All contributors agreed to the [https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/About/Statutes---Rules/Code-of-Conduct.aspx IAU Code of Conduct] and the open science and open knowledge policy of the IAU.
[[File:ResearchCenter-HistHeritage-USTC.jpg|thumb|Thanks.]]

== These are the wonderful scholars who share their knowledge here ==

* Antonio Panaino ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-9903 ORCiD])
* Boshun Yang ([https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0458-5210 ORCiD])
* B.S. Shylaja (ORCiD)
* Chris Cannon ([https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-772X ORCiD])
* Clive Ruggles (ORCiD)
* Danielle Adams (ORCiD)
* David Hilder (ORCiD)
* Doris Vickers ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-6461 ORCiD])
* Duane Hamacher ([https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3072-8468 ORCiD])
* Eric Mamajek ([https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2008-1488 ORCiD])
* Euin Choung Kim (ORCiD)
* Gennady Kurtik (ORCiD)
* Henry Stadhouders (ORCiD)
* Hermann Hunger (ORCiD)
* Hitoshi Yamaoka ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2879-3108 ORCiD])
* Ian Ridpath (ORCiD)
* Jan Safford (ORCiD)
* J. Matthias Determann ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9463-9408 ORCiD])
* Jordi Pàmias ([https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6919-6521 ORCiD])
* Juan A. Belmonte ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8357-0564 ORCiD])
* Khalid Al-Ajaji (ORCiD)
* Konrad Rybka (ORCiD)
* Manfred Krebernik ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4996 ORCiD])
* M.Sadegh Faghanpour (ORCiD)
* Rob van Gent ([https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3897 ORCiD])
* Roland Laffitte (ORCiD)
* Steven R. Gullberg ([https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5108-5866 ORCiD])
* Susanne M Hoffmann ([https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5384-7545 ORCiD])
* Wayne Horowitz ([https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2406-3658 ORCiD])
* Youla Azkarrula ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3703-4517 ORCiD])

== They are supported by the following scientific institutions ==
<gallery>
File:IAU logo.svg.png|International Astronomical Union
File:WGSN Logo.png|Working Group on Star Names
File:Logo-mscj-combined.jpg|Michael Stifel Center Jena
File:Wort-Bildmarke Universität Jena.jpg|Friedrich Schiller University of Jena
File:ÖAW engl.jpg|Austrian Academy of Science
File:Logo of University of Science and Technology of China.svg.png|University of Science and Technology of China Hefei
</gallery>

== Predecessors ==
This project standalone research project but, of course, there had been earlier attempts of this type. In particular, the project "Ancient Skies" by two hobby astronomers, Doris Vickers and Rüdiger Schultz, in Vienna was one of the early attempts to produce such a collection.
[[File:Ancient-skies homepage title2020.JPG|center|a predessor project of this encyclopaedia ]]
[[Category:Service]]

Naga

2026-01-15T07:35:47Z

Sushoff:

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212838262.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Naga (a dragon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Naga is a constellation used in several Indonesian sky culture. It projects mythological dragon into the sky. The dragon as a religious/divine creature that exists in many cultures in South East Asia from India to Indonesia (e.g. Cambodia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China ...).

The Balinese astral calendar "Palelintangan" has "Naga" as one of 35 "lintang" (constellations).<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> There naga is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of [[Balinese (All Terms)|palelintangan]].

==Etymology and History==
Naga (IPA: /ˈna.ɡa/, [ˈna.ɡa]) is inherited from Malay naga, and derived from Sanskrit नाग, nāgá, means “large snake”. Some languages borrow Sanskrit terms and have the same meaning as snake, namely: Iban, Indonesia, Italian, Javanese, Malay, Marano, Portuguese, Tagalog and Yakan.

=== Variants (name, spelling...) ===
The constellation in the sky is always called "Naga" but the divine creature has the following name variants (for explanation see below):
*Naga Besukih
*Antaboga
*Taksaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
On Bali, Naga are legendary creatures and exist in the folklore of almost every tribe and civilization in the world. Naga could be referred to as a big snake, a big water snake or a dragon. Unlike in some civilizations which consider dragons to be evil monsters, in Bali, dragons are considered to be sacred figures who are able to guard the island of Bali. Apart from that, there are quite a few depictions of dragons in several places such as temples, houses, government offices and former buildings left over from the Balinese kingdom. Sometimes they also make dragon ornaments on keris (traditional Balinese dagger).

==== Naga in India (Original) ====
... Shylaja's info

==== Naga in other South Asian Cultures ====
... Sze-leung's information on Thailand, Cambodia ...

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Naga Besukih (Bali) ===
The presence of the Balinese mythological creature, Naga Besukih, cannot be separated from the folklore about the formation of the Bali Strait. The story involves Manik Angkeran who was the son of a Brahmin named Sidi Mantra.

Sidi Mantra was famous for his supernatural powers while his son, although brave and clever, apparently had a penchant for gambling which made him in debt. To free himself from debt, Sidi Mantra told Manik Angkeran to ask for a little treasure guarded by Naga Besukih in the crater of Mount Agung.

The dragon agreed to the request. However, Manik apparently repeated his bad habits so he secretly returned to Naga Besukih to give him help. Blinded by the treasure stored in Naga Besukih's body, Manik cut off the dragon's tail.

With his supernatural powers, Besukih managed to burn Manik to ashes when the dragon licked his tracks. Sidi Mantra then begged Naga Besukih to revive his son on the condition that his tail be returned.

With his magical powers, Sidi Mantra managed to restore the Dragon's tail and the child came back to life. Manik then apologized and promised not to repeat his actions. After disappearing, a water source appeared where Manik stood, which grew larger and larger. With his stick, Sidi Mantra made a dividing line with the child. That place later became the Bali Strait.

=== Antaboga ===
Antaboga or Anantaboga is a Balinese mythological creature who rules snakes from a puppet story. This creature has the form of a dragon snake with a crown and a gold necklace. According to local beliefs, Antaboga has many powers and one of them is the ability to revive dead bodies. This creature is said to live in Saptapralata or the seventh layer of the earth's base. He has a wife named Dewi Supreti who also has the form of a dragon and two children named Bambang Naga Tatmala and Dewi Nagini.

=== Taksaka ===
Taksaka or Taksa is one of the dragons, the son of Dewi Kadru and Kashyapa who lives in Nagaloka with his other brothers. In the Mahabharata legend, Naga Taksaka is the dragon who killed King Parikesit.

The story of Taksaka appears in the Adiparwa story where Dewi Kadru asks Resi Kasyapa to grant her a thousand children. Bagawan Kasyapa then gives a thousand eggs, from which dragons emerge, one of which is Taksaka. But in Balinese mythology, Taksaka is not a dragon but a snake who lives in Kahyangan.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Naga.png|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Naga.png|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Naga2.jpg|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often makes trouble for his enemies, his joys and sorrows are balanced, has talent in literature, always performs praises to God and is firm in meditation. His mantras and curses are bathing. Has many memories, has a clean heart. Unfortunately they are very easily offended and sensitive so that with this nature they are often swayed by their own feelings.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri bulan (moon stone), Nila (saphire), Kalimayah (Opal).<ref name=":0" />

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alphard
| HIP 46390
| within constellation lines
| 1.97
|-
| 2
| Gienah
| HIP 59803
| Inside the Hull
| 2.58
|-
| 3
| Kraz
| HIP 61359
| Inside the Hull
| 2.64
|-
| 4
| ϵ Corvi
| HIP 59316
| Inside the Hull
| 2.98
|-
| 5
| γ Hydrae
| HIP 64962
| within constellation lines
| 3
|-
| 6
| ζ Hydrae
| HIP 43813
| within constellation lines
| 3.1
|-
| 7
| ν Hydrae
| HIP 52943
| within constellation lines
| 3.11
|-
| 8
| Ashlesha
| HIP 43109
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 9
| ξ Hydrae
| HIP 56343
| within constellation lines
| 3.54
|-
| 10
| δ Crateris
| HIP 55282
| Inside the Hull
| 3.56
|-
| 11
| λ Hydrae
| HIP 49841
| within constellation lines
| 3.61
|-
| 12
| μ Hydrae
| HIP 51069
| within constellation lines
| 3.81
|-
| 13
| Ukdah
| HIP 47431
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 14
| θ Hydrae
| HIP 45336
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 15
| Alchiba
| HIP 59199
| Inside the Hull
| 4.01
|-
| 16
| γ Crateris
| HIP 55705
| Inside the Hull
| 4.06
|-
| 17
| Alkes
| HIP 53740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 18
| Zhang
| HIP 48356
| within constellation lines
| 4.11
|-
| 19
| ρ Hydrae
| HIP 43234
| Inside the Hull
| 4.337
|-
| 20
| β Crateris
| HIP 54682
| Inside the Hull
| 4.449
|-
| 21
| τ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 46776
| Inside the Hull
| 4.548
|-
| 22
| υ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 49402
| Inside the Hull
| 4.588
|-
| 23
| τ 1 Hydrae
| HIP 46509
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 24
| ζ Crateris
| HIP 57283
| Inside the Hull
| 4.706
|-
| 25
| ϵ Crateris
| HIP 55687
| Inside the Hull
| 4.802
|-
| 26
| U Hya
| HIP 52009
| Inside the Hull
| 4.82
|-
| 27
| ϕ 3 Hydrae
| HIP 52085
| Inside the Hull
| 4.903
|-
| 28
| ψ Hydrae
| HIP 64166
| Inside the Hull
| 4.934
|-
| 29
| λ Crateris
| HIP 55598
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 56332
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 31
| II Hya
| HIP 57613
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 32
| η Crateris
| HIP 58188
| Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
| 33
| ζ Corvi
| HIP 60189
| Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
| 34
| ϵ Sextantis
| HIP 50414
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 53252
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 36
| 31 Crt
| HIP 58587
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 37
| 303 G. Hya
| HIP 58082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.272
|-
| 38
| 200 G. Hya
| HIP 49809
| Inside the Hull
| 5.296
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 46404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.32
|-
| 40
| * gam Sex A
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 52737
| Inside the Hull
| 5.44
|-
| 42
| 3 Crv
| HIP 59394
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 43
| ι Crateris
| HIP 56802
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 54029
| Inside the Hull
| 5.511
|-
| 45
| 33 Hya
| HIP 46982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.548
|-
| 46
| -
| HR 3750
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 51046
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 48
| 28 Hya
| HIP 46221
| Inside the Hull
| 5.579
|-
| 49
| 225 G. Hya
| HIP 51491
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 50
| * 17 Crt A
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 51
| 195 G. Hya
| HIP 49569
| Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
| 52
| 18 Sex
| HIP 49865
| Inside the Hull
| 5.618
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 61015
| Inside the Hull
| 5.63
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 53316
| Inside the Hull
| 5.651
|-
| 55
| 6 Crv
| HIP 60425
| Inside the Hull
| 5.658
|-
| 56
| * 17 Crt B
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.671
|-
| 57
| 236 G. Hya
| HIP 51933
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 58
| χ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 54255
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 59
| 41 Sex
| HIP 52980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 59728
| Inside the Hull
| 5.807
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 56078
| Inside the Hull
| 5.813
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 52948
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 53778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.857
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 53723
| Inside the Hull
| 5.879
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 58158
| Inside the Hull
| 5.893
|-
| 66
| 17 Sex
| HIP 49812
| Inside the Hull
| 5.901
|-
| 67
| κ Crateris
| HIP 55874
| Inside the Hull
| 5.923
|-
| 68
| 25 Sex
| HIP 50885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 60157
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 70
| 136 G. Hya
| HIP 46288
| Inside the Hull
| 5.985
|-
| 71
| ϕ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 51905
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 72
| 6 Sex
| HIP 48341
| Inside the Hull
| 6.016
|-
| 73
| 209 G. Hya
| HIP 50536
| Inside the Hull
| 6.027
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 61951
| Inside the Hull
| 6.03
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 56364
| Inside the Hull
| 6.044
|-
| 76
| 243 G. Hya
| HIP 52113
| Inside the Hull
| 6.045
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 59895
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 50292
| Inside the Hull
| 6.075
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 54214
| Inside the Hull
| 6.086
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 49293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.097
|-
| 81
| ψ Crateris
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.105
|-
| 82
| 157 G. Hya
| HIP 46869
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 57732
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 84
| 146 G. Hya
| HIP 46529
| Inside the Hull
| 6.126
|-
| 85
| 217 G. Hya
| HIP 50790
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 86
| 81 G. Hya
| HIP 43902
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 87
| 105 G. Hya
| HIP 45167
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 56293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 89
| NS Hya
| HIP 44738
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 90
| TU Crv
| HIP 61496
| Inside the Hull
| 6.184
|-
| 91
| VX Crt
| HIP 56899
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 56901
| Inside the Hull
| 6.198
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 57079
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 49900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.225
|-
| 96
| 245 G. Hya
| HIP 52391
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 56245
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 98
| 199 G. Hya
| HIP 49802
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 99
| 197 G. Hya
| HIP 49689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.244
|-
| 100
| 159 G. Hya
| HIP 46893
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 101
| * psi Crt A
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 61270
| Inside the Hull
| 6.254
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 58574
| Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
| 104
| 147 G. Hya
| HIP 46543
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 105
| 144 G. Hya
| HIP 46504
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 106
| 337 G. Hya
| HIP 63243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 50584
| Inside the Hull
| 6.308
|-
| 108
| 37 Hya
| HIP 47427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 53259
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 54048
| Inside the Hull
| 6.343
|-
| 112
| 71 G. Hya
| HIP 43570
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 113
| 172 G. Hya
| HIP 47454
| Inside the Hull
| 6.356
|-
| 114
| -
| HIP 53849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 50552
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 116
| -
| HIP 54749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.378
|-
| 117
| 34 Hya
| HIP 47249
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 118
| -
| HIP 61208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 119
| * gam Sex B
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 120
| 332 G. Hya
| HIP 62448
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 121
| 308 G. Hya
| HIP 58436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.416
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 48351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 123
| -
| HIP 56830
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 124
| 274 G. Hya
| HIP 54703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 125
| 294 G. Hya
| HIP 57001
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 126
| 258 G. Hya
| HIP 53387
| Inside the Hull
| 6.444
|-
| 127
| 166 G. Hya
| HIP 47242
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 128
| -
| HIP 48839
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 129
| 299 G. Hya
| HIP 57749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.477
|-
| 130
| 233 G. Hya
| HIP 51852
| Inside the Hull
| 6.479
|-
| 131
| 297 G. Hya
| HIP 57507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 132
| -
| HIP 50693
| Inside the Hull
| 6.499
|-
| 133
| -
| HIP 51656
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
The name "Naga" was proposed to WGSN as a star name in 2025 based on the Balinese lintang (constellation). As the name "Naga" has a strong cultural significance in many South East Asian cultures, the WGSN agreed to use it as a star name. The name is proposed for the star gam Hya because of Naga's cultural significance on Bali where it designates a constellation. ...

ON ... 2026, WGSN decided to adopt the name .. for ...

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Hya]] [[Category:Sex]] [[Category:Crt]] [[Category:Crv]]

Naga

2026-01-15T07:28:58Z

Sushoff: /* References */

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212838262.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Naga (a dragon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Naga is a constellation used in several Indonesian sky culture. It projects mythological dragon into the sky. The dragon as a religious/divine creature that exists in many cultures in South East Asia from India to Indonesia (e.g. Cambodia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China ...).

The Balinese astral calendar "Palelintangan" has "Naga" as one of 35 "lintang" (constellations).<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> There naga is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of [[Balinese (All Terms)|palelintangan]].

==Etymology and History==
Naga (IPA: /ˈna.ɡa/, [ˈna.ɡa]) is inherited from Malay naga, and derived from Sanskrit नाग, nāgá, means “large snake”. Some languages borrow Sanskrit terms and have the same meaning as snake, namely: Iban, Indonesia, Italian, Javanese, Malay, Marano, Portuguese, Tagalog and Yakan.

=== Variants (name, spelling...) ===
The constellation in the sky is always called "Naga" but the divine creature has the following name variants (for explanation see below):
*Naga Besukih
*Antaboga
*Taksaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
On Bali, Naga are legendary creatures and exist in the folklore of almost every tribe and civilization in the world. Naga could be referred to as a big snake, a big water snake or a dragon. Unlike in some civilizations which consider dragons to be evil monsters, in Bali, dragons are considered to be sacred figures who are able to guard the island of Bali. Apart from that, there are quite a few depictions of dragons in several places such as temples, houses, government offices and former buildings left over from the Balinese kingdom. Sometimes they also make dragon ornaments on keris (traditional Balinese dagger).

==== Naga in India (Original) ====
... Shylaja's info

==== Naga in other South Asian Cultures ====
... Sze-leung's information on Thailand, Cambodia ...

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Naga Besukih (Bali) ===
The presence of the Balinese mythological creature, Naga Besukih, cannot be separated from the folklore about the formation of the Bali Strait. The story involves Manik Angkeran who was the son of a Brahmin named Sidi Mantra.

Sidi Mantra was famous for his supernatural powers while his son, although brave and clever, apparently had a penchant for gambling which made him in debt. To free himself from debt, Sidi Mantra told Manik Angkeran to ask for a little treasure guarded by Naga Besukih in the crater of Mount Agung.

The dragon agreed to the request. However, Manik apparently repeated his bad habits so he secretly returned to Naga Besukih to give him help. Blinded by the treasure stored in Naga Besukih's body, Manik cut off the dragon's tail.

With his supernatural powers, Besukih managed to burn Manik to ashes when the dragon licked his tracks. Sidi Mantra then begged Naga Besukih to revive his son on the condition that his tail be returned.

With his magical powers, Sidi Mantra managed to restore the Dragon's tail and the child came back to life. Manik then apologized and promised not to repeat his actions. After disappearing, a water source appeared where Manik stood, which grew larger and larger. With his stick, Sidi Mantra made a dividing line with the child. That place later became the Bali Strait.

=== Antaboga ===
Antaboga or Anantaboga is a Balinese mythological creature who rules snakes from a puppet story. This creature has the form of a dragon snake with a crown and a gold necklace. According to local beliefs, Antaboga has many powers and one of them is the ability to revive dead bodies. This creature is said to live in Saptapralata or the seventh layer of the earth's base. He has a wife named Dewi Supreti who also has the form of a dragon and two children named Bambang Naga Tatmala and Dewi Nagini.

=== Taksaka ===
Taksaka or Taksa is one of the dragons, the son of Dewi Kadru and Kashyapa who lives in Nagaloka with his other brothers. In the Mahabharata legend, Naga Taksaka is the dragon who killed King Parikesit.

The story of Taksaka appears in the Adiparwa story where Dewi Kadru asks Resi Kasyapa to grant her a thousand children. Bagawan Kasyapa then gives a thousand eggs, from which dragons emerge, one of which is Taksaka. But in Balinese mythology, Taksaka is not a dragon but a snake who lives in Kahyangan.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Naga.png|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Naga.png|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Naga2.jpg|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often makes trouble for his enemies, his joys and sorrows are balanced, has talent in literature, always performs praises to God and is firm in meditation. His mantras and curses are bathing. Has many memories, has a clean heart. Unfortunately they are very easily offended and sensitive so that with this nature they are often swayed by their own feelings.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri bulan (moon stone), Nila (saphire), Kalimayah (Opal).<ref name=":0" />

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alphard
| HIP 46390
| within constellation lines
| 1.97
|-
| 2
| Gienah
| HIP 59803
| Inside the Hull
| 2.58
|-
| 3
| Kraz
| HIP 61359
| Inside the Hull
| 2.64
|-
| 4
| ϵ Corvi
| HIP 59316
| Inside the Hull
| 2.98
|-
| 5
| γ Hydrae
| HIP 64962
| within constellation lines
| 3
|-
| 6
| ζ Hydrae
| HIP 43813
| within constellation lines
| 3.1
|-
| 7
| ν Hydrae
| HIP 52943
| within constellation lines
| 3.11
|-
| 8
| Ashlesha
| HIP 43109
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 9
| ξ Hydrae
| HIP 56343
| within constellation lines
| 3.54
|-
| 10
| δ Crateris
| HIP 55282
| Inside the Hull
| 3.56
|-
| 11
| λ Hydrae
| HIP 49841
| within constellation lines
| 3.61
|-
| 12
| μ Hydrae
| HIP 51069
| within constellation lines
| 3.81
|-
| 13
| Ukdah
| HIP 47431
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 14
| θ Hydrae
| HIP 45336
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 15
| Alchiba
| HIP 59199
| Inside the Hull
| 4.01
|-
| 16
| γ Crateris
| HIP 55705
| Inside the Hull
| 4.06
|-
| 17
| Alkes
| HIP 53740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 18
| Zhang
| HIP 48356
| within constellation lines
| 4.11
|-
| 19
| ρ Hydrae
| HIP 43234
| Inside the Hull
| 4.337
|-
| 20
| β Crateris
| HIP 54682
| Inside the Hull
| 4.449
|-
| 21
| τ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 46776
| Inside the Hull
| 4.548
|-
| 22
| υ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 49402
| Inside the Hull
| 4.588
|-
| 23
| τ 1 Hydrae
| HIP 46509
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 24
| ζ Crateris
| HIP 57283
| Inside the Hull
| 4.706
|-
| 25
| ϵ Crateris
| HIP 55687
| Inside the Hull
| 4.802
|-
| 26
| U Hya
| HIP 52009
| Inside the Hull
| 4.82
|-
| 27
| ϕ 3 Hydrae
| HIP 52085
| Inside the Hull
| 4.903
|-
| 28
| ψ Hydrae
| HIP 64166
| Inside the Hull
| 4.934
|-
| 29
| λ Crateris
| HIP 55598
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 56332
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 31
| II Hya
| HIP 57613
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 32
| η Crateris
| HIP 58188
| Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
| 33
| ζ Corvi
| HIP 60189
| Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
| 34
| ϵ Sextantis
| HIP 50414
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 53252
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 36
| 31 Crt
| HIP 58587
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 37
| 303 G. Hya
| HIP 58082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.272
|-
| 38
| 200 G. Hya
| HIP 49809
| Inside the Hull
| 5.296
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 46404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.32
|-
| 40
| * gam Sex A
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 52737
| Inside the Hull
| 5.44
|-
| 42
| 3 Crv
| HIP 59394
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 43
| ι Crateris
| HIP 56802
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 54029
| Inside the Hull
| 5.511
|-
| 45
| 33 Hya
| HIP 46982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.548
|-
| 46
| -
| HR 3750
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 51046
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 48
| 28 Hya
| HIP 46221
| Inside the Hull
| 5.579
|-
| 49
| 225 G. Hya
| HIP 51491
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 50
| * 17 Crt A
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 51
| 195 G. Hya
| HIP 49569
| Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
| 52
| 18 Sex
| HIP 49865
| Inside the Hull
| 5.618
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 61015
| Inside the Hull
| 5.63
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 53316
| Inside the Hull
| 5.651
|-
| 55
| 6 Crv
| HIP 60425
| Inside the Hull
| 5.658
|-
| 56
| * 17 Crt B
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.671
|-
| 57
| 236 G. Hya
| HIP 51933
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 58
| χ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 54255
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 59
| 41 Sex
| HIP 52980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 59728
| Inside the Hull
| 5.807
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 56078
| Inside the Hull
| 5.813
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 52948
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 53778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.857
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 53723
| Inside the Hull
| 5.879
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 58158
| Inside the Hull
| 5.893
|-
| 66
| 17 Sex
| HIP 49812
| Inside the Hull
| 5.901
|-
| 67
| κ Crateris
| HIP 55874
| Inside the Hull
| 5.923
|-
| 68
| 25 Sex
| HIP 50885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 60157
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 70
| 136 G. Hya
| HIP 46288
| Inside the Hull
| 5.985
|-
| 71
| ϕ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 51905
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 72
| 6 Sex
| HIP 48341
| Inside the Hull
| 6.016
|-
| 73
| 209 G. Hya
| HIP 50536
| Inside the Hull
| 6.027
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 61951
| Inside the Hull
| 6.03
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 56364
| Inside the Hull
| 6.044
|-
| 76
| 243 G. Hya
| HIP 52113
| Inside the Hull
| 6.045
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 59895
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 50292
| Inside the Hull
| 6.075
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 54214
| Inside the Hull
| 6.086
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 49293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.097
|-
| 81
| ψ Crateris
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.105
|-
| 82
| 157 G. Hya
| HIP 46869
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 57732
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 84
| 146 G. Hya
| HIP 46529
| Inside the Hull
| 6.126
|-
| 85
| 217 G. Hya
| HIP 50790
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 86
| 81 G. Hya
| HIP 43902
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 87
| 105 G. Hya
| HIP 45167
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 56293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 89
| NS Hya
| HIP 44738
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 90
| TU Crv
| HIP 61496
| Inside the Hull
| 6.184
|-
| 91
| VX Crt
| HIP 56899
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 56901
| Inside the Hull
| 6.198
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 57079
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 49900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.225
|-
| 96
| 245 G. Hya
| HIP 52391
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 56245
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 98
| 199 G. Hya
| HIP 49802
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 99
| 197 G. Hya
| HIP 49689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.244
|-
| 100
| 159 G. Hya
| HIP 46893
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 101
| * psi Crt A
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 61270
| Inside the Hull
| 6.254
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 58574
| Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
| 104
| 147 G. Hya
| HIP 46543
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 105
| 144 G. Hya
| HIP 46504
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 106
| 337 G. Hya
| HIP 63243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 50584
| Inside the Hull
| 6.308
|-
| 108
| 37 Hya
| HIP 47427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 53259
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 54048
| Inside the Hull
| 6.343
|-
| 112
| 71 G. Hya
| HIP 43570
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 113
| 172 G. Hya
| HIP 47454
| Inside the Hull
| 6.356
|-
| 114
| -
| HIP 53849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 50552
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 116
| -
| HIP 54749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.378
|-
| 117
| 34 Hya
| HIP 47249
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 118
| -
| HIP 61208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 119
| * gam Sex B
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 120
| 332 G. Hya
| HIP 62448
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 121
| 308 G. Hya
| HIP 58436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.416
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 48351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 123
| -
| HIP 56830
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 124
| 274 G. Hya
| HIP 54703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 125
| 294 G. Hya
| HIP 57001
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 126
| 258 G. Hya
| HIP 53387
| Inside the Hull
| 6.444
|-
| 127
| 166 G. Hya
| HIP 47242
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 128
| -
| HIP 48839
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 129
| 299 G. Hya
| HIP 57749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.477
|-
| 130
| 233 G. Hya
| HIP 51852
| Inside the Hull
| 6.479
|-
| 131
| 297 G. Hya
| HIP 57507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 132
| -
| HIP 50693
| Inside the Hull
| 6.499
|-
| 133
| -
| HIP 51656
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Hya]] [[Category:Sex]] [[Category:Crt]] [[Category:Crv]]

Naga

2026-01-15T07:28:42Z

Sushoff: /* Weblinks */

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212838262.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Naga (a dragon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Naga is a constellation used in several Indonesian sky culture. It projects mythological dragon into the sky. The dragon as a religious/divine creature that exists in many cultures in South East Asia from India to Indonesia (e.g. Cambodia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China ...).

The Balinese astral calendar "Palelintangan" has "Naga" as one of 35 "lintang" (constellations).<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> There naga is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of [[Balinese (All Terms)|palelintangan]].

==Etymology and History==
Naga (IPA: /ˈna.ɡa/, [ˈna.ɡa]) is inherited from Malay naga, and derived from Sanskrit नाग, nāgá, means “large snake”. Some languages borrow Sanskrit terms and have the same meaning as snake, namely: Iban, Indonesia, Italian, Javanese, Malay, Marano, Portuguese, Tagalog and Yakan.

=== Variants (name, spelling...) ===
The constellation in the sky is always called "Naga" but the divine creature has the following name variants (for explanation see below):
*Naga Besukih
*Antaboga
*Taksaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
On Bali, Naga are legendary creatures and exist in the folklore of almost every tribe and civilization in the world. Naga could be referred to as a big snake, a big water snake or a dragon. Unlike in some civilizations which consider dragons to be evil monsters, in Bali, dragons are considered to be sacred figures who are able to guard the island of Bali. Apart from that, there are quite a few depictions of dragons in several places such as temples, houses, government offices and former buildings left over from the Balinese kingdom. Sometimes they also make dragon ornaments on keris (traditional Balinese dagger).

==== Naga in India (Original) ====
... Shylaja's info

==== Naga in other South Asian Cultures ====
... Sze-leung's information on Thailand, Cambodia ...

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Naga Besukih (Bali) ===
The presence of the Balinese mythological creature, Naga Besukih, cannot be separated from the folklore about the formation of the Bali Strait. The story involves Manik Angkeran who was the son of a Brahmin named Sidi Mantra.

Sidi Mantra was famous for his supernatural powers while his son, although brave and clever, apparently had a penchant for gambling which made him in debt. To free himself from debt, Sidi Mantra told Manik Angkeran to ask for a little treasure guarded by Naga Besukih in the crater of Mount Agung.

The dragon agreed to the request. However, Manik apparently repeated his bad habits so he secretly returned to Naga Besukih to give him help. Blinded by the treasure stored in Naga Besukih's body, Manik cut off the dragon's tail.

With his supernatural powers, Besukih managed to burn Manik to ashes when the dragon licked his tracks. Sidi Mantra then begged Naga Besukih to revive his son on the condition that his tail be returned.

With his magical powers, Sidi Mantra managed to restore the Dragon's tail and the child came back to life. Manik then apologized and promised not to repeat his actions. After disappearing, a water source appeared where Manik stood, which grew larger and larger. With his stick, Sidi Mantra made a dividing line with the child. That place later became the Bali Strait.

=== Antaboga ===
Antaboga or Anantaboga is a Balinese mythological creature who rules snakes from a puppet story. This creature has the form of a dragon snake with a crown and a gold necklace. According to local beliefs, Antaboga has many powers and one of them is the ability to revive dead bodies. This creature is said to live in Saptapralata or the seventh layer of the earth's base. He has a wife named Dewi Supreti who also has the form of a dragon and two children named Bambang Naga Tatmala and Dewi Nagini.

=== Taksaka ===
Taksaka or Taksa is one of the dragons, the son of Dewi Kadru and Kashyapa who lives in Nagaloka with his other brothers. In the Mahabharata legend, Naga Taksaka is the dragon who killed King Parikesit.

The story of Taksaka appears in the Adiparwa story where Dewi Kadru asks Resi Kasyapa to grant her a thousand children. Bagawan Kasyapa then gives a thousand eggs, from which dragons emerge, one of which is Taksaka. But in Balinese mythology, Taksaka is not a dragon but a snake who lives in Kahyangan.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Naga.png|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Naga.png|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Naga2.jpg|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often makes trouble for his enemies, his joys and sorrows are balanced, has talent in literature, always performs praises to God and is firm in meditation. His mantras and curses are bathing. Has many memories, has a clean heart. Unfortunately they are very easily offended and sensitive so that with this nature they are often swayed by their own feelings.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri bulan (moon stone), Nila (saphire), Kalimayah (Opal).<ref name=":0" />

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alphard
| HIP 46390
| within constellation lines
| 1.97
|-
| 2
| Gienah
| HIP 59803
| Inside the Hull
| 2.58
|-
| 3
| Kraz
| HIP 61359
| Inside the Hull
| 2.64
|-
| 4
| ϵ Corvi
| HIP 59316
| Inside the Hull
| 2.98
|-
| 5
| γ Hydrae
| HIP 64962
| within constellation lines
| 3
|-
| 6
| ζ Hydrae
| HIP 43813
| within constellation lines
| 3.1
|-
| 7
| ν Hydrae
| HIP 52943
| within constellation lines
| 3.11
|-
| 8
| Ashlesha
| HIP 43109
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 9
| ξ Hydrae
| HIP 56343
| within constellation lines
| 3.54
|-
| 10
| δ Crateris
| HIP 55282
| Inside the Hull
| 3.56
|-
| 11
| λ Hydrae
| HIP 49841
| within constellation lines
| 3.61
|-
| 12
| μ Hydrae
| HIP 51069
| within constellation lines
| 3.81
|-
| 13
| Ukdah
| HIP 47431
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 14
| θ Hydrae
| HIP 45336
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 15
| Alchiba
| HIP 59199
| Inside the Hull
| 4.01
|-
| 16
| γ Crateris
| HIP 55705
| Inside the Hull
| 4.06
|-
| 17
| Alkes
| HIP 53740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 18
| Zhang
| HIP 48356
| within constellation lines
| 4.11
|-
| 19
| ρ Hydrae
| HIP 43234
| Inside the Hull
| 4.337
|-
| 20
| β Crateris
| HIP 54682
| Inside the Hull
| 4.449
|-
| 21
| τ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 46776
| Inside the Hull
| 4.548
|-
| 22
| υ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 49402
| Inside the Hull
| 4.588
|-
| 23
| τ 1 Hydrae
| HIP 46509
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 24
| ζ Crateris
| HIP 57283
| Inside the Hull
| 4.706
|-
| 25
| ϵ Crateris
| HIP 55687
| Inside the Hull
| 4.802
|-
| 26
| U Hya
| HIP 52009
| Inside the Hull
| 4.82
|-
| 27
| ϕ 3 Hydrae
| HIP 52085
| Inside the Hull
| 4.903
|-
| 28
| ψ Hydrae
| HIP 64166
| Inside the Hull
| 4.934
|-
| 29
| λ Crateris
| HIP 55598
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 56332
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 31
| II Hya
| HIP 57613
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 32
| η Crateris
| HIP 58188
| Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
| 33
| ζ Corvi
| HIP 60189
| Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
| 34
| ϵ Sextantis
| HIP 50414
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 53252
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 36
| 31 Crt
| HIP 58587
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 37
| 303 G. Hya
| HIP 58082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.272
|-
| 38
| 200 G. Hya
| HIP 49809
| Inside the Hull
| 5.296
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 46404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.32
|-
| 40
| * gam Sex A
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 52737
| Inside the Hull
| 5.44
|-
| 42
| 3 Crv
| HIP 59394
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 43
| ι Crateris
| HIP 56802
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 54029
| Inside the Hull
| 5.511
|-
| 45
| 33 Hya
| HIP 46982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.548
|-
| 46
| -
| HR 3750
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 51046
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 48
| 28 Hya
| HIP 46221
| Inside the Hull
| 5.579
|-
| 49
| 225 G. Hya
| HIP 51491
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 50
| * 17 Crt A
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 51
| 195 G. Hya
| HIP 49569
| Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
| 52
| 18 Sex
| HIP 49865
| Inside the Hull
| 5.618
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 61015
| Inside the Hull
| 5.63
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 53316
| Inside the Hull
| 5.651
|-
| 55
| 6 Crv
| HIP 60425
| Inside the Hull
| 5.658
|-
| 56
| * 17 Crt B
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.671
|-
| 57
| 236 G. Hya
| HIP 51933
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 58
| χ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 54255
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 59
| 41 Sex
| HIP 52980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 59728
| Inside the Hull
| 5.807
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 56078
| Inside the Hull
| 5.813
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 52948
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 53778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.857
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 53723
| Inside the Hull
| 5.879
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 58158
| Inside the Hull
| 5.893
|-
| 66
| 17 Sex
| HIP 49812
| Inside the Hull
| 5.901
|-
| 67
| κ Crateris
| HIP 55874
| Inside the Hull
| 5.923
|-
| 68
| 25 Sex
| HIP 50885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 60157
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 70
| 136 G. Hya
| HIP 46288
| Inside the Hull
| 5.985
|-
| 71
| ϕ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 51905
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 72
| 6 Sex
| HIP 48341
| Inside the Hull
| 6.016
|-
| 73
| 209 G. Hya
| HIP 50536
| Inside the Hull
| 6.027
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 61951
| Inside the Hull
| 6.03
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 56364
| Inside the Hull
| 6.044
|-
| 76
| 243 G. Hya
| HIP 52113
| Inside the Hull
| 6.045
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 59895
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 50292
| Inside the Hull
| 6.075
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 54214
| Inside the Hull
| 6.086
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 49293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.097
|-
| 81
| ψ Crateris
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.105
|-
| 82
| 157 G. Hya
| HIP 46869
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 57732
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 84
| 146 G. Hya
| HIP 46529
| Inside the Hull
| 6.126
|-
| 85
| 217 G. Hya
| HIP 50790
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 86
| 81 G. Hya
| HIP 43902
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 87
| 105 G. Hya
| HIP 45167
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 56293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 89
| NS Hya
| HIP 44738
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 90
| TU Crv
| HIP 61496
| Inside the Hull
| 6.184
|-
| 91
| VX Crt
| HIP 56899
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 56901
| Inside the Hull
| 6.198
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 57079
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 49900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.225
|-
| 96
| 245 G. Hya
| HIP 52391
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 56245
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 98
| 199 G. Hya
| HIP 49802
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 99
| 197 G. Hya
| HIP 49689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.244
|-
| 100
| 159 G. Hya
| HIP 46893
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 101
| * psi Crt A
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 61270
| Inside the Hull
| 6.254
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 58574
| Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
| 104
| 147 G. Hya
| HIP 46543
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 105
| 144 G. Hya
| HIP 46504
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 106
| 337 G. Hya
| HIP 63243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 50584
| Inside the Hull
| 6.308
|-
| 108
| 37 Hya
| HIP 47427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 53259
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 54048
| Inside the Hull
| 6.343
|-
| 112
| 71 G. Hya
| HIP 43570
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 113
| 172 G. Hya
| HIP 47454
| Inside the Hull
| 6.356
|-
| 114
| -
| HIP 53849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 50552
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 116
| -
| HIP 54749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.378
|-
| 117
| 34 Hya
| HIP 47249
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 118
| -
| HIP 61208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 119
| * gam Sex B
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 120
| 332 G. Hya
| HIP 62448
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 121
| 308 G. Hya
| HIP 58436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.416
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 48351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 123
| -
| HIP 56830
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 124
| 274 G. Hya
| HIP 54703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 125
| 294 G. Hya
| HIP 57001
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 126
| 258 G. Hya
| HIP 53387
| Inside the Hull
| 6.444
|-
| 127
| 166 G. Hya
| HIP 47242
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 128
| -
| HIP 48839
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 129
| 299 G. Hya
| HIP 57749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.477
|-
| 130
| 233 G. Hya
| HIP 51852
| Inside the Hull
| 6.479
|-
| 131
| 297 G. Hya
| HIP 57507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 132
| -
| HIP 50693
| Inside the Hull
| 6.499
|-
| 133
| -
| HIP 51656
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Hya]] [[Category:Sex]] [[Category:Crt]] [[Category:Crv]]

Naga

2026-01-15T07:12:35Z

Sushoff:

[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212838262.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Naga (a dragon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Naga is a constellation used in several Indonesian sky culture. It projects mythological dragon into the sky. The dragon as a religious/divine creature that exists in many cultures in South East Asia from India to Indonesia (e.g. Cambodia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China ...).

The Balinese astral calendar "Palelintangan" has "Naga" as one of 35 "lintang" (constellations).<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> There naga is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of [[Balinese (All Terms)|palelintangan]].

==Etymology and History==
Naga (IPA: /ˈna.ɡa/, [ˈna.ɡa]) is inherited from Malay naga, and derived from Sanskrit नाग, nāgá, means “large snake”. Some languages borrow Sanskrit terms and have the same meaning as snake, namely: Iban, Indonesia, Italian, Javanese, Malay, Marano, Portuguese, Tagalog and Yakan.

=== Variants (name, spelling...) ===
The constellation in the sky is always called "Naga" but the divine creature has the following name variants (for explanation see below):
*Naga Besukih
*Antaboga
*Taksaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
On Bali, Naga are legendary creatures and exist in the folklore of almost every tribe and civilization in the world. Naga could be referred to as a big snake, a big water snake or a dragon. Unlike in some civilizations which consider dragons to be evil monsters, in Bali, dragons are considered to be sacred figures who are able to guard the island of Bali. Apart from that, there are quite a few depictions of dragons in several places such as temples, houses, government offices and former buildings left over from the Balinese kingdom. Sometimes they also make dragon ornaments on keris (traditional Balinese dagger).

==== Naga in India (Original) ====
... Shylaja's info

==== Naga in other South Asian Cultures ====
... Sze-leung's information on Thailand, Cambodia ...

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Naga Besukih (Bali) ===
The presence of the Balinese mythological creature, Naga Besukih, cannot be separated from the folklore about the formation of the Bali Strait. The story involves Manik Angkeran who was the son of a Brahmin named Sidi Mantra.

Sidi Mantra was famous for his supernatural powers while his son, although brave and clever, apparently had a penchant for gambling which made him in debt. To free himself from debt, Sidi Mantra told Manik Angkeran to ask for a little treasure guarded by Naga Besukih in the crater of Mount Agung.

The dragon agreed to the request. However, Manik apparently repeated his bad habits so he secretly returned to Naga Besukih to give him help. Blinded by the treasure stored in Naga Besukih's body, Manik cut off the dragon's tail.

With his supernatural powers, Besukih managed to burn Manik to ashes when the dragon licked his tracks. Sidi Mantra then begged Naga Besukih to revive his son on the condition that his tail be returned.

With his magical powers, Sidi Mantra managed to restore the Dragon's tail and the child came back to life. Manik then apologized and promised not to repeat his actions. After disappearing, a water source appeared where Manik stood, which grew larger and larger. With his stick, Sidi Mantra made a dividing line with the child. That place later became the Bali Strait.

=== Antaboga ===
Antaboga or Anantaboga is a Balinese mythological creature who rules snakes from a puppet story. This creature has the form of a dragon snake with a crown and a gold necklace. According to local beliefs, Antaboga has many powers and one of them is the ability to revive dead bodies. This creature is said to live in Saptapralata or the seventh layer of the earth's base. He has a wife named Dewi Supreti who also has the form of a dragon and two children named Bambang Naga Tatmala and Dewi Nagini.

=== Taksaka ===
Taksaka or Taksa is one of the dragons, the son of Dewi Kadru and Kashyapa who lives in Nagaloka with his other brothers. In the Mahabharata legend, Naga Taksaka is the dragon who killed King Parikesit.

The story of Taksaka appears in the Adiparwa story where Dewi Kadru asks Resi Kasyapa to grant her a thousand children. Bagawan Kasyapa then gives a thousand eggs, from which dragons emerge, one of which is Taksaka. But in Balinese mythology, Taksaka is not a dragon but a snake who lives in Kahyangan.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Naga.png|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:Lintang Naga.png|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali)
File:Lintang Naga2.jpg|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often makes trouble for his enemies, his joys and sorrows are balanced, has talent in literature, always performs praises to God and is firm in meditation. His mantras and curses are bathing. Has many memories, has a clean heart. Unfortunately they are very easily offended and sensitive so that with this nature they are often swayed by their own feelings.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri bulan (moon stone), Nila (saphire), Kalimayah (Opal).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alphard
| HIP 46390
| within constellation lines
| 1.97
|-
| 2
| Gienah
| HIP 59803
| Inside the Hull
| 2.58
|-
| 3
| Kraz
| HIP 61359
| Inside the Hull
| 2.64
|-
| 4
| ϵ Corvi
| HIP 59316
| Inside the Hull
| 2.98
|-
| 5
| γ Hydrae
| HIP 64962
| within constellation lines
| 3
|-
| 6
| ζ Hydrae
| HIP 43813
| within constellation lines
| 3.1
|-
| 7
| ν Hydrae
| HIP 52943
| within constellation lines
| 3.11
|-
| 8
| Ashlesha
| HIP 43109
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 9
| ξ Hydrae
| HIP 56343
| within constellation lines
| 3.54
|-
| 10
| δ Crateris
| HIP 55282
| Inside the Hull
| 3.56
|-
| 11
| λ Hydrae
| HIP 49841
| within constellation lines
| 3.61
|-
| 12
| μ Hydrae
| HIP 51069
| within constellation lines
| 3.81
|-
| 13
| Ukdah
| HIP 47431
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 14
| θ Hydrae
| HIP 45336
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 15
| Alchiba
| HIP 59199
| Inside the Hull
| 4.01
|-
| 16
| γ Crateris
| HIP 55705
| Inside the Hull
| 4.06
|-
| 17
| Alkes
| HIP 53740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 18
| Zhang
| HIP 48356
| within constellation lines
| 4.11
|-
| 19
| ρ Hydrae
| HIP 43234
| Inside the Hull
| 4.337
|-
| 20
| β Crateris
| HIP 54682
| Inside the Hull
| 4.449
|-
| 21
| τ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 46776
| Inside the Hull
| 4.548
|-
| 22
| υ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 49402
| Inside the Hull
| 4.588
|-
| 23
| τ 1 Hydrae
| HIP 46509
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 24
| ζ Crateris
| HIP 57283
| Inside the Hull
| 4.706
|-
| 25
| ϵ Crateris
| HIP 55687
| Inside the Hull
| 4.802
|-
| 26
| U Hya
| HIP 52009
| Inside the Hull
| 4.82
|-
| 27
| ϕ 3 Hydrae
| HIP 52085
| Inside the Hull
| 4.903
|-
| 28
| ψ Hydrae
| HIP 64166
| Inside the Hull
| 4.934
|-
| 29
| λ Crateris
| HIP 55598
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 56332
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 31
| II Hya
| HIP 57613
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 32
| η Crateris
| HIP 58188
| Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
| 33
| ζ Corvi
| HIP 60189
| Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
| 34
| ϵ Sextantis
| HIP 50414
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 53252
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 36
| 31 Crt
| HIP 58587
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 37
| 303 G. Hya
| HIP 58082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.272
|-
| 38
| 200 G. Hya
| HIP 49809
| Inside the Hull
| 5.296
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 46404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.32
|-
| 40
| * gam Sex A
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 52737
| Inside the Hull
| 5.44
|-
| 42
| 3 Crv
| HIP 59394
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 43
| ι Crateris
| HIP 56802
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 54029
| Inside the Hull
| 5.511
|-
| 45
| 33 Hya
| HIP 46982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.548
|-
| 46
| -
| HR 3750
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 51046
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 48
| 28 Hya
| HIP 46221
| Inside the Hull
| 5.579
|-
| 49
| 225 G. Hya
| HIP 51491
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 50
| * 17 Crt A
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 51
| 195 G. Hya
| HIP 49569
| Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
| 52
| 18 Sex
| HIP 49865
| Inside the Hull
| 5.618
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 61015
| Inside the Hull
| 5.63
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 53316
| Inside the Hull
| 5.651
|-
| 55
| 6 Crv
| HIP 60425
| Inside the Hull
| 5.658
|-
| 56
| * 17 Crt B
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.671
|-
| 57
| 236 G. Hya
| HIP 51933
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 58
| χ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 54255
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 59
| 41 Sex
| HIP 52980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 59728
| Inside the Hull
| 5.807
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 56078
| Inside the Hull
| 5.813
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 52948
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 53778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.857
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 53723
| Inside the Hull
| 5.879
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 58158
| Inside the Hull
| 5.893
|-
| 66
| 17 Sex
| HIP 49812
| Inside the Hull
| 5.901
|-
| 67
| κ Crateris
| HIP 55874
| Inside the Hull
| 5.923
|-
| 68
| 25 Sex
| HIP 50885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 60157
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 70
| 136 G. Hya
| HIP 46288
| Inside the Hull
| 5.985
|-
| 71
| ϕ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 51905
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 72
| 6 Sex
| HIP 48341
| Inside the Hull
| 6.016
|-
| 73
| 209 G. Hya
| HIP 50536
| Inside the Hull
| 6.027
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 61951
| Inside the Hull
| 6.03
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 56364
| Inside the Hull
| 6.044
|-
| 76
| 243 G. Hya
| HIP 52113
| Inside the Hull
| 6.045
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 59895
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 50292
| Inside the Hull
| 6.075
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 54214
| Inside the Hull
| 6.086
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 49293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.097
|-
| 81
| ψ Crateris
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.105
|-
| 82
| 157 G. Hya
| HIP 46869
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 57732
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 84
| 146 G. Hya
| HIP 46529
| Inside the Hull
| 6.126
|-
| 85
| 217 G. Hya
| HIP 50790
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 86
| 81 G. Hya
| HIP 43902
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 87
| 105 G. Hya
| HIP 45167
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 56293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 89
| NS Hya
| HIP 44738
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 90
| TU Crv
| HIP 61496
| Inside the Hull
| 6.184
|-
| 91
| VX Crt
| HIP 56899
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 56901
| Inside the Hull
| 6.198
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 57079
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 49900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.225
|-
| 96
| 245 G. Hya
| HIP 52391
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 56245
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 98
| 199 G. Hya
| HIP 49802
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 99
| 197 G. Hya
| HIP 49689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.244
|-
| 100
| 159 G. Hya
| HIP 46893
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 101
| * psi Crt A
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 61270
| Inside the Hull
| 6.254
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 58574
| Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
| 104
| 147 G. Hya
| HIP 46543
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 105
| 144 G. Hya
| HIP 46504
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 106
| 337 G. Hya
| HIP 63243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 50584
| Inside the Hull
| 6.308
|-
| 108
| 37 Hya
| HIP 47427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 53259
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 54048
| Inside the Hull
| 6.343
|-
| 112
| 71 G. Hya
| HIP 43570
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 113
| 172 G. Hya
| HIP 47454
| Inside the Hull
| 6.356
|-
| 114
| -
| HIP 53849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 50552
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 116
| -
| HIP 54749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.378
|-
| 117
| 34 Hya
| HIP 47249
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 118
| -
| HIP 61208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 119
| * gam Sex B
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 120
| 332 G. Hya
| HIP 62448
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 121
| 308 G. Hya
| HIP 58436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.416
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 48351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 123
| -
| HIP 56830
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 124
| 274 G. Hya
| HIP 54703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 125
| 294 G. Hya
| HIP 57001
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 126
| 258 G. Hya
| HIP 53387
| Inside the Hull
| 6.444
|-
| 127
| 166 G. Hya
| HIP 47242
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 128
| -
| HIP 48839
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 129
| 299 G. Hya
| HIP 57749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.477
|-
| 130
| 233 G. Hya
| HIP 51852
| Inside the Hull
| 6.479
|-
| 131
| 297 G. Hya
| HIP 57507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 132
| -
| HIP 50693
| Inside the Hull
| 6.499
|-
| 133
| -
| HIP 51656
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Hya]] [[Category:Sex]] [[Category:Crt]] [[Category:Crv]]

Zuqaqīpu

2026-01-08T18:24:32Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zuqaqīpu''}}

mul''Zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Akkadian parallel to mulGIR2.TAB "Scorpius," mostly in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series, see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Ziqpu

2026-01-08T18:24:03Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}

(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ziqpu, a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:

* MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''

* "Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is) the Shupa, the Constellation of Dignity, the Standing Gods, the Dog, the Goat, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Stag, the Old Man, the Staff, the Great Twins, the Crab, the Lion, Erua, and the Asterism of Abundance. They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky " (I iv 1-9) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:

* I. mulŠUDUN "Yarmo" (Kurtik sh18).
* II. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']] "The rear portion of the harness" (Kurtik sh21).
* III. [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']] "Staff" (Kurtik g05).
* IV. [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']] "Stars from the Pair" (Kurtik m14).
* V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti "Stars from the Triple" (Kurtik t01).
* VI. [[DILI|MUL DILI]] "Separate Star" (Kurtik d07).
* VII. [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]] "Lord of Life" (Kurtik g09).
* VIII. ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A "Shoulder of the Panther" (Kurtik k25).
* IX. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "The bright star on its breast (Kurtik n20)
* X. [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]] "Knee, shin?"(Kurtik k18).
* XI. [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']] "Heel (of the Panther)" (Kurtik a47).
* XII. 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "4 stars of the Stag" (Kurtik L09).
* XIII. [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']] "dim stars" (Kurtik u14).
* XIV. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] "Bright star in the Old Man" (Kurtik n21).
* XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']] (Kurtik n08).
* XVI. [[GAM3|mulGAM3]] "Staff" (Kurtik g06).
* XVII. [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3 "Hand on the Staff" (Kurtik k21).
* XVIII. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] "(Frontal) Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XIX. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XX. [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]] "Crab" (Kurtik a18).
* XXI. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]] "2 stars on the head of the Lion" (Kurtik s06).
* XXII. [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "4 stars on its breast" (Kurtik g03).
* XXIII. [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]] "2 stars on its tail" (Kurtik g23).
* XXIV. [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]] "A separate star on its tail" (Kurtik d08).
* XXV. [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]] "A branch" (Kurtik a02).
* XXVI. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]] "A harness" (Kurtik sh20).

Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the True Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [MA, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Zibānītum

2026-01-08T18:23:26Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zibānītum''}}

mul''Zibānītum'' (𒀯𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Akkadian parallel to mulGIŠ.ERIN2, mulZI.BA.AN.NA "Libra";

* 1) the constellation Libra (Libra),
* 2) Saturn, Mercury, or Mars [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 100], see also (Kurtik e18) [[ERIN2|ERIN2]], (Kurtik g12) [[GI6|GI6]], (Kurtik g22) [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]], (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]], (Kurtik z08) [[ZIB|ZIBme]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
See (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]], (Kurtik b10) ''[[Bibbu]]''.
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, IX 10, XVII 15; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 235:5′; Largement 1957<ref name=":4">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:96-98; Verderame 2002<ref name=":5">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; Van Soldt 1995<ref name=":6">''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, Table 24(25) III 65].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)".'''
Astrolabe P.

* Stars of Anu, month of tashrit, 80 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša i-na'' zi im.ulu3.lu / ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab gub-''zu'' / muludu.idim d''Zi-ba-ni-tum'' "The red star that stands at the rising of the south wind in front of Scorpius: planet, Libra" (B ii 8-10); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 3].
* (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] ... mul''Zi-ba-ni-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[Tashritu]: ... The Libra (rises in the path of) Anu " (C ii 7).
* (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising – Tashrit, setting – Nisan [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see (Kurtik n35) [[NIN.MAḪ]].

BM 82923.

* Month of Tashrit, stars of Anu: mul''Zi-ba-ni-tum'' // 1,20 // EN dUTU "Libra // 80 // Lord(?), Shamash" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:20].

LBAT 1499.

* In the Anu column in the line for tashritu, múl''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 is replaced by múl''A-nu-ni-tu''4.

Text Nv. 10.

* mul''zi''-˹''ba-nit''˺? - AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA star in the month of duuzu, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* (a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (No. 10): mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''2 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
* (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 6): [mul''Zi-ba-n'']''i-tu''4 [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
Anu. 3.

* [MUL S]A5 ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3lu IGI-''it'' múlGIR2.TAB GUB3! MUL2 UDU.IDIM: d''z''[''i-ba-ni-tum''] / [(mul)SA]G.UŠ! MUL ''bi-ib-bu zi-ba-ni-tum'' dUTU ''a''-˹''na''˺ [...] "The [re]d [star] that stands at the rising of the south wind and in front of Scorpius, is a planet: L[ibra, Sa]turn, the planet, the Libra of Shamash. For [...]" (B.17-18) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7" />, 178-179].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 mulUR.IDIM mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / ''u'' mulUR.KU IGIme-''ma'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th of Tashrit, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gulas) become visible; 3 mins – the day guard, 3 mins – the night guard" (I iii 1-2), see also: mu[l''Zi-b'']''a-ni-tum'' [...] ''ina'' ITI x IGI-''mar'' [...] "[L]ibra [...] rises heliacally in the month of [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, IX 10].
* (2) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
* (3) Intervals between the dates of heliacal sunrises: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 "20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of Libra. 30 days from the rising of Libra to the rising of the Goat" (I iii 37-38).
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM mulUR.GU.LA ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 KUR-''ḫa'' "On the 15th of tashrit, the Lion stands in the middle of the sky opposite its chest, and Libra rises" (I iv 25), see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 117, BM 73815: 5′].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4, after mulAB.SIN2, before mulGIR2.TAB (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']].
* (6) First intercalation scheme: (II i 14, 20), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]].
* (7) List of planets: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 MUL dUTU "Saturn, [also called] Libra (or) the Star of Shamash" (II i 38-39).
* (8) In the observations of Saturn: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KIMIN mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 MUL dUTU "Saturn, [called also] Libra (or) the Star of the Sun" (II i 64) [MA<ref name=":9">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 43, 50, 54, 65, 68, 73, 76, 80, 86]; see also (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
Text BM 77054.
* ''ina'' itidu6 ud.15.kam sag.du mu[l...] / mul''zi-ba-ni-tum'' [...] "On the 15th of tashrit, the head of the constellat[ion ...] / Libra [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, rev. 3′-4′].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":10">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 353].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) 12 stars of Akkad: mul''zi-ba-ni-tum'';
* (2) 7 Celestial Twins: mulzi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:211, 235].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (L) ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 "Front bowl of Libra" (α Lib), see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]].
* (M) murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' "The middle portion of Libra" (β Lib).
* (N) murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' "Middle of Libra" (γ Lib), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
See (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
2 "normal stars" were distinguished in the constellation, see below.
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [múl''zi-ba-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star Antashurra, see (Kurtik t01) [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2-''a-ti'']].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
* (1) Libra as the hypsoma of Saturn, cf. [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11" />, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56], as well as (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]], (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].
* (2) "Lunaries":
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mul''zi-ba-nu'' "Region of Libra," astrological meaning: the love of the man for a woman, return of lost things [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259: 5, 20; Reiner 1995<ref name=":12">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193], see also (Kurtik g22) [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]], (Kurtik e18) [[ERIN2|ERIN2]].
* (3) Extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars: ZE2 d''A-nim'' itiDU6 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 "'Gallbladder' Anu, month of tashrit, Libra" [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:13; Reiner 1995<ref name=":12" />, 78].
* (4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 AN.MI GAR-''ma''... "If the Moon eclipses in Libra..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:16′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|}
See also: múl''zi-ba-ni''-[''tum''] ''ša''2 ''ki-na-a-tum'' // ''mu-šaq-qil-tum'' "Libr[a] revealing the truth = scales" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 39:6; CAD<ref name=":1" /> Z, 99b], as well as [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:13; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 103:10; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 270:3′ +Bemerkung].

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name Libra is not often written with the determinative d. Many texts note of Libra's association with Shamash and Saturn, see in this connection [LAS 2<ref name=":13">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, 342-3; Wolters 1993<ref>''Wolters A.'' An Allusion to Libra in Daniel 5* / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 291-306.</ref>]. The ritual of "washing the mouth" or "reviving" a statue of a deity (''mīs pî'') is prescribed as the following: 6 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na'' mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 E2 dUTU mulAPIN mulŠU.PA / mulMAR.GID2.DA mulE4.RU6 mulUZ3 ''tara-kas''2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-''uš'') "6 altars you set up before the Libra, the house of Shamash, the Plow, the Shupa, the Chariot, the Erua, the Goat (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)" [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 105:32-33; Reiner 1995<ref>Reiner 1995</ref>, 141; SAALT I<ref name=":14">''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 72:32-33]. The definition of Libra as the "house of Shamash" is consistent with the notion that Libra was considered the hypsoma of Saturn (see above). The signs corresponding to E2 dUTU "House of Shamash" are read as MULU4 dUTU "Star of Shamash"(?) in [SAALT I<ref name=":14" />, 72:32]. See also mul''zi-ba-ni''-<''tum''> in the list of "12 city gods of Babylon"(?) in the same group as Saturn and Mercury [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 54:1, 58]. In astrological geography, the Libra was correlated with the following: a) with Sippar and Larsa, b) with Girsu, Lagash and Isin [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>].

==== Symbol. ====
For astral representations of scales on Seleucid seals see. [Wallenfels 1994<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, 155, nos. 138, 149-152, 369, 420, 550-552, 820; Wallenfels 1993<ref>''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 285, Fig. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":15">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 20, 21, 30]. On them one can distinguish a scales' lever, to which a characteristic V-shaped element is attached (apparently, this is the *''zibana'' from which the name is derived) and two bowls. On the "Planisphere" K 8538 in sector 6, according to Koch, the constellation of Libra is depicted, not similar to Seleucid images [Koch 1989<ref name=":16">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 59-60, 115; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":15" />, fig. 9]. According to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which the zodiac sign Libra múlZI is put in correspondence with ERIN2 "scales" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:7, 24].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Libra (Libra) [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":17">''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a, 76a, 77; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 16]

= α + β Librae (= mulzi.ba.an.na) in the list of astral Gemini [Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":17" />, 80b].

= Libra and part of Virgo [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138].

= β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri [Koch 1989<ref name=":16" />, 78-79, 115].

= Librae [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11" />, 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8" />, 249].

==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 "Southern part of Librae" (= α Librae);

(2) ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI "Northern part of Libra" (β Librae);

(1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 "Front bowl of the Libra" (= λ Vir, according to [Pingree-Walker 1988, 320], = α Librae, according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":18">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":12" />, 275]).

(4) murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' "Middle of Librae" (= β Librae, according to [Pingree-Walker 1988, 320]; = γ, λ Librae, according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":18" />, 58; 1995<ref name=":19">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 61]), see also Dbn-text (§d).

(5) zi.ba.an.na igi-''u''2 "Front (star) of Librae" (= α Librae) [Koch 1995<ref name=":19" />, 61-62].

(6) zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''2 "Rear (star) of Librae" (= β Librae) [Koch 1995<ref name=":19" />, 61-62].

(7) mul''zi-ba-nu'', an element of the figure of the constellation Libra, corresponding probably to its middle part; only in BRM IV, 20: 5, 20 [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257-9; CAD<ref name=":1" /> Z, 100b].

(8) The "upper" and "lower" parts of the Libra are implied, apparently, in VAT 9418, where the list of "7 (celestial) Twins" is replaced by mulzi.ba.an.na / mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 31-32; Weidner 1957-1959<ref name=":17" />, 80b], see (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Saturn; [mulUDU.IDIM].SAG.UŠ [mul''zi-ba-ni'']-''tum'' / [DIŠ mul''zi-ba'']-''ni-tum'' KI.GUB-''su'' GI.NA / [''taš-mu'']-''u''2 ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "[Sat]urn = [Li]bra. [If] the position of the [Lib]ra (=Saturn) is stable (i.e., Saturn is standing): there will be [reconciliation and harmony in the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 547:5, r. 1-2]; for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 39:1-3]; see also: [DIŠ mul''zi-ba-ni-t'']''um ma-diš'' SA5 ''taš-mu-u''2 [...] "[If the Libra is very red: reconciliation [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 73 r. 41]; see also [LAS 2<ref name=":13" />, 342-343; MA<ref name=":9" />, 130; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7" />, 180, Anu 3 + note 38].

(2) = Star of Shamash; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI.MIN mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 MUL dUTU 'Saturn, or Libra, the star of Shamash' [Largement 1957<ref name=":4" />, 252:96]; [DIŠ mul''Zibānītu'' MUL dUTU ''ša ki'']-''na-a-ti in-nam-mar'' "[Libra –star of Shamash, jus]tice – becomes obvious " [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 235, Text 82-323,49: B r. 5'], see also the literature cited in (1).

(3) = Sun; DIŠ MAN ''ina'' EŠ.BAR d''a-nun-na-ki'' A.IGI AN-''e'' IGI.BAR-''ma'' DARA4-''meš'' / GAL2.MEŠ d''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 TUR3 SIG7 NIGIN-''at''2 ... "If the Sun weeps because of the decision of the Anunnaki, (and when) you observe the sky, there is darkness, (and) the Scales are surrounded by a green halo: ... the time of enmity will come, one king will defeat another (king) [...], a king from a distant barbarian country, an enemy, who knows not the country, will rise..." [Van Soldt 1995<ref name=":6" />, 36, 24(25) III 65]; the commentary on this prediction (Sa r. 11′) says: ''ina'' itiN[E UD].˹28˺.KAM dUTU AN.MI GAR-''ma'' TUR3 SIG7 NIGIN-''ma'' "on the 28th of A[b], the Sun will eclipse and be surrounded by a green halo" [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 36, note 4], which suggests the identity: Sun = Libra.

(4) = Mercury; mulgi6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [IIR 57, 59 a, b], see also [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7" />, 180, Anu 3 + note 39].

(5) = Dark star; see (Kurtik g12) [[GI6|GI6]].

(6) = Red star (=Mars?); see prediction (8) below.

(7) = Mars in Scorpius; see prediction (11) below.

===== Predictions: =====
(8) The Moon in the month of Nisan – surrounded by a halo and the Red Star (= Libra) stands in it; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSA5 mul''Zi''-[''ba-ni-t'']''um ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / BALA LUGAL TIL SU.GU7 U2.ḪI. A GAR dIM [...R]A KUR KUR2 GAR-''ma'' KUR TUR-''ir'' "[If] the moon (during its appearance) in the month of Nisan is surrounded by a halo and the Red Star, (also called) L[ib]ra, stands in it: the king's reign will end; famine of vegetation and food will befall; Adad [...will flood the country; an enemy will appear and the country will shrink" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" /> 2, 16:35].

(9) Libra and the Moon; DIŠ mul''zi-ba-ni-tum ana'' IGI d30 x[xxx] / BALA LUGAL GID2.DA [...] "If Libra (= Saturn?) [approaches...] the front of the Moon: the king's reign will be long [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 544:2-3], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":5" />, 199, VIo: v. 6]; DIŠ mulMIN (=''Zi-ba-ni-tum'') ''ana'' UGU d30 [TE ...] "If Libra [approaches ...] the upper part of the Moon [Verderame 2002<ref name=":5" />, 199, VIo: v. 7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the True Shepherd of Anu or Libra; see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], VI 8.

(11) Libra darkens = Mars stands in the Scorpius; [DIŠ] mul''zi-ba-ni-tum a-dir'' MU.3.KAM2 BURU5.ḪI.A ZI-''ma'' BURU14 KUR KU2 KI.MIN BURU5.ḪI.A KUR KU2 / ... / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-''ma'' "[If] Libra is dark: for 3 years, locusts will attack and eat the country's crops, var.: locusts will eat the country; the country will eat meager bread ... (this means): Mars stands in Scorpius." [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 502:15-17], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" />, 48:5].

(12) Saturn's sideways motion from the Scorpius to the Libra; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]], III 27.

(13) Libra(= Saturn?) approaches the Crown of Anu (= the Hyades); DIŠ mul''zi-ba-ni-tum ana'' AGA d''A-nim'' TE A.AB.[BA ...] "If Libra approaches the Crown of Anu: se[a ...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" /> 2, 73:44].

(14) Scorpius's claws are twisted? = the planet(=Mars?) is standing in Libra; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]], VI 6.

(15) Libra gives rise to ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulZI.BA.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' SU.[KU2 ...] "If Libra gives rise to mišḫu: go[lod ...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" /> 2, 73:48].

(16) Libra becomes dark; DIŠ mul''zi-ba-ni-tum a-dir zi-ba-ni-tum la'' [''kitti'' KUR] DIB-''bat'' KI.LAM ''i-ša-pil'' [...] KI.LAM 2.GIN2.TA.AM3 ''ana'' ½.GIN2.TA.AM3 GAR-x "If Libra becomes dark: untruthful scales will take over the country, business activity will decrease. [...], the price of 2 shekels will become (the price of) ½ shekels" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" />, 48: 2-4; Suppl. 2<ref name=":20" />, 73:46-47; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 26].

(17) Libra has great brilliance; DIŠ mulZI.BA.AN.NA SUR-''ma'' dUTU NIGIN2-''mi'' [...] "If Libra sparkles and the Sun (= Saturn?) is surrounded v=by [(halo) ...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" /> 2, 73:49].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIŠ.ERIN2, mulZI.BA.AN.NA «Весы»; 1) созвездие Весы (Libra), 2) Сатурн, Меркурий или Марс [G. 176; CAD Z, 100], см. также e18ERIN2, g12GI6, g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA, z08ZIBme.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. См. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA, b10Bibbu. EAE. См. [BPO 2, IX 10, XVII 15; BPO 3, 235:5′; Largement 1957, 252:96–98; Verderame 2002, 249; Van Soldt 1995, Table 24(25) III 65]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Звезды Ану, месяц ташриту, 80 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul sa5 ša i-na zi im.ulu3.lu / ana igi mulgir2.tab gub-zu / muludu.idim dZi-ba-ni-tum «Красная звезда, которая стоит при восходе южного ветра перед Скорпионом: планета, Весы» (B ii 8–10); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 3]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] … mulZi-ba-ni-tum šu-ut dA-nim «[Ташриту]: … Весы (на пути) Ану (восходят)» (C ii 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход – ташриту, заход – нисану [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. n35NIN.MAḪ. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Ану: mulZi-ba-ni-tum // 1,20 // EN dUTU «Весы // 80 // Господин(?), Шамаш» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:20]. LBAT 1499. В колонке Ану в строке для ташриту на месте múlZi-ba-ni-tu4 стоит múlA-nu-ni-tu4. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 10): mulZi-ba-ni-tu2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 6): [mulZi-ba-n]i-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu. 3. [MUL S]A5 ša2 ina ZI IM.ULU3lu IGI-it múlGIR2.TAB GUB3! MUL2 UDU.IDIM: dz[i-ba-ni-tum] / [(mul)SA]G.UŠ! MUL bi-ib-bu zi-ba-ni-tum dUTU a-˹na˺ […] «[Крас]ная [звезда], которая стоит при восходе южного ветра перед Скорпионом, это планета: В[есы, Са]турн, планета, Весы Шамаша. Для […]» (B.17–18) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178–179]. MUL.APIN. (1) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 mulUR.IDIM mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / u mulUR.KU IGIme-ma 3 MA.NA EN.NUN u4-mi 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го ташриту Весы, Бешеный Пес, Энтенабархум и Собака (Гулы) становятся видны; 3 мины — дневная стража, 3 мины — ночная стража» (I iii 1–2), см. также: mu[lZi-b]a-ni-tum […] ina ITI x IGI-mar […] «[В]есы […] восходят гелиакически в месяце […]» [BPO 2, IX 10]. (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы (I iii 23–24), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. (3) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 / TA KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 30 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulUZ3 «20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов. 30 дней от восхода Весов до восхода Козы» (I iii 37–38). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM mulUR.GU.LA ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 KUR-ḫa «15-го ташриту Лев стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Весы восходят» (I iv 25), см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 5′]. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulzi-ba-ni-tu4, после mulAB.SIN2, перед mulGIR2.TAB (I iv 35), см. s20dSin. (6) Первая схема интеркаляций: (II i 14, 20), см. m35MUL.MUL, u30dUTU. (7) Список планет: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU «Сатурн, [называемый также] Весами (или) Звездой Шамаша» (II i 38–39). (8) В наблюдениях Сатурна: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KIMIN mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU «Сатурн, называемый также «Весами» (или) «Звездой Солнца» (II i 64) [MA, 43, 50, 54, 65, 68, 73, 76, 80, 86]; см. также z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 353]. Текст BM 77054. ina itidu6 ud.15.kam sag.du mu[l…] / mulzi-ba-ni-tum […] «15-го ташриту голова созвез[дия …] / Весы […]» [George 1991, 304–305, rev. 3′–4′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Аккада: mulzi-ba-ni-tum; (2) 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulzi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211, 235]. GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов» (α Lib), см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš. (M) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit «Середина Весов» (β Lib). (N) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit «Середина Весов» (γ Lib), см. g19GIR2.TAB. Dalbanna-текст. См. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. Текст Nv. 10. mulzi-˹ba-nit˺? — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце дуузу, см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Дневники наблюдений». В созвездии выделялось 2 «нормальных звезды», см. ниже. LBAT 1502. [múlzi-ba-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. t01Tak-ša2-a-ti. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Весы как гипсома Сатурна, см. [G. 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56], а также u07UDU.IDIM, u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ. (2) «Лунарии»: а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulzi-ba-nu «Область Весов», астрологическое значение: любовь мужчины к женщине, возврат потерянного [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 5, 20; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193], см. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, e18ERIN2. (3) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ZE2 dA-nim itiDU6 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 «“Желчный пузырь” Ану, месяц ташриту, Весы» [SpTU IV, 159:13; Reiner 1995, 78]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ Sin ina mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 AN.MI GAR-ma… «Если Луна затмилась в Весах…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:16′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: múlzi-ba-ni-[tum] ša2 ki-na-a-tum // mu-šaq-qil-tum «Вес[ы], показывающие истину = весы» [CT 41, 39:6; CAD Z, 99b], а также [SpTU II, 42:13; SpTU III, 103:10; SpTU V, 270:3′ +Bemerkung].

II. Божество.

Название Весов нечасто записывается с детерминативом d. Во многих текстах отмечается связь Весов с Шамашем и Сатурном, см. в этой связи [LAS 2, 342–3; Wolters 1993]. В ритуале «омовения рта» или «оживления» статуи божества (mīs pî) содержится предписание: 6 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 E2 dUTU mulAPIN mulŠU.PA / mulMAR.GID2.DA mulE4.RU6 mulUZ3 tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš) «6 алтарей ты устанавливаешь перед Весами, домом Шамаша, Плугом, Шупа, Колесницей, Эруа, Козой (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)» [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:32–33; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:32–33]. Определение Весов как «дома Шамаша» соответствует представлению о том, что Весы считались гипсомой Сатурна (см. выше). Знаки, соответствующие E2 dUTU «Дом Шамаша», читаются как MULU4 dUTU «Звезда Шамаша»(?) в [SAALT I, 72:32]. См. также mulzi-ba-ni-<tum> в списке «12 городских богов Вавилона»(?) в одной группе с Сатурном и Меркурием [Livingstone 1986, 54:1, 58]. В астрологической географии Весы соотносились: a) c Сиппаром и Ларсой, b) c Гирсу, Лагашем и Исином [Weidner 1963].

III. Символ.

Астральные изображения весов на селевкидских печатях см. [Wallenfels 1994, 155, № 138, 149–152, 369, 420, 550–552, 820; Wallenfels 1993, 285, Fig. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 20, 21, 30]. На них можно различить коромысло весов, к которому прикреплен характерный V-образный элемент (по-видимому, это и есть *zibana, от которого происходит название) и две чаши. На «Планисфере» К 8538 в секторе 6, согласно Коху, изображено созвездие Весов, не похожее на селевкидские изображения [Koch 1989, 59–60, 115; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором знаку зодиака Весы múlZI поставлено в соответствие ERIN2 «весы» [SpTU II, 43:7, 24].

IV. Отождествление.

= Весы (Libra) [G. 176; Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 75a, 76a, 77; BPO 2, 16].

= α + β Librae (= mulzi.ba.an.na) в списке астральных Близнецов [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].

= Весы и часть Девы [MA, 138].

= β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri [Koch 1989, 78–79, 115].

= Весы [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275; Horowitz 2014, 249].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (= α Librae);

(2) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть Весов» (β Librae);

(1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов» (= λ Vir, согласно [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320], = α Librae, согласно [Koch 1992, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275]).

(4) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit «Середина Весов» (= β Librae, согласно [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320]; = γ, λ Librae, согласно [Koch 1992, 58; 1995, 61]), см. также Dbn-текст (§d).

(5) zi.ba.an.na igi-u2 «Передняя (звезда) Весов» (= α Librae) [Koch 1995, 61–62].

(6) zi.ba.an.na egir-u2 «Задняя (звезда) Весов» (= β Librae) [Koch 1995, 61–62].

(7) mulzi-ba-nu, элемент фигуры созвездия Весы, соответствовавший, вероятно, их средней части; только в BRM IV, 20: 5, 20 [Ungnad 1941–44, 257–9; CAD Z, 100b].

(8) “Верхняя” и “нижняя” части Весов подразумеваются, по-видимому, в VAT 9418, где в списке «7 (небесных) Близнецов» вместо mulzi.ba.an.na стоит mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la [KAR, 142 i 31–32; Weidner 1957–1959, 80b], см. m21Māšū.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; [mulUDU.IDIM].SAG.UŠ [mulzi-ba-ni]-tum / [DIŠ mulzi-ba]-ni-tum KI.GUB-su GI.NA / [taš-mu]-u2 u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši «[Сат]урн = [Ве]сы. [Если] положение [Ве]сов (=Сатурн) стабильно (т.е. имеет место стояние Сатурна): в стране будет [прими]рение и согласие» [SAA 8, 547:5, r. 1–2]; параллель см. [ibid., 39:1–3]; см. также: [DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-t]um ma-diš SA5 taš-mu-u2 […] «[Если Вес]ы очень красные: примирение […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 73 r. 41]; см. также [LAS 2, 342–343; MA, 130; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 180, Anu 3 + note 38].

(2) = Звезда Шамаша; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI.MIN mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU «Сатурн, или Весы, звезда Шамаша» [Largement 1957, 252:96]; [DIŠ mulZibānītu MUL dUTU ša ki]-na-a-ti in-nam-mar «[Весы — звезда Шамаша, пра]восудия — стала видна» [BPO 3, 235, Text 82-323,49: B r. 5'], см. также литературу, указанную в пункте (1).

(3) = Солнце; DIŠ MAN ina EŠ.BAR da-nun-na-ki A.IGI AN-e IGI.BAR-ma DARA4-meš / GAL2.MEŠ dZi-ba-ni-tu4 TUR3 SIG7 NIGIN-at2 … «Если Солнце плачет из-за решения Ануннаков, (и когда) ты наблюдаешь небо, там темнота, (и) Весы окружены зеленым гало: … время вражды настанет, один царь нанесет поражение другому (царю) […], царь из отдаленной варварской страны, враг, который не знает страны, взойдет…» [Van Soldt 1995, 36, 24(25) III 65]; в комментариях к этому предсказанию (Сa r. 11′) сказано: ina itiN[E UD].˹28˺.KAM dUTU AN.MI GAR-ma TUR3 SIG7 NIGIN-ma «28-го аб[у] Солнце затмится и будет окружено зеленым гало» [ibid., 36, note 4], что предполагает тождество: Солнце = Весы.

(4) = Меркурий; mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [IIR 57, 59 a, b], см. также [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 180, Anu 3 + note 39].

(5) = Темная звезда; см. g12GI6.

(6) = Красная звезда (=Марс?); см. ниже предсказание (8).

(7) = Марс в Скорпионе; см. ниже предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(8) Луна в месяце нисану окружена гало и Красная звезда (=Весы) в нем стоит; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulSA5 mulZi-[ba-ni-t]um ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / BALA LUGAL TIL SU.GU7 U2.ḪI.A GAR dIM [… R]A KUR KUR2 GAR-ma KUR TUR-ir «[Если] Луна (при своем появлении) в месяце нисану окружена гало и Красная звезда, (называемая также) В[ес]ы, в ней стоит: царствование царя закончится; голод на растительную пищу случится; Адад […зато]пит страну; враг появится и страна уменьшится» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:35].

(9) Весы и Луна; DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum ana IGI d30 x[xxx] / BALA LUGAL GID2.DA […] «Если Весы (= Сатурн?) к передней части Луны [приближаются…]: правление царя будет долгим […]» [SAA 8, 544:2–3], см. также [Verderame 2002, 199, VIo: v. 6]; DIŠ mulMIN (=Zi-ba-ni-tum) ana UGU d30 [TE …] «Если Весы к верхней части Луны [приближаются …] [Verderame 2002, 199, VIo: v. 7]..

(10) Затмение Луны в Праведном Пастухе Ану или в Весах; см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, VI 8.

(11) Весы потемнели = Марс в Скорпионе стоит; [DIŠ] mulzi-ba-ni-tum a-dir MU.3.KAM2 BURU5.ḪI.A ZI-ma BURU14 KUR KU2 KI.MIN BURU5.ḪI.A KUR KU2 / … / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-ma «[Если] Весы темные: 3 года саранча будет нападать и урожай страны съедать, вар.: саранча съест страну; страна будет есть скудный хлеб … (это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502:15–17], см. также [ACh Suppl., 48:5].

(12) Попятное движение Сатурна из Скорпиона в Весы; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, III 27.

(13) Весы(= Сатурн?) приближаются к Короне Ану (= Гиады); DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum ana AGA dA-nim TE A.AB.[BA …] «Если Весы к Короне Ану приближаются: мор[е …]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:44].

(14) Клешни Скорпиона скручены? = планета(=Марс?) в Весах стоит; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 6.

(15) Весы порождают mišḫu; DIŠ mulZI.BA.AN.NA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ SU.[KU2 …] «Если Весы порождают mišḫu: го[лод …]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:48].

(16) Весы стали темными; DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum a-dir zi-ba-ni-tum la [kitti KUR] DIB-bat KI.LAM i-ša-pil […] KI.LAM 2.GIN2.TA.AM3 ana ½.GIN2.TA.AM3 GAR-x «Если Весы стали темными: неправдивые весы страну захватят, деловая активность снизится. […], цена 2 шекелей станет (ценой) ½ шекеля» [ACh Suppl., 48: 2–4; Suppl. 2, 73:46–47; BPO 2, 26].

(17) Весы имеют большой блеск; DIŠ mulZI.BA.AN.NA SUR-ma dUTU NIGIN2-mi […] «Если Весы сверкают и Солнце (= Сатурн?) окружено [(гало) …]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:49].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

ZIB2

2026-01-08T18:22:17Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ZIB2}}

(mul) dZIB2 (𒀯𒀭𒍨) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* AN.ZIB2;
* = ''telîtu'',
* lit. "(extremely) good, delectable";

an epithet of Venus [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1345; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 174; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 485].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Antagal series (G 306): d zibZIG(=ZIB2) = d''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
*(2) AN:d''Anum'' series (IV 175): dZib2.ma = min(=d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "dZib2.ma = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 160].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: AN.ZIB2; = telîtu, букв. «(чрезвычайно) хорошая, дельная»; эпитет Венеры [AHw, 1345; G. 174; Tallqvist 1938, 485].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG(=ZIB2) = ddil-bat (в списке планет) [MSL XVII, 229]. (2) Серия AN:dAnum (IV 175): dZib2.ma = min(=dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «dZib2.ma = Богиня звезд» [Litke 1998, 160].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

Zarû

2026-01-08T18:21:30Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zarû''}}

mul''Zarû'' (𒀯𒍝𒊒𒌑) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* “Cart pole”: see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GÍD.DA]].<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
* = "Drawbar." [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 70a; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 622b, 1516];

part of the constellation [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]] "Wagon", identified with [[KA5.A|mulKA5.A]] "Fox".
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* mulAPIN ''u za-ru-u''2... [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 55:28-30].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (no. 16): MUL ''ša''2 KI ''za-ri-i ša''2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' / mulKA5.A d''Er''3''-ra gaš-ri'' DINGIRmeš "The star that stands on the drawbar of the Wagon: the Fox, Erra, the strong one amongst the gods" (I i 16-17) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 23].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* mul''za-ru-u''2 = ''ma-šad-du'' "Star Drawbar = drawbar" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:162; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 108].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Дышло» [CAD Z, 70a; AHw, 622b, 1516]; часть созвездия mulMAR.GID2.DA «Повозка», отождествляемая c mulKA5.A «Лиса».
I. Источники.

EAE. mulAPIN u za-ru-u2… [ACh Suppl., 55:28–30]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): MUL ša2 KI za-ri-i ša2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu / mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Звезда, которая стоит на дышле Повозки: Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 16–17) [MA, 23]. «Большой список звезд». mulza-ru-u2 = ma-šad-du «Звезда Дышло = дышло» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:162; Weidner 1959–60, 108].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Zapānītu

2026-01-08T18:19:51Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zapānītu''}}

d''Zapānītu'' (𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= the goddess ''Zarpānītu'' (formerly transcribed as d''Ṣarpānītum''), consort of Marduk, identified with the constellation [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]] "Branch" (see Kurtik a02) and apparently with Venus.
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>''Zarpanītu(m)''. Goddess, wife of Marduk. d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' (EN 12r).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11):

* ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "The branch (of the date palm) of Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 21].
|Example
|-
|'''New Year's ritual in Babylon.'''
* d''Zar-pa-ni-tu''4 ''na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Zarpanitum, the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 135, 151:252; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 219, 228].
* The ritual of "Laying on of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam). About Zarpanitu: [''i-lat''] ''ṣi-ta-aš''2 ''u ši-la-an ba-e''?-[''lat'' an-''e'' bad] "[Goddess of] the morning and the evening, ruler of the distant heavens." [BMS<ref>''King L.W.'' Babylonian Magic and Sorcery. L., 1896.</ref>, no. 9:41; Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 68-9:14-15; Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, ''Zarpānītum'' 1].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= богиня Зарпаниту (ранее транскрибировалась как dṢarpānītum), супруга Мардука, отождествляемая с созвездием A.EDIN «Ветвь» (см. a02) и, по-видимому, с Венерой.
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): sis-sin-nu dE4-ru6 dZar-pa-ni-tum «Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум» (I i 11) [MA, 21]. Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне. dZar-pa-ni-tu4 na-bat mul.<meš> «Зарпаниту, самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 135, 151:252; Linssen 2004, 219, 228]. Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam). О Зарпаниту: [i-lat] ṣi-ta-aš2 u ši-la-an ba-e?-[lat an-e bad] «[Богиня] утра и вечера, властитель[ница небес далеких]» [BMS, № 9:41; Ebeling 1953, 68–9:14–15; Mayer 1976, Zarpānītum 1].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Zappu

2026-01-08T18:18:38Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zappu''}}

mul / d''Zappu'' (𒀯𒈽𒀖𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Stubble (Mane)," an Akkadian parallel to MUL.MUL "Stars" in lexical texts; = Pleiades, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Щетина (Грива)», аккадская параллель к MUL.MUL «Звезды» в лексических текстах; = Плеяды (Pleiades), см. m35MUL.MUL.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]][[Category:Pleiades]]

ZAG.GAR

2026-01-08T18:18:10Z

Sushoff:

mulZAG.GAR (𒀯𒍠𒃻) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Star or constellation.

Occurs only in the Ḫg series. B VI:

* mulzag.gar = (omission) = DAM d''be-let'' ˹EDIN˺ "Zaggar = (omission) = consort of the Lady of the plains(?)" [MSL XI<ref name=":0">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:53].

In the same text, in a line above, the correspondence:

* (omission) = d''al-ma-nu'' = DAM d''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Almanu = husband of Ishkhara" [MSL XI<ref name=":0" />, 41:52].
* Cf. dSag.˹gar˺ and dAl.ma.nu as Ishkhara's husband in the list of AN = d''Anum'' gods (IV 281, 283) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 166]. See also (Kurtik i17) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, z02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| звезда или созвездие. Встречается только в серии Ḫg. B VI: mulzag.gar = (пропуск) = DAM dbe-let ˹EDIN˺ «Заггар = (пропуск) = супруг госпожи равнины(?)» [MSL XI, 41:53]. В том же тексте строкой выше приводится соответствие: (пропуск) = dal-ma-nu = DAM diš-ḫa-ra «Алману = муж Ишхары» [MSL XI, 41:52]. Ср. dSag.˹gar˺ и dAl.ma.nu как мужья Ишхары в списке богов AN = dAnum (IV 281, 283) [Litke 1998, 166]. См. также i17dIšḫara.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

ZA.BA4.BA4

2026-01-08T18:16:54Z

Sushoff:

mul dZA.BA4.BA4 (𒀯𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul dZA.BA4.BA4}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4; a constellation which includes parts of the Serpent, the Serpent, and the Eagle (Ophiuchus, Serpens, and Aquila) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 170].

Explanation of the deity in Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (No. 17): mul d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (I ii 12).
* (2) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 27), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 51].
|Example
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (P) igi mulza.ba4.ba4 "Eye of Zababa" (η Oph), [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":1">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:26], see also (Kurtik g05) [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']].
* (Q) murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 "middle of Zababa" (ν Oph) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, BM 78161:27], see (Kurtik m01) [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]].
* (R) ''kin-ṣi'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 "Zababa's knee" (η Ser) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, BM 78161:28], see (Kurtik p03) [[PA.BIL.SAG]].
* (S) gir3 mulza.ba4.ba4 "Leg of Zababa" (λ Aql), [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, BM 78161:30], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of gods.'''
* (1) dZA.BA4.BA4 = min (=dNIN.URTA) [CT<ref name=":2">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 12, K.4339 iii 25];
* (2) mulA2mušen dZA.BA4.BA4 = min (= dNIN.URTA) [CT<ref name=":2" /> 25, 13, K.4339 iv 10];
* (3) dZA.BA4.BA4 = dAMAR.UTU ''ša''2 ''ta-ḫa-zi'' "Zababa – Marduk of battles" [CT<ref name=":2" /> 24, 50, no.47406:5].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §W. mul''ku''-[''ma-ru'' Za.ba4.ba4] "shou[lder of Zababa]" (ζ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']].
* §i. mulaga za.ba4.ba4 mul ''ku-ma-ru'' za.ba4.ba4 ''u'' mulsag [x 3] mul.meš sa[g.du3] "Zababa's crown (δ Oph), Zababa's shoulder (ζ Oph), the head [...: 3] of the star. Tri[angular]." [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 109]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 49, 61], mulsag [x] = mulsag [gir2.tab]? "The head [of the Scorpius]" (β Sco).
* §k. [mu]lgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 <mul>gir3 gub3 za.ba4.ba4 ''u'' ˹mul˺ x [...g]u tu.lu 2 dal.ba.an.˹na dal.ba˺.a[n.n]a ˹mul˺ x [...] "The right leg of Zababa (ξ Oph? ), Zababa's left foot (μ Sgr?) and the star x x x (η Ser) [...] Loosely strained [ro]pe. 2 intervals, interval. Star x [...]" [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 49, 62], ˹mul˺ x x x = ˹mulgu4.alim˺ "Bison" (η Ser).
* §l. mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 mu[l]˹gir3˺ gub3 za.ba4.ba4 ''u'' mula[ga ...] "Zababa's right foot (ξ Oph?), Zababa's left foot (μ Sgr? ), ko[rona ...] (δ Oph) [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3" />, 109]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 49, 62], mula[ga ...] = mula[ga za.ba4.ba4] "Zababa's crown" (δ Oph).
* §o. mul ''ku-ma-ru'' ˹za˺.ba4.ba4 mul ''lu-bu-uš-tum u''3 mulgir3 gub3 za.ba4.ba4 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 du[b2.ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ''ku-ma''-˹''ru''˺ ''maḫ''[''ru''] "Zababa's shoulder (ζ Oph), the Garment (α Her), and Zababa's left leg (μ Sgr?). 3 stars. Straight ti[ght] rope. 2 intervals, interval. Zababa's shoulder (Zababa) first[s]." [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 49-50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3" />, 102, 109].
* §p. mul ''ku-ma-ru'' ˹gub3˺ za.ba4.ba4 mul ''lu-bu-uš-tum'' u3 mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 ˹3˺ mul.m[e] gan2 a[b2] "Zababa's left shoulder (ν Oph?), the Garment (α Her), Zababa's right leg (ξ Oph?): 3 star[s]. Co[w] pasture." [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3" />, 110].
* §q. mulaga za.ba4.ba4 mulzag za.ba4.ba4 mulgir3 gub3 za.[ba4].ba4 mul ''lu-bu''-˹''uš''˺-''tum'' 3 mul.meš sag.du3 AŠ [x] x gid2.da "Zababa's crown (δ Oph), Zababa's right (star) (ξ Oph?), Za[ba]ba's left leg (μ Oph?), the Garment (α Her): 3 stars. Trianglular AŠ [x] x long." [Walker 1995, 38-39; Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3" />, 110]; mulzag za.ba4.ba4 "The right star of Zababa" astronomically corresponds to mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 "The right leg of Zababa," according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 62, Anm. 23].
* §w. mulza.ba4.ba4 (ζ Oph), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §y. mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 "right foot of Zababa" (ξ Oph?), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* ˹MUL2.GAL˺ ''ša''2 ''ma-gal'' KUR ''u meš-ḫi'' TUK-''u''2 [...] TA múl d''Za-ba''4-[''ba''4...] "A meteor, which is very bright and with a tail, [...] from the constellation Zaba[ba...] [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-140 rev. 12].
|Example
|}
[[File:ZABABA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172359.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ZA.BA4.BA4 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Rasalhague]]
|HIP 86032
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.07
|-
|2
|[[Sabik]]
|HIP 84012
|Constellation lines
|2.42
|-
|3
| [[Sabik]] A
|HIP 84012
|Constellation lines
|2.463
|-
|4
|ζ Ophiuchi
|HIP 81377
|Constellation lines
|2.56
|-
|5
|[[Cebalrai]]
|HIP 86742
|Constellation lines
|2.75
|-
|6
|[[Yed Prior]]
|HIP 79593
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.75
|-
|7
|κ Ophiuchi
|HIP 83000
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.2
|-
|8
|[[Yed Posterior]]
|HIP 79882
|Inside the Hull
|3.23
|-
|9
|Sabik B
|HIP 84012
|Constellation lines
|3.26
|-
|10
| θ Ophiuchi
|HIP 84970
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.26
|-
|11
|ν Ophiuchi
| HIP 88048
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.34
|-
|12
|ξ Serpentis
|HIP 86263
|Inside the Hull
| 3.519
|-
|13
|ο Serpentis
|HIP 86565
|Inside the Hull
|4.228
|-
|14
|ϕ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80894
|Constellation lines
| 4.27
|-
|15
|σ Ophiuchi
|HIP 85355
|Inside the Hull
|4.31
|-
| 16
|ν Serpentis
|HIP 84880
|Inside the Hull
|4.324
|-
|17
|ξ Ophiuchi
|HIP 84893
| Inside the Hull
|4.387
|-
|18
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|19
|ω Ophiuchi
|HIP 80975
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.45
|-
|20
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.5
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 85365
|Constellation lines
|4.54
|-
|22
|μ Ophiuchi
|HIP 86284
|Inside the Hull
|4.62
|-
|23
|υ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80628
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|24
|20 Oph
|HIP 82369
|Inside the Hull
|4.632
|-
|25
|* 41 Oph A
|HIP 84514
| Inside the Hull
|4.79
|-
|26
| 30 Oph
| HIP 83262
|Inside the Hull
|4.812
|-
|27
|24 Sco
|HIP 81724
|Inside the Hull
|4.923
|-
|28
|M 10
|M 10
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|29
|66 Her
|HIP 84671
|Inside the Hull
|5.02
|-
|30
|ο 1 Ophiuchi
|HIP 84626
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
| 31
|17 G. Oph
|HIP 80620
|Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|32
|23 Oph
|HIP 82730
|Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|33
|45 Her
|HIP 82216
|Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
|34
|37 Oph
|HIP 84177
|Inside the Hull
|5.34
|-
|35
|146 G. Oph
|HIP 85537
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|36
|88 G. Oph
| HIP 83962
| Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
| 37
|21 Oph
|HIP 82480
|Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|38
|6 G. Ser Cau
| HIP 86019
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
|39
|40 G. Oph
|HIP 81754
|Inside the Hull
|5.559
|-
|40
|152 G. Oph
|HIP 85749
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|41
|153 G. Oph
| HIP 85922
|Inside the Hull
|5.607
|-
|42
|82 G. Oph
| HIP 83635
|Inside the Hull
|5.61
|-
| 43
|22 G. Oph
|HIP 80793
|Inside the Hull
|5.665
|-
| 44
|14 Oph
|HIP 81734
|Inside the Hull
|5.724
|-
|45
|10 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 86313
| Inside the Hull
| 5.727
|-
| 46
| M 14
|M 14
|Inside the Hull
| 5.73
|-
|47
|BD+02 4211
|BD+02 4211
|Inside the Hull
|5.755
|-
|48
|37 Her
|HIP 81641
|Inside the Hull
|5.761
|-
|49
|134 G. Oph
|HIP 85139
|Inside the Hull
|5.763
|-
|50
|12 Oph
|HIP 81300
|Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|51
|53 Oph
|HIP 85998
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|52
|132 G. Oph
|HIP 85207
| Inside the Hull
|5.83
|-
|53
|54 G. Oph
| HIP 82621
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|54
|U Oph
|HIP 84500
|Inside the Hull
|5.921
|-
|55
|9 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 86266
|Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
|56
|164 G. Oph
| HIP 86575
|Inside the Hull
|5.952
|-
|57
|85 G. Oph
|HIP 83854
|Inside the Hull
|5.977
|-
|58
| -
|HR 6516
|Inside the Hull
|5.981
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 83601
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|60
|105 G. Oph
|HIP 84402
|Inside the Hull
|6.004
|-
|61
|16 Oph
|HIP 82037
|Inside the Hull
|6.018
|-
|62
|46 G. Oph
| HIP 82259
|Inside the Hull
|6.028
|-
|63
|142 G. Oph
|HIP 85333
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|64
|M 12
|M 12
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|65
|19 Oph
|HIP 82162
|Inside the Hull
|6.077
|-
| 66
|109 G. Oph
|HIP 84524
|Inside the Hull
|6.084
|-
|67
|Gliese 678
|HIP 85667
|Inside the Hull
|6.089
|-
|68
|30 G. Oph
|HIP 81440
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|69
|63 G. Oph
|HIP 82979
|Inside the Hull
|6.159
|-
|70
|* 24 Oph A
|HIP 82925
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
| 71
|8 G. Oph
|HIP 79781
| Inside the Hull
|6.165
|-
| 72
|162 G. Oph
| HIP 86476
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|14 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 87540
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|74
|V2368 Oph
|HIP 84479
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|75
|61 Oph
|HIP 86831
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|76
|V1010 Oph
|HIP 82339
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|77
|47 Oph
|HIP 85397
|Inside the Hull
|6.206
|-
|78
|Y Oph
|HIP 87495
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
| 79
| -
|HIP 83853
| Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|80
| V2542 Oph
| HIP 82693
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|81
|10 G. Oph
|HIP 80227
|Inside the Hull
|6.241
|-
|82
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|83
|159 G. Oph
|HIP 86391
|Inside the Hull
|6.253
|-
|84
|41 G. Oph
|HIP 81687
|Inside the Hull
|6.259
|-
|85
|131 G. Oph
|HIP 85042
| Inside the Hull
|6.278
|-
| 86
| 28 Sco
|HIP 83684
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|87
|29 Oph
| HIP 83331
|Inside the Hull
|6.293
|-
|88
|77 G. Oph
|HIP 83567
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|89
|51 G. Oph
|HIP 82405
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|90
| -
|HR 6367
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|91
|122 G. Oph
|HIP 84801
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|92
|167 G. Oph
|HIP 86768
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|93
|33 G. Oph
|HIP 81580
|Inside the Hull
|6.332
|-
|94
|97 G. Oph
|HIP 84113
|Inside the Hull
|6.333
|-
|95
|133 G. Oph
|HIP 85195
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|96
|60 G. Oph
|HIP 82861
|Inside the Hull
|6.336
|-
|97
| -
|HR 6435
|Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
|98
|84 G. Oph
|HIP 83738
|Inside the Hull
|6.351
|-
|99
|87 G. Oph
|HIP 83906
|Inside the Hull
|6.356
|-
|100
|32 Sco
|HIP 84947
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|101
|12 G. Ser Cau
| HIP 86769
|Inside the Hull
|6.363
|-
|102
|144 G. Oph
| HIP 85474
|Inside the Hull
|6.372
|-
|103
| 83 G. Oph
|HIP 83677
|Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
|104
|72 G. Oph
|HIP 83342
|Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
|105
|42 G. Oph
| HIP 81691
|Inside the Hull
| 6.395
|-
| 106
|115 G. Oph
|HIP 84649
|Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
|107
|* 24 Oph B
|HIP 82925
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|108
|138 G. Oph
|HIP 85307
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
| 109
| -
|HIP 80708
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|110
|31 G. Oph
|HIP 81499
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 85826
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|112
|2 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 84883
| Inside the Hull
|6.454
|-
|113
| -
|HR 6512
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|114
| 23 G. Oph
|HIP 80840
|Inside the Hull
|6.461
|-
| 115
|64 G. Oph
| HIP 83090
|Inside the Hull
|6.466
|-
|116
| -
| HIP 85622
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
| 117
|4 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 85405
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 85666
|Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
|119
|V2114 Oph
|HIP 85450
|Inside the Hull
|6.485
|-
|120
| 38 G. Oph
|HIP 81663
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
A local deity of the city of Kish, known already in the Early Dynastic period [Krebernik 1986<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.</ref>, 1 XIII 11]. His name also appears in an early list of gods from the time of Isin-Larsa (XX-XIX centuries BC) [Weidner 1924-25<ref name=":5">''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 4, VAT 7759 ii 1] and in later lists [ibid.<ref name=":5" />, 13:10; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 173, V 49], where he, as a deity with military qualities, is identified with Ninurta or Ningirsu. Zababa's military features are found in the later epithet: "Marduk of battle" (see above). In Neo-Assyrian mythological texts, Zababa is credited as being the one to defeat the asterism of the Dead Man, a constellation often associated with the demon Asakku: d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''bēl''(en) ''mātāti''(kur.kur) ''ina šu-me-šu''2 ''q''[''a-bi''] / ... / [''d'']''a-a-a-a-iš abnī''(na4)meš d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 / [''abn'']''u'' mul''pagru''(adda) ''ki-i iqbû''/''qabû''(dug4.ga)[ú] / [mul''pa'']''gru''([ad]da) ''pa-gar Asakki''(a2.sag3) ''abnu a-sak''-[''ku''] "Zababa, his name is 'Lord of the Countries,' so they s[ay]; / ... / "[The] stone-thrower," Zababa: / ["Sto]ne" refers to the asterism of the Dead Man, so they say; / [the asterism of the Dead Man] means Asakku's corpse. (Therefore) the stone is Asak[ku]." [Lambert 1989, 216:1-5; Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 64:1-5] (see also Kurtik a09 [[AD6|AD6]]). On Old Babylonian seals, Zababa was depicted as a warrior, sometimes with astral features (a month was attributed next to him); therefore, the possibility that it had astral significance could not excluded [Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, no. 1165]. However, the absence of Zababa's name in the lexical lists of the Urra XXII series, and the rare presence of astrological predictions connected with Zababa, testify to the constellation’s rather late origin. See also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 483].

==== Symbol. ====
On boundary stones (kudurru), the standard symbol of Zababa is a rod with the tip in the form of an eagle's head with a feather crest [Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 488, §8(c); Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 74, 163-164; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 48]. However, descriptions of individual parts of the constellation from GU and dbn texts indicate that the constellation figure was anthropomorphic.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= the southern part of Serpens [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 170, I; 3. Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 334].

= Aquila (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76a].

= parts of Serpens, Serpens, and Eagle (Ophiuchus, Serpens, Aquila) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3" />, 277].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) Eye of Zababa (η Oph), see GU text.

(2) The middle of Zababa (ν Oph), see GU-text.

(3) Zababa's knee (η Ser), see GU-text.

(4) Zababa's leg (λ Aql), see GU-text.

(5) Zababa's shoulder, see dbn-text (§W, n).

(6) Zababa's crown, see dbn-text (§ i).

(7) Zababa's right foot (ξ Oph), see dbn-text (§ k, y).

(8) Zababa's left leg (μ Sgr), see dbn-text (§ k).

(9) Zababa's left shoulder (ν Oph), see dbn-text (§ p).

(10) Zababa's right star (ξ Oph), see dbn-text (§ q).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
= Saturn (?), the connection with Saturn is possibly indicated by the identification of Zababa with Ninurta, found in texts, see above, and also [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 170, I 2; Bezold 1925, 122:176].

===== Predictions: =====
(1) Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa; see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]], VI 17.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul dZa-ba4-ba4; созвездие, включавшее части Змееносца, Змеи и Орла (Ophiuchus, Serpens и Aquila) [G. 170].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 17): mul dZa-ba4-ba4 (I ii 12). (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN [MA, 33, 51]. GU-текст. (P) igi mulza.ba4.ba4 «Глаз Забабы» (η Oph), [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:26], см. также g05GAM-ti. (Q) murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 «середина Забабы» (ν Oph) [ibid., BM 78161:27], см. m01MA2.GUR8. (R) kin-ṣi mulZa-ba4-ba4 «Колено Забабы» (η Ser) [ibid., BM 78161:28], см. p03PA.BIL.SAG. (S) gir3 mulza.ba4.ba4 «Нога Забабы» (λ Aql), [ibid., BM 78161:30], см. u31UZ3. Списки богов. (1) dZA.BA4.BA4 = min (=dNIN.URTA) [CT 25, 12, K.4339 iii 25]; (2) mulA2mušen dZA.BA4.BA4 = min(=dNIN.URTA) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 iv 10]; (3) dZA.BA4.BA4 = dAMAR.UTU ša2 ta-ḫa-zi «Забаба — Мардук битвы» [CT 24, 50, No.47406:5]. Dalbanna-текст. §W. mulku-[ma-ru Za.ba4.ba4] «пле[чо Забабы]» (ζ Oph), см. h03dDaniš. §i. mulaga za.ba4.ba4 mul ku-ma-ru za.ba4.ba4 u mulsag [x 3] mul.meš sa[g.du3] «Корона Забабы (δ Oph), плечо Забабы (ζ Oph), голова […: 3] звезды. Тре[угольник].» [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61], mulsag [x] = mulsag [gir2.tab]? «Голова [Скорпиона]» (β Sco). §k. [mu]lgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 <mul>gir3 gub3 za.ba4.ba4 u ˹mul˺ x x x […g]u tu.lu 2 dal.ba.an.˹na dal.ba˺.a[n.n]a ˹mul˺ x […] «Правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph?), левая нога Забабы (μ Sgr?) и звезда x x x (η Ser) […] Слабо натянутая [ве]ревка. 2 интервала, интервал. Звезда x […]» [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 62], ˹mul˺ x x x = ˹mulgu4.alim˺ «Зубр» (η Ser). §l. mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 mu[l]˹gir3˺ gub3 za.ba4.ba4 u mula[ga …] «Правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph?), левая нога Забабы (μ Sgr?), ко[рона …] (δ Oph) [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 62], mula[ga …] = mula[ga za.ba4.ba4] «корона Забабы» (δ Oph). §o. mul ku-ma-ru ˹za˺.ba4.ba4 mul lu-bu-uš-tum u3 mulgir3 gub3 za.ba4.ba4 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 du[b2.ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ku-ma-˹ru˺ maḫ[ru] «Плечо Забабы (ζ Oph), Одеяние (α Her) и левая нога Забабы (μ Sgr?): 3 звезды. Прямая ту[го натянутая] веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. Плечо (Забабы) перв[ое].» [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995, 49–50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 102, 109]. §p. mul ku-ma-ru ˹gub3˺ za.ba4.ba4 mul lu-bu-uš-tum u3 mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 ˹3˺ mul.m[e] gan2 a[b2] «Левое плечо Забабы (ν Oph?), Одеяние (α Her), правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph?): 3 звезд[ы]. Коро[вье] пастбище» [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995, 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 110]. §q. mulaga za.ba4.ba4 mulzag za.ba4.ba4 mulgir3 gub3 za.[ba4].ba4 mul lu-bu-˹uš˺-tum 3 mul.meš sag.du3 AŠ [x] x gid2.da «Корона Забабы (δ Oph), правая (звезда) Забабы (ξ Oph?), левая нога За[ба]бы (μ Oph?), Одеяние (α Her): 3 звезды. Треугольник AŠ [x] x длинный.» [Walker 1995, 38–39; Koch 1995, 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 110]; mulzag za.ba4.ba4 «Правая звезда Забабы» астрономически соответствует mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 «Правой ноге Забабы», согласно [Koch 1995, 62, Anm. 23]. §w. mulza.ba4.ba4 (ζ Oph), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §y. mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 «правая нога Забабы» (ξ Oph?), см. u31UZ3. «Дневники наблюдений». ˹MUL2.GAL˺ ša2 ma-gal KUR u meš-ḫi TUK-u2 […] TA múl dZa-ba4-[ba4…] «Метеор, который был очень яркий и имел хвост, […] от созвездия Заба[ба…] [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No.-140 rev. 12].

II. Божество.

Местное божество города Киша, известное уже в раннединастический период [Krebernik 1986, 1 XIII 11]. Его имя встречается также в раннем списке богов времен Исина–Ларсы (XX–XIX вв. до н.э.) [Weidner 1924–25, 4, VAT 7759 ii 1] и в более поздних списках [ibid., 13:10; Litke 1998, 173, V 49], где он как военное божество отождествляется с Нинуртой или Нингирсу. О военном характере Забабы свидетельствует также поздний эпитет: «Мардук битвы» (см. выше). В новоассирийском мифологическом тексте Забабе приписывается роль победителя звезды Мертвец, связанной с демоном Асакку: dZa-ba4-ba4 bēl(en) mātāti(kur.kur) ina šu-me-šu2 q[a-bi] / … / [d]a-a-a-iš abnī(na4)meš dZa-ba4-ba4 / [abn]u mulpagru(adda) ki-i iqbû/qabû(dug4.ga)[ú] / [mulpa]gru([ad]da) pa-gar Asakki(a2.sag3) abnu a-sak-[ku] «Забаба, его имя “Господин стран”, так го[ворят]; / … / “[Дро]бильщик камней”, Забаба: / [“Каме]нь” относится к звезде Мертвец, так говорят; / [звезда Мерт]вец означает труп Асакку. (Поэтому) камень — это Асак[ку]» [Lambert 1989, 216:1–5; Livingstone 1986, 64:1–5] (см. также a09AD6). На старовавилонских печатях Забаба изображался в виде воина, иногда с астральными признаками (рядом с ним помещался месяц); не исключено поэтому, что уже в этот период он имел астральное значение [Braun-Holzinger 1996, № 1165]. Однако отсутствие имени Забабы в лексических списках серии Urra XXII и почти полное отсутствие связанных с ним астрологических предсказаний свидетельствует скорее о достаточно позднем происхождении этого созвездия. См. также [Tallqvist 1938, 483].

III. Символ.

На межевых камнях (кудурру) стандартный символ Забабы — жезл с навершием в виде головы орла с перьевым гребнем [Seidl 1969, 488, §8 c); Seidl 1968, 74, 163–164; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Однако описания отдельных частей созвездия из GU- и dbn-текстов свидетельствуют скорее о том, что фигура созвездия была антропоморфной.

IV. Отождествление.

= южная часть Змееносца [G. 170, I; 3. Erg., 334].

= Aquila (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 76a].

= части Змееносца, Змеи и Орла (Ophiuchus, Serpens, Aquila) [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 277].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Глаз Забабы (η Oph), см. GU-текст.

(2) Середина Забабы (ν Oph), см. GU-текст.

(3) Колено Забабы (η Ser), см. GU-текст.

(4) Нога Забабы (λ Aql), см. GU-текст.

(5) Плечо Забабы, см. dbn-текст (§W, n).

(6) Корона Забабы, см. dbn-текст (§ i).

(7) Правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph), см. dbn-текст (§ k, y).

(8) Левая нога Забабы (μ Sgr), см. dbn-текст (§ k).

(9) Левое плечо Забабы (ν Oph), см. dbn-текст (§ p).

(10) Правая звезда Забабы (ξ Oph), см. dbn-текст (§ q).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

= Сатурн (?), на связь с Сатурном указывает, возможно, отождествление Забабы с Нинуртой, встречающееся в текстах, см. выше, а также [G. 170, I 2; Bezold 1925, 122:176].

Предсказания:

(1) Лев (= Марс) в сторону Забабы поднялся; см. u20UR.GU.LA, VI 17.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

UZ3

2026-01-08T18:15:09Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UZ3 (𒍚, Akkadian ''Enzu'')}}
UZ3 (𒍚), Akkadian Enzu, is Sumerian, Akkadian equivalent ''enzu,'' "goat", is a Mesopotamian constellation in the [[Lyra|Lyra.]] The term UZ3 may refer to the bright star only or to a little asterism. The Akkadian term occurs in lexical, religious and astrological texts.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulUZA,
* mulUD5;
* = ''enzu'' "Goat";

Constellation within modern Lyra (Lyra) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 145; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> E, 183a].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): mulÙZ (EN 22l, 23l, 24l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: muluz3 [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:407; 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 6; 143, col. x 26], muluz3 [Emar VI/4<ref name=":2">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:110].
* (2) Urra XXII series: muluz3 = ''en-zu'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":2" />, 151:166; SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 49; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:306ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** (a) Erm. 15642: ''in-zu-um'' [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 196-197:19], and also [Shileiko 1924<ref>''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.</ref>, 147; Dossin 1935<ref name=":4">''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 180; Soden 1936<ref>''Soden W. von''. Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.</ref>, 306],
** (b) AO 6769: (mul)UZ3 [Dossin 1935<ref name=":4" />, 181-182:18].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12a-h, 15d; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′-19′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 250:79b, 252:106; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:25-28].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Ea, 30 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' gub-''z''[''u''] / muluz3 d''Gu-la'' "The constellation which sta[nds] after it (i.e. mulšu.pa?), the Goat, Gul[a]" (B iii 13-14).
** (2) List (3´12): [itigan] ... muluz3 ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "[Kislimu]: ... The goat (rises in the way) of Enlil" (C iii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising – kislimu, setting – simanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C iii 18, 29; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 39, 40]; see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* BM 82923. Month of Kislim, stars of Enlil: mulUZ3 // 30 // ''be-let'' MAŠ2 "Goat // 30 // Lady of divination" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:27].
* BM 34713. Month of Tebet, stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
* Text Nv. 10. [mul]uz3? - AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA asterism in the month of simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
* Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
** (a) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): muluz3 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 6; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and the Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. XLIV und XLV. S. 176-185.</ref>, 176].
** (b) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 9): muluz3 [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Enlil's stars (nos. 23, 25):
** (a) mulUZ3 d''Gu-la'' "Goat, Gula" (I i 24), for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:11'], see also (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]],
** (b) "Star with great brilliance in the Goat" (I i 26) (= Vega), see (Kurtik L03) [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th day of Arahsamnu, the Goat and the Scorpius's chest become visible" (I iii 4); for an early parallel, see (Kurtik L03) [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]. VM 77054.
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 19), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]],
** b) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A "30 days from the rising of the Libra to the rising of the Goat. 30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth" (I iii 38-39).
* (5) List of ziqpu-stars: [[UZ3|mulUZ3]] (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a) Erua culminates, the Goat ascends (I iv 26), see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]],
** (b) Goat culminates, the Fish ascends (I iv 30), see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]] [MA<ref name=":8">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 44, 49, 50, 54, 59, 65, 67].
Text BM 77054.
* ''ina'' itiapin ud.15.kam mul d''a-n''[''u-ni-tum''...] / muluz3 [...] "On the 15th of arahsamnu An[unitu...] / Goat [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, rev. 5′-6′].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 88 r. 5; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 74:1, 175 r. 1, 7, 247:8].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Akkad: muluz3 [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:212].
|
|-
|'''VR 46, 1:53 list of stars.'''
* <mul>uz3 = ''be-let bi-ri'' "Goat = Lady of prediction" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:53; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (S) [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 kimin gir3 mulza.ba4.ba4 mulpa.bil.sag / ˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ gu "The separate star on the knee of the Goat (ziqpu VI: μ Her), or the leg of Zababa (λ Aql), (and the star) of Pabilsag, which is above the Ship (ι Sag): the rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":11">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30-31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60], gir3 mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 - μ Sgr, mulpa.bil.sag / ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu ma2.gur8 - ε Tel.
* (T) mul''zubi''(GAM3) ''ša''2 muluz3 kimin sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "The staff(? ) of the Goat (ziqpu VII: α Lyr), or the star with great brilliance of the Eagle (α Aql)," [Goat-Fish (β Cap), shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (β Cyg) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":11" />, BM 78161:31; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 93-94]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12" />, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 is η Lyr.
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §m. mulšu gub3 ˹uz3˺ [mu]l˹gir3˺ uz3 mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mul[...] 4 mul.m[eš x x x] x na bi kun bi x [...] "Left leg of the Goat (θ Lyr), the leg of the Goat (δ Her), the crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), the star [...]: 4 star[s x x] x his ... his tail x [...]" [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 109]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12" /> 49, 62]: mul[...] = mul[zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''2] "[Hind of Libra]" (β Lib).
* §w. mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §x. mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[Left] leg [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §y. muluz3 mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 u3 mulA2mušen 3 mul.meš ''ḫe-pi''2 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Goat (δ Her?), right leg of Zababa (ξ Oph?), Eagle (ε Aql). 3 stars. Damage. 2 intervals, interval. Eagle –first." [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 111].
* §z. muluz3 Koza (δ Her?), see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]], and also (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']].
|Example
|-
|'''Ziqpu-star lists.'''
* BM 38369+: TA mulUZ3 EN mulUD.KA...[DUḪ.A...] "From the Goat to the Demon [with the Open Mouth]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 92:1].
|Example
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: 10 UŠ [''ar''2] MUL2 UZ3 "100 [behind] the stars in the Goat," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]]. List of "6 palace women." See (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* Predictions on izbu: múlUZ3 ''a-na bu-lum'' "(Constellation) Goat for (predictions having to do with) livestock" [Biggs 1968<ref name=":14">''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53-54:11]; according to Biggs, múlUZ3 here is a designation of Capricorn [ibid.<ref name=":14" />, 56, note 8]; see, however, section VI below.
|
|}
[[File:UZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 162837.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UZ3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Vega]]
|HIP 91262
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.03
|-
|2
|[[Sulafat]]
|HIP 93194
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.25
|-
|3
|[[Sheliak]]
|HIP 92420
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.42
|-
|4
|NAME del Lyr Cluster
|NAME del Lyr Cluster
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|5
|δ 2 Lyrae
|HIP 92791
|Constellation lines
|4.3
|-
|6
|ζ 1 Lyrae
| HIP 91971
|Constellation lines
|4.36
|-
| 7
|* eps01 Lyr A
|HIP 91919
|Constellation lines
|4.991
|-
|8
| * eps02 Lyr A
|HIP 91926
|Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|9
|ι Lyrae
|HIP 93903
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.253
|-
|10
| -
|HR 7162
|Inside the Hull
|5.277
|-
|11
|* eps02 Lyr B
|HIP 91926
|Inside the Hull
|5.35
|-
|12
|δ 1 Lyrae
|HIP 92728
|Inside the Hull
|5.573
|-
|13
|ζ 2 Lyrae
| HIP 91973
|Inside the Hull
|5.585
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 92833
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|15
| [[Xihe]]
|HIP 91852
|Inside the Hull
|6.037
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 93354
| Inside the Hull
|6.038
|-
|17
|* eps01 Lyr B
|HIP 91919
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.062
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 92551
|Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 91820
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|20
| -
| HIP 91552
|Inside the Hull
| 6.489
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
From the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. the healing goddess Gula (Kurtik g35 [[Gula|dGula]]) was considered the deity of the constellations múluz3. However, the constellation muluz3 was considered a deity during the later phases of the 3rd millennium BC and in the Old Babylonian period.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Palatial ritual in the 3rd dynasty of Ur: 2 ''ma-an-za-aš''2-''tum'' dInanna / 1 siškur2 dInanna / 1 siškur2 muluz3 / ša3 e2-gal "2 offerings to Inanna; 1 prayer to Inanna; 1 prayer to the Goat of the Palace" [Sallaberger II<ref name=":15">''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, Tab. 7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, I 54, note 227].
* (2) Prayers to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (3) New Year's ritual in Babylon: múluz3 ''ba-rat'' an-''e'' "goat watching the sky" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 139:327; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
* (4) Hemerology on the 9th day of tashrit: ''ana'' igi muluz3 udusiškur bal pad-''su'' ''liš-kun'' "Let him offer a sacrifice in the sacrificial vessel before the Goat " [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 177 rev. i 41-42; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 180-181].
* (5) For the ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" a deity statue, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], II.
* (6) For the Goat constellation in medical practice, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":16">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 52ff.], and also (Kurtik g35) [[Gula|d''Gula'']], II. On Gula as an astral goddess see. [Kurtik 2018; Kurtik 2022].

In the mythological text BM 55466+, the night sky in the month of tebet is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, with the constellation múl''enzu''(uz3), identified with múlmaš2, considered to be the astral incarnation of Tiamat; ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''an-ni-i ki-i'' múl''enzi''(uz3) ''ša''2 ''itti''(ki) múl''zuqaqīpi''(gir2.tab) ''innamru''(igi)ru múl''suḫurmāšu''(maš2) / ''gi''[''z'']-''zu'': múl''enzu''(uz3) "Therefore she (= Tiamat) is like (the constellation) Goat, which is seen together with (the constellation) Scorpius. (The constellation) Goat-Fish, go[a]t, is equivalent to (the constellation) Goat" [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXX rev. 6-7; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371].

==== Symbol. ====
The figure of the constellation was apparently a representation of a goat. However, on kudurrus and on Neo-Assyrian seals, we see anthropomorphic images of Gula as being the constellation figure. For an analysis of the problems associated with these images, see. [Kurtik 2018], as well as (Kurtik g35) [[Gula|d''Gula'']], III.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Lyra, also identified with mulGAŠAN.TIN and mul d''Gu-la'', [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 145, I Ergebnis].

= Lyra [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974, 73].

= Lyra with some neighboring stars [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79b; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 16; MA<ref name=":8" />, 138].

= Lyra + stars from Hercules [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 118, Anm. 375].

= Lyra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7" />, 249].

= Lyra and part of Herculis [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 275].

==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulUZ3 dLAMMA "A star of great brilliance in Cos, Lamma" (Vega, α Lyrae), see MUL.APIN (I i 26).

(2) mul ''e-du ša''2 ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 "A separate star on the knee of the Goat" (= ziqpu VI, μ Her), see GU-text.

(3) mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "The staff(?) of the Goat," see GU-text (T). (check and think about this)

(4) mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her), see dbn-text.

(5) mulšu gub3 uz3 "The left hoof of the Goat" (θ Lyr), see dbn-text (§ m, x).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; muluz3 is the name of Venus in the month of Tebet, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', I "Tablet of Dilbat"; see also other predictions related to the Goat.

(2) = unidentified planet, possibly Jupiter(?); see prediction (14) below, and also [Bezold 1925, 122:169; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />145, I A].

(3) = Ninlil; mulUZ3 d''Nin-lil''2 EGI2 GAL-[''tu''] "The goat – Ninlil, the grea[t] princess" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12a].

(4) = Goat-Fish head; see mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Goat = Goat-Fish head" [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 194, K. 42+:24′], see also (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6]], VI 8.

See also the identification: mulUZ3 = TUR3 d''Gu-la'' "Goat = Gula's corral" [Reiner 1995<ref name=":16" />, 53].

===== Predictions: =====
(5) General astrological meaning; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 mulUZ3 TI.LA MAŠ2.ANŠE "The asterism (coming) after it (?) – the Goat, (determining) the life of the cattle" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12b]; mulUZ3 ''a-na bu-l''[''im''] "The Goat for (predictions concerning) cattl[e]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12c; ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":17">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 74:5].

(6) Visibility of the Goat; [DIŠ mul]UZ3 ŠE.IR.ZI-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu ḫa-a-a''-DU ''ina'' KUR ''i-man-du'' "[If] (the constellation)] Goat’s radiance is dim: spies will multiply in the country" [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 94, k.2226+:38], see also: DIŠ mulUZA3 ''a-dir'' [...] "If the Goat darkens [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21: 81; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 119:50].

(7) The Goat (=Venus) appears and stands for 3 days in the month of Arahsamnu; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 10.

(8) The Goat (=Venus) disappears at an inappropriate time; [DIŠ mulUZ3 ''i'']-''te-ir''(-)?''ru-bu-us-sa'' MU ''i-te-rik ana'' MAŠ.EN.KAK d''Dil-bat ina'' NU UD.BA-''šu''2 T[UM3-''ma''] "[If the Goat] ... the year becomes long for the indigent, (it means): Venus expires at an inappropriate time." [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 246, K.2346+:25], see also [ibid.<ref name=":5" />, 232, D.T. 47: 19; ACh Suppl.<ref name=":17" /> 34:36].

(9) The Goat emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulUZ3 (gloss: ''mu-ul u''2-''za'') ''meš-ḫa im-šu''[''ḫ''] (gloss: ''im-šu''-[''uḫ'']) / DINGUR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ˹BUR2˺.[MEŠ] / ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ (gloss: ''re-e-mu'') [TUK.MEŠ] "If the Goat emits mišḫu: the gods will enlighten the country, [they will show] mercy (towards) the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 74:1-3], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:82; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 63 col. i 13; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 64 col. ii 11].

(10) The Goat (= Venus) and the Moon; DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SA3 d30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands in (the area of) the Moon [...]", DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SI 15 d30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands on the right horn of the Moon [...]", DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SI 150 d30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands on the left horn of the Moon [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21: 74-76].

(11) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Path of the Sun (=Jupiter); [DIŠ] mulUZ3 <KASKAL> dUTU KUR-''ud'' SU.KU2 ''bu-lim'' U2.GUG GAL2-''ši'' "[If] the Goat reaches (the Path) of the Sun: famine of cattle, there will be famine " [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 92, K. 2226+: 10]; in the parallel text LB 1321 r. 18′ the commentary states: mul''Dil-bat'' mul''Šul-pa-e''3 kur-˹''ma''˺ "Venus reaches Jupiter" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 18′], hence the identities, "Goat = Venus," "Path of the Sun = Jupiter." see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:73; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:28].

(12) The Goat (= Venus) reaches the Wolf (=Mars); DIŠ muluz3 mulur.bar.ra kur-''ud'' | ''ina'' mu bi ''šub-tim bu-lim'' | mul''Dil-bat'' mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kur-''ma'' "If the Goat reaches the Wolf: this year (there will be) cattle grazing, (it means): Venus reaches Mars" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 16′]; [DIŠ mul]UZ3 mulUR.BAR.RA KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim bu-lim'' "[If] the Goat reaches the Wolf: this year (there will be) a drop in the number of cattle" [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:39], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:26; ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:78; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 119:51].

(13) The Goat (= Venus) and the Wolf (= Mars); mulUZ3 [...] ''ana'' mulUR.BAR.RA T[E...] "The Goat [...] approa[ches] the Wolf..." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12d]; mulUZ3 ''ana'' mul[UR].BAR.RA ''i-mid ina'' MU BI MA[Š2.ANŠE...] "The goat stands close to the [Wolf's] asterism: this year catt[le...] [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, II 12g].

(14) Venus approaches the Goat(?); [UD EŠ4.DAR ...] ''ana'' mulUZ3 TE ... "[If Ishtar ...] comes close to the Goat: [...] there will be songs in the country in honor of the harvest..." [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 180, K.229 rev. ii 3′].

(15) The Wolf (=Mars) reaches the Goat (=Venus); (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 8.

(16) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Furrow (=Mercury); see (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]], VI 2.

(17) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Furrow (=Mercury) from the south; see (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]], VI 3.

(18) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Field; DIŠ muluz3 mulAŠ.GAN2 kur-''ma'' | GUB ''ina'' mu bi a2.zag2 gal2 | ul''Dil-bat'' "If the Goat reaches the Field and stands (there): this year there will be (the demon) Asakku; (Goat) = Venus" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 15′], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101: 25; ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:77; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 73:50-52].

(19) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the asterism of Eridu (=Mars or Mercury); DIŠ mulUZ3 mulNUNki KUR-''ma'' DU [...] "If the Goat reaches the asterism of Eridu and goes (further on) [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:72].

(20) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 8.

See also [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 69:33].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulUZ3 «Коза»; созвездие в Лире (Lyra), в лексических, религиозных и астрологических текстах; cм. u31UZ3.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, u31)
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUZA, mulUD5; = ''enzu'' «Коза»; созвездие в пределах современной Лиры (Lyra) [G. 145; BPO 2, 16; CAD E, 183a].||
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: muluz3 [MSL XI, 108:407; 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 6; 143, col. x 26], muluz3 [Emar VI/4, 154:110]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: muluz3 = ''en-zu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:166; SpTU III, 114A v 49; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:306ʹ]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». '''(1)''' Старовавилонская молитва: '''a)''' Erm. 15642: ''in-zu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:19], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306], '''b)''' AO 6769: (mul)UZ3 [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, II 12a-h, 15d; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′–19′; Largement 1957 250:79b, 252:106; SpTU III, 101:25–28]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Эа, 30 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' gub-''z''[''u''] / muluz3 d''Gu-la'' «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е.mulšu.pa?) сто[ит], Коза, Гул[а]» (B iii 13–14). '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … muluz3 ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «[Кислиму]: … Коза (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C iii 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 39, 40]; см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. BM 82923. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля: mulUZ3 // 30 // ''be-let'' MAŠ2 «Коза // 30 // Госпожа предсказательства» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:27]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): muluz3 [CT 33, 9 r. 6; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 9): muluz3 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 23, 25): '''а)''' mulUZ3 d''Gu-la'' «Коза, Гула» (I i 24), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:11'], см. также u19UR.GI7, '''b)''' «Звезда с большим блеском в Козе» (I i 26) (= Вега), см. L03dLAMMA. '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); ранняя параллель см. ВМ 77054. '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 19), см. b06BAN, b) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «30 дней от восхода Весов до восхода Козы. 30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью» (I iii 38–39). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUZ3 (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' Эруа кульминирует, Коза восходит (I iv 26), см. a02A.EDIN, '''b)''' Коза кульминирует, Рыба восходит (I iv 30), см. k24KU6 [MA, 25, 44, 49, 50, 54, 59, 65, 67]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 88 r. 5; SAA 8, 74:1, 175 r. 1, 7, 247:8]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. ''ina'' itiapin ud.15.kam mul d''a-n''[''u-ni-tum''…] / muluz3 […] «15-го арахсамну Ан[униту…] / Коза […]» [George 1991, 304–305, rev. 5′–6′]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». 12 звезд Аккада: muluz3 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:212]. '''''Список звезд''''' '''''VR 46, 1:53.''''' <mul>uz3 = ''be-let bi-ri'' «Коза = госпожа предсказания» [HBA, 52:53; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(S)''' [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 kimin gir3 mulza''.''ba4.ba4 mulpa.bil.sag / ˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ gu «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы (''ziqpu'' VI: μ Her), или нога Забабы (λ Aql), (и звезда) Пабилсага, которая выше Корабля (ι Sag): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30–31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], gir3 mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 — μ Sgr, mulpa.bil.sag / ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu ma2.gur8 — ε Tel. '''(T)''' mulzubi(GAM3) ''ša''2 muluz3 kimin sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2nušen «Посох(?) Козы (''ziqpu'' VII: α Lyr), или звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)», [Коза-Рыба (β Cap), плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (β Cyg) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 93–94]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 — η Lyr. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§m'''. mulšu gub3 ˹uz3˺ [mu]l˹gir3˺ uz3 mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mul[…] 4 mul.m[eš x x] x na bi kun bi x […] «Левая рука Козы (θ Lyr), нога Козы (δ Her), корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), звезда […]: 4 звезд[ы x x] x его … его хвост x […]» [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]; согласно [Koch 49, 62]: mul[…] = mul[zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''2] «[Задняя часть Весов]» (β Lib). '''§w'''. mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''§x'''. mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''§y'''. muluz3 mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 ''u''3 mulA2mušen 3 mul.meš ''ḫe-pi''2 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' «Коза (δ Her?), правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph?), Орел (ε Aql): 3 звезды. Повреждение. 2 интервала, интервал. Орел — первый.» [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]. '''§z'''. muluz3 Коза (δ Her?), см. u19UR.GI7, а также h03d''Ḫaniš''. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. [mul]uz3? — звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. BM 38369+: TA mulUZ3 EN mulUD.KA.[DUḪ.A…] «От Козы до Демона [с Разинутой] Пастью…» [Horowitz 1994a, 92:1]. '''''Анафора'''''. BM 36609+: 10 UŠ [''ar''2] MUL2 UZ3 «100 [позади] звезды в Козе», см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. '''''Список «6 дворцовых женщин»'''''. См. a02A.EDIN. '''''Поздняя астрология'''''. Предсказания ''izbu'': múlUZ3 ''a-na bu-lum'' «(Созвездие) Коза для (предсказаний, имеющих отношение к) скоту» [Biggs 1968, 53–54:11]; согласно Бигсу, múlUZ3 здесь – обозначение Козерога [ibid., 56, note 8]; см., однако, ниже раздел VI.

II. Божество.

Со второй половины II тыс. до н.э. божеством созвездий muluz3 считалась богиня-целительница Гула (g35d''Gula''). Однако ранее в конце III тыс. до н.э. и в старовавилонский период созвездие muluz3 само считалось божеством. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Дворцовый ритуал в эпоху III династии Ура: 2 ''ma-an-za-aš''2-''tum'' dInanna / 1 sizkur2 dInanna / 1 sizkur2 muluz3 / ''ša''3 e2-gal «2 приношения Инанне; 1 молитва Инанне; 1 молитва Козе из дворца» [Sallaberger II, Tab. 7], см. также [ibid., I 54, note 227]. '''(2)''' Молитвы ночным богам, см. выше. '''(3)''' Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múluz3 ''ba-rat'' an-''e'' «Коза, наблюдающая небо» [RAcc., 139:327; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. '''(4)''' Гемерология на 9-е ташриту: ''ana'' igi muluz3 udusizkur bal pad-''su'' ''liš-kun'' «Перед Козой жертву в жертвенном сосуде, жертвоприношение свое пусть он принесет» [KAR, 177 rev. i 41–42; Labat 1939, 180–181]. '''(5)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(6)''' Созвездие Коза в медицинской практике см. [Reiner 1995, 52ff.], а также g35d''Gula'', II. О Гуле как астральной богине см. [Kurtik 2018; Куртик 2022].

В мифологическом тексте BM 55466+ ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, причем созвездие múl''enzu''(uz3), отождествляемое с múlmaš2, считается астральным воплощением Тиамат; ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''an-ni-i ki-i'' múl''enzi''(uz3) ''ša''2 ''itti''(ki) múl''zuqaqīpi''(gir2.tab) ''innamru''(igi)ru múl''suḫurmāšu''(maš2) / ''gi''[''z'']-''zu'': múl''enzu''(uz3) «Поэтому она (= Тиамат) подобна (созвездию) Коза, которое видно вместе с (созвездием) Скорпион. (Созвездие) Коза-Рыба, ко[з]ел, эквивалентно (созвездию) Коза» [STC II, Pl. LXX rev. 6–7; Reynolds 1999, 370–371].

III. Символ.

Фигура созвездия исходно представляла, по-видимому, изображение козы. Однако на кудурру и на новоассирийских печатях мы видим антропоморфные изображения Гулы в качестве фигуры созвездия. Анализ проблем, связанных с этими изображениями, см. [Kurtik 2018], а также g35d''Gula'', III.

IV. Отождествление.

= Lyra, также отождествляемая с mulGAŠAN.TIN и mul d''Gu-la'', [G. 145, I Ergebnis].

= Lyra [Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73].

= Lyra с некоторыми соседними звездами [Weidner 1957–59, 79b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 138].

= Lyra + звезды из Геркулеса (Hercules) [Koch 1989, 118, Anm. 375].

= Lyra [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lyra и часть Herculis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulUZ3 dLAMMA «Звезда с большим блеском в Козе, Ламма» (Вега, α Lyrae), см. MUL.APIN (I i 26).

(2) mul ''e''-''du'' ''ša''2 ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ''ziqpu'' VI, μ Her), см. GU-текст.

(3) mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы», см. GU-текст ('''Т'''). (проверить и обдумать)

(4) mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mulšu gub3 uz3 «Левая рука Козы» (θ Lyr), см. dbn-текст (§ m, x).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Венера''; muluz3 — название Венеры в месяце тебету, см. d06''[[Dilbat]]'', I «''Таблица Дилбат''»; см. также другие предсказания, связанные с Козой.

(2) = ''неустановленная планета'', возможно, Юпитер(?); см. ниже предсказание (14), а также [Bezold 1925, 122:169; G.145, I A].

(3) = ''Нинлиль''; mulUZ3 d''Nin-lil''2 EGI2 GAL-[''tu''] «Коза — Нинлиль, велика[я] принцесса» [BPO 2, II 12a].

(4) = ''Голова Козы-Рыбы''; см. mulUZ3 : SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Коза = Голова Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 194, K. 42+:24′], см. также s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6, VI 8.

См. также отождествление: mulUZ3 = TUR3 d''Gu-la'' «Коза = Загон Гулы» [Reiner 1995, 53].

Предсказания:

(5) ''Общее астрологическое значение''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 mulUZ3 TI.LA MAŠ2.ANŠE «Звезда (идущая) после него (?) — Коза, (определяющая) жизнь скота» [BPO 2, II 12b]; mulUZ3 ''a-na bu''-''l''[''im''] «Коза для (предсказаний, касающихся) скот[а]» [BPO 2, II 12c; ACh Suppl. 2, 74:5].

(6) ''Видимость Козы''; [DIŠ mul]UZ3 ŠE.IR.ZI-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' ''ḫa-a-a-''DU ''ina'' KUR ''i-man-du'' «[Если (созвездие)] Коза, сияние его тусклое: шпионы размножатся в стране» [BPO 3, 94, k.2226+:38], см. также: DIŠ mulUZA3 ''a-dir'' […] «Если Коза потемнела […]» [ACh Ištar, 21: 81; Suppl. 2, 119:50].

(7) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''появляется и стоит в течение 3 дней в месяце арахсамну''; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 10'''.'''

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''исчезает в неположенное время''; [DIŠ mulUZ3 ''i'']-''te-ir''(-)?''ru-bu-us-sa'' MU ''i-te-rik'' ''ana'' MAŠ.EN.KAK d''Dil-bat ina'' NU UD.BA-''šu''2 T[UM3-''ma''] «[Если Коза] … год станет длинным для неимущего, (это означает): Венера ис[чезает] в неположенный срок» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:25], см. также [ibid., 232, D.T. 47: 19; ACh Suppl. 34:36].

(9) ''Коза испускает mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUZ3 (глосса: ''mu-ul u''2''-za'') ''meš-ḫa im-šu''[''ḫ''] (глосса: ''im-šu''-[''uḫ'']) / DINGUR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ˹BUR2˺.[MEŠ] / ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ (глосса: ''re-e-mu'') [TUK.MEŠ] «Если Коза испускает ''mišḫu'': боги прос[тят] страну, [они проявят] милосердие (по отношению) к стране» [SAA 8, 74:1–3], см. также [ACh Ištar, 21:82; Suppl. 2, 63 col. i 13; Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 11].

(10) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''и Луна''; DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SA3 d30 GUB […] «Если Коза в (области) Луны стоит […]», DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SI 15 d30 GUB […] «Если Коза на правом роге Луны стоит […]», DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SI 150 d30 GUB […] «Если Коза на левом роге Луны стоит […]» [ACh Ištar, 21: 74–76].

(11) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''Пути Солнца'' (=''Юпитер'') ''достигает''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 <KASKAL> dUTU KUR-''ud'' SU.KU2 ''bu-lim'' U2.GUG GAL2-''ši'' «[Если] Коза (Пути) Солнца достигает: голод скота, голод будет» [BPO 3, 92, K. 2226+: 10]; в параллельном тексте LB 1321 r. 18′ в комментарии указано: mul''Dil-bat'' mul''Šul-pa-e''3 kur-˹''ma''˺ «Венера достигает Юпитера» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 18′], отсюда тождества: «Коза = Венера», «Путь Солнца = Юпитер». см. также [ACh Ištar, 21:73; SpTU III, 101:28].

(12) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''достигает Волка'' (=''Марс''); DIŠ muluz3 mulur.bar.ra kur-''ud'' | ''ina'' mu bi šub-''tim'' ''bu-lim'' | mul''Dil-bat'' mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kur-''ma'' «Если Коза достигает Волка: в этом году (будет) падеж скота, (это означает): Венера достигает Марса» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 16′]; [DIŠ mul]UZ3 mulUR.BAR.RA KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim bu-lim'' «[Если] Коза достигает Волка: в этом году (будет) падеж скота» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:39], см. также [SpTU III, 101:26; ACh Ištar, 21:78; Suppl. 2, 119:51].

(13) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''и Волк'' (= ''Марс''); mulUZ3 […] ''ana'' mulUR.BAR.RA T[E…] «Коза […] к Волку прибли[жается…] « [BPO 2, II 12d]; mulUZ3 ''ana'' mul[UR].BAR.RA ''i-mid ina'' MU BI MA[Š2.ANŠE…] «Коза стоит близко с [Вол]чьей звездой: в этом году ск[от…] [ibid., II 12g].

(14) ''Венера к Козе''(?) ''приближается''; [UD EŠ4.DAR …] ''ana'' mulUZ3 TE … «[Если Иштар …] подходит близко к Козе: […] в стране будут звучать песни в честь урожая…» [BPO 3, 180, K.229 rev. ii 3′].

(15) ''Волк'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает'' ''Козы'' (= ''Венера''); u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 8.

(16) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает Бороны'' (=''Меркурий''); см. g08gišGAN2.UR3, VI 2.

(17) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает Бороны'' (=''Меркурий'') ''с юга''; см. g08gišGAN2.UR3, VI 3.

(18) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''достигает Поля''; DIŠ muluz3 mulAŠ.GAN2 kur-''ma'' | GUB ''ina'' mu bi a2.zag2 gal2 | ul''Dil-bat'' «Если Коза достигает Поля и стоит (там): в этом году (демон) Асакку будет; (Коза) = Венера» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 15′], см. также [SpTU III, 101: 25; ACh Ištar, 21:77; Suppl. 2, 73:50–52].

(19) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает звезды Эриду'' (= ''Марс или Меркурий''); DIŠ mulUZ3 mulNUNki KUR-''ma'' DU […] «Если Коза звезды Эриду достигает и идет (дальше) […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:72].

(20) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 8.

См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 69:33].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Lyr]]

UZ3

2026-01-08T18:14:25Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UZ3 (𒍚, Akkadian ''Enzu'')}}
UZ3 (𒍚), Akkadian Enzu, is Sumerian, Akkadian equivalent ''enzu,'' "goat", is a Mesopotamian constellation in the [[Lyra|Lyra.]] The term UZ3 may refer to the bright star only or to a little asterism. The Akkadian term occurs in lexical, religious and astrological texts.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulUZA,
* mulUD5;
* = ''enzu'' "Goat";

Constellation within modern Lyra (Lyra) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 145; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> E, 183a].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): mulÙZ (EN 22l, 23l, 24l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: muluz3 [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:407; 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 6; 143, col. x 26], muluz3 [Emar VI/4<ref name=":2">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:110].
* (2) Urra XXII series: muluz3 = ''en-zu'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":2" />, 151:166; SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 49; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:306ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** (a) Erm. 15642: ''in-zu-um'' [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 196-197:19], and also [Shileiko 1924<ref>''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.</ref>, 147; Dossin 1935<ref name=":4">''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 180; Soden 1936<ref>''Soden W. von''. Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.</ref>, 306],
** (b) AO 6769: (mul)UZ3 [Dossin 1935<ref name=":4" />, 181-182:18].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12a-h, 15d; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′-19′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 250:79b, 252:106; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:25-28].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Ea, 30 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' gub-''z''[''u''] / muluz3 d''Gu-la'' "The constellation which sta[nds] after it (i.e. mulšu.pa?), the Goat, Gul[a]" (B iii 13-14).
** (2) List (3´12): [itigan] ... muluz3 ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "[Kislimu]: ... The goat (rises in the way) of Enlil" (C iii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising – kislimu, setting – simanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C iii 18, 29; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 39, 40]; see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* BM 82923. Month of Kislim, stars of Enlil: mulUZ3 // 30 // ''be-let'' MAŠ2 "Goat // 30 // Lady of divination" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:27].
* BM 34713. Month of Tebet, stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
* Text Nv. 10. [mul]uz3? - AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA asterism in the month of simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
* Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
** (a) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): muluz3 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 6; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and the Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. XLIV und XLV. S. 176-185.</ref>, 176].
** (b) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 9): muluz3 [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Enlil's stars (nos. 23, 25):
** (a) mulUZ3 d''Gu-la'' "Goat, Gula" (I i 24), for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:11'], see also (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]],
** (b) "Star with great brilliance in the Goat" (I i 26) (= Vega), see (Kurtik L03) [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th day of Arahsamnu, the Goat and the Scorpius's chest become visible" (I iii 4); for an early parallel, see (Kurtik L03) [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]. VM 77054.
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 19), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]],
** b) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A "30 days from the rising of the Libra to the rising of the Goat. 30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth" (I iii 38-39).
* (5) List of ziqpu-stars: [[UZ3|mulUZ3]] (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a) Erua culminates, the Goat ascends (I iv 26), see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]],
** (b) Goat culminates, the Fish ascends (I iv 30), see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]] [MA<ref name=":8">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 44, 49, 50, 54, 59, 65, 67].
Text BM 77054.
* ''ina'' itiapin ud.15.kam mul d''a-n''[''u-ni-tum''...] / muluz3 [...] "On the 15th of arahsamnu An[unitu...] / Goat [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, rev. 5′-6′].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 88 r. 5; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 74:1, 175 r. 1, 7, 247:8].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Akkad: muluz3 [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:212].
|
|-
|'''VR 46, 1:53 list of stars.'''
* <mul>uz3 = ''be-let bi-ri'' "Goat = Lady of prediction" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:53; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (S) [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 kimin gir3 mulza.ba4.ba4 mulpa.bil.sag / ˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ gu "The separate star on the knee of the Goat (ziqpu VI: μ Her), or the leg of Zababa (λ Aql), (and the star) of Pabilsag, which is above the Ship (ι Sag): the rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":11">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30-31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60], gir3 mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 - μ Sgr, mulpa.bil.sag / ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu ma2.gur8 - ε Tel.
* (T) mul''zubi''(GAM3) ''ša''2 muluz3 kimin sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "The staff(? ) of the Goat (ziqpu VII: α Lyr), or the star with great brilliance of the Eagle (α Aql)," [Goat-Fish (β Cap), shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (β Cyg) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":11" />, BM 78161:31; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 93-94]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12" />, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 is η Lyr.
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §m. mulšu gub3 ˹uz3˺ [mu]l˹gir3˺ uz3 mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mul[...] 4 mul.m[eš x x x] x na bi kun bi x [...] "Left leg of the Goat (θ Lyr), the leg of the Goat (δ Her), the crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), the star [...]: 4 star[s x x] x his ... his tail x [...]" [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 109]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12" /> 49, 62]: mul[...] = mul[zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''2] "[Hind of Libra]" (β Lib).
* §w. mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §x. mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[Left] leg [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §y. muluz3 mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 u3 mulA2mušen 3 mul.meš ''ḫe-pi''2 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Goat (δ Her?), right leg of Zababa (ξ Oph?), Eagle (ε Aql). 3 stars. Damage. 2 intervals, interval. Eagle –first." [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 111].
* §z. muluz3 Koza (δ Her?), see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]], and also (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']].
|Example
|-
|'''Ziqpu-star lists.'''
* BM 38369+: TA mulUZ3 EN mulUD.KA...[DUḪ.A...] "From the Goat to the Demon [with the Open Mouth]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 92:1].
|Example
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: 10 UŠ [''ar''2] MUL2 UZ3 "100 [behind] the stars in the Goat," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]]. List of "6 palace women." See (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* Predictions on izbu: múlUZ3 ''a-na bu-lum'' "(Constellation) Goat for (predictions having to do with) livestock" [Biggs 1968<ref name=":14">''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53-54:11]; according to Biggs, múlUZ3 here is a designation of Capricorn [ibid.<ref name=":14" />, 56, note 8]; see, however, section VI below.
|
|}
[[File:UZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 162837.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UZ3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Vega]]
|HIP 91262
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.03
|-
|2
|[[Sulafat]]
|HIP 93194
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.25
|-
|3
|[[Sheliak]]
|HIP 92420
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.42
|-
|4
|NAME del Lyr Cluster
|NAME del Lyr Cluster
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|5
|δ 2 Lyrae
|HIP 92791
|Constellation lines
|4.3
|-
|6
|ζ 1 Lyrae
| HIP 91971
|Constellation lines
|4.36
|-
| 7
|* eps01 Lyr A
|HIP 91919
|Constellation lines
|4.991
|-
|8
| * eps02 Lyr A
|HIP 91926
|Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|9
|ι Lyrae
|HIP 93903
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.253
|-
|10
| -
|HR 7162
|Inside the Hull
|5.277
|-
|11
|* eps02 Lyr B
|HIP 91926
|Inside the Hull
|5.35
|-
|12
|δ 1 Lyrae
|HIP 92728
|Inside the Hull
|5.573
|-
|13
|ζ 2 Lyrae
| HIP 91973
|Inside the Hull
|5.585
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 92833
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|15
| [[Xihe]]
|HIP 91852
|Inside the Hull
|6.037
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 93354
| Inside the Hull
|6.038
|-
|17
|* eps01 Lyr B
|HIP 91919
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.062
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 92551
|Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 91820
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|20
| -
| HIP 91552
|Inside the Hull
| 6.489
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
From the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. the healing goddess Gula (Kurtik g35 [[Gula|dGula]]) was considered the deity of the constellations múluz3. However, the constellation muluz3 was considered a deity during the later phases of the 3rd millennium BC and in the Old Babylonian period.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Palatial ritual in the 3rd dynasty of Ur: 2 ''ma-an-za-aš''2-''tum'' dInanna / 1 siškur2 dInanna / 1 siškur2 muluz3 / ša3 e2-gal "2 offerings to Inanna; 1 prayer to Inanna; 1 prayer to the Goat of the Palace" [Sallaberger II<ref name=":15">''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, Tab. 7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, I 54, note 227].
* (2) Prayers to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (3) New Year's ritual in Babylon: múluz3 ''ba-rat'' an-''e'' "goat watching the sky" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 139:327; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
* (4) Hemerology on the 9th day of tashrit: ''ana'' igi muluz3 udusiškur bal pad-''su'' ''liš-kun'' "Let him offer a sacrifice in the sacrificial vessel before the Goat " [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 177 rev. i 41-42; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 180-181].
* (5) For the ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" a deity statue, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], II.
* (6) For the Goat constellation in medical practice, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":16">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 52ff.], and also (Kurtik g35) [[Gula|d''Gula'']], II. On Gula as an astral goddess see. [Kurtik 2018; Kurtik 2022].

In the mythological text BM 55466+, the night sky in the month of tebet is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, with the constellation múl''enzu''(uz3), identified with múlmaš2, considered to be the astral incarnation of Tiamat; ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''an-ni-i ki-i'' múl''enzi''(uz3) ''ša''2 ''itti''(ki) múl''zuqaqīpi''(gir2.tab) ''innamru''(igi)ru múl''suḫurmāšu''(maš2) / ''gi''[''z'']-''zu'': múl''enzu''(uz3) "Therefore she (= Tiamat) is like (the constellation) Goat, which is seen together with (the constellation) Scorpius. (The constellation) Goat-Fish, go[a]t, is equivalent to (the constellation) Goat" [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXX rev. 6-7; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371].

==== III. Symbol. ====
The figure of the constellation was apparently a representation of a goat. However, on kudurrus and on Neo-Assyrian seals, we see anthropomorphic images of Gula as being the constellation figure. For an analysis of the problems associated with these images, see. [Kurtik 2018], as well as (Kurtik g35) [[Gula|d''Gula'']], III.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Lyra, also identified with mulGAŠAN.TIN and mul d''Gu-la'', [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 145, I Ergebnis].

= Lyra [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974, 73].

= Lyra with some neighboring stars [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79b; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 16; MA<ref name=":8" />, 138].

= Lyra + stars from Hercules [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 118, Anm. 375].

= Lyra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7" />, 249].

= Lyra and part of Herculis [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 275].

==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulUZ3 dLAMMA "A star of great brilliance in Cos, Lamma" (Vega, α Lyrae), see MUL.APIN (I i 26).

(2) mul ''e-du ša''2 ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 "A separate star on the knee of the Goat" (= ziqpu VI, μ Her), see GU-text.

(3) mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "The staff(?) of the Goat," see GU-text (T). (check and think about this)

(4) mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her), see dbn-text.

(5) mulšu gub3 uz3 "The left hoof of the Goat" (θ Lyr), see dbn-text (§ m, x).

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; muluz3 is the name of Venus in the month of Tebet, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', I "Tablet of Dilbat"; see also other predictions related to the Goat.

(2) = unidentified planet, possibly Jupiter(?); see prediction (14) below, and also [Bezold 1925, 122:169; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />145, I A].

(3) = Ninlil; mulUZ3 d''Nin-lil''2 EGI2 GAL-[''tu''] "The goat – Ninlil, the grea[t] princess" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12a].

(4) = Goat-Fish head; see mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Goat = Goat-Fish head" [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 194, K. 42+:24′], see also (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6]], VI 8.

See also the identification: mulUZ3 = TUR3 d''Gu-la'' "Goat = Gula's corral" [Reiner 1995<ref name=":16" />, 53].

===== Predictions: =====
(5) General astrological meaning; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 mulUZ3 TI.LA MAŠ2.ANŠE "The asterism (coming) after it (?) – the Goat, (determining) the life of the cattle" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12b]; mulUZ3 ''a-na bu-l''[''im''] "The Goat for (predictions concerning) cattl[e]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12c; ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":17">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 74:5].

(6) Visibility of the Goat; [DIŠ mul]UZ3 ŠE.IR.ZI-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu ḫa-a-a''-DU ''ina'' KUR ''i-man-du'' "[If] (the constellation)] Goat’s radiance is dim: spies will multiply in the country" [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 94, k.2226+:38], see also: DIŠ mulUZA3 ''a-dir'' [...] "If the Goat darkens [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21: 81; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 119:50].

(7) The Goat (=Venus) appears and stands for 3 days in the month of Arahsamnu; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 10.

(8) The Goat (=Venus) disappears at an inappropriate time; [DIŠ mulUZ3 ''i'']-''te-ir''(-)?''ru-bu-us-sa'' MU ''i-te-rik ana'' MAŠ.EN.KAK d''Dil-bat ina'' NU UD.BA-''šu''2 T[UM3-''ma''] "[If the Goat] ... the year becomes long for the indigent, (it means): Venus expires at an inappropriate time." [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 246, K.2346+:25], see also [ibid.<ref name=":5" />, 232, D.T. 47: 19; ACh Suppl.<ref name=":17" /> 34:36].

(9) The Goat emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulUZ3 (gloss: ''mu-ul u''2-''za'') ''meš-ḫa im-šu''[''ḫ''] (gloss: ''im-šu''-[''uḫ'']) / DINGUR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ˹BUR2˺.[MEŠ] / ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ (gloss: ''re-e-mu'') [TUK.MEŠ] "If the Goat emits mišḫu: the gods will enlighten the country, [they will show] mercy (towards) the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 74:1-3], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:82; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 63 col. i 13; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 64 col. ii 11].

(10) The Goat (= Venus) and the Moon; DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SA3 d30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands in (the area of) the Moon [...]", DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SI 15 d30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands on the right horn of the Moon [...]", DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SI 150 d30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands on the left horn of the Moon [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21: 74-76].

(11) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Path of the Sun (=Jupiter); [DIŠ] mulUZ3 <KASKAL> dUTU KUR-''ud'' SU.KU2 ''bu-lim'' U2.GUG GAL2-''ši'' "[If] the Goat reaches (the Path) of the Sun: famine of cattle, there will be famine " [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 92, K. 2226+: 10]; in the parallel text LB 1321 r. 18′ the commentary states: mul''Dil-bat'' mul''Šul-pa-e''3 kur-˹''ma''˺ "Venus reaches Jupiter" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 18′], hence the identities, "Goat = Venus," "Path of the Sun = Jupiter." see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:73; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:28].

(12) The Goat (= Venus) reaches the Wolf (=Mars); DIŠ muluz3 mulur.bar.ra kur-''ud'' | ''ina'' mu bi ''šub-tim bu-lim'' | mul''Dil-bat'' mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kur-''ma'' "If the Goat reaches the Wolf: this year (there will be) cattle grazing, (it means): Venus reaches Mars" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 16′]; [DIŠ mul]UZ3 mulUR.BAR.RA KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim bu-lim'' "[If] the Goat reaches the Wolf: this year (there will be) a drop in the number of cattle" [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:39], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:26; ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:78; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 119:51].

(13) The Goat (= Venus) and the Wolf (= Mars); mulUZ3 [...] ''ana'' mulUR.BAR.RA T[E...] "The Goat [...] approa[ches] the Wolf..." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12d]; mulUZ3 ''ana'' mul[UR].BAR.RA ''i-mid ina'' MU BI MA[Š2.ANŠE...] "The goat stands close to the [Wolf's] asterism: this year catt[le...] [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, II 12g].

(14) Venus approaches the Goat(?); [UD EŠ4.DAR ...] ''ana'' mulUZ3 TE ... "[If Ishtar ...] comes close to the Goat: [...] there will be songs in the country in honor of the harvest..." [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 180, K.229 rev. ii 3′].

(15) The Wolf (=Mars) reaches the Goat (=Venus); (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 8.

(16) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Furrow (=Mercury); see (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]], VI 2.

(17) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Furrow (=Mercury) from the south; see (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]], VI 3.

(18) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Field; DIŠ muluz3 mulAŠ.GAN2 kur-''ma'' | GUB ''ina'' mu bi a2.zag2 gal2 | ul''Dil-bat'' "If the Goat reaches the Field and stands (there): this year there will be (the demon) Asakku; (Goat) = Venus" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 15′], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101: 25; ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:77; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 73:50-52].

(19) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the asterism of Eridu (=Mars or Mercury); DIŠ mulUZ3 mulNUNki KUR-''ma'' DU [...] "If the Goat reaches the asterism of Eridu and goes (further on) [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:72].

(20) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 8.

See also [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 69:33].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulUZ3 «Коза»; созвездие в Лире (Lyra), в лексических, религиозных и астрологических текстах; cм. u31UZ3.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, u31)
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUZA, mulUD5; = ''enzu'' «Коза»; созвездие в пределах современной Лиры (Lyra) [G. 145; BPO 2, 16; CAD E, 183a].||
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: muluz3 [MSL XI, 108:407; 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 6; 143, col. x 26], muluz3 [Emar VI/4, 154:110]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: muluz3 = ''en-zu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:166; SpTU III, 114A v 49; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:306ʹ]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». '''(1)''' Старовавилонская молитва: '''a)''' Erm. 15642: ''in-zu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:19], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306], '''b)''' AO 6769: (mul)UZ3 [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, II 12a-h, 15d; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′–19′; Largement 1957 250:79b, 252:106; SpTU III, 101:25–28]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Эа, 30 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' gub-''z''[''u''] / muluz3 d''Gu-la'' «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е.mulšu.pa?) сто[ит], Коза, Гул[а]» (B iii 13–14). '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … muluz3 ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «[Кислиму]: … Коза (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C iii 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 39, 40]; см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. BM 82923. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля: mulUZ3 // 30 // ''be-let'' MAŠ2 «Коза // 30 // Госпожа предсказательства» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:27]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): muluz3 [CT 33, 9 r. 6; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 9): muluz3 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 23, 25): '''а)''' mulUZ3 d''Gu-la'' «Коза, Гула» (I i 24), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:11'], см. также u19UR.GI7, '''b)''' «Звезда с большим блеском в Козе» (I i 26) (= Вега), см. L03dLAMMA. '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); ранняя параллель см. ВМ 77054. '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 19), см. b06BAN, b) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «30 дней от восхода Весов до восхода Козы. 30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью» (I iii 38–39). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUZ3 (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' Эруа кульминирует, Коза восходит (I iv 26), см. a02A.EDIN, '''b)''' Коза кульминирует, Рыба восходит (I iv 30), см. k24KU6 [MA, 25, 44, 49, 50, 54, 59, 65, 67]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 88 r. 5; SAA 8, 74:1, 175 r. 1, 7, 247:8]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. ''ina'' itiapin ud.15.kam mul d''a-n''[''u-ni-tum''…] / muluz3 […] «15-го арахсамну Ан[униту…] / Коза […]» [George 1991, 304–305, rev. 5′–6′]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». 12 звезд Аккада: muluz3 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:212]. '''''Список звезд''''' '''''VR 46, 1:53.''''' <mul>uz3 = ''be-let bi-ri'' «Коза = госпожа предсказания» [HBA, 52:53; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(S)''' [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 kimin gir3 mulza''.''ba4.ba4 mulpa.bil.sag / ˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ gu «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы (''ziqpu'' VI: μ Her), или нога Забабы (λ Aql), (и звезда) Пабилсага, которая выше Корабля (ι Sag): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30–31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], gir3 mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 — μ Sgr, mulpa.bil.sag / ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu ma2.gur8 — ε Tel. '''(T)''' mulzubi(GAM3) ''ša''2 muluz3 kimin sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2nušen «Посох(?) Козы (''ziqpu'' VII: α Lyr), или звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)», [Коза-Рыба (β Cap), плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (β Cyg) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 93–94]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 — η Lyr. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§m'''. mulšu gub3 ˹uz3˺ [mu]l˹gir3˺ uz3 mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mul[…] 4 mul.m[eš x x] x na bi kun bi x […] «Левая рука Козы (θ Lyr), нога Козы (δ Her), корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), звезда […]: 4 звезд[ы x x] x его … его хвост x […]» [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]; согласно [Koch 49, 62]: mul[…] = mul[zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''2] «[Задняя часть Весов]» (β Lib). '''§w'''. mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''§x'''. mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''§y'''. muluz3 mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 ''u''3 mulA2mušen 3 mul.meš ''ḫe-pi''2 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' «Коза (δ Her?), правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph?), Орел (ε Aql): 3 звезды. Повреждение. 2 интервала, интервал. Орел — первый.» [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]. '''§z'''. muluz3 Коза (δ Her?), см. u19UR.GI7, а также h03d''Ḫaniš''. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. [mul]uz3? — звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. BM 38369+: TA mulUZ3 EN mulUD.KA.[DUḪ.A…] «От Козы до Демона [с Разинутой] Пастью…» [Horowitz 1994a, 92:1]. '''''Анафора'''''. BM 36609+: 10 UŠ [''ar''2] MUL2 UZ3 «100 [позади] звезды в Козе», см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. '''''Список «6 дворцовых женщин»'''''. См. a02A.EDIN. '''''Поздняя астрология'''''. Предсказания ''izbu'': múlUZ3 ''a-na bu-lum'' «(Созвездие) Коза для (предсказаний, имеющих отношение к) скоту» [Biggs 1968, 53–54:11]; согласно Бигсу, múlUZ3 здесь – обозначение Козерога [ibid., 56, note 8]; см., однако, ниже раздел VI.

II. Божество.

Со второй половины II тыс. до н.э. божеством созвездий muluz3 считалась богиня-целительница Гула (g35d''Gula''). Однако ранее в конце III тыс. до н.э. и в старовавилонский период созвездие muluz3 само считалось божеством. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Дворцовый ритуал в эпоху III династии Ура: 2 ''ma-an-za-aš''2-''tum'' dInanna / 1 sizkur2 dInanna / 1 sizkur2 muluz3 / ''ša''3 e2-gal «2 приношения Инанне; 1 молитва Инанне; 1 молитва Козе из дворца» [Sallaberger II, Tab. 7], см. также [ibid., I 54, note 227]. '''(2)''' Молитвы ночным богам, см. выше. '''(3)''' Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múluz3 ''ba-rat'' an-''e'' «Коза, наблюдающая небо» [RAcc., 139:327; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. '''(4)''' Гемерология на 9-е ташриту: ''ana'' igi muluz3 udusizkur bal pad-''su'' ''liš-kun'' «Перед Козой жертву в жертвенном сосуде, жертвоприношение свое пусть он принесет» [KAR, 177 rev. i 41–42; Labat 1939, 180–181]. '''(5)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(6)''' Созвездие Коза в медицинской практике см. [Reiner 1995, 52ff.], а также g35d''Gula'', II. О Гуле как астральной богине см. [Kurtik 2018; Куртик 2022].

В мифологическом тексте BM 55466+ ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, причем созвездие múl''enzu''(uz3), отождествляемое с múlmaš2, считается астральным воплощением Тиамат; ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''an-ni-i ki-i'' múl''enzi''(uz3) ''ša''2 ''itti''(ki) múl''zuqaqīpi''(gir2.tab) ''innamru''(igi)ru múl''suḫurmāšu''(maš2) / ''gi''[''z'']-''zu'': múl''enzu''(uz3) «Поэтому она (= Тиамат) подобна (созвездию) Коза, которое видно вместе с (созвездием) Скорпион. (Созвездие) Коза-Рыба, ко[з]ел, эквивалентно (созвездию) Коза» [STC II, Pl. LXX rev. 6–7; Reynolds 1999, 370–371].

III. Символ.

Фигура созвездия исходно представляла, по-видимому, изображение козы. Однако на кудурру и на новоассирийских печатях мы видим антропоморфные изображения Гулы в качестве фигуры созвездия. Анализ проблем, связанных с этими изображениями, см. [Kurtik 2018], а также g35d''Gula'', III.

IV. Отождествление.

= Lyra, также отождествляемая с mulGAŠAN.TIN и mul d''Gu-la'', [G. 145, I Ergebnis].

= Lyra [Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73].

= Lyra с некоторыми соседними звездами [Weidner 1957–59, 79b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 138].

= Lyra + звезды из Геркулеса (Hercules) [Koch 1989, 118, Anm. 375].

= Lyra [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lyra и часть Herculis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulUZ3 dLAMMA «Звезда с большим блеском в Козе, Ламма» (Вега, α Lyrae), см. MUL.APIN (I i 26).

(2) mul ''e''-''du'' ''ša''2 ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ''ziqpu'' VI, μ Her), см. GU-текст.

(3) mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы», см. GU-текст ('''Т'''). (проверить и обдумать)

(4) mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mulšu gub3 uz3 «Левая рука Козы» (θ Lyr), см. dbn-текст (§ m, x).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Венера''; muluz3 — название Венеры в месяце тебету, см. d06''[[Dilbat]]'', I «''Таблица Дилбат''»; см. также другие предсказания, связанные с Козой.

(2) = ''неустановленная планета'', возможно, Юпитер(?); см. ниже предсказание (14), а также [Bezold 1925, 122:169; G.145, I A].

(3) = ''Нинлиль''; mulUZ3 d''Nin-lil''2 EGI2 GAL-[''tu''] «Коза — Нинлиль, велика[я] принцесса» [BPO 2, II 12a].

(4) = ''Голова Козы-Рыбы''; см. mulUZ3 : SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Коза = Голова Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 194, K. 42+:24′], см. также s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6, VI 8.

См. также отождествление: mulUZ3 = TUR3 d''Gu-la'' «Коза = Загон Гулы» [Reiner 1995, 53].

Предсказания:

(5) ''Общее астрологическое значение''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 mulUZ3 TI.LA MAŠ2.ANŠE «Звезда (идущая) после него (?) — Коза, (определяющая) жизнь скота» [BPO 2, II 12b]; mulUZ3 ''a-na bu''-''l''[''im''] «Коза для (предсказаний, касающихся) скот[а]» [BPO 2, II 12c; ACh Suppl. 2, 74:5].

(6) ''Видимость Козы''; [DIŠ mul]UZ3 ŠE.IR.ZI-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' ''ḫa-a-a-''DU ''ina'' KUR ''i-man-du'' «[Если (созвездие)] Коза, сияние его тусклое: шпионы размножатся в стране» [BPO 3, 94, k.2226+:38], см. также: DIŠ mulUZA3 ''a-dir'' […] «Если Коза потемнела […]» [ACh Ištar, 21: 81; Suppl. 2, 119:50].

(7) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''появляется и стоит в течение 3 дней в месяце арахсамну''; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 10'''.'''

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''исчезает в неположенное время''; [DIŠ mulUZ3 ''i'']-''te-ir''(-)?''ru-bu-us-sa'' MU ''i-te-rik'' ''ana'' MAŠ.EN.KAK d''Dil-bat ina'' NU UD.BA-''šu''2 T[UM3-''ma''] «[Если Коза] … год станет длинным для неимущего, (это означает): Венера ис[чезает] в неположенный срок» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:25], см. также [ibid., 232, D.T. 47: 19; ACh Suppl. 34:36].

(9) ''Коза испускает mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUZ3 (глосса: ''mu-ul u''2''-za'') ''meš-ḫa im-šu''[''ḫ''] (глосса: ''im-šu''-[''uḫ'']) / DINGUR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ˹BUR2˺.[MEŠ] / ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ (глосса: ''re-e-mu'') [TUK.MEŠ] «Если Коза испускает ''mišḫu'': боги прос[тят] страну, [они проявят] милосердие (по отношению) к стране» [SAA 8, 74:1–3], см. также [ACh Ištar, 21:82; Suppl. 2, 63 col. i 13; Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 11].

(10) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''и Луна''; DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SA3 d30 GUB […] «Если Коза в (области) Луны стоит […]», DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SI 15 d30 GUB […] «Если Коза на правом роге Луны стоит […]», DIŠ mulUZ3 ''ina'' SI 150 d30 GUB […] «Если Коза на левом роге Луны стоит […]» [ACh Ištar, 21: 74–76].

(11) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''Пути Солнца'' (=''Юпитер'') ''достигает''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 <KASKAL> dUTU KUR-''ud'' SU.KU2 ''bu-lim'' U2.GUG GAL2-''ši'' «[Если] Коза (Пути) Солнца достигает: голод скота, голод будет» [BPO 3, 92, K. 2226+: 10]; в параллельном тексте LB 1321 r. 18′ в комментарии указано: mul''Dil-bat'' mul''Šul-pa-e''3 kur-˹''ma''˺ «Венера достигает Юпитера» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 18′], отсюда тождества: «Коза = Венера», «Путь Солнца = Юпитер». см. также [ACh Ištar, 21:73; SpTU III, 101:28].

(12) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''достигает Волка'' (=''Марс''); DIŠ muluz3 mulur.bar.ra kur-''ud'' | ''ina'' mu bi šub-''tim'' ''bu-lim'' | mul''Dil-bat'' mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kur-''ma'' «Если Коза достигает Волка: в этом году (будет) падеж скота, (это означает): Венера достигает Марса» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 16′]; [DIŠ mul]UZ3 mulUR.BAR.RA KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim bu-lim'' «[Если] Коза достигает Волка: в этом году (будет) падеж скота» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:39], см. также [SpTU III, 101:26; ACh Ištar, 21:78; Suppl. 2, 119:51].

(13) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''и Волк'' (= ''Марс''); mulUZ3 […] ''ana'' mulUR.BAR.RA T[E…] «Коза […] к Волку прибли[жается…] « [BPO 2, II 12d]; mulUZ3 ''ana'' mul[UR].BAR.RA ''i-mid ina'' MU BI MA[Š2.ANŠE…] «Коза стоит близко с [Вол]чьей звездой: в этом году ск[от…] [ibid., II 12g].

(14) ''Венера к Козе''(?) ''приближается''; [UD EŠ4.DAR …] ''ana'' mulUZ3 TE … «[Если Иштар …] подходит близко к Козе: […] в стране будут звучать песни в честь урожая…» [BPO 3, 180, K.229 rev. ii 3′].

(15) ''Волк'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает'' ''Козы'' (= ''Венера''); u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 8.

(16) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает Бороны'' (=''Меркурий''); см. g08gišGAN2.UR3, VI 2.

(17) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает Бороны'' (=''Меркурий'') ''с юга''; см. g08gišGAN2.UR3, VI 3.

(18) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''достигает Поля''; DIŠ muluz3 mulAŠ.GAN2 kur-''ma'' | GUB ''ina'' mu bi a2.zag2 gal2 | ul''Dil-bat'' «Если Коза достигает Поля и стоит (там): в этом году (демон) Асакку будет; (Коза) = Венера» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 15′], см. также [SpTU III, 101: 25; ACh Ištar, 21:77; Suppl. 2, 73:50–52].

(19) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает звезды Эриду'' (= ''Марс или Меркурий''); DIŠ mulUZ3 mulNUNki KUR-''ma'' DU […] «Если Коза звезды Эриду достигает и идет (дальше) […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:72].

(20) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 8.

См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 69:33].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Lyr]]

UTU

2026-01-08T18:13:07Z

Sushoff:

dUTU (𒀭𒌓) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Var. readings and notations:

* 20, d20, MAN;
* = d''Šamaš''; the solar god Shamash, the Sun [Gossman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 135], see also (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]], (Kurtik m04) [[MAN]], (Kurtik sh03) ''[[Šamaš]]''.
* Utu/''Šamaš''. The sun god. dUTU (EA 6–7r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul dUTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 40, 87, 214; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 24b, XVIII 9; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 287; Dietrich 1996<ref>''Dietrich M.'' Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis // WZKM. 1996. Bd. 86. S. 99-106.</ref>; Gossman 1950<ref name=":0" /> 373, III; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240:20, 22, 25b, 254:114; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 249; Van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 149; SpTU I<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90:11,16,17, r. 8'; 91:11; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28, 29, 37].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 7), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš|Ḫanīš]]''.
* (2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' dUTU DU-''ak'' "the Sun passes (the same path) that the Moon passes" (II i 1).
* (3) First intercalation scheme:
** (a) dUTU ''ša''2 ''ina id'' imSI.SA2 KI SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ḫa'' / GUR-''ma ana id'' imU18.LU u4-''mu'' 40 NINDA.TA.AM3 ''ul-ta-nap-pal'' / UDmeš LUGUD2.DAmeš GI6meš GID2.DAmeš "The sun, which rises towards the north together with the head of the Lion and turns and moves down towards the south at the rate of 40 NINDA per day. The days are getting shorter and the nights longer" II i 11–13),
** (b) ''ina'' itiDU6 UD.15.KAM dUTU ''ina lib''3-''bi'' mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' / ''u'' d''Sin ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-''az-ma'' / 3 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th day of Tashrit, the Sun rises in Libra in the East, and the Moon faces the Star Cluster behind the Hired Man. 3 mins – the day guard, 3 mins – the night guard" (II i 14–15),
** (c) dUTU ''ša''2 ''ina id'' imU18.LU KI SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ḫa'' GUR-''ma ana id'' imSI.SA2 / UD 40 NINDA.TA.AM3 ''un-da-na-ḫar'' UDmeš GID2.DAmeš GI6 LUGUD2.DA "The sun, which rises towards the south with the head of the Lion and turns and moves towards the north at the rate of 40 NINDA per day. The days are getting longer, the nights are getting shorter" (II i 17–18),
** (d) ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] d''Sin ina li-la-a-ti ina'' ŠA3 / mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''2 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''u'' dUTU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB-''ma'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th day of Nisan, the Moon is in Libra in the east and in the evening, and the Sun stands in the west, ahead of the Star Cluster (and) behind the Hired Man. 3 mins – the day guard, 3 mins – the night guard" (II i 19–21),
** (e) ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM / KURmeš ''ša''2 dUTU NAmeš ''ša''2 d''Sin'' IGI.DUḪ.Ameš ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 / ŠEŠ-''ar''2 UDmeš DIRImeš IGI.LA2 "On the 15th of nisan, 15th of duuzu, 15th of tashrit, and the 15th of tebet, observe the sunrises, the intervals of visibility of the Moon, the appearances of the Arrow, and find how many days are in excess" (II i 22-24), see also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
* (4) Planetary theory: KASKAL dUTU "Path of the Sun" (II i 50, 52, 53, 57), apparently the arc of the horizon within which the Sun rises.
* (5) The Sun on the paths of Anu, Enlil, and Ea:
** (a) TA UD 1 KAM ''ša''2 itiŠE EN UD 30 KAM ''ša''2 itiGU4 dUTU ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' / GUB-''ma zi-qu u'' UD.D[A] "From (the 1st of adar to the 30th of ayar the Sun stands in the path of (the stars of) Anu: wind and stor[m]. "
** (b) TA UD 1 KAM ''ša''2 itiSIG4 EN UD 30 KAM ''ša''2 itiIZI dUTU / ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 GUB-''ma'' BURU14 ''u u uš-šu'' "From the 1st of siman to the 30th of ab, the Sun stands in the way of (the stars of) Enlil: harvest and heat."
** (c) [T]A UD 1 KAM ''ša''2 itiKIN EN UD 30 KAM ''ša''2 itiAPIN dUTU / ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' GUB-''ma zi-qu u'' UD.DA "[O]n the 1st day of ulul to the 30th of arahsamnu, the Sun stands in the path of (the stars of) Anu: wind and storm."
** (d) [TA UD 1 K]AM ''ša''2 itiGAN EN UD 30 KAM ''ša''2 itiZIZ2 dUTU ''ina'' KASKAL / ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''ma'' EN.TE.NA "[From the 1st] day of kislim to the 30th of shabbat, the Sun stands in the path of (the stars of) Ea: cold" (II Gap A 1-7).
* (6) Astrological predictions:
** (a) DIŠ KUR ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ni-di'' KUR-''ḫa'' 3.20 ŠUR2-''ma'' gišTUKUL ''i-na-ši'' "If the Sun rises in the nīdu-clouds: The king will become angry and take up arms" (II iii 40),
** (b) DIŠ dUTU ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ni-di'' ŠU2 LUGAL BE "If the Sun sets in the nīdu-clouds: the king will die" (II iii 41) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 37, 70, 72-77, 82-84, 88-89, 114].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380b; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352a].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu "Antasurra = Sun";
* (2) muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 ''u'' dutu "Standing gods = Sin and Shamash";
* (3) list of planets: dutu comes second, see [SAA 10.380b; SAA 8]. (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]];
* (4) dutu ''ina'' kur-''šu''2 den.lil2 "The Sun during its rising – Enlil";
* (5) dutu ''ina šu''2-''šu''2 d˹nin?.urta˺ "The Sun during its setting – Ninurta" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 140, 154, 241, 288, 289].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46, 1:30.'''
* d''Šullat''(pa) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) = dutu ''u'' dim "Shullat and Hanish = Shamash and Adad" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:30; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''
* dutu ''nūr''(zalag2) ''kib-rat'' "the sun, light of the whole world" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:314; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) "Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim].
* (2) "Hypsoma." KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 dUTU múl lúḪUN.GA2 AN-''e'' [...] "'Secret place' of the Sun: Hired Man (=Aries) celestial(?) [...]" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 55:30].
* (3) Prediction of grain prices by observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena [SpTU I<ref name=":1" />, 94, passim].
* (4) Predictions according to the culminations of the stars, lunar eclipses, and the positions of the Sun relative to constellations [SpTU III, 102, passim]; see also [SpTU I<ref name=":1" />, 95; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 161].
* (5) Predictions of eclipses of the Sun for each month, related to observations of the culminations of stars and other phenomena [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 244-247, Sp II 202+].
Namburbi's series of spells. A spell "against the evil (foreshadowed) by an eclipse of the sun" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Saturn; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]], III 1-2.

(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 5.

(3) = Libra; see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 2.

(4) = Shullāt; see (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']], I "List of Stars VR 46, 1:30".

===== Predictions: =====
See the literature cited in section I (EAE, "Letters" and "Reports") as well as numerous articles in the present edition.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: 20, d20, MAN; = dŠamaš; солнечный бог Шамаш, Солнце [Gossman 1950 135], см. также d09DINGIR, m04MAN, sh03Šamaš.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mul dUTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 40, 87, 214; BPO 2, III 24b, XVIII 9; BPO 3, 287; Dietrich 1996; Gossman 1950 373, III; Largement 1957, 240:20, 22, 25b, 254:114; Verderame 2002, 249; Van Soldt 1995, 149; SpTU I, 90:11,16,17, r. 8'; 91:11; SpTU III, 101:28, 29, 37]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 7), см. h03Ḫanīš. (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dUTU DU-ak «Солнце проходит (тот же путь), что Луна проходит» (II i 1). (3) Первая интеркаляционная схема: a) dUTU ša2 ina id imSI.SA2 KI SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ḫa / GUR-ma ana id imU18.LU u4-mu 40 NINDA.TA.AM3 ul-ta-nap-pal / UDmeš LUGUD2.DAmeš GI6meš GID2.DAmeš «Солнце, которое взошло по направлению к северу с головой Льва, поворачивает и движется вниз по направлению к югу со скоростью 40 NINDA за день. Дни становятся короче, ночи длиннее» (II i 11–13), b) ina itiDU6 UD.15.KAM dUTU ina lib3-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa / u dSin ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-az-ma / 3 MA.NA EN.NUN u4-mi 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го ташриту Солнце восходит в Весах на востоке, и Луна стоит перед Звездами позади Наемника. 3 мины — дневная стража, 3 мины — ночная стража» (II i 14–15), c) dUTU ša2 ina id imU18.LU KI SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ḫa GUR-ma ana id imSI.SA2 / UD 40 NINDA.TA.AM3 un-da-na-ḫar UDmeš GID2.DAmeš GI6 LUGUD2.DA «Солнце, которое взошло по направлению к югу с головой Льва, поворачивает и движется по направлению к северу со скоростью 40 NINDA за день. Дни становятся длиннее, ночи становятся короче» (II i 17–18), d) ina itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] dSin ina li-la-a-ti ina ŠA3 / mulzi-ba-ni-tu2 ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB-ma 3 MA.NA EN.NUN u4-mi 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го нисану Луна вечером в Весах на востоке, а Солнце на западе впереди Звезд (и) позади Наемника стоит. 3 мины — дневная стража, 3 мины — ночная стража» (II i 19–21), e) ina itiBAR2 UD 15 KAM ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM ina itiAB UD 15 KAM / KURmeš ša2 dUTU NAmeš ša2 dSin IGI.DUḪ.Ameš ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 / ŠEŠ-ar2 UDmeš DIRImeš IGI.LA2 «15-го нисану, 15-го дуузу, 15-го ташриту, 15-го тебету, ты наблюдаешь восходы Солнца, промежутки видимости Луны, появления Стрелы и ты находишь, сколько дней в избытке» (II i 22–24), см. также k10KAK.SI.SA2. (4) Планетная теория: KASKAL dUTU «Путь Солнца» (II i 50, 52, 53, 57), по-видимому, дуга горизонта, в пределах которой восходит Солнце. (5) Солнце на путях Ану, Энлиля и Эа: a) TA UD 1 KAM ša2 itiŠE EN UD 30 KAM ša2 itiGU4 dUTU ina KASKAL šu-ut dA-nim / GUB-ma zi-qu u UD.D[A] «От 1-го аддару до 30-го айяру Солнце стоит на пути (звезд) Ану: ветер и бур[я].» b) TA UD 1 KAM ša2 itiSIG4 EN UD 30 KAM ša2 itiIZI dUTU / ina KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 GUB-ma BURU14 u uš-šu «От 1-го симану до 30-го абу Солнце стоит на пути (звезд) Энлиля: жатва и жара.» с) [T]A UD 1 KAM ša2 itiKIN EN UD 30 KAM ša2 itiAPIN dUTU / ina KASKAL šu-ut dA-nim GUB-ma zi-qu u UD.DA «[О]т 1-го улулу до 30-го арахсамну Солнце стоит на пути (звезд) Ану: ветер и буря.» d) [TA UD 1 K]AM ša2 itiGAN EN UD 30 KAM ša2 itiZIZ2 dUTU ina KASKAL / šu-ut dE2-a GUB-ma EN.TE.NA «[От 1-го] кислиму до 30-го шабату Солнце стоит на пути (звезд) Эа: холод» (II Gap A 1–7). (6) Астрологические предсказания: a) DIŠ KUR ina ŠA3 ni-di KUR-ḫa 3,20 ŠUR2-ma gišTUKUL i-na-ši «Если Солнце восходит в nīdu-облаке: царь разгневается и возьмется за оружие» (II iii 40), b) DIŠ dUTU ina ŠA3 ni-di ŠU2 LUGAL BE «Если Солнце садится в nīdu-облаке: царь умрет» (II iii 41) [MA, 37, 70, 72–77, 82–84, 88–89, 114]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352а]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu «Антасурра = Солнце»; (2) muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие боги = Син и Шамаш»; (3) список планет: на втором месте dutu, см. u07UDU.IDIM; (4) dutu ina kur-šu2 den.lil2 «Солнце при своем восходе — Энлиль»; (5) dutu ina šu2-šu2 d˹nin?.urta˺ «Солнце при своем заходе — Нинурта» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 140, 154, 241, 288, 289]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:30. dŠullat(pa) u dḪaniš(lugal) = dutu u dim «Шуллат и Ханиш = Шамаш и Адад» [HBA, 52:30; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. dutu nūr(zalag2) kib-rat «Солнце, свет мировых регионов» [RАcc. 138:314; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, passim]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 dUTU múl lúḪUN.GA2 AN-e […] «“Секретное место” Солнца: Наемник (=Овен) небесный(?) […]» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55:30]. (3) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102, passim]; см. также [SpTU I, 95; SpTU IV, 161]. (5) Предсказания затмений Солнца на каждый месяц, связанные с наблюдениями кульминаций звезд и других явлений [Schaumberger 1955, 244–247, Sp II 202+]. Серия заклинаний Намбурби. Заклинание «против зла (предвещаемого) затмением Солнца» [CT 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954, 10–11].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, III 1–2.

(2) = Меркурий; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 5.

(3) = Весы; см. z10Zibānītum, VI 2.

(4) = Шуллат; см. h03dḪaniš, I «Список звезд VR 46, 1:30».

Предсказания:

См. литературу, указанную в разделе I (EAE, «Письма» и «Рапорты»), а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Sun]]
[[Category:Deity]]

UŠ12.ZU

2026-01-08T18:11:41Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UŠ12.ZU}}

múlUŠ12.ZU (𒋼𒅜𒍪) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* UḪ4.ZU [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 146];
* = ''kaššāptu'' "Sorceress";

a constellation(?) mentioned in a mythological text (narrating the battle of Tiamat and Kingu with Marduk) and identified with the "Goat" and the "Goat-Fish".
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''BM55466+ (duplicate of BM 35188+).'''
*múl''suḫurmāšu''(maš2) / ''gi''[''z'']-''zu'': múl''enzu''(uz3): múl''kaššāptu''?(uš12.zu) ''šum''3-''šu''2 ''par-ṣi ša''2 ''ti-amat'' / ''kul-lu'' "(Constellation) Goat-Fish, go[a]t = (constellation) Goat = (constellation) Sorceress, that is her name. They support the rites of Tiamat." [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXX:6-8; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371, 374].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u29)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: UḪ4.ZU [Gössman 1950, 146]; = kaššāptu «Колдунья»; созвездие(?), упоминаемое в мифологическом тексте (повествующем о сражении Тиамат и Кингу с Мардуком) и отождествляемое с «Козой» и «Козой-Рыбой».
I. Источники.

BM55466+ (дубликат BM 35188+). múlsuḫurmāšu(maš2) / gi[z]-zu : múlenzu(uz3) : múlkaššāptu?(uš12.zu) šum3-šu2 par-ṣi ša2 ti-amat / kul-lu «(Созвездие) Коза-Рыба, ко[з]ел = (созвездие) Коза = (созвездие) Колдунья, таково ее имя. Обряды Тиамат они поддерживают» [STC II, Pl. LXX:6–8; Reynolds 1999, 370-371, 374].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Uṣurtu

2026-01-08T18:11:02Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Uṣurtu''}}

mul''Uṣurtu'' (𒀯𒌑𒋩𒋾) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Lit. "Drawing, Image." [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1440]; the name of the Great Twins (Gemini)(?) [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 158].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu''.'''
* diš 30 tur3 nigin2-''ma'' mul''u''2-''ṣur-ti ina'' ša3-''šu''2 gub-''iz''... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Figure stands in it:..." [ACh Sin<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 3:137]; in [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":0">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 162:137] it is erroneously mulu2-ur-ti.
|Example
|-
|'''"Reports".'''
* DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mul''u''2-''ṣur''-[''ti ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB] / ''šaḫ-lu-uq-t''[''i''...] / mul''u''2-''ṣur-ti'' mulM[AŠ..TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Figu[er stands in it]: destructio[n...]. Figure (means) [Greater] Ge[mini]." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 124: 6-8]. See also [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":0" />, 162, note 97].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Рисунок, Изображение» [AHw, 1440]; название Больших Близнецов (Gemini)(?) [Gössman 1950, 158].
I. Источники.

Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. diš 30 tur3 nigin2-ma mulu2-ṣur-ti ina ša3-šu2 gub-iz… «Если Луна окружена гало и Рисунок стоит в нем:…» [ACh Sin, 3:137]; в [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 162:137] ошибочно mulu2-ur-ti. «Рапорты». DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulu2-ṣur-[ti ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB] / šaḫ-lu-uq-t[i…] / mulu2-ṣur-ti mulM[AŠ..TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] «Если Луна окружена гало и Рисун[ок стоит в нем]: разрушени[е…]. Рисунок (означает) [Большие] Бл[изнецы]» [SAA 8, 124: 6–8]. См. также [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 162, note 97].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

USAN2.PA.SIKIL

2026-01-08T18:10:36Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:USAN2.PA.SIKIL}}

dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL (𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Epithet of Venus as the evening star(?); in the AN:

* d''Anum'' series (IV 174):
** dusan2.pa.sikil = d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>
** "Usanpasikil = Goddess of the stars" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 31, K.2109+ rev. ii 10; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 481].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|эпитет Венеры как вечерней звезды(?); в серии AN:dAnum (IV 174): dusan2.pa.sikil = dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš> «Усанпасикиль = Богиня звезд» [CT 25, 31, K.2109+ rev. ii 10; Litke 1998, 161; Tallqvist 1938, 481].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Ur-um AN.NA

2026-01-08T18:09:39Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ur-um'' AN.NA}}

mul''Ur-um'' AN.NA (𒀯𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Celestial light"(?); apparently part of the constellation [[PA.BIL.SAG|mulPA.BIL.SAG]] (Kurtik p03).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* mul''ur-um'' an.na = min( = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag) "Celestial light = Brilliance of Pabilsag"(?) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:143; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107].
|Example
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u26)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Небесный свет»(?); по-видимому, часть созвездия mulPA.BIL.SAG (p03).
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». mul''ur-um'' an.na = min(= ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag) «Небесный свет = Блеск Пабилсага»(?) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:143; Weidner 1959–60, 107].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

UR2.KUN

2026-01-08T18:09:01Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR2.KUN}}

mulUR2.KUN (𒀯𒌫𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''rapaštu'' 'hip, pelvis';

in the Dalbanna-text (§ F), an element of the figure of the constellation [[ŠAḪ|ŠAD]] (Kurtik sh02). See also note in [[GIŠ.KUN]] (Kurtik g23).
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u24)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= rapaštu «Бедро, таз»; в Dalbanna-тексте (§ F), элемент фигуры созвездия ŠAD (см. sh02). См. также прим. в статье g23GIŠ.KUN.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

UR.IDIM

2026-01-08T18:08:00Z

Sushoff: /* Additional */

{{distinguish|Uridim}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.IDIM}}

Mesopotamian constellation in the area of the modern constellation Lupus. UR.IDIM (𒌨𒁁), The Mad Dog (or: Rabid Dog), is a standalone constellation associated with a Mesopotamian female deity, a daughter of one of the three most important gods Anu (god of heavens) or Enlil (god of agriculture). This goddess did not have a constellation in the original Mesopotamian uranography of the -2nd millennium. To the west of the constellation of UR.IDIM, there is the constellation of the violent (male) nature god, Numushda whose iconographic representation and exact realm and origin are uncertain. However, it is well possible that the two neighbouring constellations Numushda and UR.IDIM were the model for the later Greek super-constellation of "[[Centaurus]] and [[Lupus]] with [[Ara]], the Censer".

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* = ''ur(i)dimmu'' (𒀯𒌨𒁁𒈬) Akkadian parallel (Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, u25).
* "Mad Dog (var.: Lion)";
* constellation within the modern Wolf ([[Lupus]]) [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 163; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172-174].

However, note that UR.IDIM = ''uridimmu'' figures in art correspond to composite lion-human figures (see fig. **, '''''<nowiki>[[Wayne provide reference from RlA or Wiggerman etc.???]]</nowiki>'''''. The significance of the figure standing behind the composite lion-human figure needs to be explained. Perhaps some connection somehow with a super-constellation consisting of the stars of classical Lupus and Centaurus may be suspected.

Hoffmann and Krebernik add:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ''ur-idim'' = ''kalbu šegû'' (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14). </blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
|[[File:LionMan Carter2019.jpg|alt=photograph of seal impression|thumb|Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature, half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and [https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/633185/azu_etd_17201_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Carter 2019]). The central creature, Urmahlullu, looks a bit like a lion-centaur and holds a dead animal in its left hand: this might be the template for the later Greek constellation.]]
|}

mulUR.IDIM The associated deity is '''Kusu:'''<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba.
See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (EA 9r).
|[[File:Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin (CC0).]]
|}
Note that Nisaba carries an ear of grain, and that the (later, Greek) constellations of The Censer (Ara) and The Maiden (Virgo) are neighbouring the super-constellation [[Centaurus]]+[[Lupus]].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4].
* (2) Urra XIV series: ur.idim = ''ur-idim-mu'', ''kal-bu še-gu-u''2 'rabid dog', ''zi-i-bi'' 'jackal' [Landsberger. Fauna.<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref> 8:94-95, 10:138].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Enlil, 140 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): [mu]l ''ša i-na'' gub3 d''E''2-''a'' gub / [mu]lur.idim "[The constellation that stands to the left of Ea, the Mad Dog" (B i 21-22); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 9].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiAPIN m]ulUR.IDIM ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog (rising in the way of) Ea " (C i 8).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m):
*** a) [itiAPIN] mulUR.IDIM mulGIR2.TAB mulLUGAL ˹E3˺ "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and the King are rising" (C 27)
*** b) mulUR.IDIM | mulGIR2.TAB mulLUGAL ''šu''2 "(Ayar): the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and King are coming in." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 16; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Ea: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // d''En-l''[''il''2]? "Mad Dog // 140 // Enl[il]." [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:22].
** BM 34713. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea: instead of ur.idim, erroneously UR.GI7 [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8] (see Kurtik u19 [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]).
** "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺UR.IDIM // 2.20 "(Stars of Ea), Araḫsamnu: Mad Dog, 140" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 11].
** "Catalog of 30 stars." Ea. 9. MUL ''ša a-na''(B: ''i-na''!) GUB3 d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''zu'' dUR.IDIM "The star that stands to the left of Ea (= mulBIR 'Kidney'), the Mad Dog" (A. 10, B. 12b) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177].
|[[File:British Museum Planisphere fragment.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Fragment of the circular clay tablet Sm. 162 (British Museum) with a record of constellations (planisphere), 4 curved + 13 lines of inscription and diagram, Neo-Assyrian (CC0).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 9): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GUB3- mulGIR2.TAB GUB-''zu'' mulUR.IDIM d''Ku''3-''su''3 "The asterism that stands on the left side of the Scorpius: The Mad Dog, Kusu" (I ii 28).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'On the 15th day of Tashritu, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gula) ascend' (I iii 1-2), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]].''
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and settings:
** a) "The Libra, the Mad Dog, and Entenabarhum rise, while the Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]],
** b) "The Fish and the Old Man rise, the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33), see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 38, 43, 52].
|The Mad Dog is identified with Lupus. Gullberg's painting shows a dog laying next to Scorpius; this is the most careful interpretation. Other scholars read the designation as "rabid dog", and Krebernik even interprets it as "lion-man". [[File:Stellarium-UR.IDIM.jpg|alt=UR.IDIM painted as a dog on a star chart|thumb|(painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021, map: Stellarium). ]]
|-
|'''"Great Star List".'''
* (1) 12 stars of Akkad: mulUR.IDIM [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":3">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:211].
|
|-
|VR Star List 46, 1:33.

* mulUR.IDIM d''ku''3-''su''3 = dKUR.GAL
* "The Mad Dog, Kusu = Kurgal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:33; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3]; dKUR.GAL is identified with dMAR.TU (=Amurru), cf. [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 38, note 154].
|
|-
|'''GU Text'''
* (M) igi mul-ur-idim "Eye of the Mad Dog" (γ Lup).
* (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺-ur-idim "[Middle] of the Mad Dog" (η Lup).
* (O) gir3II egir ''ša''2 mul-ur-idim "Mad Dog's hind paw" (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|[[File:3GUs uridim.jpg|alt=screenshot from book|thumb|three GU-patterns with UR.IDIM (taken from Hoffmann 2022)]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §W.
** mulgir3 zag [ur.idim]
** "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš]]''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
* §Y.
** mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...]
** "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]" [Walker 1995, 35; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107];
** according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":5">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
* §Z.
** a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco),
** b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
* §AA.
** (a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco),
** (b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
* §BB. ˹
** mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...]
** "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]"
** [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995<ref name=":5" />, 48, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 108].
* §n.
** mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru'']
** "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot." [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995<ref name=":3" />, 49, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 109].
|No one of these Dalbanna-pattern can be completely identified (Hoffmann 2024):

* W: only one star name preserved
* Y: only one star name preserved
* Z: two star names preserved but geometrical shape unknown
* AA: dto.
* BB: dto.
* n: three names and pattern preserved but all three names are unidentified (suggestions arbitrary).
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427:
** [''ina'' itiapin ''ina še-rim ud'' 28] múlUR.IDIM ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI
** "[In the month of Araḫsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":6">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:3],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina apin ina še-rim'' 28 múlUR.IDIM ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 245:19].
|
|}
[[File:UR.IDIM CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192409.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.IDIM (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Uridim]]
|HIP 71860
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.286
|-
|2
|β Lupi
|HIP 73273
|Constellation lines
|2.68
|-
|3
|γ Lupi
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|2.765
|-
|4
| δ Lupi
| HIP 75141
|Constellation lines
| 3.19
|-
| 5
|ϵ Lupi
|HIP 75264
|Inside the Hull
|3.366
|-
|6
|η Lupi
|HIP 78384
|Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|7
|ζ Lupi
|HIP 74395
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.41
|-
|8
|* gam Lup A
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|3.48
|-
|9
|* gam Lup B
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|3.51
|-
|10
|ϕ 1 Lupi
| HIP 75177
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.546
|-
|11
|κ 1 Lupi
|HIP 74376
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|12
|π Lupi
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|3.89
|-
|13
|χ Lupi
|HIP 77634
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.946
|-
|14
|ρ Lupi
|HIP 71536
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.05
|-
|15
|λ Lupi
|HIP 74117
|Inside the Hull
|4.05
|-
|16
|θ Lupi
|HIP 78918
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.201
|-
|17
| ω Lupi
|HIP 76552
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
|18
|ϕ 2 Lupi
|HIP 75304
|Inside the Hull
|4.54
|-
|19
|* pi. Lup A
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 75501
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|21
|* pi. Lup B
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|4.62
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 76829
|Inside the Hull
|4.633
|-
|23
|ψ 1 Lupi
|HIP 76705
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.661
|-
|24
|* d Lup A
|HIP 76371
|Inside the Hull
|4.708
|-
|25
|ψ 2 Lupi
|HIP 76945
| Inside the Hull
|4.721
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 74449
|Inside the Hull
|4.806
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 78655
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|28
|* mu.01 Lup
|HIP 74911
|Inside the Hull
|4.945
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 78323
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.984
|-
|30
|ν 1 Lupi
|HIP 75206
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
| 31
|* mu.02 Lup
|HIP 74911
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|32
| -
| HIP 73826
|Inside the Hull
|5.127
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 74707
|Inside the Hull
|5.171
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 75828
|Inside the Hull
|5.222
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 76939
|Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
|36
|υ Lupi
|HIP 75439
| Inside the Hull
|5.37
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 76397
|Inside the Hull
|5.434
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 75647
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
| 39
|κ 2 Lupi
|HIP 74380
|Inside the Hull
|5.498
|-
|40
| -
| HIP 77286
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|41
| GG Lup
|HIP 74950
|Inside the Hull
|5.604
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 73111
| Inside the Hull
|5.64
|-
|43
|ν 2 Lupi
|HIP 75181
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 72250
| Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 74006
|Inside the Hull
| 5.766
|-
|46
| -
|HIP 74066
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 74100
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 76207
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 78142
|Inside the Hull
|5.83
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 78747
|Inside the Hull
|5.901
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 77086
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 74696
|Inside the Hull
|5.958
|-
|53
| -
| HR 5559
| Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 77358
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 78046
| Inside the Hull
|6.028
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 74716
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 76608
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 73354
|Inside the Hull
|6.095
|-
|59
| -
|HR 5846
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
| 60
| -
|HIP 75003
|Inside the Hull
|6.178
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 75164
|Inside the Hull
| 6.183
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 76063
|Inside the Hull
|6.219
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 78445
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 74875
| Inside the Hull
|6.277
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 78236
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|66
| -
|HD 137919A
|Inside the Hull
|6.329
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 74418
|Inside the Hull
|6.332
|-
| 68
| -
|HIP 73241
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 76234
|Inside the Hull
|6.349
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 71658
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 76165
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 74336
| Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 77350
|Inside the Hull
|6.414
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 75818
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 74769
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 74775
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|77
| -
| HIP 73881
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 78367
| Inside the Hull
|6.488
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 75324
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The minor deity dur.idim ''= ur(i)dimmu'' is known from sources of the Kassite, Neo-Assyrian and Seleucid periods. It was depicted in the form of a man-lion, sometimes paired with a man-bull, who performed protective functions as a guardian of the gates of Marduk and Zarpanitu and other deities. It also acted as an intermediary between the deities and the sick – expelling evil and helping the sick to regain health [Beaulieu 1990; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 122; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":7">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173-4].

In astronomical texts, the constellation mulUR.DIIM is associated with the deity Kusu, about whom little is known. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 298) d''Ku3.su''3 is one of the names of Nisaba, the goddess of fertility and writing [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 55]. However, in the late ritual text AO 6479 iii 9 d''Ku3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u'' ("Kusu, the high lord") is identified with d''Ur3.bad''3. da, one of Enmesharra's 7 sons, and in the ritual text of O 175, in addition to d''Ur3.bad3.da,'' also with d''Tu-tu'' (see Kurtik t06) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":7" />, 121, 344]. In astronomical contexts, d''Ku''3''-su''3 appears to be always a male deity.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
(1) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king, cf. [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 12-13].

==== Symbol. ====
A monster-like figure, standing vertically, and sometimes depicted with a scepter, on top of which lays a month; the upper part of the figure is human (with a bearded face in a hat, a male torso, and two arms), the lower half – lion-like (two paws, a hind, a ring shaped and twisted tail with a tassel). The earliest known image is dated to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. The image of a lion-man on a kudurru (with a Scorpius tail) belongs to the same period [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 41-42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. For images dating back to the Neo-Assyrian period see. [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, Fig. 24, 27]. In general, these images correspond to the descriptions of the parts of the constellation that we find in the texts, but they are too static and do not fit well with the epithet ''kalbu šegû'' "Mad Dog," which suggests a more expressive image.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13].

= Serpens or Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73].

= Serpens [Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a],

= Lupus [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 163; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":8" />, 79b].

= Lupus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 16; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":3" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 274; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 249].

= Lupus and ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ''igi'' mul''ur.idim'' "Eye of the Mad Dog," see GU text.

(2) ''murub4'' mul''ur.idim'' "The middle of the Mad Dog," see GU-text.

(3) The hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see GU-text.

(4) The right paw of the Mad Dog (γ Lup), see dbn-text.

(5) The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(6) The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), see dbn-text.

(7) The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), see dbn-text.

(8) The central part (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), see dbn-text.

==== Astrology. ====
The lack of predictions associated with the Mad Dog constellation may indicate its relatively late origin.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, u21 + u25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|'''(u25) ''Uridimmu'''''
* аккадская параллель в лексических текстах к mulUR.IDIM «Бешеный Пес» (см. u21UR.IDIM)
|
|-
| '''(u21) mulUR.IDIM'''
* = ur(i)dimmu «Бешеный Пес (вар.: Лев)»; созвездие в пределах современного Волка (Lupus) [Gössmann 1950, 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172–174].
| 163. mulUR·iDiM (354)
|-
|I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4]. (2) Серия Urra XIV: ur.idim = ur-idim-mu, kal-bu še-gu-u2 «бешеная собака», zi-i-bi «шакал» [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94–95, 10:138]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub3 dE2-a gub / [mu]lur.idim «[Созвез]дие, которое стоит слева от Эа, Бешеный Пес» (B i 21–22); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz, Ea 9]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin m]ulur.idim šu-ut dE2-a «[Aрахсамну]: Бешеный Пес (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiapin] mulur.idim mulgir2.tab mullugal ˹e3˺ «[Арахсамну]: Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь восходят» (С 27), b) mulur.idim | mulgir2.tab mullugal šu2 «(Айяру): Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь заходят» [KAV 218, C 16 ; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // dEn-l[il2]? «Бешеный Пес // 140 // Энл[иль]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: вместо ur.idim ошибочно ur.gi7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (см. u19UR.GI7). «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺ur.idim // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), арахсамну: Бешеный Пес, 140» [CT 33, 11]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 9. MUL ša a-na(B: i-na!) GUB3 dE2-a GUB-zu dUR.IDIM «Звезда, которая слева от Эа (= mulBIR «Почка») стоит, Бешеный Пес» (А. 10, В. 12b) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 9): MUL ša2 ina GUB3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-zu mulUR.IDIM dKu3-su3 «Звезда, которая стоит с левой стороны от Скорпиона: Бешеный Пес, Кусу» (I ii 28). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту Весы, Бешеный Пес, Энтенабархум и Собака (Гулы) восходят» (I iii 1–2), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) «Весы, Бешеный Пес и Энтерабархум восходят, а Наемник заходит» (I iii 23–24), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) «Рыба и Старик восходят, Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят» (I iii 33), см. a06AB.SIN2 [MA, 38, 43, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Аккада: mulur.idim [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:33. mulur.idim dku3-su3 = dkur.gal «Бешеный Пес, Кусу = Кургаль» [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162–3]; dkur.gal отождествляется с dmar.tu (=Amurru), см. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154]. GU-текст. (M) igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса» (γ Lup). (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim «[Середи]на Бешеного Пса» (η Lup). (O) gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim «Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса» (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Dalbanna-текст. §W. mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] «Правая лапа [Бешеного Пса]» (γ Lup), см. h03Ḫaniš. §Y. mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 …] 3 mul.meš […2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x […] «Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), ле[вая] лапа […]: 3 звезды. […2] интервала, интервал. Звезда x […]» [Walker 1995, 35; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 …] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), […] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph). §Z. a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ «левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «[Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §BB. ˹mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x […] x […] «Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), звезда […] [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]. §n. mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), центр (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), пр[авая] нога [Быка] (κ Oph): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, инт[ервал]. Правая нога Быка перв[ая].» [Walker 1995, 37–38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]. Анафора. А 3427: [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] múlur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI «[В месяце арахсамну утром 28-го дня] Бешеный Пес испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 múlur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].

II. Божество.

Малое божество dur.idim = ur(i)dimmu известно по источникам касситского, новоассирийского и селевкидского времени. Оно изображалось в виде человека-льва иногда в паре с человеком-быком и исполняло защитные функции как страж ворот Мардука и Зарпаниту и других божеств. Выступало также в роли посредника между божествами и больным — изгоняло зло, помогало больному обрести здоровье [Beaulieu 1990; Black–Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173–4]. В астрономических текстах созвездие mulur.idim связано с божеством Кусу, о котором мало что известно. В серии AN:dAnum (I 298) dKu3.su3 — одно из имен Нисабы, богини плодородия и письма [Litke 1998, 55]. Однако в позднем ритуальном тексте AO 6479 iii 9 dKu3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u («Кусу, высокий господин») отождествляется с dUr3.bad3.da, одним из 7 сыновей Энмешарры, а в ритуальном тексте O 175, помимо dUr3.bad3.da, также с dTu-tu (см. t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. В астрономическом контексте dKu3-su3, по-видимому, всегда мужское божество. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю, см. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12–13].

III. Символ.

Вертикально стоящая монстрообразная фигура, иногда со скипетром, на вершине которого — месяц; верхняя часть фигуры — человеческая (бородатая голова в шапке, мужской торс и две руки), нижняя часть — львиная (две лапы, зад, скрученный кольцом хвост с кисточкой). Самое раннее известное изображение датируется последней четвертью II тыс. до н.э. К этому же периоду относится изображение человека-льва на кудурру (с хвостом скорпиона) [Seidl 1968, 41–42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. Изображения новоассирийского времени см. [SAA 10, FiGössmann 1950, 24, 27]. В целом эти изображения соответствуют описаниям частей созвездия, которые мы находим в текстах, однако чересчур статичны и плохо согласуются с эпитетом kalbu šegû «Бешеный Пес», предполагающем более экспрессивный образ.

IV. Отождествление.

= Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Serpens или Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Serpens [Weidner 1957–59, 75a],

= Lupus [Gössmann 1950, 163; Weidner 1957–59, 79b].

= Lupus [BPO 2, 16; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lupus и ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(2) murub4 mulur.idim «Середина Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(3) Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. GU-текст.

(4) Правая лапа Бешеного Пса (γ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(5) Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(6) Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(7) Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(8) Центральная часть (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отсутствие предсказаний, связанных с созвездием Бешеный Пес, может свидетельствовать о его сравнительно позднем происхождении.
| I. Landsb. Fauna, 10,139 bietet die Var. UR•iDiM•MA, wofür die akk. Lesungen ''ur-idimmu''
bzw. ''kal-bu'' še-gu-u2, toller Hund; ''zi-i-bi'', Schakal, belegt sind {Landsb. l.c. S. 8, 94; 10, 139). Somit ist; mulUR•iDiM das Sternbild des wilden Hundes.

Identifizierungen:

* = δ, ε Ophiuchi {Kugl. SSB 1 2S4.).

* = Lupus (Bez.ZAF 16;Weid. Hdb. S.69, Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; nordöstl. Centaurus, Kugl. Erg. 203, 223; Bez. Farb.S.133, 26).

mul UR•iDiM ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Araḫsamnu; Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B I 8.
# Unter den Enlil-Gestirnen; Br.M.86378 II 28.
# Unter den Akkad-Gestirnen; K250IV8a; K 8067 II 10.
# Dem Enlil geweiht: VR 46 Vs. 33: mulUR•iDiM | dKUG•SUG4 | dKUR•GAL .

II Astronomische Angaben.

# Über die Lage am Fixsternhimmel: Das Sternbild, das zur Linken des Scorpius steht, ist mulUR•iDiM; Br.M. 86378 II 28(ZDMG 67 S. 528). Vgl. auch Astrol. B (K) I 21: zur Linken Eas.
# Hel. Aufgang: Im Monat Araḫsamnu geht UR•iDiM auf und die Plejaden gehen unter; im Monat Aiaru umgekehrt; Astrol. B I 15.27.
# Gleichzeitige tägl. Auf- und Untergänge: Wenn Libra, Lupus und Centaurus aufgehen, geht Aries unter: Br. M. 86378 III 24; wenn Piscis Austrinus, Perseus aufgehen, gehen Virgo und Lupus unter; Br. M. 86378 III 33; 1. Erg. S. 28.32.
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Lup]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

UR.IDIM

2026-01-08T18:07:31Z

Sushoff:

{{distinguish|Uridim}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.IDIM}}

Mesopotamian constellation in the area of the modern constellation Lupus. UR.IDIM (𒌨𒁁), The Mad Dog (or: Rabid Dog), is a standalone constellation associated with a Mesopotamian female deity, a daughter of one of the three most important gods Anu (god of heavens) or Enlil (god of agriculture). This goddess did not have a constellation in the original Mesopotamian uranography of the -2nd millennium. To the west of the constellation of UR.IDIM, there is the constellation of the violent (male) nature god, Numushda whose iconographic representation and exact realm and origin are uncertain. However, it is well possible that the two neighbouring constellations Numushda and UR.IDIM were the model for the later Greek super-constellation of "[[Centaurus]] and [[Lupus]] with [[Ara]], the Censer".

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* = ''ur(i)dimmu'' (𒀯𒌨𒁁𒈬) Akkadian parallel (Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, u25).
* "Mad Dog (var.: Lion)";
* constellation within the modern Wolf ([[Lupus]]) [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 163; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172-174].

However, note that UR.IDIM = ''uridimmu'' figures in art correspond to composite lion-human figures (see fig. **, '''''<nowiki>[[Wayne provide reference from RlA or Wiggerman etc.???]]</nowiki>'''''. The significance of the figure standing behind the composite lion-human figure needs to be explained. Perhaps some connection somehow with a super-constellation consisting of the stars of classical Lupus and Centaurus may be suspected.

Hoffmann and Krebernik add:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ''ur-idim'' = ''kalbu šegû'' (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14). </blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
|[[File:LionMan Carter2019.jpg|alt=photograph of seal impression|thumb|Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature, half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and [https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/633185/azu_etd_17201_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Carter 2019]). The central creature, Urmahlullu, looks a bit like a lion-centaur and holds a dead animal in its left hand: this might be the template for the later Greek constellation.]]
|}

mulUR.IDIM The associated deity is '''Kusu:'''<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba.
See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (EA 9r).
|[[File:Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin (CC0).]]
|}
Note that Nisaba carries an ear of grain, and that the (later, Greek) constellations of The Censer (Ara) and The Maiden (Virgo) are neighbouring the super-constellation [[Centaurus]]+[[Lupus]].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4].
* (2) Urra XIV series: ur.idim = ''ur-idim-mu'', ''kal-bu še-gu-u''2 'rabid dog', ''zi-i-bi'' 'jackal' [Landsberger. Fauna.<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref> 8:94-95, 10:138].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Enlil, 140 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): [mu]l ''ša i-na'' gub3 d''E''2-''a'' gub / [mu]lur.idim "[The constellation that stands to the left of Ea, the Mad Dog" (B i 21-22); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 9].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiAPIN m]ulUR.IDIM ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog (rising in the way of) Ea " (C i 8).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m):
*** a) [itiAPIN] mulUR.IDIM mulGIR2.TAB mulLUGAL ˹E3˺ "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and the King are rising" (C 27)
*** b) mulUR.IDIM | mulGIR2.TAB mulLUGAL ''šu''2 "(Ayar): the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and King are coming in." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 16; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Ea: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // d''En-l''[''il''2]? "Mad Dog // 140 // Enl[il]." [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:22].
** BM 34713. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea: instead of ur.idim, erroneously UR.GI7 [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8] (see Kurtik u19 [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]).
** "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺UR.IDIM // 2.20 "(Stars of Ea), Araḫsamnu: Mad Dog, 140" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 11].
** "Catalog of 30 stars." Ea. 9. MUL ''ša a-na''(B: ''i-na''!) GUB3 d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''zu'' dUR.IDIM "The star that stands to the left of Ea (= mulBIR 'Kidney'), the Mad Dog" (A. 10, B. 12b) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177].
|[[File:British Museum Planisphere fragment.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Fragment of the circular clay tablet Sm. 162 (British Museum) with a record of constellations (planisphere), 4 curved + 13 lines of inscription and diagram, Neo-Assyrian (CC0).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 9): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GUB3- mulGIR2.TAB GUB-''zu'' mulUR.IDIM d''Ku''3-''su''3 "The asterism that stands on the left side of the Scorpius: The Mad Dog, Kusu" (I ii 28).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'On the 15th day of Tashritu, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gula) ascend' (I iii 1-2), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]].''
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and settings:
** a) "The Libra, the Mad Dog, and Entenabarhum rise, while the Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]],
** b) "The Fish and the Old Man rise, the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33), see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 38, 43, 52].
|The Mad Dog is identified with Lupus. Gullberg's painting shows a dog laying next to Scorpius; this is the most careful interpretation. Other scholars read the designation as "rabid dog", and Krebernik even interprets it as "lion-man". [[File:Stellarium-UR.IDIM.jpg|alt=UR.IDIM painted as a dog on a star chart|thumb|(painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021, map: Stellarium). ]]
|-
|'''"Great Star List".'''
* (1) 12 stars of Akkad: mulUR.IDIM [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":3">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:211].
|
|-
|VR Star List 46, 1:33.

* mulUR.IDIM d''ku''3-''su''3 = dKUR.GAL
* "The Mad Dog, Kusu = Kurgal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:33; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3]; dKUR.GAL is identified with dMAR.TU (=Amurru), cf. [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 38, note 154].
|
|-
|'''GU Text'''
* (M) igi mul-ur-idim "Eye of the Mad Dog" (γ Lup).
* (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺-ur-idim "[Middle] of the Mad Dog" (η Lup).
* (O) gir3II egir ''ša''2 mul-ur-idim "Mad Dog's hind paw" (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|[[File:3GUs uridim.jpg|alt=screenshot from book|thumb|three GU-patterns with UR.IDIM (taken from Hoffmann 2022)]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §W.
** mulgir3 zag [ur.idim]
** "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš]]''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
* §Y.
** mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...]
** "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]" [Walker 1995, 35; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107];
** according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":5">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
* §Z.
** a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco),
** b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
* §AA.
** (a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco),
** (b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
* §BB. ˹
** mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...]
** "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]"
** [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995<ref name=":5" />, 48, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 108].
* §n.
** mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru'']
** "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot." [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995<ref name=":3" />, 49, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 109].
|No one of these Dalbanna-pattern can be completely identified (Hoffmann 2024):

* W: only one star name preserved
* Y: only one star name preserved
* Z: two star names preserved but geometrical shape unknown
* AA: dto.
* BB: dto.
* n: three names and pattern preserved but all three names are unidentified (suggestions arbitrary).
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427:
** [''ina'' itiapin ''ina še-rim ud'' 28] múlUR.IDIM ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI
** "[In the month of Araḫsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":6">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:3],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina apin ina še-rim'' 28 múlUR.IDIM ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 245:19].
|
|}
[[File:UR.IDIM CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192409.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.IDIM (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Uridim]]
|HIP 71860
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.286
|-
|2
|β Lupi
|HIP 73273
|Constellation lines
|2.68
|-
|3
|γ Lupi
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|2.765
|-
|4
| δ Lupi
| HIP 75141
|Constellation lines
| 3.19
|-
| 5
|ϵ Lupi
|HIP 75264
|Inside the Hull
|3.366
|-
|6
|η Lupi
|HIP 78384
|Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|7
|ζ Lupi
|HIP 74395
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.41
|-
|8
|* gam Lup A
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|3.48
|-
|9
|* gam Lup B
|HIP 76297
|Constellation lines
|3.51
|-
|10
|ϕ 1 Lupi
| HIP 75177
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.546
|-
|11
|κ 1 Lupi
|HIP 74376
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|12
|π Lupi
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|3.89
|-
|13
|χ Lupi
|HIP 77634
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.946
|-
|14
|ρ Lupi
|HIP 71536
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.05
|-
|15
|λ Lupi
|HIP 74117
|Inside the Hull
|4.05
|-
|16
|θ Lupi
|HIP 78918
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.201
|-
|17
| ω Lupi
|HIP 76552
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
|18
|ϕ 2 Lupi
|HIP 75304
|Inside the Hull
|4.54
|-
|19
|* pi. Lup A
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 75501
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|21
|* pi. Lup B
|HIP 73807
|Inside the Hull
|4.62
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 76829
|Inside the Hull
|4.633
|-
|23
|ψ 1 Lupi
|HIP 76705
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.661
|-
|24
|* d Lup A
|HIP 76371
|Inside the Hull
|4.708
|-
|25
|ψ 2 Lupi
|HIP 76945
| Inside the Hull
|4.721
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 74449
|Inside the Hull
|4.806
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 78655
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|28
|* mu.01 Lup
|HIP 74911
|Inside the Hull
|4.945
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 78323
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.984
|-
|30
|ν 1 Lupi
|HIP 75206
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
| 31
|* mu.02 Lup
|HIP 74911
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|32
| -
| HIP 73826
|Inside the Hull
|5.127
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 74707
|Inside the Hull
|5.171
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 75828
|Inside the Hull
|5.222
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 76939
|Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
|36
|υ Lupi
|HIP 75439
| Inside the Hull
|5.37
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 76397
|Inside the Hull
|5.434
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 75647
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
| 39
|κ 2 Lupi
|HIP 74380
|Inside the Hull
|5.498
|-
|40
| -
| HIP 77286
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|41
| GG Lup
|HIP 74950
|Inside the Hull
|5.604
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 73111
| Inside the Hull
|5.64
|-
|43
|ν 2 Lupi
|HIP 75181
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 72250
| Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 74006
|Inside the Hull
| 5.766
|-
|46
| -
|HIP 74066
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 74100
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 76207
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 78142
|Inside the Hull
|5.83
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 78747
|Inside the Hull
|5.901
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 77086
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 74696
|Inside the Hull
|5.958
|-
|53
| -
| HR 5559
| Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 77358
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 78046
| Inside the Hull
|6.028
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 74716
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 76608
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 73354
|Inside the Hull
|6.095
|-
|59
| -
|HR 5846
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
| 60
| -
|HIP 75003
|Inside the Hull
|6.178
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 75164
|Inside the Hull
| 6.183
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 76063
|Inside the Hull
|6.219
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 78445
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 74875
| Inside the Hull
|6.277
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 78236
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|66
| -
|HD 137919A
|Inside the Hull
|6.329
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 74418
|Inside the Hull
|6.332
|-
| 68
| -
|HIP 73241
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 76234
|Inside the Hull
|6.349
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 71658
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 76165
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 74336
| Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 77350
|Inside the Hull
|6.414
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 75818
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 74769
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 74775
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|77
| -
| HIP 73881
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 78367
| Inside the Hull
|6.488
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 75324
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The minor deity dur.idim ''= ur(i)dimmu'' is known from sources of the Kassite, Neo-Assyrian and Seleucid periods. It was depicted in the form of a man-lion, sometimes paired with a man-bull, who performed protective functions as a guardian of the gates of Marduk and Zarpanitu and other deities. It also acted as an intermediary between the deities and the sick – expelling evil and helping the sick to regain health [Beaulieu 1990; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 122; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":7">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173-4].

In astronomical texts, the constellation mulUR.DIIM is associated with the deity Kusu, about whom little is known. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 298) d''Ku3.su''3 is one of the names of Nisaba, the goddess of fertility and writing [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 55]. However, in the late ritual text AO 6479 iii 9 d''Ku3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u'' ("Kusu, the high lord") is identified with d''Ur3.bad''3. da, one of Enmesharra's 7 sons, and in the ritual text of O 175, in addition to d''Ur3.bad3.da,'' also with d''Tu-tu'' (see Kurtik t06) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":7" />, 121, 344]. In astronomical contexts, d''Ku''3''-su''3 appears to be always a male deity.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
(1) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king, cf. [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 12-13].

==== III. Symbol. ====
A monster-like figure, standing vertically, and sometimes depicted with a scepter, on top of which lays a month; the upper part of the figure is human (with a bearded face in a hat, a male torso, and two arms), the lower half – lion-like (two paws, a hind, a ring shaped and twisted tail with a tassel). The earliest known image is dated to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. The image of a lion-man on a kudurru (with a Scorpius tail) belongs to the same period [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 41-42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. For images dating back to the Neo-Assyrian period see. [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, Fig. 24, 27]. In general, these images correspond to the descriptions of the parts of the constellation that we find in the texts, but they are too static and do not fit well with the epithet ''kalbu šegû'' "Mad Dog," which suggests a more expressive image.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13].

= Serpens or Caput Serpentis [van der Waerden 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73].

= Serpens [Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a],

= Lupus [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 163; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":8" />, 79b].

= Lupus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 16; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":3" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 274; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 249].

= Lupus and ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ''igi'' mul''ur.idim'' "Eye of the Mad Dog," see GU text.

(2) ''murub4'' mul''ur.idim'' "The middle of the Mad Dog," see GU-text.

(3) The hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see GU-text.

(4) The right paw of the Mad Dog (γ Lup), see dbn-text.

(5) The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(6) The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), see dbn-text.

(7) The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), see dbn-text.

(8) The central part (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), see dbn-text.

==== VI. Astrology. ====
The lack of predictions associated with the Mad Dog constellation may indicate its relatively late origin.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, u21 + u25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|'''(u25) ''Uridimmu'''''
* аккадская параллель в лексических текстах к mulUR.IDIM «Бешеный Пес» (см. u21UR.IDIM)
|
|-
| '''(u21) mulUR.IDIM'''
* = ur(i)dimmu «Бешеный Пес (вар.: Лев)»; созвездие в пределах современного Волка (Lupus) [Gössmann 1950, 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172–174].
| 163. mulUR·iDiM (354)
|-
|I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4]. (2) Серия Urra XIV: ur.idim = ur-idim-mu, kal-bu še-gu-u2 «бешеная собака», zi-i-bi «шакал» [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94–95, 10:138]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub3 dE2-a gub / [mu]lur.idim «[Созвез]дие, которое стоит слева от Эа, Бешеный Пес» (B i 21–22); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz, Ea 9]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin m]ulur.idim šu-ut dE2-a «[Aрахсамну]: Бешеный Пес (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiapin] mulur.idim mulgir2.tab mullugal ˹e3˺ «[Арахсамну]: Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь восходят» (С 27), b) mulur.idim | mulgir2.tab mullugal šu2 «(Айяру): Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь заходят» [KAV 218, C 16 ; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // dEn-l[il2]? «Бешеный Пес // 140 // Энл[иль]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: вместо ur.idim ошибочно ur.gi7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (см. u19UR.GI7). «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺ur.idim // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), арахсамну: Бешеный Пес, 140» [CT 33, 11]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 9. MUL ša a-na(B: i-na!) GUB3 dE2-a GUB-zu dUR.IDIM «Звезда, которая слева от Эа (= mulBIR «Почка») стоит, Бешеный Пес» (А. 10, В. 12b) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 9): MUL ša2 ina GUB3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-zu mulUR.IDIM dKu3-su3 «Звезда, которая стоит с левой стороны от Скорпиона: Бешеный Пес, Кусу» (I ii 28). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту Весы, Бешеный Пес, Энтенабархум и Собака (Гулы) восходят» (I iii 1–2), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) «Весы, Бешеный Пес и Энтерабархум восходят, а Наемник заходит» (I iii 23–24), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) «Рыба и Старик восходят, Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят» (I iii 33), см. a06AB.SIN2 [MA, 38, 43, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Аккада: mulur.idim [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:33. mulur.idim dku3-su3 = dkur.gal «Бешеный Пес, Кусу = Кургаль» [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162–3]; dkur.gal отождествляется с dmar.tu (=Amurru), см. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154]. GU-текст. (M) igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса» (γ Lup). (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim «[Середи]на Бешеного Пса» (η Lup). (O) gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim «Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса» (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Dalbanna-текст. §W. mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] «Правая лапа [Бешеного Пса]» (γ Lup), см. h03Ḫaniš. §Y. mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 …] 3 mul.meš […2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x […] «Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), ле[вая] лапа […]: 3 звезды. […2] интервала, интервал. Звезда x […]» [Walker 1995, 35; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 …] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), […] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph). §Z. a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ «левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «[Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §BB. ˹mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x […] x […] «Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), звезда […] [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]. §n. mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), центр (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), пр[авая] нога [Быка] (κ Oph): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, инт[ервал]. Правая нога Быка перв[ая].» [Walker 1995, 37–38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]. Анафора. А 3427: [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] múlur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI «[В месяце арахсамну утром 28-го дня] Бешеный Пес испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 múlur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].

II. Божество.

Малое божество dur.idim = ur(i)dimmu известно по источникам касситского, новоассирийского и селевкидского времени. Оно изображалось в виде человека-льва иногда в паре с человеком-быком и исполняло защитные функции как страж ворот Мардука и Зарпаниту и других божеств. Выступало также в роли посредника между божествами и больным — изгоняло зло, помогало больному обрести здоровье [Beaulieu 1990; Black–Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173–4]. В астрономических текстах созвездие mulur.idim связано с божеством Кусу, о котором мало что известно. В серии AN:dAnum (I 298) dKu3.su3 — одно из имен Нисабы, богини плодородия и письма [Litke 1998, 55]. Однако в позднем ритуальном тексте AO 6479 iii 9 dKu3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u («Кусу, высокий господин») отождествляется с dUr3.bad3.da, одним из 7 сыновей Энмешарры, а в ритуальном тексте O 175, помимо dUr3.bad3.da, также с dTu-tu (см. t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. В астрономическом контексте dKu3-su3, по-видимому, всегда мужское божество. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю, см. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12–13].

III. Символ.

Вертикально стоящая монстрообразная фигура, иногда со скипетром, на вершине которого — месяц; верхняя часть фигуры — человеческая (бородатая голова в шапке, мужской торс и две руки), нижняя часть — львиная (две лапы, зад, скрученный кольцом хвост с кисточкой). Самое раннее известное изображение датируется последней четвертью II тыс. до н.э. К этому же периоду относится изображение человека-льва на кудурру (с хвостом скорпиона) [Seidl 1968, 41–42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. Изображения новоассирийского времени см. [SAA 10, FiGössmann 1950, 24, 27]. В целом эти изображения соответствуют описаниям частей созвездия, которые мы находим в текстах, однако чересчур статичны и плохо согласуются с эпитетом kalbu šegû «Бешеный Пес», предполагающем более экспрессивный образ.

IV. Отождествление.

= Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Serpens или Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Serpens [Weidner 1957–59, 75a],

= Lupus [Gössmann 1950, 163; Weidner 1957–59, 79b].

= Lupus [BPO 2, 16; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lupus и ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(2) murub4 mulur.idim «Середина Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(3) Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. GU-текст.

(4) Правая лапа Бешеного Пса (γ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(5) Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(6) Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(7) Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(8) Центральная часть (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отсутствие предсказаний, связанных с созвездием Бешеный Пес, может свидетельствовать о его сравнительно позднем происхождении.
| I. Landsb. Fauna, 10,139 bietet die Var. UR•iDiM•MA, wofür die akk. Lesungen ''ur-idimmu''
bzw. ''kal-bu'' še-gu-u2, toller Hund; ''zi-i-bi'', Schakal, belegt sind {Landsb. l.c. S. 8, 94; 10, 139). Somit ist; mulUR•iDiM das Sternbild des wilden Hundes.

Identifizierungen:

* = δ, ε Ophiuchi {Kugl. SSB 1 2S4.).

* = Lupus (Bez.ZAF 16;Weid. Hdb. S.69, Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; nordöstl. Centaurus, Kugl. Erg. 203, 223; Bez. Farb.S.133, 26).

mul UR•iDiM ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Araḫsamnu; Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B I 8.
# Unter den Enlil-Gestirnen; Br.M.86378 II 28.
# Unter den Akkad-Gestirnen; K250IV8a; K 8067 II 10.
# Dem Enlil geweiht: VR 46 Vs. 33: mulUR•iDiM | dKUG•SUG4 | dKUR•GAL .

II Astronomische Angaben.

# Über die Lage am Fixsternhimmel: Das Sternbild, das zur Linken des Scorpius steht, ist mulUR•iDiM; Br.M. 86378 II 28(ZDMG 67 S. 528). Vgl. auch Astrol. B (K) I 21: zur Linken Eas.
# Hel. Aufgang: Im Monat Araḫsamnu geht UR•iDiM auf und die Plejaden gehen unter; im Monat Aiaru umgekehrt; Astrol. B I 15.27.
# Gleichzeitige tägl. Auf- und Untergänge: Wenn Libra, Lupus und Centaurus aufgehen, geht Aries unter: Br. M. 86378 III 24; wenn Piscis Austrinus, Perseus aufgehen, gehen Virgo und Lupus unter; Br. M. 86378 III 33; 1. Erg. S. 28.32.
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Lup]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

UR.GU.LA

2026-01-08T18:05:34Z

Sushoff:

[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847|thumb|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]
mulUR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs, the abbreviation (mul)A was used. Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025 now demonstrate that mulUR.MAH and mulUR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia. </ref>==
The translation of the term is probably "lion", although the term (Sumerian , Akkadian = ''urgulû'') is used only for the constellation and never for the animal. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>: <blockquote>The sumerogram (literally “great predator”) seems to be a learned synonym of [[UR.MAḪ]] “lion” (literally “foremost predator”). The Akk. equivalent is a loanword from the Sum. It also designates a disease and musical instrument. mulUR.GU.LA (EN 10l, 11l, 12l). GABA mulUR.GU.LA “breast of the lion” (EN 11l). KUN mulUR.GU.LA “tail of the lion” (EN 12l).</blockquote>In Kurtik's original dictionary (Kurtik 2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> see: (Kurtik u17) UR.A, (Kurtik a01) A and (Kurtik u16) UR are separate entries that we merge here because they are all abbreviations of the same constellation name ([[UR.GU.LA]]). For the symbol, identification, and individual parts of the constellation Leo, see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA.

See also [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref> 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 </ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249; Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 76].

====UR.GU.LA (Kurtik u20)====
= mul''urgullû'' “Lion”; constellation, corresponding to contemporary Lion (Leo) [G. 162; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1429a; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16],

====UR.A (Kurtik u17) and A (Kurtik a01)====
''= nēšu'' "Lion,"
#UR.A: abbreviation of mul[[UR.GU.LA]] in astronomical and astrological texts of the first millennium BCE. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 425a, 783a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 197; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 160; Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, note 45],
#A: In the late time of cuneiform, is a designation of the constellation and zodiacal sign Leo (Leo) in both astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 1; Ungnad<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref> 257, Anm. 44].
Transition from UR.A to А occurred ca. –300 year. (see, for example, [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-291], where both designations are present in the same text), although individual examples occur before [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-380 A 4, -321 obv. 4]. Included in the names of the three "normal stars".

====UR (Kurtik u16)====
A nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign "Leo"; abbreviation for mulUR.A or perhaps a scribal error.

See also:

*(Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].

==== Sources and Identifications ====
{| class="wikitable"
!I Sources
|'''Identification'''
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*'''(1)''' ''Urra'' XXII series: mulur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' “Lion = LatSAA 8” [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:287ʹ], [mul''e-tu-r]a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la “[Etur]amme? = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:20].
*'''(2)''' Series AN: d''Anum'' (VI 118): dur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' “Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 209; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 466a].
'''UR.A in Lexical texts.'''

*[ur?].a = ''ne''2-''e-šu''2 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 43 ii 39].
|
|-
|'''''“Prayers to the Gods of the Night.”'''''
Neo-Assyrian prayer: amidst the astral gods is also mentioned mulUR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:17].
|[[File:BabLion gateKeeper b.jpg|alt=Assyrian Gate-Keepers (on display in museums, here: Berlin)|thumb|Assyrian Gate-Keepers (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|'''''Enuma Anu Enlil (ЕАЕ)'''''.
See also [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref> 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13].
|
|-
|'''''“Astrolabes”.'''''
* Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].
*Astrolabe B.
**'''(1)''' List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' m[ul… ''gub''-''z'']''u'' / [mulur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>–98, ''Anu'' 7].
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): itisig4 … mulur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3).
**'''(3)''' List (sunrise–sunset=6m): sunrise — ''simanu'', sunset — ''kislimu'' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see also (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
*''BM 82923''. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: mu[lUR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''2 «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:8, 32 note 8].
*''BM 34713.'' See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]. “Circular astrolabes”.
*''K.14943+'': itiab.ba.e3 // mulur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
*''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil''.
**a) List of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 8): mulur.gu.[la] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 4; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
** b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): mul˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
*''Text Nv. 10''.
**[''ina'' itiapin ki.min mulu]˹r.gu.la˺ //
**4 ''šu-ut'' ˹d˺[''En-lil''2] / […mul''ṣal-bat'']''-a-nu'' //
** 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A''-[''nim''] / […mul''Nin-maḫ''] //
**2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-[''a''] / […mul]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA //
**1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of SAA 8samnu respectively, the L]ion,
**4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs,
** 3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah],
**2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars
**1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]”
**(Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 64–65, 69]; according to [ibid.<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 79, Anm. 63], mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' — planetary name for mulmuš, “Serpent (main star — α Hya).
'''UR.A in Astrolabes.'''

*''BM 34713.'' The month of duuzu, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955. </ref>, 1499:4], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|[[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA|center|thumb|UR.GU.LA as an Assyrian gatekeeper (Jessica Gullberg 2021)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
|-
|'''''“Catalog of 30 stars”.'''''
*''Anu'' 7. [mulUR.GU.LA ''ša''2 EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' d''La-ta-ra-a''[''k''…] “[The Lion, which] stands [aft]er it, the Latara[k…]” (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref> 1997–98, 178].
|
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|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.

*'''(1)''' Stars of Enlil (no. 8, 9, 10):
**a) mulUR.GU.LA d''La-ta-ra-ak'' “Lion, LatSAA 8 (I i 8),
**b) MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' mulLUGAL “Stars, which stands on the Lion’s chest, King» (I i 9),
**c) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tum'' ''ša''2 ''ina'' KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' “Faint stars, which stand in the Lion’s tail.” (I i 10–11)].
*'''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings: “On the 15th of Duuzu, the Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises” (I ii 42), see also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
*'''(3)''' Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** а) “The Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises, the Giant and the Eagle goes in” (I iii 17–18), see. (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]],
**b) “The Field, Giant and Deer rises, the Lion, Serpent and Enenabarhum goes in» (I iii 31–32), see also (Kurtik a48) [[IKU|AŠ.GAN2]].
*'''(4)''' List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUR.GU.LA after mul[[AL.LUL]] “the Crab,” and before mul''E''4-''ru''6 “Erua” (I iv 6).
*'''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Lion culminates, and the Scales rise (I iv 25), see. (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', see also [Horowitz 1989–90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 117, BM 73815: 4′].
*'''(6)''' Stars “in the path of the moon”: mulUR.GU.LA, after [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]], and before mulAB.SIN2 (I iv 34), see. (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*'''(7)''' First intercalation scheme: SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA “Head of the Lion” (II i 11, 17) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75].
|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA as winged lion|thumb|UR.GU.LA as winged lion with the bright star Regulus at its heart. Drawing by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster 2016). ]]
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|'''''“Letters and Reports”'''''. See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 381; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352].
|
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|'''''“The Great star List”.'''''
*'''(1)''' mul''ra-ap-pu'' = mulur.gu.la “Bridle = Lion”, mul''e-tu!-ram-mi'' = mulmin “Eturammi = Lion”, mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin “Head of the Dog = Lion”.
*'''(2)''' 12 Stars of Elam: [mulur.gu.la] [Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:136–138, 202]; see also the List “7 ''tikpi''-stars” [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 36].
|
|-
|'''''List of ziqpu-stars.'''''
*See(Kurtik s06) [[SAG.DU]]
in mulUR.GU.LA,
*(g03) (MUL) 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2,
*(g23) [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]],
*(d08) [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]].
|
|-
|'''''List “4-x of Enlil”'''''.
See (Kurtik e10) d''En-lil''2.
|
|-
|'''''GU-text'''''. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J),
See (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]]
|same as in MUL.APIN [[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA in MUL.APIN (painted by J. Gullberg)|thumb|The GU-text dates half a millennium later and the name of the constellation is abbreviated. We are not sure that the creature is still considerd with the wing or a simple, normal Lion (as the constellation is depicted on the circular Dendera-zodiac) but as it has been a Babylonian/ Assyrian gate keeper before and after, this interpretation is still likely.]]
|-
|'''GU text: UR.A'''
* (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ "2 stars on the Lion's head." (G4 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 gaba mulur.a kimin gir3II ''imittu''(15) igi-''tum ša''2 mulur.a / murub4 mul˹muš?˺ ''u'' mulnunki gu "4 stars on the chest of the Lion (''ziqpu'' XXII: ζ, γ, η, α Leo) or the frontal right hand side paw of the Lion (π Leo), the middle of the Serpent (κ Hydr) and (constellation) Eridu (λ Vel): rope".
*(H) ½ danna egir 4 ''ša''2 gaba-''šu''2 kimin / gir3II murub4-˹''tu''2 ''ša''2˺ mulur.a ''u'' šu mulnin.maḫ ''ša''2 ugu ka.kešda gu " (The point corresponding to) half of bēru(150) behind the 4 (stars) on its (i.e. the Lion’s) chest, or the paw on the middle section of the Lion (ρ Leo) and the hand of Ninmah, which is on the knot (φ Vel), – rope."
*(I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ''ša''2 giš.kun mulur.a kimin kun muluga ''u'' ''ni''-˹''šik''˺ / ''ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 gu "2 stars on the thigh of the Lion (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) or the tail of the Raven (α Crt) and the bite(?) of the Harrow (μ Vel): rope".
*(J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a kimin murub4 muluga ''u''3 šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum gu "The separate star on the tail of the Leo (ziqpu XXIV: β Leo) or the middle part of the Raven (γ Crv) and the arm of Entenabarhum (δ Cen): rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:9, 11-16]. According to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 57-58], gir3II ''imittu''(15) igi-''tum ša''2 mulur.a — ο Leo, murub4 mul˹muš?˺ — ζ, θ Hya, mulnunki — α Car, šu mul''Nin-maḫ ša''2 ugu KA.kešda — 196G. '''''PupQ, kun muluga — Pi 140, ni-˹šik˺ ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 — ε Cen, murub4 muluga — β Crv, šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — CenM.'''''
|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)|thumb|UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)]][[File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|alt=star chart with the Leo-Vir region and Dendera images mapped to it|thumb|part of Leo-Vir region of the Babylonian zodiac in Egyptized painting style (Denderah temple, "circular zodiac", now: Louvre Paris).]]The GU-text always abbreviates the name of the constellation that is written [[UR.GU.LA]] in MUL.APIN when referring to the same area in the sky.
It is a lion-like figure but it is under debate whether or not this creature is considered with wings. Hoffmann (2022) compared the GU-text with the depiction in the circular (so-called) "zodiac" in Dendera and found some interesting similarities (random coincidence or trace of exchange?). There, the creature is a normal lion without wings. However, the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian gate-keepers typically have wings - although the procession to the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (that dates only a few decades earlier than this text) also has lions without wings. We assume that the imagination of the constellation has not been changed in this time between the earlier MUL.APIN and the later VAT 7847 (from Uruk), and suggest that the creature referred to in the GU-text with UR.A is the same as UR.GU.LA in the MUL.APIN.
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|'''''Dalbanna-text'''''.

*'''§N'''. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] “Upper [stars] of the Lion (μ Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] Upp[er] from the [stars] of the Lion’s head”, according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 58].
*'''§O'''.
**a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower [stars …] the Lion” (ε Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower (stars…) head of the Lion”, according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 58],
**b) [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
*'''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''2 ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» '''''[Walker 1995''''', 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106–107; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 59].
|There is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999) that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female. This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024).
[[File:Dalbanna N.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Map for the Babylonian Dalbanna-Text, §N, Susanne M Hoffmann (2024). ]][[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|star chart for Dalbanna pattern number "O"; for this pattern two versions are given, here distinguished in blue and green (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]]
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|'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).'''''
Within the constellation, 5 "normal stars" are distinguished, see below, as well as (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

'''UR.A''' was used during the pre-Seleucid period for the designation of the Leo constellation and zodiac, see, for example: mulxUR.A ''u'' mulxALLA ''ina'' ŠA3 TUR3 "Leo and Crab (standing) in the lunar halo " [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], ''Dele-bat'' <''u''> GU4.UD ''ina'' UR.A "Venus (and) Mercury in Leo" [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-463:3′], AN ''ina qi''2-''it'' UR.A "Mars (standing) at the end of Leo " [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-418:10′], GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU2 ''ina'' UR.A IGI "First appearance of Mercury in the west in Leo" [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-418:18], as well as individual stars (e.g., MULx KUR4 ''ša''2 TIL GIR3 UR.A "Brilliant star at the end of Leo's paw" [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, no.-567 :14]), including three "normal stars":
*(1) SAG UR.A "Lion's head" (ε Leonis);
* (2) GIŠ.KUN UR.A "Lion's thigh" (q Leonis);
*(3) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 UR.A "Lion's hind paw" (b Virginis) [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]
'''''there abbreviated as A.'''''
*(1) SAG A "Head of the Lion" (ε Leonis);
*(2) GIŠ.KUN A "Thigh of the Lion" (q Leonis);
*(3) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 A "Hind paw of the Lion" (b Virginis) [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref> 18],
see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], nos 17, 20, 21
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|'''Anaphora (used UR.A)'''
BM 36609+:
*(a) [TA...] ''a-na'' SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI / [EN...] SA4 KI ''ša''2 múlUR.A "[From...] – the Brilliant Star of the Old Man / [to...] The Brilliant Star: the place of the Lion" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 17-18].
*(b) ˹TA˺ 5 [U]Š ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / [E]N 5 UŠ ''ar''2 GAM3 / [UR.A]? ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR "From (a point located) 50 behind the Dull (stars) / [t]o (a point located) 50 behind the Staff. / [The Lion], rises from its beginning to its end." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 26-28]; time of rising: 400 [ibid., 549].
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|'''Mathematical Astronomy (used A)'''
*A
**the standard designation of the zodiac sign Leo [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; found as early as the lunar tables year –474 [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>].
|[[File:Leo urgula+hyaCrv.jpg|alt=drawing of constellations on a star map|thumb|Winged Lion (UR.GU.LA) standing upon a huge, dog-headed creature with snake-like body and front legs.]]
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
*"Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim], the earliest example is from year –297 ['''''BH 58, 3:2'''''].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalogue BM 46083 (used A)'''
*(a) gi[š].kun [...] 20(?) a(?) "The loin? [Lion ...]: 20 of the Lion" (θ Leonis).
*(b) gir3 ''ar''2-''tu''2 ''ša''2 a 30(?): 1 absin "The hind paw of the Lion: 30(?) (Lion? or?) 1 Beard/furrows" (β Virginis) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref> 146:1′-2′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 149-150];
For a new edition of the text see. [Roughton-Steele-Walker<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref> 563-564];

See also (Kurtik g23) [[GIŠ.KUN]].
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|'''In designation ziqpu XXI (used A)'''
*MUL 2 ''ša''2 SAG A "2 stars of the head of the Lion". [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 226-7],
* 2 MUL2.ME ''ša''2 SAG A [Schaumberger 1955 <ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>238:1-2],
* 2 MUL2.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG A [Roughton-Steele-Walker<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref> 565].
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|-
|'''''Late astrology'''''.

*'''(1)''' Hypsoma. The constellation Leo was considered a hypsoma, i.e., the place where planetary action reaches its maximum:
**'''a)''' Venus, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
**'''b)''' Jupiter, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
*'''(2''') Prediction of the prices of cereal via the observation of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlUR.GU.LA [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:31].
*'''(3)''' Predictions of lunar eclipses via the culmination of stars and the position of the Sun relative to constellations. ''ki-i'' múlUR.GU.LA ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' [...] / múlUR.A múl dMUŠ [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlUR.A ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''[''l'' ...] "If Leo culminates [...] / Leo, Serpent [...] / As long as the Sun reaches Leo. Its meaning: eclipse n[ot (will be)]" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102:9-11].
*'''(4)''' Predictions based on observations of lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'']... "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on]..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:5′ + passim], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

*See also [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "[If within the regi]on, two stars are on the Lion’s head (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 "If within the region, there are 4 stars on his (=Leo) chest (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ. KUN-''šu''2 "If within the region, 2 stars are on his (= Lion) sacrum (he is born)", [DIŠ K]I mul''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "[If within the regi]on, an Individual star is on his (= Lion) tail (he is born)". [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265: 4'-7'].
*See also [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1].
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|'''UR.A in Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
*(1) "Horoscopes." In one of the earliest horoscopes (-287) UR.A is the designation of the zodiac sign Leo '''''[BH, 61, 4 r. 1].'''''
*(2) "Lunaries."
**(a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulur.a "Region of Leo," that has the following astrological meaning attached to it: a change of attitude, whay you see is nice to look at [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259:1, 16; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 194-195].
**(b) BRM IV, 19: UR.A is the zodiac sign Leo in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275: a, i, k, 3, 25; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
*(3) "Microzodiac".
**(a) Division of the sign of the zodiac Leo into 12 parts: the 1st part is mulur.a [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
**(b) The division of the zodiac sign Mercenary (=Aries) into 12 parts: [5-''i-t'']''um'' ḫa.la múlur.a šum3-''šu''2 "[5th] part, her name is Leo" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:16; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 8 // UR.A 26 // ''dām''(UŠ2)
*''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) ''lipî''(I3.UDU) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) ''lu šārat''(SIG2) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')"Duuzu 8 // Lev 260 // You put the lion's blood, lion's fat, or lion's hair on" [SpTU III, 104:8, and also 104:21]; parallel for the month of arahsamnu W22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105: 1(NE), 14(<UR>.A), 27(UR.A)].
*(5) Zodiacal astrology. KI UR.ME? ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Leo, was born..." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593 rev. 4′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(6) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mul4UR.A [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:5, 29].
*(7) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on the culminations of the stars and the positions of the Sun relative to the constellations [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102:10, 11].
* (8) Prediction on ''izbu'': ''iz-bu ša''2 TA UGU <mul>UR.A ''u''2''-šar-ru-u''2 / ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ša''2 <mul>UR.A ''ina'' IGI múl dA.EDIN " izbu, which begins with the Leo, within (the constellation) Leo and before the constellation Erua" [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 54:12-13].
*See also U.197 obv. 1': mul2.me ''ša''2 múlur.a [...] "The stars of Leo" [Sachs 1952, 74]; KA2 mulxUR.A "Gates of the Lion" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 38, Text Ii:4].
See also [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1595:3, 5; SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 96:5; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268:17].
|[[File:Leo newDrawing2025 Capture.JPG|thumb|Drawing of UR.GU.LA on Seleucid tablet VAT 7847. (Horowitz and Hoffmann 2025)<ref name=":0">Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref>]]
|-
|'''UR in ''Late astrology'''''.

* KI múlUR SIG UŠ2 BAR NI3.TUK ''ša''2-''niš'' KUR EN DU11-''šu''2 "The area of the Leo: (first) he will live long (lit. late death) (and) leave riches, secondly, he will gain an upper hand over his adversary." [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43: 22];

For a parallel see. [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14: 23; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 192].
|
|-
|'''Parts of the constellation and individual stars'''
(1) SAG A “Head of the Lion” (ε Leonis).

(2) LUGAL “King” (α Leonis).

(3) MUL2 TUR ''ša''2 4 KUŠ3 ''ar''2 LUGAL “Small star four cubits behind the King” (ρ Leonis).

(4) GIŠ.KUN A “The hip of the Lion” (θ Leonis).

(5) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 A “Hind paw of the Lion” (β Virginis); GIR3 ''ša''2 UR.<A> “Lion’s paw” в [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 70, No.-384: 9′].

Stars (1)–(5) used as “normal stars” within diaries and other observational texts, see. (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 17–21.

(6) 2 stars on the head of the Lion (= ziqpu XXI: μ , ε Leo).

(7) Front right paw of the Lion, see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-text '''(G)'''.

(8) Paw in the central portion of the Lion (ρ Leo), see. (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]], GU-text ('''H''')

(9) 2 stars on the Lion’s hip (= ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo).

(10) Individual star on the Lion’s tail (= ziqpu XXIV: β Leo).

(11) “Upper (star) Lion” or “Upper from the star on the head of the Lion” (μ Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ N).

(12) “Lower (star) Lion” or “Lower from the star on the head of the Lion” (ε Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ О).

(13) Lion’s Beard (λ Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ О).

(14) KA2 mulxUR.A “Lion’s gate” [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 38, Text Ii:4].
|
|}
[[File:URGULA CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 181910.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Regulus]]
|HIP 49669
|Constellation lines
|1.4
|-
|2
|[[Algieba]]
| HIP 50583
|Constellation lines
|1.98
|-
|3
|[[Denebola]]
| HIP 57632
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.13
|-
|4
|γ 1 Leonis ([[Algieba]])
|HIP 50583
|Constellation lines
| 2.37
|-
|5
|[[Zosma]]
|HIP 54872
|Constellation lines
|2.53
|-
|6
| ϵ Leonis
|HIP 47908
|Constellation lines
|2.98
|-
|7
|[[Chertan]]
|HIP 54879
|Constellation lines
|3.35
|-
|8
|[[Adhafera]]
|HIP 50335
|Constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
|9
|η Leonis
|HIP 49583
| Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|10
|[[Alula Borealis]]
|HIP 55219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.49
|-
|11
|[[Alula Australis]]
|HIP 55203
|Constellation lines
| 3.79
|-
| 12
|[[Shaomin]]
| HIP 51624
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|13
|[[Rasalas]]
| HIP 48455
|Constellation lines
|3.88
|-
|14
|ι Leonis
|HIP 55642
|Constellation lines
|4.01
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 55203A
|Inside the Hull
|4.25
|-
|16
|[[Alterf]]
|HIP 46750
|Constellation lines
| 4.31
|-
|17
|54 Leo
|HIP 53417
|Constellation lines
|4.32
|-
|18
|[[Yunü]]
|HIP 49637
|Constellation lines
|4.38
|-
| 19
|60 Leo
|HIP 53954
| Inside the Hull
|4.398
|-
|20
|κ Leonis
|HIP 46146
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
| 21
|* 54 Leo A
|HIP 53417
|Constellation lines
|4.477
|-
|22
|χ Leonis
|HIP 54182
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.62
|-
|23
|72 Leo
|HIP 54951
|Inside the Hull
| 4.63
|-
| 24
|π Leonis
|HIP 49029
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.7
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 50564
|Inside the Hull
|4.76
|-
| 26
| -
|HIP 55203B
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|27
|41 LMi
|HIP 52457
|Inside the Hull
|5.07
|-
|28
|ν Leonis
|HIP 48883
|Inside the Hull
|5.26
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 48390
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|30
|53 Leo
|HIP 52911
|Inside the Hull
|5.312
|-
|31
|73 Leo
|HIP 55016
|Inside the Hull
|5.32
|-
|32
|42 LMi
| HIP 52638
|Inside the Hull
|5.352
|-
|33
|37 Leo
|HIP 50333
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|34
|46 Leo
|HIP 51585
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
| 35
|52 Leo
|HIP 52689
|Inside the Hull
| 5.478
|-
|36
|23 LMi
|HIP 50303
|Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|37
|51 Leo
|HIP 52686
|Inside the Hull
|5.492
|-
|38
|40 LMi
|HIP 52422
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|39
|86 Leo
|HIP 56146
|Inside the Hull
|5.549
|-
| 40
|81 Leo
|HIP 55765
|Inside the Hull
|5.572
|-
|41
|44 Leo
|HIP 51008
|Inside the Hull
|5.61
|-
|42
|EO Leo
|HIP 49220
|Inside the Hull
|5.663
|-
|43
|67 Leo
|HIP 54487
|Inside the Hull
| 5.698
|-
| 44
| 85 Leo
|HIP 56080
|Inside the Hull
|5.734
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 55716
|Inside the Hull
|5.788
|-
|46
|* 49 Leo A
| HIP 51802
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|47
|39 Leo
|HIP 50384
|Inside the Hull
| 5.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 50336
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|49
|90 Leo
|HIP 56473
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 50
| -
|HIP 50319
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 50174
|Inside the Hull
|6.02
|-
|52
|45 Leo
|HIP 51213
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|53
|44 LMi
|HIP 52959
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 50109
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|55
|20 Leo
| HIP 48218
|Inside the Hull
|6.077
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 51161
|Inside the Hull
| 6.132
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 53472
|Inside the Hull
|6.139
|-
|58
| 43 LMi
|HIP 52882
|Inside the Hull
|6.149
|-
|59
|42 Leo
|HIP 50755
|Inside the Hull
| 6.163
|-
|60
|48 LMi
|HIP 53355
|Inside the Hull
|6.187
|-
|61
|13 Leo
|HIP 47550
|Inside the Hull
|6.249
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46938
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 56242
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 52513
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|65
|* 90 Leo A
| HIP 56473
|Inside the Hull
| 6.289
|-
|66
|* 54 Leo B
| HIP 53417
|Constellation lines
|6.29
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 54688
|Inside the Hull
| 6.295
|-
|68
| 50 LMi
|HIP 53492
|Inside the Hull
|6.354
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 49445
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 50904
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 54319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.392
|-
| 72
| -
|HIP 50516
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|73
|34 Leo
|HIP 49929
|Inside the Hull
|6.427
|-
| 74
|[[Formosa]]
| HIP 56508
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|75
|23 Leo
| HIP 48324
|Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
|76
|HN Leo
|HIP 48895
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|77
|24 LMi
|HIP 50316
|Inside the Hull
|6.465
|-
|78
| 64 Leo
|HIP 54388
|Inside the Hull
|6.468
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 47779
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 48023
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 52484
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 53737
|Inside the Hull
|6.52
|}

===Additions===

====Deity.====
[[Lātarāk|dLātarāk]] (see Kurtik L05).

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
*(1) Namburbi series, cf. [Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 12-13:7]. In astrological geography, Leo is correlated with a number of cities and temples, including:
**(a) Enamhe,
** (b) Isin, Egalmah,
** (c) Eridu,
**(d) Kulaba, etc. [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>].
[[File:Leo newDrawing2025 Capture.JPG|thumb|UR.GU.LA labelled creature on VAT 7847 (detail).<ref name=":0" /> ]]

====Symbol.====
The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: mulUR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back mulMUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V. 2; 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see thefragmentary text: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / [...] MUL dMUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in ['''''Wiggermann 1997, 34, note''''' 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [Wallenfels 1994<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (itiNE) is associated with the Lion (múlUR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:5, 22].
[[File:Leo 4versionsVAT7847 Capture.JPG|Reconstruction of the versions of the drawing of UR.GU.LA on VAT 7847 by Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":0" />. |thumb]]

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
(1) = mulUR.MAḪ "Lion"; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|d''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 38.

(2) = mul''Rappu'' "bridle"; see (Kurtik r03) ''[[Rappu]]'', II 2.

(3) = mul''Eturammi'' "Star of Eturammi," see Lexical Texts, “''The Great Star lists''”, and also (Kurtik e06) [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].

(4) = Wolf Star = Mars; [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37].

=====Predictions:=====
(5) If the Lion is black, Mercury stands in Leo; mulGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA ''it-ti-ti-zi'' / DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA GI6 / ŠA3-''bi'' KUR NU DUG3.GA / DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 / ''mu-ʼi-ir-ru'' E2.GAL UŠ2 "Mercury stands within Leo. If the Lion is black: the hearts of people in the country will not be happy. If Regulus is black: the governor of the palace will die." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 146:1-6], see also [ibid.<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 180:3-4]; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA MI (var.: ''ma-diš'' MI) ŠA3 KUR NU DUG3-''ab'' "If the Lion is dark (var.: very dark): the heart of the country will not be happy". [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 180 r. 3; 337:3].

(6) If the Lion is black, the first morning appearances of Saturn is in Leo; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA ''a-dir'' / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / ''u'' UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U18.LU GAZ A.RA2 KUR [MAR.T]U KUD.MEŠ "If the Lion is dark: within 3 years, [li]ons and wol[ves] will kill off people and cut short lines of communication with [Weste]rn portions of the country." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 324:3-6; 437:6-r. 2].

(7) The moon eclipses within the regions of the Leo; [...mulUR.GU.L]A ˹''a-dir''˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ2-''ma'' UR.A.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ "(If the Moon) eclipses [in the region of) the [Leo]: a decision for the king, (the king) will die and the lions will become fierce" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 54, Text IIa: 2′], see also [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45].

(8) If the stars of Leo flare (the first morning appearance of Jupiter in Leo); see (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAḪ]], IV 3.

(9) Jupiter's retracting motion moving away from the chest of the Lion (i.e., from Regulus); "And as for Jupiter, the following can be said of it: If it comes back right away from the chest of the Lion (''šum-ma'' TA ŠA3 GABA ''ša''2 mulUR.GU.LA / ''a-na qi2-in-niš is-si-ḫur''): it is a sinister (sign)". [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 8 r. 12-14].

(10) ''Venus stands in Leo''; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB''-iz'' ME3 (GAL) GAL2 "If Venus stands within Leo: (a great) battle will occur". [Stev. O.T<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref> 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], see also [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14].

(11) Venus stands in the eastern portion of the Leo; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 ''ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB ''ina'' KUR NIM.MA(ki) ME3 GAL2 "If Venus stands in the inner and eastern portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Elam". [Stev. O.T.<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], see also [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 14].

(12) Venus stands in the western portion of the Leo; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A MIN (= ''ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB) ''ina'' KUR URIki ME3 GAL2 "If Venus stands in the inner and western portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Akkad [Stev. O.T.<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:11, Pl. XVII 13], see also [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 15].

(13) Venus reaches Leo, its "secret place"; see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', Late Astrology, Hipsoma (a).

(14) The Wolf Star (= Mars) reaches Leo; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 7.

(15) Mars standing in Leo; (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 38.

(16) Mars' retracting motion moving away from the head of the Leo; (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 38.

(17) Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa; [DIŠ mulU]R.GU.LA ''ana'' A2 d''Za-ba4-ba4 iš-qu'' A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ [...] "[If the L]ion rises towards Zababa: flooding will cease? '''''[...]" [ACh Ištar, 34:15].'''''

(18) Predicting the first morning appearance of Venus in Leo; ina ŠA3 ITI ''a-ga-a ina'' dUTU.E3 / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA ''in-nam-mar'' "During this month (Venus) will become visible in the east end of Leo" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 247 r. 2-3].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Kurtik (2022)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====(Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA====
= mul''urgullû'' «Лев»; созвездие, соответствующее современному Льву (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], см. также a01A, u16UR, u17UR.A, u22UR.MAḪ.

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' «Лев = Латарак» [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la «[Этур]амме? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20]. '''(2)''' Серия AN:d''Anum'' (VI 118): dur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' «Лев = хищный зверь» [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: среди астральных богов упоминается также mulUR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3, 289; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц симану, звезды Ану, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' m[ul… gub-''z'']''u'' / [mulur.gu.la…] «Созвездие, которое [стоит] впереди … [это Лев…]» (B ii 18–19); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 7]. '''(2)''' Список (3´12): itisig4 … mulur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц симану: … Лев (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 3). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — симану, заход — кислиму [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Ану: mu[lUR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''2 «[Лев // 120] // Большой …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. k10KAK.SI.SA2. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: itiab.ba.e3 // mulur.gu.la // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), месяц тебету, Лев, 140» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 8): mulur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): mul˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 7. [mulUR.GU.LA ''ša''2 EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' d''La-ta-ra-a''[''k''…] «[Лев, который] стоит [пос]ле него, Латара[к…]» (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 8, 9, 10): a) mulUR.GU.LA d''La-ta-ra-ak'' «Лев, Латарак» (I i 8), b) MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' mulLUGAL «Звезда, которая стоит на груди Льва, Царь» (I i 9), c) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tum'' ''ša''2 ''ina'' KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на хвосте Льва» (I i 10–11)]. '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го дуузу Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят» (I ii 42), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) «Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят» (I iii 17–18), см. a04A2mušen, b) «Поле, Великан и Олень восходят, Лев, Змея и Энтенабархум заходят» (I iii 31–32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. '''(4)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUR.GU.LA после mul[[AL.LUL]] «Краб» перед mul''E''4-''ru''6 «Эруа» (I iv 6). '''(5)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Лев кульминирует, Весы восходят (I iv 25), см. z10''Zibānītum'', см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′]. '''(6)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulUR.GU.LA, после mul[[AL.LUL]], перед mulAB.SIN2 (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' Первая интеркаляционная схема: SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «Голова Льва» (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 381; SAA 8, 352]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mul''ra-ap-pu'' = mulur.gu.la «Узда = Лев», mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin «Этурамми = Лев», mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin «Голова Пса = Лев». '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulur.gu.la] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:136–138, 202]; см. также список «7 ''tikpi''-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 36]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд.''''' См. s06SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA, g03(MUL) 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, g23MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2, d08MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2. '''''Список «4-х Энлилей»'''''. См. e10d''En-lil''2. '''''GU-текст'''''. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J), см. a18[[AL.LUL]], u17UR.A. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§N'''. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхняя [звезда] Льва (μ Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхн[яя] из [звезд] головы Льва», согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58]. '''§O'''. a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' «Нижняя [звезда …] Льва» (ε Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' «Нижняя (звезда) головы Льва», согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], b) [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] «[боро]да Ль[ва]»(λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''2 ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min «[…], [Л]ев, повреждение: 3 зве[зды …]. 2 интервала, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59]. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. [''ina'' itiapin ki.min mulu]˹r.gu.la˺ // 4 ''šu-ut'' ˹d˺[''En-lil''2] / […mul''ṣal-bat'']''-a-nu'' // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A''-[''nim''] / […mul''Nin-maḫ''] // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-[''a''] / […mul]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.[maḫ] «[В месяце арахсамну соответственно Л]ев, 4, (звезда на пути) [Энлиля], / [… Ма]рс, 3, (звезда на пути) А[ну], / [… Нинмах], 2, (звезда на пути) Э[а], / [… (от)] Наверху стоящей звезды 1 (до) высоты Ласто[чки]» (Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64–65, 69]; согласно [ibid., 79, Anm. 63], mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' — планетное имя для mulmuš «Змея (главная звезда — α Hya). «'''''Дневники наблюдений'''''». В пределах созвездия выделялось 5 «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' '''(1)''' «Гипсома». Созвездие Лев считалось гипсомой, т.е. местом, где действие планеты достигает максимума: '''a)''' Венеры, см. d06''Dilbat''. '''b)''' Юпитера, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(2)''' Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31]. '''(3)''' Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' múlUR.GU.LA ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' […] / múlUR.A múl dMUŠ […] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlUR.A ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''[''l'' …] «Если Лев кульминирует […] / Лев, Змея […] / До тех пор пока Солнце достигает Льва. Его значение: затмения н[е (будет)]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:9–11]. '''(4)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ ''Sin'' ''ina'' mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'']… «Если Луна [затмилась] во Ль[ве]…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′ + passim], см. s20''Sîn''.

См. также [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «[Если в обла]сти 2 звезд головы Льва (он родился)», DIŠ KI MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 «Если в области 4 звезд его (= Льва) груди (он родился)», DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 «Если в области 2 звезд на его (= Льва) крестце (он родился)», [DIŠ K]I mul''e-du'' ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 «[Если в обла]сти Отдельной звезды на его (= Льва) хвосте (он родился)» [SpTU V, 265: 4'–7'].

См. также [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1].

II. Божество.

Латарак (см. L05)''. '''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' Серия Намбурби, см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Лев соотносится с рядом городов и храмов, в том числе: a) c Энамхе, b) Исином, Эгальмахом, c) Эриду, d) Кулабой и др. [Weidner 1963].

III. Символ.

Идущий Лев. Изображение Льва (над которым надпись: mulUR.GU.LA), идущего по спине змеиного дракона mulMUŠ, см. на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5–6; Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Описание этой сцены см. в фрагментарном тексте: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / […] MUL dMUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', цит. по [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. См. также астральные изображения Льва на печатях из эллинистического Урука [Wallenfels 1994, No. 783–785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Куртик 2007, рис. 28, 29, 30]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в нем месяцу абу (itiNE), связанному со Львом (múlUR), соответствует UR.MAḪ «лев» [SpTU II, 43:5, 22].

IV. Отождествление.

= Leo [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 74b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) SAG A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis).

(2) LUGAL «Царь» (α Leonis).

(3) MUL2 TUR ''ša''2 4 KUŠ3 ''ar''2 LUGAL «Маленькая звезда в 4 локтях позади Царя» (ρ Leonis).

(4) GIŠ.KUN A «Бедро Льва» (θ Leonis).

(5) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 A «Задняя лапа Льва» (β Virginis); GIR3 ''ša''2 UR.<nowiki><A> «лапа Льва» в [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, 70, No.-384: 9′]. </nowiki>

Звезды (1)–(5) использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд» в дневниках и других текстах наблюдений, см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17–21.

(6) 2 звезды головы Льва (= ''ziqpu'' XXI: μ , ε Leo).

(7) Передняя правая лапа Льва, см. u17UR.A, GU-текст ('''G''').

(8) Лапа в средней части Льва (ρ Leo), см. u17UR.A, GU-текст ('''H''')

(9) 2 звезды на бедре Льва (= ''ziqpu'' XXIII: δ, θ Leo).

(10) Отдельная звезда на хвосте Льва (= ''ziqpu'' XXIV: β Leo).

(11) «Верхняя (звезда) Льва» или «Верхняя из звезд головы Льва» (μ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ N).

(12) «Нижняя (звезда) Льва» или «Нижняя из звезд головы Льва» (ε Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ О).

(13) Борода Льва (λ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ О).

(14) KA2 mulxUR.A «Ворота Льва» [Verderame 2002, 38, Text I'''i''':4].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulUR.MAḪ «Лев»; см. ts02d''Ṣalbatānu'', III 38.

(2) = mul''Rappu'' «Узда»; см. r03''Rappu'', II 2.

(3) = mul''Eturammi'' «Звезда Этурамми», см. ''Лексич. тексты'', «''Большой список звезд''», а также e06E2.TUR3.

(4) = ''Волчья звезда = Марс''; [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Лев = Волк = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37].

Предсказания:

(5) ''Лев черный'', ''Меркурий стоит во Льве''; mulGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA ''it-ti-ti''-''zi'' / DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA GI6 / ŠA3-''bi'' KUR NU DUG3.GA / DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 / ''mu''-ʼ''i-ir-ru'' E2.GAL UŠ2 «Меркурий стоял внутри Льва. Если Лев черный: сердце страны не будет счастливо. Если Регул черный: управляющий дворцом умрет» [SAA 8, 146:1–6], cм. также [ibid., 180:3–4]; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA MI (вар.: ''ma-diš'' MI) ŠA3 KUR NU DUG3-''ab'' «Если Лев темный (вар.: очень темный): сердце страны не будет счастливо» [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; SAA 8, 180 r. 3; 337:3].

(6) ''Лев черный'', ''первое утреннее появление'' ''Сатурна во Льве''; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA ''a-dir'' / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / ''u'' UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U18.LU GAZ A.RA2 KUR [MAR.T]U KUD.MEŠ «Если Лев темный: в течение 3 лет [ль]вы и вол[ки] будут убивать людей и перережут пути сообщения с [Запад]ной страной» [SAA 8, 324:3–6; 437:6–r. 2].

(7) ''Луна в области Льва затмилась''; […mulUR.GU.L]A ˹''a-dir''˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ2-''ma'' UR.A.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ «(Если Луна в области) [Льв]а затмилась: решение для царя, (царь) умрет и львы станут свирепыми» [Verderame 2002, 54, Text II'''a''': 2′], см. также [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45].

(8) ''Если звезды Льва вспыхивают'' (''первое утреннее появление Юпитера во Льве''); см. u22UR.MAḪ, IV 3.

(9) ''Попятное движение Юпитера от груди Льва'' (''т.е. от'' ''Регула''); «А что касается Юпитера, можно сказать следующее: Если он возвращается обратно от груди Льва (''šum-ma'' TA ŠA3 GABA ''ša''2 mulUR.GU.LA / ''a-na qi''2-''in-niš is-si-ḫur''): это зловещий (знак)» [SAA 10, 8 r. 12–14]. '' ''

(10) ''Венера во Льве стоит''; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB-''iz'' ME3 (GAL) GAL2 «Если Венера стоит внутри Льва: (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14].

(11) ''Венера на востоке во Льве стоит''; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 ''ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB ''ina'' KUR NIM.MA(ki) ME3 GAL2 «Если Венера стоит на востоке внутри Льва: в Эламе (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T., 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III, 101 r. 14].

(12) ''Венера на западе во Льве стоит''; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A MIN (= ''ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB) ''ina'' KUR URIki ME3 GAL2 «Если Венера стоит на западе внутри Льва: в Аккаде (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T., 232:11, Pl. XVII 13], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III, 101 r. 15].

(13) ''Венера достигает Льва, своего “секретного места''”; см. d06''Dilbat'', ''Поздняя астрология'', ''Гипсома'' (а).

(14) ''Волчья звезда'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает Льва''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

(15) ''Стояние Марса во Льве''; ts02''Ṣalbatānu'', III 38.

(16) ''Попятное движение Марса от головы Льва''; ts02''Ṣalbatānu'', III 38.

(17) ''Лев'' (= ''Марс'') ''в сторону'' ''Забабы поднялся''; [DIŠ mulU]R.GU.LA ''ana'' A2 d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''iš-qu'' A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ […] «[Если Л]ев в сторону Забабы поднялся: наводнения прекратятся? […]» [ACh Ištar, 34:15].

(18) ''Предсказание первого утреннего появления Венеры во Льве''; ''ina'' ŠA3 ITI ''a-ga-a'' ''ina'' dUTU.E3 / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA ''in-nam-mar'' «В течение этого месяца (Венера) станет видна на востоке во Льве» [SAA 8, 247 r. 2–3].
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====(Kurtik u17) UR.A====
= ''nēšu'' «Лев», сокращение от mulUR.GU.LA в астрономических и астрологических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45], cм. u20UR.GU.LA, а также a01A, u16UR, u22UR.MAḪ. I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. [ur?].a = ''ne''2-''e-šu''2 [CT 18, 43 ii 39]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». BM 34713. Месяц дуузу, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:4], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(F)''' 2 mul ˹''ša''2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ «2 звезды головы Льва». '''(G)''' 4 ˹mul˺.meš ''ša''2 gaba mulur.a kimin gir3II ''imittu''(15) igi-''tum'' ''ša''2 mulur.a / murub4 mul˹muš?˺ ''u'' mulnunki gu «4 звезды на груди Льва (''ziqpu'' XXII: ζ, γ, η, α Leo) или передняя правая лапа Льва (π Leo), середина Змеи (κ Hydr) и (созвездие) Эриду (λ Vel) : веревка». '''(H)''' ½ danna egir 4 ''ša''2 gaba-''šu''2 kimin / gir3II murub4-˹''tu''2 ''ša''2˺ mulur.a ''u'' šu mulnin.maḫ ''ša''2 ugu ka.kešda gu «(Точка, соответствующая) половине ''bēru''(150) позади 4-х (звезд) на его (т.е. Льва) груди, или лапа средней части Льва (ρ Leo) и рука Нинмах, которая на узле (φ Vel), — веревка». '''(I)''' 2 ˹mul˺.meš ''ša''2 giš.kun mulur.a kimin kun muluga ''u'' ''ni''-˹''šik''˺ / ''ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 gu «2 звезды на бедре Льва (''ziqpu'' XXIII: δ, θ Leo) или хвост Ворона (α Crt) и укус(?) Бороны (μ Vel) : веревка». '''(J)''' ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a kimin murub4 muluga ''u''3 šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum gu «Отдельная звезда на хвосте Льва (''ziqpu'' XXIV: β Leo) или средняя часть Ворона (γ Crv) и рука Энтенабархум (δ Cen) — веревка» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:9, 11–16]. Cогласно [Koch 1992, 57–58], gir3II ''imittu''(15) igi-''tum'' ''ša''2 mulur.a — ο Leo, murub4 mul˹muš?˺ — ζ, θ Hya, mulnunki — α Car, šu mul''Nin-maḫ'' ''ša''2 ugu KA.kešda — 196G. Pup''Q'', kun muluga — Pi 140, ''ni''-˹''šik''˺ ''ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 — ε Cen, murub4 muluga — β Crv, šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — Cen''M''. '''''Дневники наблюдений'''''. UR.A использовалось в доселевкидский период для обозначения созвездия и знака зодиака Лев, см., например: mulxUR.A ''u'' mulxALLA ''ina'' ŠA3 TUR3 «Лев и Краб в лунном гало (стоят)» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], ''Dele-bat'' <''u''> GU4.UD ''ina'' UR.A «Венера (и) Меркурий во Льве» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-463:3′], AN ''ina'' ''qi''2-''it'' UR.A «Марс в конце Льва (стоит)» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-418:10′], GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU2 ''ina'' UR.A IGI «Первое появление Меркурия на западе во Льве» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-418:18], а также отдельных звезд (например, MULx KUR4 ''ša''2 TIL GIR3 UR.A «Блестящая звезда на конце лапы Льва» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-567:14]), в том числе трех «нормальных звезд»: (1) SAG UR.A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis); (2) GIŠ.KUN UR.A «Бедро Льва» (q Leonis); (3) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 UR.A «Задняя лапа Льва» (b Virginis) [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, passim], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17, 20, 21, а также a01A. «'''''Анафора'''''». BM 36609+: '''a)''' [TA…] ''a-na'' SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI / [EN…] SA4 KI ''ša''2 múlUR.A «[От…] — Блестящей звезды Старика / [до…] Блестящей звезды: место Льва» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 17–18]. '''b)''' ˹TA˺ 5 [U]Š ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / [E]N 5 UŠ ''ar''2 GAM3 / [UR.A]? ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR «От (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых (звезд) / [д]о (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Посоха. / [Лев], от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 26–28]; время восхода: 400 [ibid., 549]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Гороскопы». В одном из ранних гороскопов (-287) UR.A — обозначение знака зодиака Лев [BH, 61, 4 r. 1]. '''(2)''' «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulur.a «Область Льва», которой соответствуют астрологические значения: изменение настроения, виденное тобой на взгляд приятно [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:1, 16; Емельянов 1999, 194–195]. b) BRM IV, 19: UR.A — знак зодиака Лев в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: a, i, k, 3, 25; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. '''(3)''' «Микрозодиак». a) Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 1-я часть — mulur.a [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. b) Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: [5-''i''-''t'']''um'' ḫa.la múlur.a ''šum''3-''šu''2 «[5-я] часть, ее имя Лев» [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952, 66]. '''(4)''' Календарно-ритуальные тексты'''.''' W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 8 // UR.A 26 // ''dām''(UŠ2) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) ''lipî''(I3.UDU) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) ''lu'' ''šārat''(SIG2) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Дуузу 8 // Лев 260 // Кровь льва, жир льва или шерсть льва намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:8, а также 104:21]; параллель для месяца арахсамну W22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105: 1(NE), 14(<UR>.A), 27(UR.A)]. '''(5)''' Зодиакальная астрология'''.''' KI UR.ME? ''a-lid …'' «В области Льва родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 4′; Reiner 2000]. '''(6)''' Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений: mul4UR.A [SpTU I, 94:5, 29]. '''(7)''' Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102:10, 11]. '''(8)''' Предсказания ''izbu'': ''iz-bu'' ''ša''2 TA UGU <mul>UR.A ''u''2-''šar-ru-u''2 / ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ša''2 <mul>UR.A ''ina'' IGI múl dA.EDIN «''izbu'', которое началось со Львом, внутри (созвездия) Лев перед созвездием Эруа» [Biggs 1968, 54:12–13]. См. также U.197 obv. 1': mul2.me ''ša''2 múlur.a […] «Звезды Льва» [Sachs 1952, 74]; KA2 mulxUR.A «Ворота Льва» [Verderame 2002, 38, Text I'''i''':4].

См. также [LBAT, 1595:3, 5; SpTU I, 96:5; SpTU V, 268:17].

Символ, отождествление и отдельные части созвездия Лев см. (u20) UR.GU.LA.
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====(Kurtik u16) UR====
нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака «Лев»; сокращение от mulUR.A или, возможно, ошибка писца.

I. Источники.

'''''Поздняя астрология'''''.

KI múlUR SIG UŠ2 BAR NI3.TUK ''ša''2-''niš'' KUR EN DU11-''šu''2 «Область Льва: (во-первых), он будет жить долго (букв. поздняя смерть) (и) оставит богатства, во-вторых, он возьмет верх над своим противником» [SpTU II, 43: 22]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
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====(Kurtik a01) A====
R.A "Лев", обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Лев (Leo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 1; Ungnad 257, Anm. 44]. См. также u16UR, u17UR.A, u20UR.GU.LA, u22UR.MAD. I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". Переход от UR.A к А совершился ок. –300 г. (см., например, [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-291], где в одном и том же тексте присутствуют оба обозначения), хотя отдельные примеры встречаются и раньше [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-380 A 4, -321 obv. 4]. Входило в названия трех "нормальных звезд":*(1) SAG A "Голова Льва" (ε Leonis);
*(2) GIŠ.KUN A "Бедро Льва" (q Leonis);
*(3) GIR3 ar2 ša2 A "Задняя лапа Льва" (b Virginis) [Sach-Hunger Diaries I 18], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17, 20, 21, а также u17UR.A.
Математическая астрономия.

A — стандартное обозначение знака зодиака Лев [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; встречается уже в лунных таблицах –474 года [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. "Гороскопы". См. [BH, passim], самый ранний пример относится к –297 году [BH 58, 3:2].

Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083.
*a) gi[š].kun […] 20(?) a(?) "Поясница? [Льва …]: 20 Льва" (θ Leonis).
*b) gir3 ar2-tu2 ša2 a 30(?) : 1 absin "Задняя лапа Льва: 30(?) (Льва? или?) 1 Борозды" (β Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:1′-2′; Hunger-Pingree 1999 149-150]; сокращение от (mul)Uновое издание текста см. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564]; см. также g23GIŠ.KUN.
В обозначении ziqpu XXI:*MUL 2 ša2 SAG A "2 звезды головы Льва" [Schaumberger 1952 226-7],
*2 MUL2.ME ša2 SAG A [Schaumberger 1955 238:1-2],
*2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A [Roughton-Steele-Walker 565]
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==Transformation from UR.GU.LA to Leo==
<gallery>
File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|UR.GU.LA as Assyrian Gate Keeper (painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021)
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|UR.GU.LA next to The Furrow and above the MUŠ-dragon (MUL.APIN scenario by S. M Hoffmann, based on a Stellarium map and artwork by R. Perdok and J. Gullberg).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|UR.GU.LA next to a goddess as seen in Seleucid time; based on a Stellarium map with artwork by R. Perdok and J. Gullberg (composition by S. Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The Babylonian zodiacal lion constellation as depicted in Denderah (Egypt) with Egyptian painting style but in Roman-reigned time when the culture in this country was mixed with foreign influences.
</gallery>The templates for the drawings and paintings on our star charts originate from depictions of lions and lion-like daemons that are found in the preserved architecture (e.g. in temple walls, on ceilings, on the wall of the procession street leading towards the Ishtar Gate of the city of Babylon). Here is a gallery of these preserved historical depictions. <gallery>
File:BabLion gateKeeper b.jpg|Assyrian Gate Keepers (Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2023)
File:Susa griffin smh b.jpg|lion-like griffin, frieze from the ancient Persian palace in the city of Susa (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2023)
File:BabLion ishtar b.jpg|depiction of a lion from the procession street towards the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (Berlin, drawing:Susanne M Hoffmann 2023)
</gallery>

==References==

[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Leo]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

<references />

UR.GI7

2026-01-08T18:04:55Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI7}}
[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg|thumb|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
UR.GI7 (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

* mulUR.KU,
* mulUR.GIRx(ŠE3),
* mulUR.GIR15;
* = ''kalbu'' 'Dog'; the syllabic entry occurs mainly in lexical texts

The variant readings all make use of the same ancient sign: KU (ŠE3) - full reading gir15, short gi7 with ellipsis of the final consonant.

Constellation in southern Hercules (Hercules) [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 72b; Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 167; 166, I; 119; Kurtik 2018].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists: mulur(ur.ma2).girx(ŠE3).ra [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 5a), mulur.girx(ŠE3) [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 7].
* (2) Urra XXII Series: [mulur.girx(ŠE3)] = ''kal-bu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 31, Gap j:e; Weidner 1959–1960<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:29], mulur.˹gir15˺ = ''k''[''a-al-bu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 79.B.1/5 iv 11], mulur.k[u] = [''kal'']-''bi'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 32; Bloch–Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:288ʹ].
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|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* BM 34713. (error for mulur.idim, see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 126).
** itiapin // 2.20 múlur.gi7 // 1.20 múl''a-nu-ni-tu''2 // 50 múlen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum "Arahsamnu: 140 Dog, 80 Anunitu, 50 Entenabarhum" [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8], see also (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
* Text Nv. 10. (Horowitz 2014: 215-217)
** (1) Intercalation scheme: ''ina'' ˹iti˺ziz2 ki.min mulur.gi7 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 / muldingir.tuš.a.meš // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' / mul''Pa-bil-sag'' // 2 ''šu-ut'' d[''E''2-''a''] / 4 6 ''ša''2 mulAN.˹TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-q''[''a''2 sim.maḫ] "In the month of Shabbat respectively: Dog, 4, (asterism in the path of) Enlil, / Sitting gods, 3, (asterism in the path of) Anu, / Pabilsag, 2, (asterism in the path of) [Ea], / 4 (elbows) 6 (fingers) (from) the Upward Standing Star, 1, (to) the heig[hts of the Swallow]" (Obv. 13'-16') [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66, 69].
** (2) mulur.gi7 is the asterism AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of Ab, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]] .
|Example
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|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) Stars of Enlil (No. 24): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' IGI mulUZ3 GUB-''zu'' mulUR.KU “The star that stands in front of the Goat, the Dog” (I i 25 = (EN 23r)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>)
* (2) The dates of the heliacal risings are "on the 15th day of Tashritu" (I iii 2), see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
* (4) List of ziqpu stars: mulUR.KU, between mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš and mulUZ3 (I iv 4).
* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Dog culminates, the Field rises (I iv 29), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = [[IKU|mulIKU]] [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 43, 50, 58, 66].
Text BM 77054 (Parallel to MUL.APIN): see Hunger-Steele 2019<ref name=":3" />: 192.
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|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia.'''
* (1) mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin(ur.gu.la) "asterism on the head of the Dog = Lion";
* (2) kun mulur.gi7 = mulim.šu.rin.na ''al-ma-nu-u'' "Tail of the Dog = Widow's Furnace" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:138, 155].
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|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §z. mulka ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri u3 mulA2mušen [x x] "The Mouth of the Dog (φ Her), the Goat (δ Her?), the Head of the Wildcat (ι Tel), and the Eagle (ε Aql) [x x]" [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 111]; see also eme ur.gi7 instead of mulka ur.gi7 in [ACh Sin<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 13:31].
* §aa. muleme ur.gi7 "The tongue of the Dog" (τ Her), see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]. List of the "4 Enlils." See (Kurtik e11) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|Example
|}
[[File:URGI CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 163323.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.GI7 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Kornephoros]]
|HIP 80816
|Constellation lines
|2.77
|-
|2
| ζ Herculis
| HIP 81693
|Constellation lines
|2.8
|-
|3
|* zet Her A
|HIP 81693
| Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|4
|* zet Her B
|* zet Her B
|Inside the Hull
|2.94
|-
|5
|[[Sarin]]
|HIP 84379
|Constellation lines
|3.13
|-
|6
|π Herculis
|HIP 84380
|Constellation lines
|3.18
|-
|7
|μ Herculis
|HIP 86974
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.42
|-
|8
|η Herculis
|HIP 81833
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.5
|-
| 9
|γ Herculis
|HIP 80170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.76
|-
|10
|ϵ Herculis
|HIP 83207
|Constellation lines
|3.92
|-
|11
|69 Her
|HIP 84606
| Inside the Hull
|4.65
|-
|12
|68 Her
|HIP 84573
|Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
|13
|51 Her
|HIP 82504
|Constellation lines
|5.029
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 83947
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.065
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 80843
|Inside the Hull
|5.243
|-
| 16
|59 Her
|HIP 83313
|Inside the Hull
|5.267
|-
|17
|53 Her
|HIP 82587
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 84821
|Inside the Hull
|5.357
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 83838
|Inside the Hull
| 5.39
|-
|20
|72 Her
|HIP 84862
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 85715
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|22
|78 Her
|HIP 85790
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|23
| -
| HIP 84691
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|24
|50 Her
|HIP 82422
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 80898
|Inside the Hull
| 5.754
|-
| 26
| -
|HIP 83367
|Inside the Hull
|5.762
|-
|27
|M 13
|M 13
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|28
|39 Her
|HIP 81729
|Inside the Hull
|5.916
|-
| 29
| -
|HIP 81911
| Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|30
| -
| HIP 86178
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|31
| 56 Her
| HIP 82780
|Inside the Hull
|6.064
|-
| 32
| -
|HIP 81670
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 83494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 82426
| Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|35
| 63 Her
|HIP 84054
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|36
|61 Her
| HIP 83462
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|37
|57 Her
|HIP 82987
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 83007
|Inside the Hull
|6.326
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 83816
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 83365
|Inside the Hull
|6.383
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 85313
| Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 86130
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|43
| -
|HIP 84934
|Inside the Hull
|6.397
|-
|44
|V959 Her
|HIP 86153
|Inside the Hull
|6.406
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 83834
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The Dog constellation was apparently observed in the “Mesopotamian sky” already by the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. The name ''ka-al-bu-''[''um''], ''ka''3''-li''2''-bu-um'' "Dog", as a royal name, is given in two places in the "Sumerian King List" [Jacobsen 1939<ref>''Jacobsen, T.'' The Sumerian King List. Assyriological Studies, 11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1939.</ref>, 96-97:26-28, 78-79:7-8]. The sitting dog was originally considered a sacred animal of the goddess Ninisina, the city goddess of Isin. Many dog figurines were found in the temple dedicated to her, which apparently had apotropaic significance. Later, Ninisina was identified with the healing goddess Gula, with the sitting dog as her symbol. On kudurru of the Kassite period and on seals from Neo-Assyrian times, the sitting dog was depicted next to the throne on which Gula sat, see [Kurtik 2019]. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, figures of a sitting or standing dog played a protective role, possibly as a remedy against canine rabies [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 140-143; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 487; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 70]. Clay figurines of dogs were buried for protective purposes in front of temple gates [Wiggermann 1992, 53, 59, 98].

==== Symbol. ====
A dog sitting at the feet of the goddess ''Gula''. Description in VAT 9428 r. 10-11: mulUR.GI7 ''kal-bu'' ''ša''2 ''ina'' UGU ''ur-ki-ti-šu''2 ''eṣ''-[''ru'' IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' mul d]''gu''-˹''la šak-nu''˺ / 2 MUL.MEŠ GABA-''su ina'' KUN-''šu''2 7 MUL.MEŠ [''eṣ-ru''] "The Dog constellation: an image of a dog (which sits) on its hind, withs [its muzzle facing the constellation] Gula. The image [depicts] 2 stars (on) its chest, and 7 on its tail " [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77, 83-84; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":7">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Hercules [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 167, I; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 7, Table IV; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":7" />, 76].

= southern part of Hercules (Hercules) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 272].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) The jaws of the Dog (φ Her), see dbn text.

(2) The tongue of the Dog (τ Her), see dbn-text, see also [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 119].

(3) The head of the Dog, see VAT 9428.

(4) The chest of the Dog (π + ρ) (?) [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84].

(5) The Dog's hind (β + ζ Her) (?) [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84].

(6) Tail of the Dog (possibly a group of 7 faint stars west of β Her) (?) [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84].

==== Astrology. ====
Strangely, there are no predictions associated with the constellation mulUR.GI7 in the texts known to us.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k13)
!
|-
|= mulUR.GI7 «Собака (Гулы)»; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules); силлабическая запись встречается в основном в лексических текстах, см. u19UR.GI7. Название присутствует также в «Шумерском царском списке» в начале его «послепотопной» части, записанное без детерминатива как ka3-li2-bu-um [ETCSL, Text 2.1.1:55; Куртик 2023, 159].
!
|-
!Kurtik (2022, u19)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUR.KU, mulUR.GIRx(ŠE3), mulUR.GIR15; = ''kalbu'' «Пес»; созвездие в южной части Геркулеса (Hercules) [CAD K, 72b; Gössman 1950, 167; 166, I; 119; Kurtik 2018].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulur(wr.ma2).girx(ŠE3).ra [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 5a), mulur.girx(ŠE3) [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 7]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [mulur.girx(ŠE3)] = ''kal-bu'' [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:e; Weidner 1959–1960, 112, VAT 9430:29], mulur.˹gir15˺ = ''k''[''a-al-bu''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1/5 iv 11], mulur.k[u] = [''kal'']-''bi'' [SpTU III, 114A v 32; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:288ʹ]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». BM 34713. itiapin // 2,20 múlur.gi7 // 1,20 múl''a-nu-ni-tu''2 // 50 múlen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum «Арахсамну: 140 Пес, 80 Ануниту, 50 Энтенабархум» [LBAT, 1499:8], см. также u21UR.IDIM. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. a48AŠ.GAN2. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 24): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' IGI mulUZ3 GUB-''zu'' mulUR.KU «Звезда, которая стоит впереди Козы, Собака» (I i 25). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту» (I iii 2), см. z11''Zibānītum''. '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 25), см. m35MUL.MUL. '''(4)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUR.KU, между mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš и mulUZ3 (I iv 4). '''(5)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Пес кульминирует, Поле восходит (I iv 29), см. a48AŠ.GAN2 [MA, 25, 43, 50, 58, 66]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin(ur.gu.la) «Звезда на голове Пса = Лев»; '''(2)''' kun mulur.gi7 = mulim.šu.rin.na ''al-ma-nu-u'' «Хвост Пса = Вдовья Печь» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:138, 155]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§z'''. mulka ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri ''u''3 mulA2mušen [x x] «Пасть Пса (φ Her), Коза (δ Her?), Голова Дикого Кота (ι Tel) и Орел (ε Aql) [x x]» [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; см. также eme ur.gi7 вместо mulka ur.gi7 в [ACh Sin, 13:31]. '''§aa'''. muleme ur.gi7 «Язык Пса» (τ Her), см. g27GU.LA. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. '''(1)''' Схема интеркаляции: ''ina'' ˹iti˺ziz2 ki.min mulur.gi7 // 4 ''šu''-''ut'' d''En-lil''2 / muldingir.tuš.a.meš // 3 ''šu''-''ut'' d''A-nim'' / mul''Pa-bil-sag'' // 2 ''šu-ut'' d[''E''2-''a''] / 4 6 ''ša''2 mulAN.˹TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-q''[''a''2 sim.maḫ] «В месяце шабату соответственно: Пес, 4, (звезда на пути) Энлиля, / Сидящие боги, 3, (звезда на пути) Ану, / Пабилсаг, 2, (звезда на пути) [Эа], / 4 (локтя) 6 (пальцев) (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высо[ты Ласточки]» (Obv. 13'–16') [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66, 69]. '''(2)''' mulur.gi7 — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3. '''''Список «4-х Энлилей»'''''. См. e11d''En-lil''2.

II. Божество.

На месопотамском небе созвездие Пес появилось, по-видимому, уже в конце III тыс. до н. э. Имя ''ka-al-bu''-[''um''], ''ka''3-''li''2-''bu-um'' «Пес», как царское имя, приводится в двух местах «Шумерского царского списка» [Jacobsen 1939, 96–97:26–28, 78–79:7–8]. Сидящая собака исходно считалась священным животным богини Нинисины, городской богини Исина. В посвященном ей храме найдено много фигурок собак, имевших, очевидно, апотропеическое значение. Позднее Нинисину отождествили с богиней-целительницей Гулой, и сидящая собака стала ее символом. На кудурру касситского периода и на печатях новоассирийского времени сидящая собака изображалась рядом с троном, на котором восседает Гула, см. [Kurtik 2019]. В новоассирийский и нововавилонский периоды фигурки сидящей или стоящей собаки играли защитную роль, возможно, как средство против болезни собачьего бешенства [Seidl 1968, 140–143; Seidl 1969, 487; Black–Green 1992, 70]. Глиняные фигурки собак закапывали в защитных целях перед воротами храмов [Wiggermann 1992, 53, 59, 98].

III. Символ.

Собака, сидящая у ног богини Гулы. Описание в VAT 9428 r. 10–11: mulUR.GI7 ''kal-bu'' ''ša''2 ''ina'' UGU ''ur-ki-ti''-''šu''2'' eṣ''-[''ru'' IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' mul d]''gu-''˹''la šak-nu''˺ / 2 MUL.MEŠ GABA-''su'' ''ina'' KUN-''šu''2 7 MUL.MEŠ [''eṣ-ru''] «Созвездие Пес: собака, (которая сидящей) на своем заду изоб[ражена, ее морда к звездной] Гуле обращена. 2 звезды (на) ее груди, на ее хвосте 7 звезд [изображены]» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77, 83–84; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25].

IV. Отождествление.

= Hercules [Gössman 1950, 167, I; Weidner 1957–59, 79a; BPO 2, 7, Table IV; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= южная часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Пасть Пса (φ Her), см. dbn-текст.

(2) Язык Пса (τ Her), см. dbn-текст., см. также [Gössman 1950, 119].

(3) Голова Пса, см. VAT 9428.

(4) Грудь Пса (π + ρ) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

(5) Зад Пса (β + ζ Her) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

(6) Хвост Пса (возможно, группа из 7 слабых звезд к западу от β Her) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

VI. Астрология.

Странным образом в известных нам текстах отсутствуют предсказания, связанные с созвездием mulUR.GI7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Her]]

UR.BAR.RA

2026-01-08T18:03:51Z

Sushoff:

[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=star chart for APIN, The Plough|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Horowitz, W. (2022). How to identify “The Plough” MUL.APIN, epinnu? in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 148-170</ref>, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021. The seed funnel (middle part) is called UR.BAR.RA, The Wolf as it "eats" the seeds. ]]
mulUR.BAR.RA (𒀯𒌨𒁇𒊏), see Akkadian equivalent ''[[Barbaru]],'' an asterism in the Mesopotamian constellation of [[APIN|mul]][[APIN]], "The Plough".

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''barbaru'' "Wolf," "Wolf Asterism";

Var. designations:

*1) part of the constellation mulAPIN, "Plow,"
* 2) an epithet of Mars [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 161; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 108-109; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 351].
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) add for MUL.APIN: <blockquote>mulUR.BAR.RA (EN 2l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref></blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*(1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists: mulur.bar.ra [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 6], see also mulur.bar.[ra] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 47, K. 11251:2].
* (2) Urra XXII series: [mulur.bar].ra = ''bar-ba-ru'' [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:d; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:28], mulur.bar = [...]-mu?, mulur?.[bar.r]a = [''bar-ba'']-''ra'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 114A v 33-34].
*(3) The Ḫg series. B. VI: mulur.bar.ra = ''a-ḫu-u'' = MIN "Wolf = Alien = ditto(Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:36], see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]''.
|Example
|-
| '''''EAE'''''.

*See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 12d, 12g, 13a-c; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 16′, 19′, 28′, 29′; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:10, 26], and also [Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10 r. 30].
*See also identity: [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37].
|
|-
| "'''''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'''''."
|
|-
|"'''''Great Star List'''''."

*List of Mars names: mulur.bar.ra = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Wolf = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:96].
|
|-
|"'''''Reports'''''."
See. [SAA 8, 45:1, 4; 48:1, 5].
|
|-
|'''''Star List VR 46, 1:2'''''.

*mulur.bar.ra = d''A-nu'' "Wolf = Anu." [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:2; Wee 2016, 162-3];
*Mythological parallel: ur.bar.ra ''eṭemmu ša''2 d''a-nim'' "The wolf is the spirit of Anu" [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 82, VAT 8917 rev. 11].
|
|-
|'''''The list of the "7 Enlils'''''."

*The wolf corresponds to Enlil of Khursagkalamma, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''''List of "4 Enlisl."'''''
See (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|}
[[File:URBARRA CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.BAR.RA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
| HIP 4427
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.39
|-
| 2
| κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
| HIP 2599
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.16
|-
| 3
| -
| HIP 4151
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 4
| -
| HIP 3951
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 3988
| Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|}

===Symbol.===
 mulUR.BAR.RA "Wolf" as part of the constellation mulAPIN "Plow" in MUL.APIN (I i 2) is identified with gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN, where gišNINDA2 = ''ittû'' is a structural element of the sowing plow, the funnel into which seeds were poured into during sowing. Images of the Mesopotamian sowing plow are found on seals, see [Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 149; 149; Hempelmann 2004, S. 38-40; Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 47]. The star or asterism mulUR.BAR.RA (if Koch's identification is correct, see below) was apparently located on this funnel.

===Previous Identification.===
 = α Trianguli [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 161, I; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249].

 = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 106 note 347, 111].

===Astrology.===

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Mars; see Lexical Texts, Series Ḫg and predictions (5)-(9).

 (1) = Moon (?); mulUR.BAR.RA dEN:ZU [...] "Wolf = Shin [...]"(?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 13a].

 (3) = King (=Regulus); DIŠ mu[l... ''a-na'' mul]UR.BAR.RA TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulLUGAL [TE-''ma''...] "If the star approaches [... towards] the Wolf asterism, (it means): Mars [approaches] the King... [ACh Ištar, 30:23].

See also the identity: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Leo = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37].

===== Predictions:=====
 (4) General astrological meaning; mulUR.BAR.RA ''ana maš''-[''re-e''...] "A wolf asterism for (predicting) god[s]..." [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 13b].

 (5) The Wolf (=Mars) approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulU4.KA.DU8.A! TE UR.MAḪ.<MEŠ> ''u'' UR.BAR.RA.MEŠ GU7.MEŠ... "If the Wolf Asterism approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth: lions and wolves will devour ..." [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:10-11], see also [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:7; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10:30].

 (6) The wolf (= Mars) reaches the Sun (= Saturn); [DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA dUTU] KUR-''ud'' (gloss: ''ik-šu-ud'') / ''maš-ru-u''2 [...] / [m]ul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina šap''-[''la''] / [m]ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''e''-[''te'']-''et-iq'' / [mu]lUR.BAR.RA mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [MUL dUTU] mulUDU.IDIM.˹SAG.UŠ˺ "[If the Wolf Asterism] reaches [the Sun]: wealth [...]. (Meaning): Mars passes b[y] Saturn. The Wolf Asterism is Mars, [the Sun Star] is Saturn" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 48:1-6], see also [ACh Suppl. 2<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 69:30; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41, r. 28′].

 (7) Wolf (= Mars) reaches Leo; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-''ud'' xxx] / UD-''me ru-qu-u''2-''ti š''[''u''-xxx] / ''a-na ma-a-ti'' [...] "If the Wolf asterism [reaches] the constellation of Leo: distant days [...] for the country [...]". mulUR.BAR.RA mul[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-''ma''] "The Wolf star is [Mars]; the Lion constellation is [Leo], (i.e.) Mars [stands] in [Leo]" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 45:1-4], see also [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41, r. 29′; ACh Suppl. 2<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 69:31].

 (8) Wolf (= Mars) reaches the Goat (= Venus); DIŠ mulur.bar.ra ''ele''(UGU)-''nu'' muluz3 DU-''ma'' muluz3 kur-''ud'' ki.lam tur EBUR [...] "If the Wolf asterism roams above the Goat and eventually reaches the Goat: decrease in business activity, harvest [...]" [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41 r. 19′ ].

 (9) The Goat (= Venus) reaches the Wolf (=Mars); see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], VI 12

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 55%;" |Kurtik (2022, u18)
! scope="col" style="width: 45%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====b07. (mul)Barbaru (67)====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulUR.BAR.RA «Волк»; только в лексических текстах [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:d; SpTU III, 114A v 34; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:28]; = звезда α Trianguli. Cм. u18UR.BAR.RA.
|no entry
|-
|
====u18. mulUR.BAR.RA (427)====
|
|-
|= ''barbaru'' «Волк», «Волчья звезда»; 1) часть созвездия mulAPIN «Плуг», возможно, только звезда α Trianguli, 2) эпитет Марса [G. 161; BPO 2, 16; CAD B, 108–109; Reynolds 1998, 351].
|
|-
|'''''Лексич. тексты''. (1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulur.bar.ra [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 6], см. также mulur.bar.[ra] [CT 26, 47, K. 11251:2]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [mulur.bar].ra = ''bar-ba-ru'' [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:d; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:28], mulur.bar = […]-''mu''?, mulur?.[bar.r]a = [''bar-ba'']-''ra'' [MSL XI, 114A v 33–34]. '''(3)''' Серия Ḫg. B. VI: mulur.bar.ra = ''a-ḫu-u'' = MIN «Волк = Чужой = ditto(Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:36], см. a15''Aḫû''. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, II 12d, 12g, 13a–c; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 16′, 19′, 28′, 29′; SpTU III, 101:10, 26], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. См. также тождество: [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Лев = Волк = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' gub-''zu'' / mulur.bar.ra «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е. muluz3) стоит, Волк» (B iii 15–16) [Horowitz 2014, 39]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление для сева на Плуге» (I i 2) [MA, 18]; «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». Список имен Марса: mulur.bar.ra = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Волк = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:96]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 45:1, 4; 48:1, 5]. '''''Список звезд VR 46'', ''1:2'''''. mulur.bar.ra = d''A-nu'' «Волк = Ану» [HBA, 51:2; Wee 2016, 162–3]; мифологическая параллель: ur.bar.ra ''eṭemmu'' ''ša''2 d''a-nim'' «Волк — дух Ану» [Livingstone 1986, 82, VAT 8917 rev. 11]. '''''Список''''' «'''''7 Энлилей'''''». Волк соотносится с Энлилем из Хурсагкаламмы, см. e10d''En-lil''2. '''''Список «4-х Энлилей»'''''. См. e10d''En-lil''2.
 II. Символ.

mulUR.BAR.RA «Волк» как часть созвездия mulAPIN «Плуг» в MUL.APIN (I i 2) отождествляется с gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN, где gišNINDA2 = ''ittû'' — конструктивный элемент плуга-сеялки, воронка, в которую в процессе сева засыпали семена. Изображения месопотамского плуга-сеялки, встречающиеся на печатях, см. [Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, S. 38–40; Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47]. Звезда или астеризм mulUR.BAR.RA (если верно отождествление Коха, см. ниже) располагался, очевидно, на этой воронке.

III. Отождествление.

= α Trianguli [G. 161, I; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106 note 347, 111].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''; см. ''Лексич. тексты'', ''Серия Ḫg'' и предсказания (5)–(9).

(1) = ''Луна'' (?); mulUR.BAR.RA dEN:ZU […] «Волк = Син […]»(?) [BPO 2, II 13a].

(3) = ''Царь'' (=''Регул''); DIŠ mu[l…''a-na'' mul]UR.BAR.RA TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulLUGAL [TE-''ma''…] «Если звезда [… к] Волчьей звезде приближается, (это означает): Марс к Царю [приближается …] [ACh Ištar, 30:23].

См. также тождество: [m]ulUR.GU.LA : mulUR.BAR.RA : d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Лев = Волк = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Общее астрологическое значение''; mulUR.BAR.RA ''ana maš''-[''re-e''…] «Волчья звезда для (предсказания) бога[тства…]» [BPO 2, II 13b].

(5) ''Волк'' (=''Марс'') ''к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается''; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulU4.KA.DU8.A! TE UR.MAḪ.<MEŠ> ''u'' UR.BAR.RA.MEŠ GU7.MEŠ… «Если Волчья звезда к Демону с разинутой Пастью приближается: львы и волки будут пожирать …» [SpTU III, 101:10–11], см. также [ACh Ištar, 30:7; Biggs 1987, 10:30].

(6) ''Волк'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает Солнца'' (= ''Сатурн''); [DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA dUTU] KUR-''ud'' (глосса: ''ik-šu-ud'') / ''maš-ru-u''2 […] / [m]ul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina šap''-[''la''] / [m]ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''e-''[''te'']-''et-iq'' / [mu]lUR.BAR.RA mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [MUL dUTU] mulUDU.IDIM.˹SAG.UŠ˺ «[Если Волчья звезда] достигает [Солнца]: богатство […]. (Это означает): Марс проходит по[д] Сатурном. Волчья звезда есть Марс, [звезда Солнца] — Сатурн» [SAA 8, 48:1–6], см. также [ACh Suppl.2, 69:30; Borger 1973, 41, r. 28′].

(7) ''Волк'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает Льва''; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-''ud'' ''xxx''] / UD-''me'' ''ru-qu''-''u''2-''ti š''[''u''-''xxx''] / ''a-na ma-a-ti'' […] «Если Волчья звезда [достигает] звезды Льва: отдаленные дни […] для страны […]». mulUR.BAR.RA mul[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-''ma''] «Волчья звезда — [Марс]; звезда Льва — [Лев], (т.е.) Марс [стоит] во [Льве]» [SAA 8, 45:1–4], см. также [Borger 1973, 41, r. 29′; ACh Suppl. 2, 69:31].

(8) ''Волк'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает'' ''Козы'' (= ''Венера''); DIŠ mulur.bar.ra ''ele''(UGU)-''nu'' muluz3 DU-''ma'' muluz3 kur-''ud'' ki.lam tur EBUR […] «Если Волчья звезда выше Козы идет и Козы достигает: уменьшение деловой активности, урожай […]» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 19′ ].

(9) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''достигает'' ''Волка'' (=''Марс''); см. u31UZ3, VI 12.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cas]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Mars]]

Unnutu

2026-01-08T18:01:26Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Unnutu''}}

(MUL) ''unnutu'' (𒀯𒌦𒉡𒌓) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Dim star." [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 156];

* (1) ''unnutu'', a term used to describe the faintness (dimness) of stars, planets, or the Moon in astrological and observational texts [AHw<ref name=":0">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1421b, ''unnutu''; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 18];
* (2) according to von Zoden, the word unnutu was also used as a term to describe the flattening phenomena of the Moon's disk when it appeared on the horizon line(?) [AHw<ref name=":0" />, 218, enētu D].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 18a, XV 12, 16, 21, 26, 34; Verderame 2002<ref name=":2">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 244, texts Ic: ii 8′, Vf: 1-2, etc.].
|Example
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 344a; SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 370b].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The dimness of the constellations; [DIŠ ulAL].LUL UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''un-nu-tu''2 A.KAL NU [DU-''kam''] "[If] the stars of the [Cra]b are dim: high water will not [come]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XV 12]; see also (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]], VI 5, (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], VI 2.

(2) The dimness of the planets; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u''2-''ta-na-at-ma'' SIG5 ''ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu''2 "If Mars becomes dim, it is a good (sign); (if it becomes) brilliant, an unfavorable (sign)" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 114 r. 3]; see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 20. mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ MUL ''ša''2 KUR MAR.TU / ''un-nu-ut u''3 ''ša''2-''ru-ru-šu''2 ''ma-aq-tu'' / ḪUL ''ša''2 KUR MAR.TU "Saturn, the star of the Western country, is dim, and its radiation falls: this is evil for the Western country" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 491 r. 9-11]. dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''u''2-''tan-na-tu-ma'' "The planets have become dim" [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, Erm. 15639:14′], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 18a, IV 13a].

(3) The dimness of the star; MUL ''ša''2 ''ana'' LUGAL EN-''ia''2 ''aq-bu ma-aʼ-diš'' / ''un-nu-ut a-din-nu ul i-šaq-qam-ma'' / ''ul u''2''-mas-si'' "The star is very dim, I reported to the king, my master; it is not yet high and so I could not identify it" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 308 r. 4-6]; for the expression: mul ''un-nu-tu''2 see also in [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:17].

(4) The dimness of the moon; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 ''un-nu-ut-ma'' / ''ma-am-ma la u''2''-ma-an-di-šu''2 / A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If the moon is very dim, during its appearance, that no one can distinguish it: it will rain" [SAA 8, 393: 1-3]. [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''un-nu-ut'' SI.MEŠ-''šu''2 KI IGI.MEŠ KI.MIN ''ṭe-ri-a ina'' ITI BI ''ina'' KUR DU3.A.BI SU.KU2 GAL2-''ši'' "[If the Moon] is dim (and) its horns are turned downwards towards the earth during its appearance, var.: pierced (the earth): there will be famine in the whole country this month" [Verderame 2002<ref name=":2" />, 133, text Vf 2′].

See also (Kurtik s13) [[SAR.A]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u15)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Тусклая звезда» [Gössmann 1950, 156]; 1) unnutu — термин, употреблявшийся для обозначения слабого блеска (тусклости) звезд, планет или Луны в астрологических и наблюдательных текстах [AHw, 1421b, unnutu; BPO 2, 18]; 2) согласно фон Зодену, слово unnutu использовалось также как термин для обозначения наблюдаемого сплющивания диска Луны при ее появлении на линии горизонта(?) [AHw, 218, enētu D].
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 18a, XV 12, 16, 21, 26, 34; Verderame 2002, 244, texts Ic: ii 8′, Vf: 1–2 и др.]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 344a; SAA 10, 370b].

II. Астрология.

(1) Тусклость созвездий; [DIŠ ulAL].LUL UL.MEŠ-šu2 un-nu-tu2 A.KAL NU [DU-kam] «[Если] звезды [Кра]ба тусклые: высокая вода не [придет]» [BPO 2, XV 12]; см. также a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 5, h12lúḪUN.GA2, VI 2.

(2) Тусклость планет; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u2-ta-na-at-ma SIG5 ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu2 «Если Марс становится тусклым — это хороший (знак); (если становится) блестящим — неблагоприятный (знак)» [SAA 8, 114 r. 3]; см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 20. mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ MUL ša2 KUR MAR.TU / un-nu-ut u3 ša2-ru-ru-šu2 ma-aq-tu / ḪUL ša2 KUR MAR.TU «Сатурн, звезда Западной страны, тусклый, и его излучение падает: это зло для Западной страны» [SAA 8, 491 r. 9–11]. dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ u2-tan-na-tu-ma «Планеты стали тусклыми» [Horowitz 2000, Erm. 15639:14′], см. также [BPO 2, III 18a, IV 13a].

(3) Тусклость звезды; MUL ša2 ana LUGAL EN-ia2 aq-bu ma-aʼ-diš / un-nu-ut a-din-nu ul i-šaq-qam-ma / ul u2-mas-si «Звезда, о которой я сообщал царю, моему господину, очень тусклая; она еще не высоко и поэтому я не мог отождествить ее» [SAA 8, 308 r. 4–6]; выражение: mul un-nu-tu2 см. также в [ACh Suppl., 54:17].

(4) Тусклость Луны; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LAL-šu2 un-nu-ut-ma / ma-am-ma la u2-ma-an-di-šu2 / A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если Луна при своем появлении тусклая настолько, что никто не может ее различить: будет дождь» [SAA 8, 393: 1–3]. [DIŠ 30] ina IGI-šu2 un-nu-ut SI.MEŠ-šu2 KI IGI.MEŠ KI.MIN ṭe-ri-a ina ITI BI ina KUR DU3.A.BI SU.KU2 GAL2-ši «[Если Луна] при своем появлении тусклая (и) ее рога к земле повернуты, вар.: прокололи (землю): в этом месяце во всей стране будет голод» [Verderame 2002, 133, text Vf 2′].

См. также s13SAR.A.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ummulūtu

2026-01-08T18:00:44Z

Sushoff: /* Additional */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ummulūtu''}}

(MUL.MEŠ) ''ummulūtu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Lit. "dim (misty, twinkling) stars";

Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu XIII, a group of stars in Perseus (Perseus),
* 2) groups of stars in some constellations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of Enlil's stars (No. 10):
** (a) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tum ša''2 ''ina'' KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' "The dim stars that stands on the tail of the Lion" (I i 10-11) (5, 21 Leonis? ),
** (b) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mul''lu-lim'' "The dim stars on the chest of the Stag" (I i 32) (18, 31 and 32 Andromedae?).
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings with simultaneous culminations: MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "The dim stars of the Old Man" (I iv 22) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 21, 27, 64, 137-138].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [2½ M]A.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 27 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA IV ''ša''2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL ''um-mu-lu-lu''-[''ti''] "[2½ mi]n of weight, 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From 4 stars of the Stag to the dim stars,"
** (b) [2½ MA.NA MIN] | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' [KI.MIN] / TA MUL ''um-mu-lu-ti'' | EN MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 [mulŠU.GI] "[2½ min. of weight], 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From the Dim stars to the star with great brilliance on the [Old Man]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:27-30; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:27-30; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''um-mu-lu-tu''2 "150 to the dim stars" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 224-225:8].
* (3) VAT 16436: múl''um-mu-nu-tu''2 // 5 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "dim (stars) // 5 (stars) // 8200 cubits [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 226-227:5].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''um-mu-lu-ti'' "½ mile(=150) to the Faint (stars)" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:13].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]]; 5 [U]Š ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of the daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251]. See also: ''um-mu-lut'' [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, BM 36609+: obv. ii 16].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Ziqpu XIII:

= a group of 5 stars in the h and χ Persei region [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 221, 229:XIII].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Тусклые (туманные, мерцающие) звезды»; 1) = ziqpu XIII, группа звезд в Персее (Perseus), 2) группы звезд в некоторых созвездиях.
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 10): a) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tum ša2 ina KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на хвосте Льва» (I i 10–11) (5, 21 Leonis?), b) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 ina GABA mullu-lim «Тусклые звезды на груди Оленя» (I i 32) (18, 31 и 32 Andromedae?). (2) Список дат гелиакических восходов с одновременными кульминациями: MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Тусклые звезды Старика» (I iv 22) [MA, 21, 27, 64, 137–138]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ M]A.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA IV ša2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL um-mu-lu-[ti] «[2½ ми]ны веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От 4 звезд Оленя до Тускл[ых] звезд», b) [2½ MA.NA MIN] | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] / TA MUL um-mu-lu-ti | EN MUL ni-bi-i ša2 [mulŠU.GI] «[2½ мины веса], 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От Тусклых звезд до звезды с большим блеском [Старика]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:27–30; TU, 21:27–30; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulum-mu-lu-tu2 «150 до Тусклых звезд» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:8]. (3) VAT 16436: múlum-mu-nu-tu2 // 5 // 8 IGI 2ME KUŠ3 «Тусклые (звезды) // 5 (звезд) // 8200 локтей [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:5]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulum-mu-lu-ti «½ мили(=150) до Тусклых (звезд)» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:13]. Анафора. BM 36609+: 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut, см. a21ALLA; 5 [U]Š ar2 um-mu-lut, см. u17UR.A. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. См. также: um-mu-lut [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 16].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XIII:

= группа из 5 звезд в области h и χ Persei [hunger-Pingree 1999, 88; Schaumberger 1952, 221, 229:XIII].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ummulūtu

2026-01-08T18:00:24Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ummulūtu''}}

(MUL.MEŠ) ''ummulūtu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Lit. "dim (misty, twinkling) stars";

Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu XIII, a group of stars in Perseus (Perseus),
* 2) groups of stars in some constellations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of Enlil's stars (No. 10):
** (a) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tum ša''2 ''ina'' KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' "The dim stars that stands on the tail of the Lion" (I i 10-11) (5, 21 Leonis? ),
** (b) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mul''lu-lim'' "The dim stars on the chest of the Stag" (I i 32) (18, 31 and 32 Andromedae?).
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings with simultaneous culminations: MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "The dim stars of the Old Man" (I iv 22) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 21, 27, 64, 137-138].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [2½ M]A.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 27 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA IV ''ša''2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL ''um-mu-lu-lu''-[''ti''] "[2½ mi]n of weight, 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From 4 stars of the Stag to the dim stars,"
** (b) [2½ MA.NA MIN] | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' [KI.MIN] / TA MUL ''um-mu-lu-ti'' | EN MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 [mulŠU.GI] "[2½ min. of weight], 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From the Dim stars to the star with great brilliance on the [Old Man]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:27-30; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:27-30; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''um-mu-lu-tu''2 "150 to the dim stars" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 224-225:8].
* (3) VAT 16436: múl''um-mu-nu-tu''2 // 5 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "dim (stars) // 5 (stars) // 8200 cubits [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 226-227:5].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''um-mu-lu-ti'' "½ mile(=150) to the Faint (stars)" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:13].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]]; 5 [U]Š ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of the daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251]. See also: ''um-mu-lut'' [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, BM 36609+: obv. ii 16].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
Ziqpu XIII:

= a group of 5 stars in the h and χ Persei region [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 221, 229:XIII].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Тусклые (туманные, мерцающие) звезды»; 1) = ziqpu XIII, группа звезд в Персее (Perseus), 2) группы звезд в некоторых созвездиях.
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 10): a) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tum ša2 ina KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на хвосте Льва» (I i 10–11) (5, 21 Leonis?), b) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 ina GABA mullu-lim «Тусклые звезды на груди Оленя» (I i 32) (18, 31 и 32 Andromedae?). (2) Список дат гелиакических восходов с одновременными кульминациями: MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Тусклые звезды Старика» (I iv 22) [MA, 21, 27, 64, 137–138]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ M]A.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA IV ša2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL um-mu-lu-[ti] «[2½ ми]ны веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От 4 звезд Оленя до Тускл[ых] звезд», b) [2½ MA.NA MIN] | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] / TA MUL um-mu-lu-ti | EN MUL ni-bi-i ša2 [mulŠU.GI] «[2½ мины веса], 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От Тусклых звезд до звезды с большим блеском [Старика]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:27–30; TU, 21:27–30; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulum-mu-lu-tu2 «150 до Тусклых звезд» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:8]. (3) VAT 16436: múlum-mu-nu-tu2 // 5 // 8 IGI 2ME KUŠ3 «Тусклые (звезды) // 5 (звезд) // 8200 локтей [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:5]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulum-mu-lu-ti «½ мили(=150) до Тусклых (звезд)» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:13]. Анафора. BM 36609+: 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut, см. a21ALLA; 5 [U]Š ar2 um-mu-lut, см. u17UR.A. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. См. также: um-mu-lut [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 16].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XIII:

= группа из 5 звезд в области h и χ Persei [hunger-Pingree 1999, 88; Schaumberger 1952, 221, 229:XIII].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

UMBIN

2026-01-08T18:00:00Z

Sushoff:

UMBIN (𒌢) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* DUBBIN [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> Nachträge].
* In the lexical text the identity is: UMBIN = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT<ref name=":0">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 49 ii 3; CT<ref name=":0" /> 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:5]; see also [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 421b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 45-46].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: DUBBIN [G. Nachträge]. В лексическом тексте тождество: UMBIN = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 3; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:5]; см. также [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45–46].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

UDU.NITA2

2026-01-08T17:58:46Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UDU.NITA2}}
mulUDU.NITA2 (𒀯𒇻𒀴) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Star-Lamb" [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 142].

Only in the list of stars VR 46, 1:49:

* muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 "
* Star-Lamb = head of the Staff" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3]; group of stars in the Charioteer ([[Auriga]]), see also (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Звезда-Баран» [G. 142]. Только в списке звезд VR 46, 1:49: muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда-Баран = голова Посоха» [HBA 52; Wee 2016, 162–3]; группа звезд в Возничем (Auriga), см. также g06GAM3.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ

2026-01-08T17:57:17Z

Sushoff:

mul / dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (𒀯𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = ''kay(ya)mānu'' “Saturn”.
* Lit. "Permanent planet"

The sumerogram means “wild sheep (moving on) steadily”, the Akk. word “regular, steady”. mulUDU.IDIM.SAĜ.UŠ (AN 22l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 141; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15], see also (Kurtik a49) [[AŠ.ME]], (Kurtik g10) [[GENNA]], (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Antagal series (G 307): dlu.lim = dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Stag = Saturn" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 55; MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 3a; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 6′, 7′, 20′, 21′, 23′; Largement 1957<ref name=":2">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:96; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 247].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":3">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 157:53, 63, 65; 158:67, 70; 163:141].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 22): mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Saturn’s position is constantly changing and it crosses the sky" (I ii 15).
* (2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ DU-''ak'' "Saturn takes (the same) path that the Moon takes" (II i 6).
* (3) List and definition of the planets: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ [KIMIN] mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 MUL dUTU "Saturn, (also called) 'Libra' (or) 'Star of the Sun'" in the last position, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (4) Planetary theory:
** (a) mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 20 ''u''4-''mi ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina'' KASKAL dUTU IGI.LA2 "Saturn disappears in the west, remains (invisible) in the sky for 20 days and (again) becomes visible in the path of the Sun" (II i 53),
** (b) mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KIMIN mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 MUL dUTU ''ina'' dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-''ma'' / MU 1 KAM ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 BE-''ma'' UD "Saturn, also called Libra (or) the Sun Star, becomes visible in the east, stands in the sky for one year and disappears in the west. This star is either red or white." (II i 64-65) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 34, 71, 80, 83, 86]; for a quotation from MUL.APIN see. [Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 252:96-98].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 379a; SAA 8<ref name=":5">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 350].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (L) udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub "Saturn, which stands before the Libra" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:20]; see also (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influence.
** (a) DIŠ dSAG.UŠ MI.MI ''dal-ḫat'' GIG-''at u si-qat''2 "If Saturn (appears): (this sign is) dark, destructive; (he will be) sick and constrained (in remedies)".
** (b) DIŠ KI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ UŠ2 ''ar''2-''nu'' GAR NU SI.[SA2] "If Saturn's area: death by wickedness; unfavorable (sign)" [TCL 6<ref name=":6">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 2, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212, 215, 220; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallel: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' dGENNA ''E''3-''a'' MI.MI ''dal-ḫat'' GIG-''at u si-qat''2 "(If) a child is born when Saturn becomes visible (i.e., Saturn went through a heliacal rising): (his life will be) dark, gloomy, painful, and constrained" [TCL 6<ref name=":6" />, 14 obv. 33; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
* (2) "Hypsoma." Passage from the GU text, mentioned above, can be interpreted as describing the position of the zodiac of the ''ašar niṣirti'' (= hypsoma) of Saturn, in this correlation see [Koch 1999<ref>''Koch J.'' Die Planeten-Hypsomata in einen babylonischen Sternenkatalog // JNES. 1999. Vol. 58, no. 1. P. 19-31.</ref>, 25ff.], and also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (3) Predictions of grain prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ [SpTU I<ref name=":7">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:41]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":7" />, 97:2].
* (4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the position of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
* BM 36746+: UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. See also: [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ''ṣa-la-mu'': mul4KASKAL.UD "Dark [st]ar = S[atur]n, MI (means) dark, (star) Path of the Sun (?)" [SpTU I<ref name=":7" />, 84:16].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Saturn was regarded as the star of the Sun and was also identified with Ninurta (see Kurtik n43 [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]). The name is often written with the determinative d.

===== Prayers and rituals: =====
* (1) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the deity statue, see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'', II; in another version of the ritual: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ2 [Mayer 1978<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Seleukidische Rituale aus Warka mit Emesal-Gebeten // Or. 1978. Vol. 47, № 3. P. 431-458.</ref>, 445:5; Van Dijk 1980<ref>''Texte aus dem Rēs-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka'' / Kopien von Jan van Dijk. Zur Veröff. vorbereitet u. eingeleitet von Werner R.Mayer. — Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980 (BaM, Beiheft 2).</ref>, Taf. 1].
* (2) Deities as witnesses of the contract, in third position: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (after Jupiter and Venus) [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 29, 6 iv 14], see also [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29:14].
* (3) Deities as witnesses to the truthfulness of the speaker, including [dUDU.ID]IM.SAG.UŠ, cf. [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 8:10].
* (4) Invoking blessings on the king through the gods, among them dUDU.[IDIM.SAG.UŠ] (before Mercury) [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 197:9].
* (5) Ritual actions with the sacred drum before Mars and Saturn; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', II 10.
* (6) List of the 12 city gods of Babylon(?): dudu.idim.sag.uš (in second place) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 54:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Star of the Sun; (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]], III 3.

(2) = the path of the Sun; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN]], VI 7.

(3) = star of the king; [mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / MUL ''ša'' LUGAL "[Saturn] is the star of the king" [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 51 r. 8-9], see also below predictions (12, 14).

(4) = Libra; see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 1.

(5) = Raven; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 2.

(6) = True Shepherd of Anu; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 12.

(7) = Stag; see above, Lexical texts, and also below (29, 30).

(8) = Erua; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 2.

(9) = star of Akkad; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ MUL KUR URI[ki] / SIG5 ''ša''2 LUGAL ''be-li''2-[''ia''] "Saturn is the star of Akkad, it is good for the king, [my] lord" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 383 r. 7-8].

(10) = the star of the West Country (Amurru); see prediction (11) below.

For other examples of astrological identifications associated with Saturn, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]], III.

===== Predictions: =====
(11) Saturn's visibility; dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-ba-il''3-''ma'' "Saturn has great brilliance" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 3a]; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ MUL ''ša''2 KUR MAR.TU / ''un-nu-ut u''3 ''ša''2-''ru-ru-šu''2 ''ma-aq-tu'' / ḪUL ''ša''2 KUR MAR.TUki ''ti-ib'' <<KUR>> KUR2 / ˹''a''˺-''na'' KUR MAR.TUki ''ib-ba-ba-aš''2-''ši'' "Saturn, the star of the Western country, is dim and its radiance is falling: this is evil for the Western country; the enemy's attack on the Western country will take place" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 491 r. 9-12].

(12) The first sighting of Saturn; ''ta-mar-tu''2 ''ša'' mulUDU.IDIM.[SAG.UŠ SIG5] / ''ša'' LUGAL EN-''ia šu-u'' "The first sighting of Sat[urn is a good omen] for the king, my lord" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 39 r. 5-6].

(13) The standing of Saturn (= Libra); see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 1.

(14) Saturn approaches the Moon; ''mu-šu''2 MI ''an-ni-i-u''2 / mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''a-na'' d30 / ''iq-ti-ri-ib'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / MUL: dUTU ''šu-u''2 / ''ki-i an-ni-i-i-e'' / ''pi-še-er-šu''2 SIG5 ''ša''2 LUGAL ''šu-u'' dUTU MUL ''šar-ri šu-u'' "Saturn approached the Moon this night. Saturn is the star of the Sun, (and) the appropriate interpretation is: it is good for the king, (since) the Sun is the star of the king" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 95 r. 1-7].

(15) Saturn stands with the Moon; diš 30 ''ina e''3-''šu''2 ta an.bar7 en ki.gub-''šu''2 20 ''ina'' a2-''šu''2 gub-''iz ina li-la-a-ti ina'' itigan ud.14.kam / an.mi gar-''ma ina'' esag2.meš ''še ir-ru-ur ub-bu-ṭu'' gar.meš muludu.idim.sag.uš ki 30 gub-''ma'' "'If the Moon is on its way from noon to its position (during sunset) (and) the Sun stands on (one) side of the Moon:: in the evening of the 14th day of kislim, there will be an eclipse, the barley in the storehouses will be burnt, famine will come.' (This means): Saturn stands with the Moon" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":3" />, 157:66-67]; diš 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 si.meš-''šu''2 ''tur-ru-ka du''8-''ar''2 ''bi-rat a-rad'' en.nun.meš ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u'' silim-''mu ina'' kur gal2-''ši'' / [30 ''ina'' i]gi.lal-''šu''2 ''ina'' im.dir gi6 igi-''ma'' kimin muludu.idim.sag.uš ki 30 gub-''ma'' / 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ki.gub-''su'' gi.na kimin 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 si.meš-''šu''2 ''mit-ḫu-ra'' "'If the horns of the Moon are very dark when it appears: disbanding of the watch-guard, reduction of guards, harmony and peace in the country.'" (This means): [the Moon during] its [appearance is seen in a dark cloud, var.: Saturn stands with the Moon and the Moon, during its appearance, maintains its position, var.: the horns of the Moon, during its appearance, stay the same."" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":3" />, 158:68-71]. See also [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 44, Im: v. 7′, 9′, 11′, Vm: 13′].

(16) Saturn stands with the Moon on the 14th day of the month; diš 30 ''u'' 20 ''šu-ta-tu-u''2 lugal kur ''uz-na'' dagal-''aš ša''2 ud.14.kam iti-''us-su'' dingir ki dingir igi.lal ''ša''2-''niš'' muludu.idim.sag.uš ud.14.kam ki 30 gub-''ma'' "'If the Moon and the Sun are in opposition: the king of the country will broaden his understanding.'" (This means): (first) the god is seen with the god on the 14th day of the month, secondly: Saturn stands with the Moon on the 14th (day)" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":3" />, 157:62-63; SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 110:8-10]; diš aš.me ugu 30 u ki.ta 30 gub-''iz'' lugal kur suḫuš gišgu.za-''šu''2 gin-''an'' kimin lugal kur ''ina kit-ti-šu''2 gub-''az'' / dudu.idim.sag.uš ud.14.kam ki 30 gub-''ma'' "If the solar disk stands above and below the moon: the foundation of the royal throne of the country will be firm, var.: the king of the country will abide in truth. (This means): Saturn stands with the Moon on the 14th day (of the month)." [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":3" />, 157:64-65].

(17) Saturn in the lunar halo; DIŠ MAN ''ina'' ŠA3 TUR3 30 GUB KUR DU3.A.BI GI.NA ''i-ta-mu-u''2 TUR KI AD-''šu''2 ''kit-tam i-ta-mi'' / SILIM-''im kiš-ša-ti'' 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 TUR3 GUB-''ma'' "If the Sun (= Saturn) stands in the lunar halo: (people) in all countries will speak the truth, a son to his father will speak the truth, peace everywhere, (this will take place if) the Moon is surrounded by the halo (and) Saturn stands in the halo" [ACh Sin, 3:140], this prediction assumes the identity: Sun = Saturn; for parallels and variants see. [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 40:2′-4′; 82 r. 1; 168:6-9; 169:5-7; 181:1-4; 317:3-5; 383:3-6; 416:4-r. 1; 491:8-9; Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":3" />, 163:140-141]; [DIŠ] 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / lúSA.GAZ (glossa: ''ḫab-ba-a-tu''2!) ''in-na-an-du-ru'' "[If] the Moon is surrounded by a halo and a planet (= Saturn) stands in it: bandits will run rampant" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 49:6-7], see also (Kurtik n43) [[NIN.URTA]], IV 1.

(18) Lunar eclipse and planets; ''ina'' UGU AN.MI / ''an-ni-i-e'' LUGAL / ''l''[''u l'']''a i-pa-laḫ''3 / [mu]lSAG.ME.GAR mul''Dil-bat'' / [mulUDU.]IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [''ina'' AN.MI ''iz-za'']-''az-zu'' "The king [must n]ot fear this eclipse! Jupiter, Venus, and [Sa]turn [were] present [during the eclipse]" [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 57:4-8].

(19) Venus carries the Sun's crown; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' AGA dUTU ''ap-rat'' MU NIG2.SI.SA2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2] / [KI.MIN ''u''2-''ru-ba-a-tum ina'' KUR GAL2 ...] /: A.KAL ''ku-li-li'' GAL2 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU-[''ma''] "[If Venus wears the Sun's crown: a year of absolution will take place in the country, var.: wailing will be in the country, ...] var.: there will be an invasion (lit. flood) of dragonflies, (this means): it (=Venus) rises in the east and Saturn stands before Venus"" [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 42, VAT 10218:19], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 244, K.2346+:16], (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]], III 8.

(20) Saturn stands close during the appearance of Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' MUL ŠID.MEŠ TE-''ši dil-ḫu ina'' KUR GAL2 dUDU.BAD.SAG.UŠ KI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If a star (included among) the 'counting stars' approaches Venus: confusion will be in the country, (it means): Saturn (during its appearance?) stands with Venus." [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 215, K.3601:37; 237, ND 4362:29; 253, Text 81-2-4,239:4].

(21) Venus’ right side is dark; DIŠ d''Dil''-[''bat ina'' Z]AG-''ša''2 ''ad-rat'' dUDU.BAD.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' 15-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If Ven[us’ right side is dark, (it means): Saturn stands on its right side." [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 244, K.2346+:19].

(22) Venus reaches Saturn (= Dark star); see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 7.

(23) Strange star and Saturn; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 3.

(24) Corrleation of Mars and Saturn in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|d''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 29.

(25) Correlation of Mars (= Wolf star) with Saturn (= Sun star); see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 6.

(26) Saturn (= Raven) reaches Mercury; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 2.

(27) Saturn's sideways motion from Scorpius to Libra; [mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ] ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-tum'' / [''ina pa-an'' mulGIR2].TAB ''u''2-''zu-uz-zu''! / [''ul-tu'' mul''zi'']-''ba-ni-tum'' / [''a-na'' ŠA3 mul]GIR2.TAB ''il-lak'' / [xxxx] ḪUL ''šu-u''2 "[Saturn] stands in Libra [ahead of Scorpius]; (soon) it will move [from the L]ibra,[in the region of] the Scorpius; this is a bad [(sign)...]," [LUGAL ''be-li''2 K]A2! ''la iṣ-ṣu'' / [''ma-aṣ-ṣ-ṣar-ti''] ''ša''2 ''ra-ma-ni-š''[''u''2] / [''la pa-an si-ḫi''] ''u ba-ar-ti li-i''[''ṣ-ṣur''] / [''a-di'' xx] ''ul-tu'' ŠA3 mulG[IR2.TAB] / [xxxx] ''uṣ-ṣu''-[''u''2] "[The king, my lord], must not go beyond the [do]or; tak[e] precautionary measurments [against rebellion] and insurrections [until it] (i.e., Saturn) leaves the Scor[pion]" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 386:1-5, 9-13].

(28) Saturn in Leo; see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]], VI 2.

(29) Stag (=Saturn) reaches the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], VI 3.

(30) The Stag (=Saturn?) covers the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], VI 4.

(31) Saturn reaches Pleiades; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 2.

(32) Regulus is dark, Saturn stands ahead of Regulus; see (Kurtik L14) [[LUGAL]], IV 3.

(33) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(34) Current observations; [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in [the Crab]" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 39:8]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' TUR3 30 GUB-''ma'' ... "Saturn stands in the moon's halo..." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 40:5′], see also [ibid.<ref name=":5" />, 41:4; 49:8; 110:3, r. 3; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 113:5]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "Mars will (soon) reach Saturn" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 49 r. 6]; "Mars remains at a distance of four fingers from Saturn," see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 41; [mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI] 30 GUB-''az-ma'' "[Saturn] stands [with] the Moon" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 110 r. 6; 297 r. 3-4]; dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 30 ''e-ta-rab'' "Saturn enters the middle of the Moon" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 166:7]; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.[UŠ ''ina''] ŠA3-''bi'' / ''ša''2 mulUR.GU.LA ''it-tan-mar'' "Satu[rn] becomes visible [in] Leo" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 324:1]; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / 1 KUŠ3 ''a-na'' UGU-''ḫi'' mul''Dil-bat'' / ''ul iq-ru-ub'' "Saturn does not reach Venus by less than 1 cubit" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 500:4]; dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / ITI-''ma an-ni-u''2 ''ra-man-šu''2 ''i-da-ʼi-ip'' "Saturn will 'push itself through' this month" [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 8 r. 25-26]; TA ŠA3 UD-''me an''-[''ni-e''] / ''ina šap-la'' [mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2] / ''ina pu-ut'' mul[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / ''li-is-ḫur'' [mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / MUL ''ša'' LUGAL "On these [days] it (= Venus) should be under the [Hired Man] (= Aries) in opposition to [Saturn]. [Saturn] — the star of the king" [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 51 r. 5-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Постоянная планета»; = Сатурн [G. 141; BPO 2, 15], см. также a49AŠ.ME, g10GENNA, g11GI.GI. s10SAG.UŠ.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Antagal (G 307): dlu.lim = dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Олень = Сатурн» [CT 19, 19 iv 55; MSL XVII, 229]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 3a; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 6′, 7′, 20′, 21′, 23′; Largement 1957, 252:96; Verderame 2002, 247]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:53, 63, 65; 158:67, 70; 163:141]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 22): mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Сатурн свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 15). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ DU-ak «Сатурн проходит (тот же) путь, что Луна проходит» (II i 6). (3) Список и определение планет: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ [KIMIN] mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU «Сатурн, (называемый также) “Весы” (или) “Звезда Солнца”» на последнем месте, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 20 u4-mi ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina KASKAL dUTU IGI.LA2 «Сатурн исчезает на западе, остается (невидимым) на небе 20 дней и (вновь) становится виден на пути Солнца» (II i 53), b) mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KIMIN mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU ina dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-ma / MU 1 KAM ina AN-e GUB-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-ma SA5 BE-ma UD «Сатурн, называемый также “Весы” (или) “Звезда Солнца”, становится виден на востоке, стоит на небе один год и исчезает на западе. Эта звезда либо красная, либо белая.» (II i 64–65) [MA 34, 71, 80, 83, 86]; цитата из MUL.APIN см. [Largement 1957, 252:96–98]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 379a; SAA 8, 350]. GU-текст. (L) udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub «Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:20]; см. также d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš. Поздняя астрология. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) DIŠ dSAG.UŠ MI.MI dal-ḫat GIG-at u si-qat2 «Если Сатурн (появляется): (этот знак) темный, разрушительный; (он будет) больной и стесненный (в средствах)». b) DIŠ KI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ UŠ2 ar2-nu GAR NU SI.[SA2] «Если область Сатурна: смерть от злодеяния; неблагоприят[ный] (знак)» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 220; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dGENNA E3-a MI.MI dal-ḫat GIG-at u si-qat2 «(Если) ребенок родился, когда Сатурн стал виден (т.е. имел место гелиакический восход Сатурна): (его жизнь будет) темной, мрачной, болезненной и стесненной» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 33; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гипсома». Отрывок из GU-текста, приведенный выше, можно интерпретировать как описание положения на зодиаке ašar niṣirti (= гипсомы) Сатурна, см. в этой связи [Koch 1999, 25ff.], а также u07UDU.IDIM. (3) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ [SpTU I, 94:41]. См. также [SpTU I, 97:2]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. См. также: [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ṣa-la-mu: mul4KASKAL.UD «Темная [зв]езда = С[атур]н, MI (означает) темный, (звезда) Путь Солнца (?)» [SpTU I, 84:16].

II. Божество.

Сатурн считался звездой Солнца и отождествлялся также с Нинуртой (см. n43dNIN.URTA). Название нередко записывается с детерминативом d. Молитвы и ритуалы: (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. s20Sîn, II; в другой версии ритуала: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ2 [Mayer 1978, 445:5; Van Dijk 1980, Taf. 1]. (2) Божества — свидетели договора, на третьем месте: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (после Юпитера и Венеры) [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 14], см. также [Wiseman 1958, 29:14]. (3) Божества как свидетели правдивости говорящего, в том числе [dUDU.ID]IM.SAG.UŠ, см. [SAA 10, 8:10]. (4) Призывание на царя благословения богов, в числе которых dUDU.[IDIM.SAG.UŠ] (перед Меркурием) [SAA 10, 197:9]. (5) Ритуальные действия со священным барабаном перед Марсом и Сатурном; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, II 10. (6) Список 12 городских богов Вавилона(?): dudu.idim.sag.uš (на втором месте) [Livingstone 1986, 54:1].

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Звезда Солнца; s10SAG.UŠ, III 3.

(2) = путь Солнца; см. a43APIN, VI 7.

(3) = звезда царя; [mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / MUL ša LUGAL «[Сатурн] есть звезда царя» [SAA 10, 51 r. 8–9], см. также ниже предсказание (12, 14).

(4) = Весы; см. z10Zibānītum, VI 1.

(5) = Ворон; см. u11UGA, VI 2.

(6) = Праведный Пастух Ану; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 12.

(7) = Олень; см. выше, Лексич. тексты, а также ниже (29, 30).

(8) = Эруа; см. a02A.EDIN, V 2.

(9) = звезда Аккада; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ MUL KUR URI[ki] / SIG5 ša2 LUGAL be-li2-[ia] «Сатурн — звезда Аккада, это хорошо для царя, [моего] господина» [SAA 8, 383 r. 7–8].

(10) = звезда Западной страны (Амурру); см. ниже предсказание (11).

Другие примеры астрологических отождествлений, связанных с Сатурном, см. s10SAG.UŠ, III.

Предсказания:

(11) Видимость Сатурна; dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ i-ba-il3-ma «Сатурн имеет большой блеск» [BPO 2, III 3a]; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ MUL ša2 KUR MAR.TU / un-nu-ut u3 ša2-ru-ru-šu2 ma-aq-tu / ḪUL ša2 KUR MAR.TUki ti-ib <<KUR>> KUR2 / ˹a˺-na KUR MAR.TUki ib-ba-aš2-ši «Сатурн, звезда Западной страны, тусклый и его сияние падает: это зло для Западной страны; нападение врага на Западную страну произойдет» [SAA 8, 491 r. 9–12].

(12) Первая видимость Сатурна; ta-mar-tu2 ša mulUDU.IDIM.[SAG.UŠ SIG5] / ša LUGAL EN-ia šu-u «Первая видимость Сат[урна — хороший знак] для царя, моего господина» [SAA 8, 39 r. 5–6].

(13) Стояние Сатурна (= Весы); см. z10Zibānītum, VI 1.

(14) Сатурн приблизился к Луне; mu-šu2 MI an-ni-i-u2 / mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ a-na d30 / iq-ti-ri-ib mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / MUL: dUTU šu-u2 / ki-i an-ni-i-e / pi-še-er-šu2 SIG5 ša2 LUGAL šu-u dUTU MUL šar-ri šu-u «Этой ночью Сатурн приблизился к Луне. Сатурн — звезда Солнца, (и) соответствующая интерпретация такова: это хорошо для царя, (поскольку) Солнце — звезда царя» [SAA 8, 95 r. 1–7].

(15) Сатурн стоит с Луной; diš 30 ina e3-šu2 ta an.bar7 en ki.gub-šu2 20 ina a2-šu2 gub-iz ina li-la-a-ti ina itigan ud.14.kam / an.mi gar-ma ina esag2.meš še ir-ru-ur ub-bu-ṭu gar.meš muludu.idim.sag.uš ki 30 gub-ma «“Если Луна на пути своем от полудня до своего положения (при заходе Солнца находится) (и) Солнце стоит на (одной) ее стороне: вечером 14-го кислиму произойдет затмение, в хранилищах ячмень сгорит, наступит голод”. (Это означает): Сатурн стоит с Луной» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:66–67]; diš 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 si.meš-šu2 tur-ru-ka du8-ar2 bi-rat a-rad en.nun.meš taš-mu-u2 u silim-mu ina kur gal2-ši / [30 ina i]gi.lal-šu2 ina im.dir gi6 igi-ma kimin muludu.idim.sag.uš ki 30 gub-ma / 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 ki.gub-su gi.na kimin 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 si.meš-šu2 mit-ḫu-ra «“Если рога Луны при ее появлении очень темные: расформирование сторожевого охранения, уменьшение стражи, согласие и мир в стране”. (Это означает): [Луна при] своем [по]явлении видна в темном облаке, вар.: Сатурн стоит с Луной и Луна при своем появлении свое положение сохраняет, вар.: рога Луны при ее появлении одинаковы» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 158:68–71]. См. также [Verderame 2002, 44, Im: v. 7′, 9′, 11′, Vm: 13′].

(16) Сатурн стоит с Луной в 14-й день месяца; diš 30 u 20 šu-ta-tu-u2 lugal kur uz-na dagal-aš ša2 ud.14.kam iti-us-su dingir ki dingir igi.lal ša2-niš muludu.idim.sag.uš ud.14.kam ki 30 gub-ma «“Если Луна и Солнце находятся в оппозиции: царь страны расширит свое понимание”. (Это означает): (во-первых), бог видится с богом в 14-й день месяца, во-вторых: Сатурн стоит с Луной в 14-й (день)» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:62–63; SAA 8, 110:8–10]; diš aš.me ugu 30 u ki.ta 30 gub-iz lugal kur suḫuš gišgu.za-šu2 gin-an kimin lugal kur ina kit-ti-šu2 gub-az / dudu.idim.sag.uš ud.14.kam ki 30 gub-ma «Если солнечный диск стоит выше и ниже Луны: основание царского трона страны будет прочным, вар.: царь страны пребудет в своей правде. (Это означает): Сатурн стоит с Луной в 14-й день (месяца)» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:64–65].

(17) Сатурн в лунном гало; DIŠ MAN ina ŠA3 TUR3 30 GUB KUR DU3.A.BI GI.NA i-ta-mu-u2 TUR KI AD-šu2 kit-tam i-ta-mi / SILIM-im kiš-ša-ti 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 TUR3 GUB-ma «Если Солнце (= Сатурн) в лунном гало стоит: во всех странах (люди) будут говорить правду, сын своему отцу правду будет говорить, мир повсюду, (это будет иметь место, если) Луна окружена гало (и) Сатурн в гало стоит» [ACh Sin, 3:140], в этом предсказании предполагается тождество: Солнце = Сатурн; параллели и варианты см. [SAA 8, 40:2′–4′; 82 r. 1; 168:6–9; 169:5–7; 181:1–4; 317:3–5; 383:3–6; 416:4–r. 1; 491:8–9; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 163:140–141]; [DIŠ] 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / lúSA.GAZ (глосса: ḫab-ba-a-tu2!) in-na-an-du-ru «[Если] Луна окружена гало и в нем планета (= Сатурн) стоит: разбойники будут свирепствовать» [SAA 8, 49:6–7], см. также n43NIN.URTA, IV 1.

(18) Лунное затмение и планеты; ina UGU AN.MI / an-ni-i-e LUGAL / l[u l]a i-pa-laḫ3 / [mu]lSAG.ME.GAR. mulDil-bat / [mulUDU.]IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [ina AN.MI iz-za]-az-zu «Царь [н]е [до]лжен бояться этого затмения! Юпитер, Венера и [Са]турн [присут]ствовали [во время затмения]» [SAA 10, 57:4–8].

(19) Венера несет корону Солнца; [DIŠ mulDil-bat AGA dUTU ap-rat MU NIG2.SI.SA2 ina KUR GAL2 ] / [KI.MIN u2-ru-ba-a-tum ina KUR GAL2 …] /: A.KAL ku-li-li GAL2 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina IGI-ša2 DU-[ma] «[Если Венера несет корону Солнца: год отпущения грехов будет в стране, вар.: стенания будут в стране, …] вар.: будет нашествие (букв. наводнение) стрекоз, (это означает): она (=Венера) восходит на востоке и Сатурн впереди нее стоит» [BPO 3, 42, VAT 10218:19], см. также [ibid., 244, K.2346+:16], s10SAG.UŠ, III 8.

(20) Сатурн стоит близко при появлении Венеры; DIŠ mulDil-bat MUL ŠID.MEŠ TE-ši dil-ḫu ina KUR GAL2 dUDU.BAD.SAG.UŠ KI-ša2 DU-ma «Если звезда, (входящая в число) “звезд для счета” к Венере приближается: смятение будет в стране, (это означает): Сатурн (при ее появлении?) с нею стоит» [BPO 3, 215, K.3601:37; 237, ND 4362:29; 253, Text 81-2-4,239:4].

(21) Венера с правой стороны темная; DIŠ dDil-[bat ina Z]AG-ša2 ad-rat dUDU.BAD.SAG.UŠ ina 15-ša2 DU-ma «Если Вен[ера с пра]вой стороны темная, (это означает): Сатурн справа от нее стоит» [BPO 3, 244, K.2346+:19].

(22) Венера достигает Сатурна (= Темная звезда); см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 7.

(23) Странная звезда и Сатурн; см. m05MAN-ma, II 3.

(24) Соединение Марса и Сатурна в лунном гало; см. ts02dṢalbatānu, III 29.

(25) Соединение Марса (= Волчья звезда) с Сатурном (= звезда Солнца); см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 6.

(26) Сатурн (= Ворон) достигает Меркурия; см. u11UGA, VI 2.

(27) Попятное движение Сатурна из Скорпиона в Весы; [mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ] ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-tum / [ina pa-an mulGIR2].TAB u2-zu-uz-zu! / [ul-tu mulzi]-ba-ni-tum / [a-na ŠA3 mul]GIR2.TAB il-lak / [xxxx] ḪUL šu-u2 «[Сатурн] стоит в Весах [впереди Скор]пиона; (скоро) он перейдет [из В]есов [в область] Скорпиона; это плохой [(знак)…]», [LUGAL be-li2 K]A2! la iṣ-ṣu / [ma-aṣ-ṣar-ti] ša2 ra-ma-ni-š[u2] / [la pa-an si-ḫi] u ba-ar-ti li-i[ṣ-ṣur] / [a-di xx] ul-tu ŠA3 mulG[IR2.TAB] / [xxxx] uṣ-ṣu-[u2] «[Царь, мой господин], не должен выходить за [дв]ерь; при[ми] меры предосторожности [против мятежа] и восстания, [пока он] (т.е. Сатурн) не выйдет из Скор[пиона]» [SAA 8, 386:1–5, 9–13].

(28) Сатурн во Льве; см. u20UR.GU.LA, VI 2.

(29) Олень (=Сатурн) достигает Звезд; см. L09LU.LIM, VI 3.

(30) Олень (= Сатурн?) покрывает Звезды; см. L09LU.LIM, VI 4.

(31) Сатурн достигает Плеяд; см. a02A.EDIN, V 2.

(32) Регул темный, Сатурн впереди Регула стоит; см. L14LUGAL, IV 3.

(33) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(34) Текущие наблюдения; [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina [ŠA3 mulAL.LUL] / [iz]-za-az-[ma] «Сатурн стоит в [Крабе]» [SAA 8, 39:8]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina TUR3 30 GUB-ma … «Сатурн стоит в лунном гало…» [SAA 8, 40:5′], см. также [ibid., 41:4; 49:8; 110:3, r. 3; SAA 10, 113:5]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ i-kaš-ša2-ad-ma «Марс (скоро) достигнет Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 6]; «Марс оставался на расстоянии 4 пальцев от Сатурна», см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 41; [mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI] 30 GUB-az-ma «[Сатурн] стоит [с] Луной» [SAA 8, 110 r. 6; 297 r. 3–4]; dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 30 e-ta-rab «Сатурн входит в середину Луны» [SAA 8, 166:7]; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.[UŠ ina] ŠA3-bi / ša2 mulUR.GU.LA it-tan-mar «Сату[рн] стал виден [во] Льве» [SAA 8, 324:1]; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / 1 KUŠ3 a-na UGU-ḫi mulDil-bat / ul iq-ru-ub «Сатурн не достиг Венеры меньше чем на 1 локоть» [SAA 8, 500:4]; dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / ITI-ma an-ni-u2 ra-man-šu2 i-da-ʼi-ip «Сатурн будет “проталкивать самого себя” в этот месяц» [SAA 10, 8 r. 25–26]; TA ŠA3 UD-me an-[ni-e] / ina šap-la [mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2] / ina pu-ut mul[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / li-is-ḫur [mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / MUL ša LUGAL «В э[ти] дни она (= Венера) должна находиться под [Наемником] (= Овен) в оппозиции к [Сатурну]. [Сатурн] — звезда царя» [SAA 10, 51 r. 5–9].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD

2026-01-08T17:55:06Z

Sushoff:

mul / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (𒀯𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓) is an ancient Mesopotamian planet name.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD}}

==Concordance, History, Etymology<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mul/dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD,
* mul/dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD;
* = planet Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 139bis; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15]; abbreviated GU4.UD = ''šiḫṭu'', lit. "Leap."

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) add:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>= ''šiḫṭu'' “Mercury”. The sumerogram literally means “leaping wild sheep”, the Akk. equivalent means “leap, jump”. mulUDU.IDIM. GU4.UD (AN 23l)</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Antagal series (Table G 308): d''bi-ib-bu'' = dudu.idim.gu4.ud "Planet = Mercury" [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
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|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 6a; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 8′, 13′, 23′; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; SpTU I<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 92:2; 93:5'].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of the stars of Anu (no. 23): mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 dMAŠ MU.NI ''lu-u''2 ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A / ''lu-u''2 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU.A ''e-ma'' ITI IGI.LA2-''ma e-ma'' ITI TUM3 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta, rises or sets in the east or west within a month" (I ii 16-17).
* (2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 d''Nin-urta'' MU-''šu''2 D[U-''ak''] "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta, pass[es] the (same) path that the Moon passes" (II i 5).
* (3) List and definition of the planets: mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 dMAŠ MU-''šu''2 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta" in third place after Jupiter and Venus, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (4) Planetary theory:
** (a) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 dMAŠ MU-''šu''2 ''lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 7 ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 14 ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN UD 21 KAM KI.4 ITI KI.5 ITI 15 ''u''4-''mi ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' / ''ki-m''a TUM3 ''ma-la u''4-''mi ša''2 ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''zu uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ''ina'' KASKAL dUTU SAR-''ḫa'' IGI.LA2 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta, becomes visible either in the east or in the west and stands in the sky for 7 days, var.: 14 days, var.: 21 days, fourthly, one month, fifthly, a month and 15 days, and when it disappears it remains (invisible) for as many days as it stood in the sky, and rises and becomes visible either in the east or in the west in the path of the Sun" (II i 54-57), this fragment is from MUL. APIN and is also quoted in [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 38-43; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99-104],
** (b) MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma'' SIG7 ''u'' GI6 "This star is either red and of great brilliance or yellow-green and dark" (II i 59),
** (c) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 d''Nin-urta'' MU-''šu''2 ''lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / ''e-ma'' ITI IGI.LA2-''ma e-ma'' ITI TUM3 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta, becomes visible and disappears within a month either in the east or in the west." (II i 66) [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 34, 71, 80, 83-84].
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|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380-381; SAA 8<ref name=":5">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352b].
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|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu''.'''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 157:52-53].
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|'''Text K.4339'''
* rev. col. iv 1-6. Identities: mulgan2.ur3 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud / mulamar.utu = min / mulAŠ.GAN2 = min / mulkak.si.sa2 = min / mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min / mulgi6 ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = min "Harrow = Mercury, Marduk = ditto, Field = ditto, Arrow = ditto, Entenabarhum = ditto, dark star, Libra = ditto" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13].
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|'''GU text.'''
* (K) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ''ina'' igi muluga gub-''zu'' "Mercury, which stands with the Furrow before the Raven" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:17-18]; see also (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
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|'''Late Astrology.'''
* (1) The passage above, from the GU text, probably represents a description of the position of the zodiac of the ašar niṣirti (= hypsoma) of Mercury, in this correlation see [Koch 1999<ref>''Koch J.'' Die Planeten-Hypsomata in einen babylonischen Sternenkatalog // JNES. 1999. Vol. 58, no. 1. P. 19-31.</ref>, 25ff.].
* (2) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
BM 36746+:

* mulKAK.SI.SA2 (= UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD) (?) [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135:25′, rev. 2], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* See also: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''iz-za-az-ma'': ulUDU.IDIM "Mercury stands: (this means) the planet..." [SpTU I<ref name=":2" />, 84:6], ''šil-ta-ḫu'': dUDU.IDIM.dGU4.UD: ulA2mušen "Arrow = Mercury = Eagle"(?) [SpTU I<ref name=":2" />, 84:10], [...d]UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' KI KUR NIM.MAki IGI.LA2-ma d[...] "[...] Mercury becomes visible in the region of Elam [...] [SpTU I<ref name=":2" />, 93:5′].
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===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Nabu, and also Ninurta, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of "washing of the mouth." In the list of astral gods: mulUDU.IDIM.[GU4.UD] [Mayer 1978<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Seleukidische Rituale aus Warka mit Emesal-Gebeten // Or. 1978. Vol. 47, № 3. P. 431-458.</ref>, 445:5; Van Dijk 1980<ref>''Texte aus dem Rēs-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka'' / Kopien von Jan van Dijk. Zur Veröff. vorbereitet u. eingeleitet von Werner R.Mayer. — Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980 (BaM, Beiheft 2).</ref>, Taf. 1].
* (2) The deities are witnesses to the treaty, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (3) List of the 12 city gods of Babylon(?): dudu.idim.gu4.ud (in third place) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 54:1].

==== Symbol. ====
On the Seleucid plate AO 6448 Mercury is depicted as an 8-rayed star, next to which is inscribed: dGU4.UD [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V 3; Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, Taf. 10-11; SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, Fig. 15; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 12]. This image should be considered exceptional, as the 8-rayed star is a standard symbol of Venus on kudurra and seals.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Yoke; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠUDUN]], IV 1.

(2) = Fish; see (Kurtik k20) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(3) = Marduk's star; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|AMAR.UTU]], and also (19).

(4) = Kidney; see below (11).

(5) = Numushda; see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]], IV 2.

(6) = Evil star (?); see (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 1.

(7) = Libra; see K.4339 above, and also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 4.

For other examples of astrological identifications of Mercury, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], III.

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Mercury and the heir to the throne; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD DUMU-LUGAL / ''šu-u''2 ''ba-ʼi-i''[''l''] / ''ša''2-''ru''-[''ri''] ''na-a''-[''ši''] / TA IGI ''mi''3-˹''i''˺-''ni la i''[''l''-''la-ka''] "Mercury (denotes) the heir to the throne. He (now) has great brillian[ce], and bear[s] radianc[e]. Taking (this) into consideration, he (= the heir) should not come (to the palace)" [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 52 r. 9-12], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 73 r. 7-8; 74 r. 5-6].

(9) Sunrisings in different seasons; MUL BI ''ina'' EN.TE.NA IGI.LA2-''ma'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' BURU14 IGI.LA2-''ma zi-me-šu''2 ''ri-is-ni-šu''2 KI IGI.LA2 ''u''3 IM ''ša''2 DU-''ku'' ŠEŠ-''ar''2 "If this star (=Mercury) becomes visible in winter, (there will be) rain and flood; if it becomes visible at the time of harvest, and its brilliance is observed, ri-is-ni-šu2, the place, where it became visible and the place where the wind blows (will be the place to make a prediction)" (MUL.APIN II i 57-58) [MA<ref name=":3" /> 84].

(10) Rising in the month of nisan; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 5.

(11) Rising in the month of ulul; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiKIN KUR-''ḫa'' / ''ša''2-''qe''2-''e'' (KI.LAM) ''na-pa-aš''2 dNISABA / DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR IGI-''ir'' / GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 / mulBIR dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD "If the planet (= Mercury) rises in the month of ulul: business activity rises, grain booms. If the Kidney becomes visible in the month of ulul: the plow of the country will prosper; Kidney = Mercury" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 325 r. 1-5].

(12) Sunrise in Hired Man (= Aries); see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], VI 4.

(13) Sunrise in the Furrow (= Virgo); see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 4.

(14) Evening appearance in the Pleiades; [mulUD]U.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / [''it-t'']''i'' MUL.MUL ''it-tan-mar'' / ''a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulŠU.GI [xxx] / ''iš-ta-naq-qa-a'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "[Me]rcury becomes visible in the west [with] the Star Cluster. It becomes higher [...] in the Old Man: rain and flood." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 486:1-5].

(15) Mercury in Scorpius, which is dark; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 11.

(16) Mercury disappears on its first appearance in the west; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A T[UM3] / ˹IGI.LAL?˺-''ma'' A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' TUM3-''ma'' A.AN ŠUR-''ma'' "[If] Mercury dis[appears] in the west during its (first) appearance: it will rain, when it disappears, it will rain" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 274 r. 1-2].

(17) The connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 6.

(18) Mercury behind Venus; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.[A] / [''ina'' EGI]R? mul''Dil-bat iz-za-az''-[''ma''] / [DIŠ mu]l''Dil-bat'' AGA GI6 (glossa: ''a-gu-u ṣa-al-mu'') ''ap''-[''rat'' MI2.(PEŠ4).MEŠ] / [NITA.ME]Š U3.TU.M[EŠ] (glossa: ''u''2-''la-a-da'') "Mercury stands west[ward] and [behind] Venus. [If] Venus we[ars] a black crown: [(pregnant) women] will produce [male babies]." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 51:7-r. 2].

(19) Marduk's star emits ''mišḫu''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''me-iš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ'' / KUR NINDA ''nap-ša''2 ''ik-kal'' "If Marduk's star emits mišḫu: the country will eat bread in abudance" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 93 r. 1-5].

(20) Mercury and Antasurra; mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ana'' IM ZI.GA dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''i-ba-il''3-''ma'' KI.MIN dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG DU-''ma'' "Antasurra for (predicting) the rising of the wind. (It means): Mercury has great brilliance, var: Mercury stands in Pabilsaga" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 6a]; [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG / M[UL!.UDU.IDIM].GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG / GUB-''ma'' "Antasurra is the ''mišiḫ'' of Pabilsaga. (It means): [Mercu]ry stands in Pabilsaga" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 381:1-7].

(21) Mars approaches Mercury, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 30.

(22) Regulus is dark — Mercury stands with Regulus; see (Kurtik L14) [[LUGAL]], IV 2.

(23) Venus brings the Moon's crown — Mercury stands in front of it; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' AGA d''Sin ap-rat u''2-''ru-ba-a-tum ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ: MU NIG2.SI.SA2 KUR SIG5 /: MU.4.KAM NIG2.SI.SA2 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-''ma'' dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If Venus carries the Moon's crown: will there be wailing in the land?", var.: a year of remission of debts, the country will become well, var.: 4 years of remission of debts, (this means): she becomes visible in the west and Mercury stands in front of her." [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 42, VAT 10218:20; 94, K.2226+:23; 215, K. 3601:27].

(24) Mercury approaches Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ TE-''ši'' KUR BI ḪA.A dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD KI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If a star, not considered in the 'counting stars', comes close to Venus: the country will perish, (meaning): Mercury stands with it " [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 215, K.3601+:36; 237, ND 4362:28; 253, Text 81-2-4,239:3]

(25) Mercury stands over Venus; see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 6.

(26) Darkening of Venus in the month of Shabbat and Mercury; dMIN (=DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'') ''ina'' itiZIZ2 MIN (= ''a-dir ina'' MU.BI) KI.LAM ''ina-pu-uš'': LA2 mulUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [...] "If Venus darkens in the month of Shabbat: business activity will increase this year, var: will be insufficient. (This means): Mercury [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 149, K.137:11; Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>, 170, § 86:12].

(27) Venus or Mercury in Tails; see (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2-3.

(28) Mercury standing with the Moon or with the True Shepherd of Anu; ša ud.14.kam dingir ki dingir igi kimin dudu.idim.gu4.ud ki 30 gub / kimin 30 ki mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-''ma'' ki ''ša''2 muludu.idim.gu4.ud ki muludu.idim.sag.uš gub-''ma'' "Regarding (the situation) when a god is seen with a god (viz. i.e. the Moon and the Sun are simultaneously present in the sky in opposite parts of the horizon) on the 14th day (of the month), (possible) var.: Mercury stands with the Moon, var.: the Moon stands with the True Shepherd of Anu, like Mercury standing with Saturn" (note 60: Mercury = Moon, as Saturn = Sun) [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":6" />, 157:51-53].

(29) Mercury is visible in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(30) Visibility of Mercury (theoretical reflection): DIŠ MIN(=dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'') ''e-ma'' ITI IGI-''ma e-ma'' ITI TUM3 "The planet (= Mercury) is visible for a month and disappears for a month" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 53:26]. UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD IGI-''ma'' ŠU2-''ma'' NU GUR-''ma ina'' 2-''i'' <ITI> (in text: ''u''4-''mi'') NU IGI /: IGI-''ma'' UD.MEŠ-''šu''2 BAD-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 ''ša''2 2-''i'' ITI NU IGI "Mercury rises, sets, and does not return, after 2 <months> it is not visible; (it happens) to be visible and completes its days, but it is not visible at the fixed time after 2 months" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":7" />, 28:10-11].

(31) Current observations; [mulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD UD.16.KAM2 / [''ša''2 itiSI]G4 ''it-tan-mar'' "[Mer]cury becomes visible on the 16th day of [sima]nu" [SAA 8, 50 r. 3-4]. [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "Mercury stands within the Swallow", mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''it-tan-ma''[''r-ma''] "Mercury becomes visib[le] in the East" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 253:5′, 8′]. [mulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD / [''in'']''a ta-mar-ti'' d30 / [''in'']-''na''!-''mar-ma'' "[Mercury [becomes] visible [during] the appearance of the moon" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 259 r. 3]. [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM / [''it-tan-mar''] ˹x˺ ''a-dan-šu''2 ''ul it-ti-iq'' ... "Mercury [becomes visible] in the east, its period has not yet passed..." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 381 r. 1-2]. mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGU4.AN.NA / [''it'']-''tan-mar a-di'' mulŠU.GI / [''ik'']-''tal-du'' "Mercury [be]comes visible in the Heavenly Bull, it [en]ters the Old Man" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 503 r. 1-3]. ''ina mu-ši an''!-''n''[''i''!-''e''] / mulUDU.IDIM.G[UD.UD] / ''u''2-''de-šu''2! ''ne''2-[''em-mar''] / mul''Dil-bat la n''[''e''2''-em-mar''] "Thi[s] night, we sa[we] only Mercur[y]; we did not s[ee] Venus." [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 51 r. 1-4]. mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD / ''u''2-''di-na'' / ''la i-na-mar'' "Mercury has not yet appeared." [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 81 r. 1-3]; [mulUD]U.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / [''it-t'']''i'' MUL.MUL ''it-tan-mar'' / ''a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulŠU.GI [x x x x] / ''iš-ta-naq-qa-a'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "[Me]rcury has become visible in the west [with] the Pleiades. It will shift higher [...] into the region of the Old Man: rain and flood." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 486:1-5]. MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD / ''a-na man-za-zi-šu''2 ''u''2''-ša''2-''tar-ma'' / ''i-ša''2-''qa-qa-am-ma'' "Marduk's star, (i.e.) Mercury, goes away from its (usual) position and rises" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 93 r. 1-5]. See also [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 73 r. 3; 74; 6-8; 83:4-r.3; 190 e.6′; 281:1; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 50:9ff.].

See also (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]], (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], (Kurtik m47) [[Muštarīlu|d''Muštarīlu'']], (Kurtik n43) [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]], (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']], (Kurtik s08) [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]], (Kurtik sh09) ''[[Šiḫṭu]]''.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mul/dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD, mul/dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD; = планета Меркурий [Gössmann 1950, 139bis; BPO 2, 15]; сокращенное обозначение: GU4.UD = šiḫṭu, букв. «Прыжок».
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Antagal (Table G 308): dbi-ib-bu = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Планета = Меркурий» [MSL XVII, 229]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 6a; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 8′, 13′, 23′; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU I, 92:2; 93:5']. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Ану (№ 23): mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dMAŠ MU.NI lu-u2 ina dUTU.E3.A / lu-u2 ina dUTU.ŠU.A e-ma ITI IGI.LA2-ma e-ma ITI TUM3 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта, восходит или заходит на востоке или на западе в пределах месяца» (I ii 16–17). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dNin-urta MU-šu2 D[U-ak] «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта, проход[ит] (тот же) путь, что Луна проходит» (II i 5). (3) Список и определение планет: mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dMAŠ MU-šu2 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта» на третьем месте после Юпитера и Венеры, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dMAŠ MU-šu2 lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 7 u4-mi KIMIN 14 u4-mi KIMIN UD 21 KAM KI.4 ITI KI.5 ITI 15 u4-mi ina AN-e GUB-ma / ki-ma TUM3 ma-la u4-mi ša2 ina AN-e GUB-zu uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ina KASKAL dUTU SAR-ḫa IGI.LA2 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта, становится виден либо на востоке, либо на западе и стоит на небе 7 дней, вар.: 14 дней, вар.: 21 день, в четвертых, один месяц, в-пятых, месяц и 15 дней, и когда он исчезает, то остается (невидимым) столько же дней, сколько он стоял на небе, и восходит и становится виден либо на востоке, либо на западе на пути Солнца» (II i 54–57), данный фрагмент из MUL.APIN цитируется также в [TU, 16 r. 38–43; Largement 1957, 252:99–104], b) MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и имеет большой блеск, либо желто-зеленая и темная» (II i 59), c) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dNin-urta MU-šu2 lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / e-ma ITI IGI.LA2-ma e-ma ITI TUM3 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта, становится виден и исчезает в пределах месяца либо на востоке, либо на западе.» (II i 66) [MA, 34, 71, 80, 83–84]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [SAA 10, 380–381; SAA 8, 352b]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:52–53]. Текст K.4339, rev. col. iv 1–6. Тождества: mulgan2.ur3 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud / mulamar.utu = min / mulAŠ.GAN2 = min / mulkak.si.sa2 = min / mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min / mulgi6 zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min «Борона = Меркурий, Мардук = ditto, Поле = ditto, Стрела = ditto, Энтенабархум = ditto, темная звезда, Весы = ditto» [CT 25, 13]. GU-текст. (K) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu «Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:17–18]; см. также a06AB.SIN2. Поздняя астрология. (1) Приведенный отрывок из GU-текста, возможно, представляет описание положения на зодиаке ašar niṣirti (= гипсомы) Меркурия, см. в этой связи [Koch 1999, 25ff.]. (2) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulKAK.SI.SA2 (= UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD) (?) [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135:25′, rev. 2], см. s20Sîn. См. также: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD iz-za-az-ma: ulUDU.IDIM «Меркурий стоит: (это означает) планета…» [SpTU I, 84:6], šil-ta-ḫu: dUDU.IDIM.dGU4.UD: ulA2mušen «Стрела = Меркурий = Орел»(?) [SpTU I, 84:10], […d]UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina KI KUR NIM.MAki IGI.LA2-ma d[…] «[…] Меркурий в области Элама стал виден […] [SpTU I, 93:5′].

II. Божество.

Набу, а также Нинурта, см. g34GU4.UD. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта». В списке астральных богов: mulUDU.IDIM.[GU4.UD] [Mayer 1978, 445:5; Van Dijk 1980, Taf. 1]. (2) Божества — свидетели договора, см. g34GU4.UD. (3) Список 12 городских богов Вавилона(?): dudu.idim.gu4.ud (на третьем месте) [Livingstone 1986, 54:1].

III. Символ.

На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 Меркурий изображен в виде 8-лучевой звезды, рядом с которой надпись: dGU4.UD [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 3; Weidner 1967, Taf. 10–11; SAA 8, Fig. 15; Куртик 2007, рис. 12]. Данное изображение следует считать исключительным, поскольку 8-лучевая звезда — это стандартный символ Венеры на кудурру и печатях.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Ярмо; см. sh16ŠUDUN, IV 1.

(2) = Рыба; см. k20KU6, V 10.

(3) = звезда Мардука; см. a28AMAR.UTU, а также (19).

(4) = Почка; см. ниже (11).

(5) = Нумушда; см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA, IV 2.

(6) = Злая звезда (?); см. h08ḪUL, III 1.

(7) = Весы; см. выше K.4339, а также z10Zibānītum, VI 4.

Другие примеры астрологических отождествлений Меркурия см.g34GU4.UD, III.

Предсказания:

(8) Меркурий и наследник престола; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD DUMU–LUGAL / šu-u2 ba-ʼi-i[l] / ša2-ru-[ri] na-a-[ši] / TA IGI mi3-˹i˺-ni la i[l-la-ka] «Меркурий (обозначает) наследника престола. Он (сейчас) имеет большой бле[ск], сияни[е] нес[ет]. Принимая (это) во внимание, он (= наследник) не должен пр[иходить] (во дворец)» [SAA 10, 52 r. 9–12], см. также [ibid., 73 r. 7–8; 74 r. 5–6].

(9) Восходы в различные сезоны; MUL BI ina EN.TE.NA IGI.LA2-ma A.AN u A.KAL / ina BURU14 IGI.LA2-ma zi-me-šu2 ri-is-ni-šu2 KI IGI.LA2 u3 IM ša2 DU-ku ŠEŠ-ar2 «Если эта звезда (=Меркурий) становится видна зимой, (будут) дождь и наводнение; если она становится видна во время сбора урожая, наблюдай ее блеск, ri-is-ni-šu2, место, где она становится видна, и ветер, который дует, (чтобы сделать предсказание)» (MUL.APIN II i 57–58) [MA 84].

(10) Восход в нисану; см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 5.

(11) Восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiKIN KUR-ḫa / ša2-qe2-e (KI.LAM) na-pa-aš2 dNISABA / DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR IGI-ir / GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 / mulBIR dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD «Если планета (= Меркурий) восходит в месяце улулу: подъем деловой активности, бурный рост зерна. Если Почка становится видна в месяце улулу: плуг страны будет благоденствовать; Почка = Меркурий» [SAA 8, 325 r. 1–5].

(12) Восход в Наемнике (= Овен); см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, VI 4.

(13) Восход в Борозде (= Дева); см. b06BAN, V 4.

(14) Вечернее появление в Плеядах; [mulUD]U.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / [it-t]i MUL.MUL it-tan-mar / a-na ŠA3-bi mulŠU.GI [xxx] / iš-ta-naq-qa-a / A.AN u A.KAL «[Ме]ркурий стал виден на западе [с]о Звездами. Он становится выше […] в Старике: дождь и наводнение» [SAA 8, 486:1–5].

(15) Меркурий в Скорпионе, который темный; см. g34GU4.UD, V 11.

(16) Меркурий исчезает при своем первом появлении на западе; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A T[UM3] / ˹IGI.LAL?˺-ma A.AN ŠUR-nun TUM3-ma A.AN ŠUR-ma «[Если] Меркурий ис[чезает] на западе при своем (первом) появлении: будет дождь, когда он исчезает, будет дождь» [SAA 8, 274 r. 1–2].

(17) Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия при гелиакическом восходе; см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 6.

(18) Меркурий позади Венеры; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.[A] / [ina EGI]R? mulDil-bat iz-za-az-[ma] / [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat AGA GI6 (глосса: a-gu-u ṣa-al-mu) ap-[rat MI2.(PEŠ4).MEŠ] / [NITA.ME]Š U3.TU.M[EŠ] (глосса: u2-la-a-da) «Меркурий стоит на запад[е] [позад]и Венеры. [Если] Венера не[сет] черную корону: [(беременные) женщины] буд[ут] производить на свет [младенце]в [мужского пола]» [SAA 8, 51:7–r. 2].

(19) Звезда Мардука производит mišḫu; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU me-iš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ / KUR NINDA nap-ša2 ik-kal «Если звезда Мардука произвела mišḫu: страна будет есть обильный хлеб» [SAA 8, 93 r. 1–5].

(20) Меркурий и Антасурра; mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ana IM ZI.GA dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD i-ba-il3-ma KI.MIN dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG DU-ma «Антасурра для (предсказания) восхода ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий имеет большой блеск, вар.: Меркурий стоит в Пабилсаге» [BPO 2, III 6a]; [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / mi-ši-iḫ dPA.BIL.SAG / M[UL!.UDU.IDIM].GUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG / GUB-ma «Антасурра — mišiḫ Пабилсага. (Это означает): [Мерку]рий стоит в Пабилсаге» [SAA 8, 381:1–7].

(21) Марс приближается к Меркурию, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 30.

(22) Регул темный — Меркурий стоит с Регулом; см. L14LUGAL, IV 2.

(23) Венера несет корону Луны – Меркурий стоит впереди нее; DIŠ mulDil-bat AGA dSin ap-rat u2-ru-ba-a-tum ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ: MU NIG2.SI.SA2 KUR SIG5 /: MU.4.KAM NIG2.SI.SA2 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD ina IGI-ša2 DU-ma «Если Венера несет корону Луны: в стране будут стенания?, вар.: год отпущения долгов, стране хорошо станет, вар.: 4 года отпущения долгов, (это означает): она становится видна на западе и Меркурий перед ней стоит» [BPO 3, 42, VAT 10218:20; 94, K.2226+:23; 215, K. 3601:27].

(24) Меркурий приближается к Венере; DIŠ mulDil-bat MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ TE-ši KUR BI ḪA.A dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD KI-ša2 DU-ma «Если звезда, не входящая в число “звезд для счета” подходит близко к Венере: страна эта погибнет, (это означает): Меркурий с нею стоит «[BPO 3, 215, K.3601+:36; 237, ND 4362:28; 253, Text 81-2-4,239:3]

(25) Меркурий над Венерой стоит; см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 6.

(26) Потемнение Венеры в месяце шабату и Меркурий; dMIN (=DIŠ mulDil-bat) ina itiZIZ2 MIN (= a-dir ina MU.BI) KI.LAM ina-pu-uš: LA2 mulUDU.BAD.GUD.UD […] «Если в месяце шабату Венера потемнела: в этом году деловая активность возрастет, вар.: будет недостаточной. (Это означает): Меркурий […]» [BPO 3, 149, K.137:11; Labat 1965, 170, § 86:12].

(27) Венера или Меркурий в Хвостах; см. k27KUNmeš, III 2–3.

(28) Меркурий стоит с Луной или с Праведным Пастухом Ану; ša ud.14.kam dingir ki dingir igi kimin dudu.idim.gu4.ud ki 30 gub / kimin 30 ki mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-ma ki ša2 muludu.idim.gu4.ud ki muludu.idim.sag.uš gub-ma «Относительно (ситуации), когда бог видится с богом (т.е. Луна и Солнце одновременно присутствуют на небе в противоположных частях горизонта) в 14-й день (месяца), (возможен) вар.: Меркурий стоит с Луной, вар.: Луна стоит с Праведным Пастухом Ану, подобно стоянию Меркурия с Сатурном» (note 60: Меркурий = Луна, как Сатурн = Солнце) [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:51–53].

(29) Меркурий виден в Козе-Рыбе; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(30) Видимость Меркурия (теоретическое осмысление): DIŠ MIN(=dUDU.IDIM bi-ib-bu) e-ma ITI IGI-ma e-ma ITI TUM3 «Планета (= Меркурий) видна в течение месяца и на месяц исчезает» [ACh Suppl., 53:26]. UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD IGI-ma ŠU2-ma NU GUR-ma ina 2-i <ITI> (в тексте: u4-mi) NU IGI /: IGI-ma UD.MEŠ-šu2 BAD-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 ša2 2-i ITI NU IGI «Меркурий восходит, заходит и не возвращается, через 2 <месяца> не виден; (он бывает) виден и завершает свои дни, но в установленный срок через 2 месяца не виден» [ACh Ištar, 28:10–11].

(31) Текущие наблюдения; [mulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD UD.16.KAM2 / [ša2 itiSI]G4 it-tan-mar «[Мер]курий стал виден 16-го [сима]ну» [SAA 8, 50 r. 3–4]. [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-ma «Меркурий стоит внутри Ласточки», mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 it-tan-ma[r-ma] «Меркурий стал виде[н] на востоке» [SAA 8, 253:5′, 8′]. [mulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD / [in]a ta-mar-ti d30 / [in]-na!-mar-ma «[Мерку]рий [ст]ал виден [п]ри появлении Луны» [SAA 8, 259 r. 3]. [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina GIŠ.NIM / [it-tan-mar] ˹x˺ a-dan-šu2 ul it-ti-iq … «Меркурий [стал виден] на востоке, его период еще не прошел…» [SAA 8, 381 r. 1–2]. mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina ŠA3-bi mulGU4.AN.NA / [it]-tan-mar a-di mulŠU.GI / [ik]-tal-du «Меркурий [ст]ал виден в Небесном Быке, он [до]стиг Старика» [SAA 8, 503 r. 1–3]. ina mu-ši an!-n[i!-e] / mulUDU.IDIM.G[UD.UD] / u2-de-šu2! ne2-[em-mar] / mulDil-bat la n[e2-em-mar] «Это[й] ночью мы ви[дели] только Меркур[ий]; мы не в[идели] Венеры» [SAA 10, 51 r. 1–4]. mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD / u2-di-na / la i-na-mar «Меркурий еще не появился» [SAA 10, 81 r. 1–3]; [mulUD]U.IDIM.GU4.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / [it-t]i MUL.MUL it-tan-mar / a-na ŠA3-bi mulŠU.GI [x x x] / iš-ta-naq-qa-a / A.AN u A.KAL «[Ме]ркурий стал виден на западе [с] Плеядами. Он сместится выше […] в область Старика: дождь и наводнение» [SAA 8, 486:1–5]. MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD / a-na man-za-zi-šu2 u2-ša2-tar-ma / i-ša2-qa-am-ma «Звезда Мардука, (т.е.) Меркурий, идет в стороне от его (обычного) положения и восходит» [SAA 8, 93 r. 1–5]. См. также [SAA 8, 73 r. 3; 74; 6–8; 83:4–r.3; 190 e.6′; 281:1; SAA 10, 50:9ff.].

См. также g34GU4.UD, u07UDU.IDIM, a28dAMAR.UTU, m47dMuštarīlu, n43dNIN.URTA, n55dNusku, s08dSAG.KUD, sh09Šiḫṭu.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

UDU.IDIM

2026-01-08T17:52:52Z

Sushoff:

mul / dUDU.IDIM (𒀯𒇻𒁁) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* UDU.BAD;
* UDU.TIL;
* = ''bibbu''; lit. "Wild sheep"; general name for "planet," often used in relation to Mars, Mercury, and Saturn [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 139; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulUDU.BAD [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400, 143 col. x 22].
* (2) Urra XXII series: muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:174], [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'', [mulU]DU.BAD = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Planet = Wild Sheep, planet = Mars" [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 10:9-10], [mu]lUDU.BAD = ''bi-i''[''b'']-''b''[''u''] [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 132, 17:14], muludu.idim = [''b'']''i-ib-bi'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref> 105, 79.B.1 /5 iv 5], m[ul]udu.idim = [...], mu[l]udu.idim = [...], muludu.idim = [...] [SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 23-25], muludu-''til'' = ''bi-ib-bi'', muludu-''til'' = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280ʹ, 281ʹ].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Planet = Wild Sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI, 40:42], muludu.idim = ''bi-ib-bu'' = mu[l...] [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 116 iii 11].
* (4) muludu.idim = d''Nin-urta'' "Planet = Ninurta" [CT<ref name=":4">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 7].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

* List (12´3): muludu.idim d''zi-ba-ni-tum'' (=Saturn), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 asterisms of Ea (no. 2): muludu.idim ''ša''2 ''ina'' kunmeš "The planet that is in the Tail" [CT<ref name=":4" /> 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998, 176].
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|'''EAE.'''
See. [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 20:1-80; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7-8, 235 §II 2 D 8' + note 2; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 6a, III 14b, 16a, 18a, 19a, 19a, 20a, IV 4b, 10a, 12a, 13a, V 2b, VI 2b, XVI 14; BPO 3<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 280a; Largement 1957<ref name=":8">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23: 33; Verderame<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 246; SpTU I<ref name=":10">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90-93, passim; SpTU II<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 40:18; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:4, r. 3, 16; SpTU V<ref name=":12">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 262: 3].
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|'''"Catalog of 30 stars."'''
* Ea. 10, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'';
* Anu 3, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]] [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177-178].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Planets 'in the path of the Moon': PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ''ša''2 1-''en'' NAmeš-''su-nu'' MULme AN-''e'' / TAGmeš NAmeš-''su-nu'' KUR2.KUR2-''ru'' 'The 6 gods, together, who have the same position (in the sky), (and) those that touch upon (the same) asterisms in the heavens (as the Moon), changing their positions' (II i 7-8).
* (2) List and definition of the planets: mul''Sag-me-gar'' mul''Dili-bat'' mul[UDU.ID]IM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 dMAŠ MU-''šu''2 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 MUL dUTU / [...N]Ameš-''šu''2-''nu u zi-me-šu''2-''nu'' KUR2.KUR2-''ru'' / [MULmeš AN]-''e'' TAGmeš "Jupiter, Venus, [Mer]cury, whose name is Ninurta, Mars, Saturn, [also called] 'Libra' (or) 'Star of the Sun.' [(These are deities(?) who)] change their positions (relative to the stars) and their brilliance (and) touch upon [the stars in the sky]' (II i 38-41) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 71, 80-81]."
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|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) ulsa5 = dudu.idim "Red (star) = planet (= Mars)";
* (2) list of 7 planets: d30 ''u'' dutu dšul.pa.e3 muldil.bat / muludu.idim.sag.uš dudu. idim.gu4.ud / ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / 7 mul udu.idim.meš "Moon and Sun, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, Mars: 7 stars, planets" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:170, 241-244].
Star List VR 46, 1:41.

* muludu.idim = ''muš-mit bu-lim'' "Planet = he who kills cattle" (= Mars) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:41; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
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|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":13">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 23:8; SAA 8<ref name=":14">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349b].
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|'''MLC 1866.'''
* List of planets: mulSAG.ME.GAR mul''dil-bat'' mulG[U4.UD mulGENN]A / mulUDU.IDIM mul''ṣal-bat-an-nu'' d30 ''u'' dUTU / 7 DINGIR.MEŠ DUMU.MEŠ d''a-num ša''2 ''ina ri''-˹''ḫa''˺-''tu''2 d60 / ''re-ḫu-u''2 ''di-gi''4-''gi''4 "Jupiter, Venus, Mer[cury, Satur]n, / the planet Mars, the Moon and the Sun: / the seven gods, the sons of Anu, who from Anu's seed / sprang, the deities-Igigi" (col. iv 8'-11') [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42, Section O].
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|'''Temple ritual at Uruk.'''
* (a) ''u''4''-mi-šam kal'' MU.AN.NA 10 UDU.NITA2 ''ma-ru-tu ebbūtu''(DADAG.GA) ''ša''2 ''qarnu''(SI) ''u''3 ''ṣupru''(UMBIN) ''šuk-lu-lu'' / ''a-na'' d''Anu''(60) ''u''3 ''An-tu''4 ''ša''2 AN-''e'' dSAG.ME.GAR d''Dil-bat'' dGU4.UD dGENNA d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / KUR-''ḫa'' dUTU ''u''3 IGI.DU8. A d''Sin'' ... ''in-ni-ip-pu-uš'' "Daily (sacrifices consisting of) 10 fat, ritually clean sheep with horns and toenails intact, must be offered to Anu and Antu, the celestials, Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Saturn, Mars, the rising Sun, and the Moon before (its) first appearance throughout the year" [RAcc.<ref name=":15">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 79:29-31; Linssen 2004<ref name=":16">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 175, 179].
* (b) UD.16.KAM ''arḫu''(ITI)-''us-su'' 10 UDU.NITA2 SAG-''u''2-''tu''2 ''ebbūtu''(DADAG.GA) ''ša''2 ''qarnu''(SI) ''u ṣupru''(UMBIN) ''šuk-lu-lu'' / ''a-na'' d''Anu''(60) ''u''3 ''An-tu''4 ''ša''2 AN-''e u''3 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ 7-''šu''2-''nu'' ... DU3-''uš'' "On the 16th day of each month, a sacrifice (consisting of) 10 first-class, fat, ritually clean sheep, whose horn and toenails are intact, to Anu and Antu of the heavens and the 7 planets ... shall be offered" [RAcc.<ref name=":15" /> 79:32-34; Linssen 2004<ref name=":16" />, 175, 179].
* (c) ''ina muḫ-ḫi'' 7 ''paššūrmaḫ''(gišBANŠUR.MAḪ) ''ḫurāṣ''i(KU3.GI) / ''a-na'' dSAG.ME.GAR d''Dil-bat'' dGU4.UD dGENNA d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' d''Sin'' / ''u''3 dUTU ''ki-ma ša''2 ''in-nam-mar'' A.MEŠ ŠUII ''tanaš''(IL2)-''ši-ma'' "On 7 large golden tables for Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Saturn, Mars, the Moon, and the Sun, when they appear, with washed hands you shall bring" [RAcc.<ref name=":15" /> 119:22-24; Linssen 2004<ref name=":16" />, 245, 247].
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|'''Astral deities, witnesses to the treaty.'''
* (a) ''ina'' IGI mulSAG.ME.GAR mul''Dil-bat'' / mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulGAG.SI.SA2 ... "Before Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, Mars (and) the Arrow ..." [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref name=":17">''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 29, 6 iv 13-15].
* (b) 7 MUL.UDU.IDIM.MEŠ AN-''e ša''2 ''a-na ma-mit'' LUGA[L] "The 7 planets of the heavens which (testify to) the oath of the kin[g]" [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref name=":17" />, 77, 14 i 4]; for a parallel see. [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 41:13-15, 60-61:419-432], see also [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 18]. See also the invocation of astral gods as witnesses to the truthfulness of the speaker in [SAA 10<ref name=":13" />, 8:10-13].

'''Astral deities, including planets, on invoking the blessing of the gods upon the king.'''

* d''aš-šur'' d30 dUTU dIM dP[A.TUG2] / dSAG.ME.GAR d''dil-bat'' dAMAR.UTU ˹d˺[''zar-pa-ni-tum''] / dAG d''taš-me-tum'' dUDU.[IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD d''šar-ra''[''t'' URU.NINAki] / d''šar-rat kid-mu-ri'' d[''šar-rat''] / URU.arba-''il''3 dNIN.URTA ˹d˺[''gu-la''] / dU.GUR d''la-aṣ'' DINGIR.MEŠ GA[L.MEŠ] / ''ša'' AN-''e u'' KI.TIM DINGIR.[MEŠ] ''a-ši-bu-ti'' KUR ''daš-šur''[''ki'' DINGIR.MEŠ] / ''a-ši-bu-ti'' KUR ''ak-ka-''[''di-i''] / DINGIR.MEŠ KUR.KUR.MEŠ ''ka-li-i-šu''2-[''nu''] / [''a-na'' LU]˹GAL˺ [''be-li''2-''ia''] / [''a-dan-niš a-dan-niš lik-ru-bu''] "May Ashur, Sin, Shamash, Adad, Nu[sku], Jupiter, Venus, Marduk, [Zarpanitu], Nabu, Tashmetu, Sa[turn], Mercury, Lady [of Nineveh], Lady Kidmuri, [Lady] Arbela, Ninurta, [Gula], Nergal, and Laṣ, the great gods of heaven and earth, the god[s] who dwell in Assyria, the [gods] who dwell in Akka[d], (and) the gods of all the countries [(may) the king of my lord be blessed with all power]" [SAA 10<ref name=":13" />, 197:7-19], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 365 r. 5-6].
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|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) The astrological influence of the planets. See. [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 1-6; 14 obv. 27-36; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66] and related articles for each of the planets.
* (2) "Hypsoma of the planets." MUL2 BABBAR ''ina'' ALLA IGI ''Dil-bat ina'' ZIB.ME IGI / ˹GU4˺.UD ''ina'' ABSIN IGI GENNA ''ina'' ERIN2 IGI / [AN] ''ina'' MAŠ2 IGI "Jupiter 'rises' in Cancer, Venus 'rises' in Pisces, Mercury 'rises' in Virgo, Saturn 'rises' in Libra, [Mars] 'rises' in Capricorn" [LBAT<ref name=":13" />, 1591:5-7]. Here the "risings" of the planets are apparently identical with the ''bīt''(E2) or ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirti'' of the planets, and the text as a whole is interpreted as an indirect confirmation that the bīt niṣirti positions adopted in Mesopotamian astrology correspond to the "hypsomas" of Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6" />, 56].
* (3) Prediction of grain prices on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: ''alāk''(DU) ''bibbī''(dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ) "the course of the planets" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 94:2].
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For colors of the planets, see (Kurtik m03) [[Makrû|d''Makrû'']], III 2.

See also: [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 84:6; SpTU II<ref name=":11" />, 42 r. 8; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 161; SpTU V<ref name=":12" />, 261:19'- r. 7].

===Additional===

==== Deities. ====
See (Kurtik b10) ''[[Bibbu]]'', II.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) = Mars;

(2) = Mercury;

(3) = Saturn;

For textual evidence, see above, as well as (Kurtik b10) ''[[Bibbu]]'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', and the corresponding articles for each of the planets.

The name mulUDU.IDIM = ''bibbu'' "Wild Sheep" does not generally apply to Jupiter and Venus (with few exceptions, see, e.g., [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 30:32; SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:1; Verderame<ref name=":9" />, 137, Vg:20′, 27′]), but only to Mars, Mercury, and Saturn. However, in the lists of planets that includ the Moon and the Sun (see above), the term was also used to refer to Jupiter and Venus.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Planets and fixed stars; dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''u'' MUL.ME AN-''e'' UD.SUR.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu'' DIB-''ma ḫa-an-ṭiš'' NU IGI.MEŠ "The planets and stars of the heavens miss their fixed dates and are not immediately visible (i.e., rise heliacally late)" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 42, III 19a], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, IV 12a]; MUL.MEŠ AN-''e ma-gal'' SUR.MEŠ-''ma u''2-''lu'' dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ UD.MEŠ-''ši-na'' NU DIRI.MEŠ-''ma ḫa-an-ṭiš'' ŠU2.MEŠ "The stars of the heavens sparkle (strongly) or the planets do not complete their days and set (heliacally) quickly" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 42, III 20a]. The comments made above make distinctions between planets and fixed stars, not often found in astrological literature.

(2) Visibility of the planets in the sky; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' AN''-e'' NU GAL2.MEŠ dUDU.BAD.MEŠ ''u''2-''tan-na-tum'': ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' NU IGI.MEŠ "If the stars in the sky are absent, (it means): the planets have become dim (or) they are outside the sky and cannot be seen" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 248, K.2346 :53]; dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''i-ba-il''3-''u-ma'' "The planets have great brilliance" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 16a, IV 10a]; [dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ] ''u''2-''tan-na-tu-ma'' "[The planets] are dim" [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, III 18a, IV 13a]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''a'']-''dir'' ANŠE.KUR.RA IDIM.MEŠ ''ana mu-šu-ud'' ŠA3 IZI.GAR "[If a planet dar]kens: horses will become frantic, fear fills the heart" [TU<ref name=":18">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 2; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:63a], variant apodosis: A.GA ZI-''ma'' BURU14 SIG5 ''E''3-''it'' URU KUR2 TUM3-[''šu''] "The water will rise, the harvest will be good; (someone) will rise and an enemy city will be captured" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 3; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:64]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ... "If a planet emits ''mišḫu'' ..." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 4; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:65].

(3) The appearance (= heliacal rising) of a planet (= Mercury) in various months; ˹DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2˺ mulUDU.IDIM IGI ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 ˹KI.LAM˺ ''ina-pu-uš'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of nisan: the harvest of grain and sesame will be good, trade will expand" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:1; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:1], late commentary: ''Sag''3-''me-gar'': ''ša''2-''niš'' GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBAR2 IGI.MEŠ-''ma'' "(First), Jupiter, secondly, Mercury in the month of nisan become visible" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 9:1]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiBAR2 IGI ''u''2-''kul-ti'' dU.GUR ''a-bu-bu'' "If a planet becomes visible in the beginning of the month of nisan: doom (due to) Nergal, flood" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:2; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:2a], late commentary: AN ''ina'' itiBAR2 ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' IGI-''ma'' "Mars appears in the month of nisan with extraordinary brilliance" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:2-3]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiKIN.2.K[AM IGI] ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If a planet [becomes visible] in the 2[nd] month of ulul: ditto" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:2; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:2b], comment: AN ''ina'' UR.A IGI-''ma'' "Mars becomes visible in Leo" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:3]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiKIN ''it-tan-mar u''2-''kul-ti'' dU.GUR GAR-''kan'' "If a planet becomes visible in the beginning of the month of ulul: doom (due to) Nergal" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:3; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:3a], comment: dGENNA ''ina'' SAG itiKIN... "Saturn, during the beginning of the month of ulul..." [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiDU6 IGI-''ir ina'' GIŠ.NIM ''u'' GIŠ.ŠU2 ME3 GAR-''an'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of tashrit: in the east and west a battle will take place" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:3; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:3b], comment: dGENNA ''ina'' itiDU6 ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' IGI-''ma'' ... "Saturn in the month of tashrit appears with extraordinary brilliance..." [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:5-6]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiDU6 ''it-tan-mar'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If a planet becomes visible at the beginning of the month of tashrit: ditto" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:4; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ITI.6.KAM IGI ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''u'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ME3 GAL GAR-''an'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of ulul(VI): in the east and west, a great battle will take place" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:5; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:5], comment: dGENNA ''ina'' itiKIN IGI-''ma'' "Saturn becomes visible in the month of ulul" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:7]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiAPIN IGI lúSA.GAZ GAL2.MEŠ "If the planet becomes visible in the month of arahsamnu: robbers will appear" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:6; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:6a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiAPIN IGI... "If the planet becomes visible in the beginning of the month of arahsamnu: (the apodosis is the same)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:6; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:6b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiGAN IGI... "If a planet (= Mercury) becomes visible in the month of kislimu: (apodosis the same)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:7; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:7a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 249:3-4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiGAN I[GI-''i'']''r'' lúSA.GAZ GAL2.MEŠ BAD5.BAD5 GAR-''an'' "If a planet becomes [visible] at the beginning of the month of kislimu: robbers will appear; there will be defeat." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:7; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:7b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiGAN ''iṣ-ru-uḫ-ma'' MU2.MU2 DINGIR.MEŠ UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.MEŠ "If a planet in the month of kislimu shimmers and has great brilliance: the gods of the four regions (of the earth) will darken" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:8; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:8], comment: AN ''i''-[''na''] mulxPA.BIL.SAG ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' IL2-''ma'' "Mars bears radiance [in] Pabilsag" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:7-8]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiAB IGI DE5.DE5.GA AB2.GU4ḫá ''u'' U8.UDUḫá "If a planet becomes visible in the month of Tebet: the downfall of cows and small cattle" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:9; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:9]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiŠE IGI-''ir'' NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If a planet becomes visible in the month of adar: there will be death (due to epidemics)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:11 Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:11a], comment: AN ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru ina'' [...] IGI-''ir'' "Mars becomes visible in radiance in [...]" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:10-11]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ''šum-ma'' [''ina''] itiGU4 / ''šum-ma ina'' itiSIG4 IGI.LAL / A.KAL DU-''ma'' A.ŠA3 A.QAR ''i-ma-kir'' "If a planet (= Mercury) becomes visible either [in] the month of ayar or siman: a flood will come and irrigate the fields" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 157:4-6, 407:5-8, 454:1-2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiŠU IGI.LAL / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If the planet (=Mercury) becomes visible in the month of duuzu: there will be death" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 158 r. 6, 337:1-2, 477:4-5]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiNE / KUR-''ḫa'' / KI.NA2 ''qu-ra-du'' DAGAL "If a planet (= Saturn) rises in the month of ab: the cemetery of warriors will expand" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 324 r. 1-3]; DIŠ ina itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 "If a planet (= Mercury) rises in the month of arahsamnu: the country's harvest will be good" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 504:1-2]. See also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:1-16].

(4) Visibility of the planet (= Mercury) in different months; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 "If in the month of nisan the planet sparkles: the country's harvest will be good" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:13; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:13a]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGU4 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' KUR BI SAL.KUR2 IGI-''mar'' "If in the month of ayar the planet sparkles: the country will see hostility" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:13; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:13b]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiSIG4 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' KUR KI.LAM LAL-''a'' KU2 "If in the month of siman, the planet sparkles: the country will see a lack of business activity" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:14a]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If in the month of duuzu the planet sparkles: there will be death." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:14b]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiNE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa ne-ru-ba-a-tu''2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If in the month of ab the planet sparkles:people will flee the country" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:14c]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' DUL.DU KI.LAM ''na-pa-aš''2 dNISABA "If in the month of ulul the planet sparkles: increase in business activity, abundance of grain" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:15; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:15a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 325 r. 1-2; 437:1-2]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' LUGAL KUR KUR KUR2 NU UR5-''tu''2 NU TE-''ḫi-šu''2 "If in the month of tashrit the planet sparkles: the king, a hostile country, is not his, will not come near him." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:15; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:15b]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' KUR ''kar-mu-tu''2 DU-''ak'' "If in the month of arahsamnu the planet sparkles: desolation will befall the country." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:16; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:16a]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' dIM KUR KU2 "If in the month of kislim the planet sparkles: Adad will devour the country." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:16; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:16b], cf: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ITI IGI.LAL A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "If a planet (= Mercury) in the month (of kislimu?) becomes visible: rain and flood" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 113 r. 1; 157:2-3; 281:34]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiAB mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' ŠUB-''ti'' GIG.MEŠ "If in the month tebet, the planet sparkles: extermination due to disease" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:16; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:16c]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiZIZ2 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' ŠA3 KUR DUG3.GA KUR DAGAL-''iš'' "If in the month of shabbat the planet sparkles: the heart of the country will be content, the country will expand" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:17; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:17a]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' ŠUB-''ti''3 MAŠ2.ANŠE "If in the month of adar the planet sparkles: fall of cattle" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:17; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:17b]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDIRI.ŠE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' KUR ''me-sir'' IGI "If in the month of the adar a planet sparkles: the country will experience a blockade" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:17; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:17c].

(5) Planets in the east and the west; [DIŠ] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''nen-mu-ru ša''2 ulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ša''2 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 DU.MEŠ-''ma'' SIG5 ''ša''2 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A DU.MEŠ-''ma'' BAR-''tum'' "[If] the stars in the east (one after another) become visible, (viz:) Mercury, Saturn, Mars, Jupiter, if they stand in the east — a favorable (sign), if they stand in the west — an unfavorable (sign)" (VAT 9436 ii 5) [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 42, Parallels to III 14a].

(6) If 2, 3 or 4 planets appear in the east; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''lu'' 2 ''lu'' 3 ''lu-u''2 4 ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A EGIR ''a-ḫa-meš E''3-''im ina'' MU BI ŠEG3.MEŠ ''u'' A.KAL.MEŠ ZAL. ZAL-[u...] "If 1 planet, or 2, 3, and or 4, appear together in the east, one after another: raining and flooding will be extended this year ..." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 15; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:76], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 14b]. The four planets in question are apparently Mercury, Saturn, Mars, and Jupiter, see (5).

(7) A planet in the north, south, east, and west; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.U18.LU GUB ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki ''u gu-ti-i'' "If the planet stands in the south: an attack by Elam and the Gutians," DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.SI.SA2 GUB UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ ZI-''ut'' KUR URIki ''ana'' KUR KUR2 "If the planet stands in the north: there will be death in the country; an Akkadian attack on an enemy country," DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.KUR.RA GUB ZI-''ut'' SU.BIR4ki ''u kaš-ši-i'' "If the planet stands in the east: attack by Subartu and the Kassites", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.MAR.TU GUB MAR.TUki ''u'' SU.BIR4ki "If the planet stands in the west: an attack of the West Country and Subartu" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 29-31; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250: 90a-92], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:99-102; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 6a + Parallels; SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 39:6-7; 157:7-9; 341:3-4; 541:10′].

(8) A planet in Enlil's path; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2.LA2 DU KUR2 KUR URIki SIG3-''ar'' KUR LUGAL URIki KIN-''šu''2 NU <''i''>-''k''[''aš-šad''] "If a planet goes into Enlil's path: the enemy of Akkad will strike the country; the king of Akkad will not reach [his] goal." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:45; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 244:45], see also [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 92:1].

(9) Planet (=Mercury) and the Moon; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 d30 GUB-''iz ina'' MU BI DINGIR ''ina'' KUR KU2 "If a planet stands in the middle of the Moon: god will bring destruction (lit. devour) this year in the country" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:23; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:23a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SI 15 d30 GUB-''iz ina'' KUR MAR.TUki U2.GUG GAL2.MEŠ "If a planet stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be famine in the Western country" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:23; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:23b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SI 150 d30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If a planet stands on the left horn of the Moon: the king will attain power" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:24; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:24a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 311:3; 350:1-2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' MAŠ.QA d30 GUB-''iz'' MAŠ2.ANŠE KUR ŠUB-''ut'' KI.MIN EN KUR ''muš-ke-nu-tu''2 DU "If a planet stands on the 'shoulder' of the Moon: the cattle of the country will perish, var.: to the lord of the country, impoverishment will come" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:24; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:24b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IGI d30 GUB-''iz ina'' MU BI UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If a planet stands in front of the Moon: there will be death" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:25; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:25a], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20: 27-32; SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 91:6′-10′]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' ŠA3 d30 TU KUR.E.NE LAL2.[DU?...] "[If a planet] flares up and enters the middle of the Moon; countries will be im[poverished…]" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:55; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:55]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' d30 TE TUR.MEŠ [...] "[If a planet] flares up and approaches the Moon: small [...]" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:56; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:56]; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' KUR DU3.A.BI UŠ2.MEŠ GAR.MEŠ ''me-reš'' KUR [...] "If the planet stands in the middle of the moon during its appearance (in neomenia): there will be death throughout the country this year (due to epidemics), the cultivated fields of the country [(will fall into disrepair) (?)]" [Verderame<ref name=":9" />, 172, Tav. VI: §29].

(10) A planet in front of or above the Moon; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI d30 GUB UR.MAḪ.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ-''ma'' A.RA2 KUD-''as'' "If a planet is in front of the Moon: wild lions will become furious and cut the paths of communication" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 32; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:93]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' UGU d30 GUN3-''ma'' GUB ... "If the planet stands above the Moon and is multicolored: (apodosis the same)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 33; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 252:94]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' UGU d30 GUN3-''ma'' GUB ''ana'' ŠA3 d30 TU UR.MAḪ.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE GAZ.MEŠ "If the planet (= Saturn) stands above the Moon is multi-colored, (and then) it enters into the Moon: lions will become ferocious and cattle will be exterminated" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 34; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 252: 95]; see also [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 166:4-6].

(11) The moon is surrounded by a halo and in it a planet (= Saturn or Mars) stands; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LU2.SA.GAZ (glossa: ''ḫab-ba-a-tu''2!) ''in-na-an-du-ru'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and in it a planet stands: robbers will be rampant" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 49:6-7; 82 r. 1-2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB LUGAL ERIM-''šu''2 ''u''2-''tas-sar'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and in it a planet (= Mars? ) stands: the king's armies will be surrounded" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 412:5-6]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫar-u''2-''ma'' / ''iz-zi-zu'' Z[I-''u'']''t''! LU2.KUR2 "If a planet (=Saturn) (and) Mars stand in opposition to each other (i.e. inside the lunar halo): a[ttac]k of the enemy" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 49 r. 7-8].

(12) Planet and Sun (= Saturn?); DIŠ dUTU ŠU2-''ma ina'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 mulUDU.IDIM GUB-''iz kiš-šu-tu''2 KI.MIN ḪI.GAR GAL2-''ma'' BALA KUR2-''ir'' "If the Sun has set and a planet stands in its place: domination, var.: rebellion will occur and the dynasty will change" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 16:22; TU<ref name=":18" />, 49 r. 7-8] [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:22; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:22], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:26]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IGI dUTU GUB-''iz ina'' MU BI GAN2.BA TUR "If the planet ahead of the Sun stands this year business activity will decrease" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:25; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:25b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' KUR-''šu''2 ''ina'' [KASKAL] dUTU ŠU2-''u''2 E3.A AB.SIN2 ''pa-ni-ša''2 ''ip-te-te-te'' KI.MIN AB.SIN2 IGI-''šu''2 BAD-''ma kiš-šu-tu''2 GAL2-''ma'' EGIR AŠ.TE NU TUŠ-''ab'' KI.MIN IBILA-''šu''2 [NU] TUŠ-''ab a-mur-ru-u''2 ''a-a-um-ma'' KI.MIN ''a-ḫu-u''2 ZI-''ma''! AŠ.TE TUŠ-''ab'' "If a planet at its appearance in [the path of?] the Sun sets, (and then reappears): the furrow in front of it will open (i.e., the fields will be plowed), var: (when) the furrow in front of it opens, a powerful (someone) will appear and then will not sit on the throne, var: his heir (on the throne) [will not] sit, a certain Amorei; var: a stranger will attack (and) will sit on the throne." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:20-21; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:20-21], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20: 23-25]. These predictions apparently refer to Saturn, which was regarded as the "star of the Sun".

(13) Planet (=Mars) and Jupiter; see (Kurtik a19) [[UD.AL.TAR|AL.TAR]], II 1, (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 19-20, 24, (Kurtik sh25) [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]], III 11, (Kurtik u05) [[UD.AL.TAR]], II 19.

(14) Planet and the Big Star (Jupiter?); [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' MUL.GAL TE GAL.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ "[If a planet] flares up and approaches the Big Star (= Jupiter?): high-born (people) will die" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16: 57; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:57a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' MUL.GAL ''im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ "If the planet and the Big Star stand opposite each other and maintain its positions: high-born people will die" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 14; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:75].

(15) Planet and Venus; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' mul''Dil-bat it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the planet and Venus closely follow each other: there will be death in the land"; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' mul''Dil-bat'' KUR-''ma it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 UŠ2 ''dan-nu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If the planet and Venus reach each other and follow each other closely: severe pestilence will occur in the country"; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mul''Dil-bat'' KUR-''ma'' DIB-''ši'' gišTUKUL d''Er''3-''ra dan-nu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If the planet reaches and (further) bypasses Venus: a strong Erra weapon (= epidemic) will occur in the country" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:26-27; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240-242:26-27], see also [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 91:12′-14′], cf. below point (30); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mul''Dil-bat'' GUB-''iz ina'' KEŠDA-''tu''2 KUR2 URU NIGIN2-''ma'' KUR-''ad''2 "If the planet shines and stands opposite Venus: the enemy will surround the city with fortifications and capture (it)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 20; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:81]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' mul''Dil-bat in-ne''2-''tu-ma ina'' KI.TA-''šu''2-''nu'' d30 IGI ''ina'' ITI BI AN.MI LUGAL NIM.MAki GAR-''ma'' TUR3 KUR ZAḪ3 "If the planet and Venus follow each other closely and the moon appears under them: an eclipse (concerning) the king of Elam will take place this month; the country's cattle-pen will fall desolate." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 21; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250: 82].

(16) The planets surround Venus; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' MUL.MEŠ NIGIN]-''ši'' KUR ''iš-šal-lal'' KI.MIN ''iš-lim'' LUGAL LA2-''mu'' dUDU.BAD.MEŠ NIGIN-''ši-ma'' "[If the stars surround Venus]: the country will be plundered, var.: intact, (but) the king will be taken captive, (this means): the planets surround it" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 46, VAT, 46]. [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 46, VAT 10218:75], see also [ibid.<ref name=":7" />, 70, BM 75228:17; 194, K.42+:1; 225, K.9573 r. 5′]; DIŠ d''Dil-bat ina'' UD.NA2.AM3 MUL.MEŠ ''ni-su-ši'' AN.MI ''mit-ḫur-ti'' / DINGIR.ME AN-''e'' SAL.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ŠEG3.ME LA2.ME dUDU.BAD.MEŠ NIGIN.ME-''ši-ma'' "If in neomenia the stars recede from Venus: universal eclipse, the heavenly gods will become hostile, there will be a lack of rain, (it means): the planets surround her" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 219, K.3601+: r. 44], see also [ibid.<ref name=":7" />, 84, K.6021+:11-12; 86, Text 82-3-23,133:3; 98, K.10688: ii 1].

(17) Venus carries 2 crowns; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 2 AGA.ME [''ap-ra'']''t'' 2 mulUDU.BAD.MEŠ ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2 [DU-''z'']''u-ma'' "If Venus [carrie]s 2 crowns, (it means): 2 planets [stan]d ahead of it." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 58, K. 148+:17], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 132, K.2907, IV 12].

(18) Venus "wears the Furrow"; dMIN (= mul''Dil-bat'') ''ina'' itiNE MIN (= SU6 ''zaq-na-at'') SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2 mulUDU.BAD ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2: ''ina A''2-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "(If) Venus 'wears the Furrow' in the month of Ab: there will be famine in the country, (this means): the planet stands ahead of it, var.: stands away from it" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 149, K.137:17]; for a similar prediction for the month of tebet see. [ibid.<ref name=":7" />, 150, K. 137:22].

(19) Venus, Star Cluster and Planets; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGAN ''ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL UD.3.KAM D[U-''ma''] / DIB-''iq-šu-nu-ti'' GALGA KUR MAN-[''ni''] / MUL.MUL ''ana'' mulUDU.BAD.MEŠ [...] "If Venus stand[s] in the Star Cluster for 3 days and passes them in the month of kislimu: the counsel of the country will change, the Star Cluster (relates?) to the planets [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 194, K.42+:3].

(20) Venus, Jupiter, and a planet surround the Moon in neomenia; (Kurtik sh25) [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]], III 10.

(21) (add.)

(22) A planet (=Mercury) and the constellation Tigris; see (Kurtik i03) [[IDIGNA]], V.

(23) The planet (=Mercury?) passes near Anzu (=Mars?); see (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]], VI 4.

(24) Kidney (=Mercury) and planet (=Saturn); see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]], V 9, 12.

(25) The red planet (=Mars); see c04SA5, II, (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(26) A planet (= Mars) turns black or forms a cross; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM LAL GAR LUGAL KUR GAL ARAD.MEŠ-''šu''2 E2.GAL ''i-maš-ša''2-ʼ''u-u''2 ''u šu''2-''nu'' EGIR EN-''šu''2-''nu'' UŠ2.MEŠ ZAḪ3.MEŠ "If the planet becomes black: the palace of the king of a great country will be plundered by his slaves, and they will be scattered following the death of their lord." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 27; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:88]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''iš-pa-ḫu-ur-ta'' GAR LUGAL ARAD.MEŠ-''šu''2 GAZ.MEŠ-''šu''2 E2.GAL-''šu''2 ''i-maš-ša''2-ʼ''u-u''2 EGIR MU NU SI.SA2 "If a planet forms a cross (its radiation appears to be cross-shaped): slaves will kill their king (and) rob his palace, the end of the year will not be prosperous" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 28; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250: 89], for similar predictions concerning Venus see. [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 14, § 7.3].

(27) Planet (= Mars?) and Star Cluster; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL GUB-''iz'' ŠUB-''ti''3 MAŠ2.ANŠE "If a planet stands in the middle of the Star Cluster: death of cattle" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 22; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:83a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' MURUB4 MUL.MUL GUB-''iz'' AN.MI "If a planet stands in the middle of the Star Cluster: eclipse" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 22; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:83b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM KI MUL.MUL ''in-ne''2-''tu id-ra-nu'' GAL2-''ši'' "If a planet is seen with the Star Cluster: potash will be (in abundance)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 23; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:84]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' MUL.MUL TE.MEŠ ... "If the planet and the Star Cluster draw near: potash will be (in abundance)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 23; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:85]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE (var.: KUR-''ud'') dIMIN.BI KUR KU2.MEŠ "If the planet approaches the Star Cluster (var.: reaches the Star Cluster): Seven gods will devour the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IV 4b, V 2b, VI 2b], see also [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:59-60; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:59-60, 62].

(28) The rising/setting of Mars and the grazing of cattle; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 14.

(29) The planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

(30) A planet approaches another planet; DIŠ mulUDU.UDIM ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE AB.SIN2 IGI-''šu''2 ''ip-te-te-te kiš-šu''2-''tu''2 GAL2 ''ṭar-du'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat'' PAD.dINNIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''i-šak-kan'' E2.KUR.MEŠ DIŠ-''niš i-za-na-an'' "If a planet approaches another planet: the furrow of one’s face will open, there will be mighty rule, (nevertheless), an exile will seize the throne; (lest this should happen), a bread sacrifice must be offered to the gods and it must be distributed evenly amidst the shrines." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":5" />, 49: 1-2; TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:34; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 242:34], see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 35-36]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulU]DU.IDIM KUR-''ma i-ti-iq'' / [gišTUKUL dIR3.RA] ''dan-nu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "[If a planet] reaches the [pl]anet and passes it: a strong [epidemic (lit. Erra weapon)] will be in the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 491 r. 1-2], the latter prediction, judging from the context, refers to the conjunction of Mars and Saturn.

(31) Mars moves around the planet (=Saturn); see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 29.

(32) The planet (=Saturn) and the Strange Star; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 3, 9.

(33) The planet and Mars stand opposite to each other; (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 31.

(34) The planet approaches Regulus; see (Kurtik L14) [[LUGAL]], IV 7.

(35) The old man, the lunar halo and the planets; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 10.

(36) The planet and the Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 6-7.

(37) The Planet approaches the Arrow; see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], VI 10.

(38) The Planet and the Wagon; (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 8.

(39) The Planet and Haniš; (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]'', IV 1.

(40) Tzalummû and the planet; (Kurtik ts03) ''[[Ṣallummû]]'', II 1.

(41) The Field and the planet; see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]], VI 13.

(42) The Planet and Scorpius; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]], VI 27.

(43) The Planet and Nundim; (Kurtik n51) [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]], II.

(44) The planet and the Bull's Jaw; (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|Is lê]], VI 3.

(45) The planet stands in the sky for 6 months; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM 6 ITU ''ina'' AN-''e uš''!-''tab-ri-ma'' [...] "If a planet remains in the sky for 6 months [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101 r. 3].

(46) A planet (= Mars) stands in the sky for 3 years; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM IGI-''ma'' MU.3.KAM2 GUB-''iz ina'' dUTU.E3 ''u'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ME3 GAR-''an'' "If a planet becomes visible and stands (in the sky) for 3 years: a battle will take place in the east and west" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101 r. 3] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:18]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM MU.1.KAM2 MU.2.KAM2 ''ina'' AN-''e uš-tab-ri-ma la ir-bi'': NU IGI ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If a planet continues to be observed in the sky for 1 (or) 2 year(s) and does not set, var.: does not rise: the same thing will happen" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:19].

(47) Current observations; mulUDU.IDIM ''it-ti'' mul[''Dil-bat'' GUB-''ma''] / ''lum-nu ša'' UN.MEŠ KUR [...] "The planet (= Mercury) [stands] together with [Venus]. It is evil for the people of the country [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 51 r. 3-4]; dUDU.IDIM ''iṣ-ru-ur-ma'' dUTU NIGIN [...] "The planet (= Mars) has erupted and moves around (the star) Sun (= Saturn) [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 102 r. 6]; [mulUDU].IDIM.MEŠ ''ina'' TUR3 [30] / [GUB.ME]Š-''ma'' "[Pla]nets [stan]d in the [lunar] halo" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 429: 7-8].

For other examples, see also [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 139, II].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: UDU.BAD; UDU.TIL; = bibbu; букв. «Дикая овца»; общее название «планета», в особенности часто употребляемое по отношению к Марсу, Меркурию и Сатурну [Gössmann 1950, 139; BPO 2, 15].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulUDU.BAD [MSL XI, 108:400, 143 col. x 22]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi, [mulU]DU.BAD = dṣal-bat-a-nu «Планета = Дикая овца, планета = Марс» [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9–10], [mu]lUDU.BAD = bi-i[b]-b[u] [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:14], muludu.idim = [b]i-ib-bi [Cavigneaux 1981 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 5], m[ul]udu.idim = […], mu[l]udu.idim = […], muludu.idim = […] [SpTU III, 114A v 23–25], muludu-til = bi-ib-bi, muludu-til = dṢal-bat-a-nu [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280ʹ, 281ʹ]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Планета = Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42], muludu.idim = bi-ib-bu = mu[l…] [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) muludu.idim = dNin-urta «Планета = Нинурта» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 7]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): muludu.idim dzi-ba-ni-tum (=Сатурн), см. z10Zibānītum. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 2): muludu.idim ša2 ina kunmeš «Планета, которая в Хвостах» [CT 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998, 176]. ЕАЕ. См. [ACh Ištar, 20:1–80; Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7–8, 235 §II 2 D 8' + note 2; BPO 2, II 6a, III 14b, 16a, 18a, 19a, 20a, IV 4b, 10a, 12a, 13a, V 2b, VI 2b, XVI 14; BPO 3, 280a; Largement 1957; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; Verderame, 246; SpTU I, 90–93, passim; SpTU II, 40:18; SpTU III, 101:4, r. 3, 16; SpTU V, 262: 3]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 10, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu; Anu 3, см. s10SAG.UŠ [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177–178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Планеты «на пути Луны»: PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ša2 1-en NAmeš-su-nu MULme AN-e / TAGmeš NAmeš-su-nu KUR2.KUR2-ru «Вместе 6 богов, у которых одинаковые положения (на небе), (и) которые касаются (тех же) звезд небесных (что и Луна), изменяя свои положения» (II i 7–8). (2) Список и определение планет: mulSag-me-gar mulDili-bat mul[UDU.ID]IM.GU4.UD ša2 dMAŠ MU-šu2 mulṢal-bat-a-nu mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU / […N]Ameš-šu2-nu u zi-me-šu2-nu KUR2.KUR2-ru / [MULmeš AN]-e TAGmeš «Юпитер, Венера, [Мер]курий, чье имя Нинурта, Марс, Сатурн, [называемый также] ‘Весы’ (или) ‘Звезда Солнца’. [(Это божества(?), которые)] изменяют свои положения (относительно звезд) и свой блеск (и) касаются [звезд на небе]» (II i 38–41) [MA, 71, 80–81]. «Большой список звезд». (1) ulsa5 = dudu.idim «Красная (звезда) = планета (= Марс)»; (2) список 7 планет: d30 u dutu dšul.pa.e3 muldil.bat / muludu.idim.sag.uš dudu.idim.gu4.ud / ulṣal-bat-a-nu / 7 mul udu.idim.meš «Луна и Солнце, Юпитер, Венера, Сатурн, Меркурий, Марс: 7 звезд, планеты» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:170, 241–244]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:41. muludu.idim = muš-mit bu-lim «Планета = тот, кто убивает скот» (= Марс) [HBA 52:41; Wee 2016, 162–3]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 23:8; SAA 8, 349b]. MLC 1866. Список планет: mulSAG.ME.GAR muldil-bat mulG[U4.UD mulGENN]A / mulUDU.IDIM mulṣal-bat-an-nu d30 u dUTU / 7 DINGIR.MEŠ DUMU.MEŠ da-num ša2 ina ri-˹ḫa˺-tu2 d60 / re-ḫu-u2 di-gi4-gi4 «Юпитер, Венера, Мер[курий, Сатур]н, / планета Марс, Луна и Солнце: / Семь богов, сыновья Ану, которые от семени Ану / произошли, божества-Игиги» (col. iv 8'–11') [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42, Section O]. Храмовый ритуал в Уруке. a) u4-mi-šam kal MU.AN.NA 10 UDU.NITA2 ma-ru-tu ebbūtu(DADAG.GA) ša2 qarnu(SI) u3 ṣupru(UMBIN) šuk-lu-lu / a-na dAnu(60) u3 An-tu4 ša2 AN-e dSAG.ME.GAR dDil-bat dGU4.UD dGENNA dṣal-bat-a-nu / KUR-ḫa dUTU u3 IGI.DU8.A dSin … in-ni-ip-pu-uš «Ежедневно в течение всего года (жертвоприношения, состоящие из) 10 жирных, ритуально чистых овец, у которых рог и ноготь не повреждены, приносятся Ану и Анту небесным, Юпитеру, Венере, Меркурию, Сатурну, Марсу, восходящему Солнцу и Луне при (ее) первом появлении» [RAcc. 79:29–31; Linssen 2004, 175, 179]. b) UD.16.KAM arḫu(ITI)-us-su 10 UDU.NITA2 SAG-u2-tu2 ebbūtu(DADAG.GA) ša2 qarnu(SI) u ṣupru(UMBIN) šuk-lu-lu / a-na dAnu(60) u3 An-tu4 ša2 AN-e u3 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ 7-šu2-nu … DU3-uš «16-го числа каждого месяца жертвоприношение (состоящее из) 10 первосортных, жирных, ритуально чистых овец, у которых рог и ноготь не повреждены, Ану и Анту небесным и 7 планетам … приносятся» [RAcc. 79:32–34; Linssen 2004, 175, 179]. с) ina muḫ-ḫi 7 paššūrmaḫ(gišBANŠUR.MAḪ) ḫurāṣi(KU3.GI) / a-na dSAG.ME.GAR dDil-bat dGU4.UD dGENNA dṢal-bat-a-nu dSin / u3 dUTU ki-ma ša2 in-nam-mar A.MEŠ ŠUII tanaš(IL2)-ši-ma «На 7 больших золотых столах для Юпитера, Венеры, Меркурия, Сатурна, Марса, Луны и Солнца, когда они появляются, вымытыми руками ты приносишь» [RAcc. 119:22–24; Linssen 2004, 245, 247]. Астральные божества, свидетели договора. a) ina IGI mulSAG.ME.GAR mulDil-bat / mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / mulṢal-bat-a-nu mulGAG.SI.SA2 … «Перед Юпитером, Венерой, Сатурном, Меркурием, Марсом (и) Стрелой …» [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 13–15]. b) 7 MUL.UDU.IDIM.MEŠ AN-e ša2 a-na ma-mit LUGA[L] «7 планет небесных, которые (свидетельствуют) клятву цар[я]» [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 77, 14 i 4]; параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 41:13–15, 60–61:419–432], см. также [Reiner 1995, 18]. См. также призывание астральных богов как свидетелей правдивости говорящего в [SAA 10, 8:10–13]. Астральные божества, в том числе планеты, в призывании благословения богов на царя. daš-šur d30 dUTU dIM dP[A.TUG2] / dSAG.ME.GAR ddil-bat dAMAR.UTU ˹d˺[zar-pa-ni-tum] / dAG dtaš-me-tum dUDU.[IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD dšar-ra[t URU.NINAki] / dšar-rat kid-mu-ri d[šar-rat] / URU.arba-il3 dNIN.URTA ˹d˺[gu-la] / dU.GUR dla-aṣ DINGIR.MEŠ GA[L.MEŠ] / ša AN-e u KI.TIM DINGIR.[MEŠ] a-ši-bu-ti KUR daš-šur[ki DINGIR.MEŠ] / a-ši-bu-ti KUR ak-ka-[di-i] / DINGIR.MEŠ KUR.KUR.MEŠ ka-li-šu2-[nu] / [a-na LU]˹GAL˺ [be-li2-ia] / [a-dan-niš a-dan-niš lik-ru-bu] «Пусть Ашшур, Син, Шамаш, Адад, Ну[ску], Юпитер, Венера, Мардук, [Зарпаниту], Набу, Ташмету, Са[турн], Меркурий, Госпожа [Ниневии], Госпожа Кидмури, [Госпожа] Арбелы, Нинурта, [Гула], Нергал и Laṣ, велик[ие] боги неба и земли, бог[и], живущие в Ассирии, [боги], живущие в Акка[де], (и) боги всех стран [(пусть) всею силою благословят царя моего господина]» [SAA 10, 197:7–19], см. также [ibid., 365 r. 5–6]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Астрологическое воздействие планет. См. [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1–6; 14 obv. 27–36; Rochberg-Halton 1987b; 1988b; Sachs 1952, 66] и соответствующие статьи для каждой из планет. (2) «Гипсомы планет». MUL2 BABBAR ina ALLA IGI Dil-bat ina ZIB.ME IGI / ˹GU4˺.UD ina ABSIN IGI GENNA ina ERIN2 IGI / [AN] ina MAŠ2 IGI «Юпитер “восходит” в Раке, Венера “восходит” в Рыбах, Меркурий “восходит” в Деве, Сатурн “восходит” в Весах, [Марс] “восходит” в Козероге» [LBAT, 1591:5–7]. Здесь «восходы» планет тождественны, по-видимому, bīt(E2) или ašar(KI) niṣirti планет, и весь текст в целом интерпретируется как косвенное подтверждение того, что принятые в месопотамской астрологии положения bīt niṣirti соответствовали «гипсомам» греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (3) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений: alāk(DU) bibbī(dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ) «ход планет» [SpTU I, 94:2].

Цвета планет, см. m03 dMakrû, III 2.

См. также: [SpTU I, 84:6; SpTU II, 42 r. 8; SpTU IV, 161; SpTU V, 261:19'– r. 7].

II. Божества.

См. b10Bibbu, II.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Марс;

(2) = Меркурий;

(3) = Сатурн;

Текстовые свидетельства см. выше, а также b10Bibbu, z10Zibānītum и соответствующие статьи для каждой из планет.

Название mulUDU.IDIM = bibbu «Дикая овца» не применялось обычно по отношению к Юпитеру и Венере (за редким исключением, см., например, [ACh Ištar, 30:32; SpTU I, 90:1; Verderame, 137, Vg:20′, 27′]), а только для обозначения Марса, Меркурия и Сатурна. Однако в списках планет, включавших Луну и Солнце (см. выше), этот термин употреблялся также для обозначения Юпитера и Венеры.

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планеты и неподвижные звезды; dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ u MUL.ME AN-e UD.SUR.MEŠ-šu2-nu DIB-ma ḫa-an-ṭiš NU IGI.MEŠ «Планеты и звезды небесные пропускают свои установленные сроки и не видны сразу (т.е. восходят гелиакически с опозданием)» [BPO 2, 42, III 19a], см. также [ibid., IV 12a]; MUL.MEŠ AN-e ma-gal SUR.MEŠ-ma u2-lu dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ UD.MEŠ-ši-na NU DIRI.MEŠ-ma ḫa-an-ṭiš ŠU2.MEŠ «Звезды небесные сверкают очень (сильно) или планеты не завершают своих дней и заходят (гелиакически) быстро» [BPO 2, 42, III 20a]. В приведенных комментариях проводится различие между планетами и неподвижными звездами, не часто встречающееся в астрологической литературе.

(2) Видимость планет на небе; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ ina AN-e NU GAL2.MEŠ dUDU.BAD.MEŠ u2-tan-na-tum: ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ru-ma NU IGI.MEŠ «Если звезды на небе отсутствуют, (это означает): планеты стали тусклыми (или) они находятся за пределами неба и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346:53]; dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ i-ba-il3-u-ma «Планеты имеют большой блеск» [BPO 2, III 16a, IV 10a]; [dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ] u2-tan-na-tu-ma «[Планеты] тусклые» [ibid., III 18a, IV 13a]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM a]-dir ANŠE.KUR.RA IDIM.MEŠ ana mu-šu-ud ŠA3 IZI.GAR «[Если планета по]темнеет: лошади станут бешеными, страхом сердце наполнится» [TU, 16 r. 2; Largement 1957, 248:63a], вариант аподосиса: A.GA ZI-ma BURU14 SIG5 E3-it URU KUR2 TUM3-[šu] «Вода поднимется, урожай будет хорошим; (некто) поднимется и вражеский город захватит» [TU, 16 r. 3; Largement 1957, 248:64]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM meš-ḫa im-šuḫ … «Если планета испускает mišḫu …» [TU, 16 r. 4; Largement 1957, 248:65].

(3) Появление (= гелиакический восход) планеты (= Меркурий) в различные месяцы; ˹DIŠ ina itiBAR2˺ mulUDU.IDIM IGI ŠE u ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 ˹KI.LAM˺ ina-pu-uš «Если планета становится видна в месяце нисану: урожай зерна и сезама будет хорошим, торговля расширится» [TU, 16:1; Largement 1957, 236:1], поздний комментарий: Sag3-me-gar: ša2-niš GU4.UD ina itiBAR2 IGI.MEŠ-ma «(Во-первых), Юпитер, во-вторых, Меркурий в месяце нисану становятся видны» [SpTU I, 9:1]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiBAR2 IGI u2-kul-ti dU.GUR a-bu-bu «Если планета становится видна в начале месяца нисану: гибель (из-за) Нергала, наводнение» [TU, 16:2; Largement 1957, 236:2a], поздний комментарий: AN ina itiBAR2 ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru IGI-ma «Марс в месяце нисану с особенным блеском появляется» [SpTU I, 90:2–3]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiKIN.2.K[AM IGI] ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «Если планета [становится видна] во 2-[м] улулу: ditto» [TU, 16:2; Largement 1957, 236:2b], коммент.: AN ina UR.A IGI-ma «Марс во Льве становится виден» [SpTU I, 90:3]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiKIN it-tan-mar u2-kul-ti dU.GUR GAR-kan «Если планета в начале месяца улулу становится видна: гибель (из-за) Нергала» [TU, 16:3; Largement 1957, 236:3a], коммент.: dGENNA ina SAG itiKIN… «Сатурн в начале месяца улулу…» [SpTU I, 90:4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiDU6 IGI-ir ina GIŠ.NIM u GIŠ.ŠU2 ME3 GAR-an «Если планета становится видна в месяце ташриту: на востоке и западе битва произойдет» [TU, 16:3; Largement 1957, 236:3b], коммент.: dGENNA ina itiDU6 ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru IGI-ma … «Сатурн в месяце ташриту с особенным блеском появляется…» [SpTU I, 90:5–6]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiDU6 it-tan-mar ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «Если планета становится видна в начале месяца ташриту: ditto» [TU, 16:4; Largement 1957, 236:4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ITI.6.KAM IGI ina dUTU.E3.A u dUTU.ŠU2.A ME3 GAL GAR-an «Если планета становится видна в месяце улулу(VI): на востоке и западе великая битва произойдет» [TU, 16:5; Largement 1957, 236:5], коммент.: dGENNA ina itiKIN IGI-ma «Сатурн в месяце улулу становится виден» [SpTU I, 90:7]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiAPIN IGI lúSA.GAZ GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета становится видна в месяце арахсамну: разбойники появятся» [TU, 16:6; Largement 1957, 236:6a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiAPIN IGI… «Если планета становится видна в начале месяца арахсамну: (аподосис тот же)» [TU, 16:6; Largement 1957, 236:6b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiGAN IGI… «Если планета (= Меркурий) становится видна в месяце кислиму: (аподосис то же)» [TU, 16:7; Largement 1957, 236:7a], см. также [SAA 8, 249:3–4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiGAN I[GI-i]r lúSA.GAZ GAL2.MEŠ BAD5.BAD5 GAR-an «Если планета стано[вится вид]на в начале месяца кислиму: разбойники появятся; будет поражение» [TU, 16:7; Largement 1957, 236:7b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiGAN iṣ-ru-uḫ-ma MU2.MU2 DINGIR.MEŠ UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.MEŠ «Если планета в месяце кислиму мерцала и имела большой блеск: боги четыре региона (земли) омрачат» [TU, 16:8; Largement 1957, 238:8], коммент.: AN i-[na] mulxPA.BIL.SAG ša2-ru-ru IL2-ma «Марс [в] Пабилсаге сияние несет» [SpTU I, 90:7–8]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiAB IGI DE5.DE5.GA AB2.GU4ḫá u U8.UDUḫá «Если планета становится видна в месяце тебету: падеж коров и мелкого рогатого скота» [TU, 16:9; Largement 1957, 238:9]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiŠE IGI-ir NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета становится видна в месяце аддару: будут смерти (из-за эпидемии)» [TU, 16:11 Largement 1957, 238:11а], коммент.: AN ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru ina […] IGI-ir «Марс в сиянии в […] становится виден» [SpTU I, 90:10–11]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM šum-ma [ina] itiGU4 / šum-ma ina itiSIG4 IGI.LAL / A.KAL DU-ma A.ŠA3 A.QAR i-ma-kir «Если планета (= Меркурий) становится видна либо [в] айяру, либо в симану: наводнение придет и оросит поля» [SAA 8, 157:4–6, 407:5–8, 454:1–2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiŠU IGI.LAL / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета (=Меркурий) становится видна в месяце дуузу: будут смерти» [SAA 8, 158 r. 6, 337:1–2, 477:4–5]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiNE / KUR-ḫa / KI.NA2 qu-ra-du DAGAL «Если планета (= Сатурн) восходит в месяце абу: кладбище воинов расширится» [SAA 8, 324 r. 1–3]; DIŠ ina itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR–ḫa / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 «Если планета (= Меркурий) восходит в месяце арахсамну: урожай страны будет хорошим» [SAA 8, 504:1–2]. См. также [ACh Ištar, 20:1–16].

(4) Видимость планеты (= Меркурий) в различные месяцы; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 «Если в месяце нисану планета сверкает: урожай страны будет хорошим» [TU, 16:13; Largement 1957, 238:13а]; DIŠ ina itiGU4 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa KUR BI SAL.KUR2 IGI-mar «Если в месяце айяру планета сверкает: страна эта враждебность увидит» [TU, 16:13; Largement 1957, 238:13b]; DIŠ ina itiSIG4 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa KUR KI.LAM LAL-a KU2 «Если в месяце симану планета сверкает: в стране будет недостаток деловой активности» [TU, 16:14; Largement 1957, 238:14а]; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если в месяце дуузу планета сверкает: будут смерти» [TU, 16:14; Largement 1957, 238:14b]; DIŠ ina itiNE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa ne-ru-ba-a-tu2 ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если в месяце абу планета сверкает: бегства в стране будут» [TU, 16:14; Largement 1957, 238:14с]; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa DUL.DU KI.LAM na-pa-aš2 dNISABA «Если в месяце улулу планета сверкает: повышение деловой активности, изобилие зерна» [TU, 16:15; Largement 1957, 238:15а], см. также [SAA 8, 325 r. 1–2; 437:1–2]; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa LUGAL KUR KUR2 NU UR5-tu2 NU TE-ḫi-šu2 «Если в месяце ташриту планета сверкает: царь, страна враждебная, не его, не приблизится к нему» [TU, 16:15; Largement 1957, 238:15b]; DIŠ ina itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa KUR kar-mu-tu2 DU-ak «Если в месяце арахсамну планета сверкает: опустошение в страну придет» [TU, 16:16; Largement 1957, 238:16a]; DIŠ ina itiGAN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa dIM KUR KU2 «Если в месяце кислиму планета сверкает: Адад страну пожрет» [TU, 16:16; Largement 1957, 238:16b], ср.: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ITI IGI.LAL A.AN u A.KAL «Если планета (= Меркурий) в месяце (кислиму?) становится видна: дождь и наводнение» [SAA 8, 113 r. 1; 157:2–3; 281:34]; DIŠ ina itiAB mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa ŠUB-ti GIG.MEŠ «Если в месяце тебету планета сверкает: истребление вследствие болезней» [TU, 16:16; Largement 1957, 238:16c]; DIŠ ina itiZIZ2 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa ŠA3 KUR DUG3.GA KUR DAGAL-iš «Если в месяце шабату планета сверкает: сердце страны будет довольно, страна расширилась» [TU, 16:17; Largement 1957, 238:17a]; DIŠ ina itiŠE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa ŠUB-ti3 MAŠ2.ANŠE «Если в месяце аддару планета сверкает: падеж скота» [TU, 16:17; Largement 1957, 238:17b]; DIŠ ina itiDIRI.ŠE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa KUR me-sir IGI «Если в месяце вставной аддару планета сверкает: страна блокаду увидит» [TU, 16:17; Largement 1957, 238:17c].

(5) Планеты на востоке и на западе; [DIŠ] MUL.MEŠ ina dUTU.E3 nen-mu-ru ša2 ulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ulṢal-bat-a-nu mulSAG.ME.GAR ša2 ina dUTU.E3 DU.MEŠ-ma SIG5 ša2 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A DU.MEŠ-ma BAR-tum «[Если] звезды на востоке (друг за другом) становятся видны, (а именно): Меркурий, Сатурн, Марс, Юпитер, если они на востоке стоят — благоприятный (знак), если они на западе стоят — неблагоприятный (знак)» (VAT 9436 ii 5) [BPO 2, 42, Parallels to III 14a].

(6) Если 2 или 3, или 4 планеты на востоке появляются; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM lu 2 lu 3 lu-u2 4 ina dUTU.E3.A EGIR a-ḫa-meš E3-im ina MU BI ŠEG3.MEŠ u A.KAL.MEŠ ZAL.ZAL-[u…] «Если планета или 2, или 3, или 4 на востоке друг за другом вместе появились: в этом году дожди и наводнения продл[ятся …]» [TU, 16 r. 15; Largement 1957, 248:76], см. также [BPO 2, III 14b]. Четыре планеты, о которых идет речь, это, по-видимому, Меркурий, Сатурн, Марс и Юпитер, см. (5).

(7) Планета на севере, юге, востоке и западе; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IM.U18.LU GUB ZI-ut NIM.MAki u gu-ti-i «Если планета стоит на юге: нападение Элама и гутеев», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IM.SI.SA2 GUB UŠ2.MEŠ ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ ZI-ut KUR URIki ana KUR KUR2 «Если планета стоит на севере: в стране будут смерти; нападение Аккада на вражескую страну», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IM.KUR.RA GUB ZI-ut SU.BIR4ki u kaš-ši-i «Если планета стоит на востоке: нападение Субарту и касситов», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IM.MAR.TU GUB MAR.TUki u SU.BIR4ki «Если планета стоит на западе: нападение Западной страны и Субарту» [TU, 16 r. 29-31; Largement 1957, 250: 90a–92], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:99–102; BPO 2, II 6a + Parallels; SAA 8, 39:6–7; 157:7–9; 341:3–4; 541:10′].

(8) Планета на пути Энлиля; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2.LA2 DU KUR2 KUR URIki SIG3-ar KUR LUGAL URIki KIN-šu2 NU <nowiki>-k[aš-šad] «Если планета на пути Энлиля идет: враг Аккада нанесет удар стране; царь Аккада не дос[тигнет] своей цели» [TU, 16:45; Largement 1957, 244:45], см. также [SpTU I, 92:1].</nowiki>

(9) Планета (=Меркурий) и Луна; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 d30 GUB-iz ina MU BI DINGIR ina KUR KU2 «Если планета в середине Луны стоит: в этом году бог произведет разрушение (букв. пожрёт) в стране» [TU, 16:23; Largement 1957, 240:23a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SI 15 d30 GUB-iz ina KUR MAR.TUki U2.GUG GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета на правом роге Луны стоит: в Западной стране будет голод» [TU, 16:23; Largement 1957, 240:23b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SI 150 d30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если планета стоит на левом роге Луны: царь достигнет могущества» [TU, 16:24; Largement 1957, 240:24a], см. также [SAA 8, 311:3; 350:1–2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina MAŠ.QA d30 GUB-iz MAŠ2.ANŠE KUR ŠUB-ut KI.MIN EN KUR muš-ke-nu-tu2 DU «Если планета стоит на “плече” Луны: скот страны погибнет, вар.: к господину страны обнищание придет» [TU, 16:24; Largement 1957, 240:24b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IGI d30 GUB-iz ina MU BI UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета впереди Луны стоит: будут смерти» [TU, 16:25; Largement 1957, 240:25a], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20: 27–32; SpTU I, 91:6′–10′]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-ma ana ŠA3 d30 TU KUR.E.NE LAL2.[DU?…] «[Если планета] вспыхивает и в середину Луны входит; страны обед[неют …]» [TU, 16:55; Largement 1957, 246:55]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-ma ana d30 TE TUR.MEŠ […] «[Если планета] вспыхивает и к Луне приближается: маленькие […]» [TU, 16:56; Largement 1957, 246:56]; DIŠ 30 ina IGI-šu2 mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB ina MU BI ina KUR DU3.A.BI UŠ2.MEŠ GAR.MEŠ me-reš KUR […] «Если при появлении Луны (в неомению) планета в середине нее стоит: в этом году по всей стране будут смерти (из-за эпидемии), обработанные поля страны [(придут в запустение) (?)]» [Verderame, 172, Tav. VI: §29].

(10) Планета перед или над Луной; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI d30 GUB UR.MAḪ.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ-ma A.RA2 KUD-as «Если планета перед Луной стоит: дикие львы рассвирепеют и перережут пути сообщения» [TU, 16 r. 32; Largement 1957, 250:93]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana UGU d30 GUN3-ma GUB … «Если планета выше Луны многоцветная и стоит: (аподосис тот же)» [TU, 16 r. 33; Largement 1957, 252:94]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana UGU d30 GUN3-ma GUB ana ŠA3 d30 TU UR.MAḪ.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE GAZ.MEŠ «Если планета (= Сатурн) выше Луны многоцветная и стоит, (а затем) входит внутрь Луны: львы станут свирепыми и скот истребят» [TU, 16 r. 34; Largement 1957, 252: 95]; см. также [SAA 8, 166:4–6].

(11) Луна окружена гало и в нем планета (= Сатурн или Марс) стоит; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / LU2.SA.GAZ (глосса: ḫab-ba-a-tu2!) in-na-an-du-ru «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем планета стоит: грабители будут свирепствовать» [SAA 8, 49:6–7; 82 r. 1–2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB LUGAL ERIM-šu2 u2-tas-sar «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем планета (= Марс?) стоит: царские войска будут окружены» [SAA 8, 412:5–6]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulṣal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫar-u2-ma / iz-zi-zu Z[I-u]t! LU2.KUR2 «Если планета (=Сатурн) (и) Марс противостоят друг другу и стоят там (т.е. внутри лунного гало): а[та]ка врага» [SAA 8, 49 r. 7–8].

(12) Планета и Солнце (= Сатурн?); DIŠ dUTU ŠU2-ma ina KI.GUB-šu2 mulUDU.IDIM GUB-iz kiš-šu-tu2 KI.MIN ḪI.GAR GAL2-ma BALA KUR2-ir «Если Солнце зашло и на его месте планета стоит: господство, вар.: мятеж будет и династия сменится» [TU, 16:22; Largement 1957, 240:22], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:26]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IGI dUTU GUB-iz ina MU BI GAN2.BA TUR «Если планета впереди Солнца стоит в этом году деловая активность снизится» [TU, 16:25; Largement 1957, 240:25b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina KUR-šu2 ina [KASKAL] dUTU ŠU2-u2 E3.A AB.SIN2 pa-ni-ša2 ip-te-te KI.MIN AB.SIN2 IGI-šu2 BAD-ma kiš-šu-tu2 GAL2-ma EGIR AŠ.TE NU TUŠ-ab KI.MIN IBILA-šu2 [NU] TUŠ-ab a-mur-ru-u2 a-a-um-ma KI.MIN a-ḫu-u2 ZI-ma! AŠ.TE TUŠ-ab «Если планета при своем появлении на [пути?] Солнца заходит, (а затем вновь) появляется: борозда перед ней откроется (т.е. поля будут вспаханы), вар.: (когда) борозда перед ним откроется, появится могущественный (некто) и затем на троне не усидит, вар.: наследник его (на троне) [не] усидит, некий аморей; вар.: чужак атакует (и) на трон усядется» [TU, 16:20–21; Largement 1957, 240:20–21], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20: 23–25]. В этих предсказаниях речь идет, по-видимому, о Сатурне, который считался «звездой Солнца».

(13) Планета (=Марс) и Юпитер; см. a19AL.TAR, II 1, s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 19–20, 24, sh25ŠUL.PA.E3, III 11, u05UD.AL.TAR, II 19.

(14) Планета и Большая звезда (Юпитер?); [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-ma ana MUL.GAL TE GAL.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ «[Если планета] вспыхивает и к Большой звезде (= Юпитер?) приближается: высокородные (люди) умирать будут» [TU, 16: 57; Largement 1957, 246:57a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u MUL.GAL im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ «Если планета и Большая звезда напротив друг друга стоят и сохраняют положения: высокородные люди умирать будут» [TU, 16 r. 14; Largement 1957, 248:75].

(15) Планета и Венера; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u mulDil-bat it-ten2-tu-u2 UŠ2.MEŠ ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета и Венера близко следуют друг за другом: в стране будут смерти»; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u mulDil-bat KUR-ma it-ten2-tu-u2 UŠ2 dan-nu ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если планета и Венера достигают друг друга и следуют друг за другом близко: сильный мор в стране случится»; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulDil-bat KUR-ma DIB-ši gišTUKUL dEr3-ra dan-nu ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если планета достигает Венеры и (дальше) проходит: оружие Эрры сильное (= эпидемия) будет в стране» [TU, 16:26–27; Largement 1957, 240–242:26–27], см. также [SpTU I, 91:12′–14′], ср. ниже пункт (30); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-ma ana IGI mulDil-bat GUB-iz ina KEŠDA-tu2 KUR2 URU NIGIN2-ma KUR-ad2 «Если планета сверкает и напротив Венеры стоит: враг окружит город фортификационными укреплениями и захватит (его)» [TU, 16 r. 20; Largement 1957, 250:81]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u mulDil-bat in-ne2-tu-ma ina KI.TA-šu2-nu d30 IGI ina ITI BI AN.MI LUGAL NIM.MAki GAR-ma TUR3 KUR ZAḪ3 «Если планета и Венера друг за другом следуют близко и под ними Луна становится видна: в этом месяце затмение, (касающееся) царя Элама, произойдет; загон для скота страны придет в запустение» [TU, 16 r. 21; Largement 1957, 250: 82].

(16) Планеты окружают Венеру; [DIŠ mulDil-bat MUL.MEŠ NIGIN]-ši KUR iš-šal-lal KI.MIN iš-lim LUGAL LA2-mu dUDU.BAD.MEŠ NIGIN-ši-ma «[Если звезды окружают Венеру]: страна будет разграблена, вар.: цела, (зато) царь будет взят в плен, (это означает): планеты окружают ее» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:75], см. также [ibid., 70, BM 75228:17; 194, K.42+:1; 225, K.9573 r. 5′]; DIŠ dDil-bat ina UD.NA2.AM3 MUL.MEŠ ni-su-ši AN.MI mit-ḫur-ti / DINGIR.ME AN-e SAL.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ŠEG3.ME LA2.ME dUDU.BAD.MEŠ NIGIN.ME-ši-ma «Если в неомению звезды отступают от Венеры: универсальное затмение, небесные боги станут враждебными, будет недостаток дождей, (это означает): планеты окружают ее» [BPO 3, 219, K.3601+: r. 44], см. также [ibid., 84, K.6021+:11–12; 86, Text 82-3-23,133:3; 98, K.10688: ii 1].

(17) Венера несет 2 короны; DIŠ mulDil-bat 2 AGA.ME [ap-ra]t 2 mulUDU.BAD.MEŠ ina IGI-ša2 [DU-z]u-ma «Если Венера [несе]т 2 короны, (это означает): 2 планеты впереди нее [стоя]т» [BPO 2, 58, K. 148+:17], см. также [ibid., 132, K.2907, IV 12].

(18) Венера “несет бороду”; dMIN (= mulDil-bat) ina itiNE MIN (= SU6 zaq-na-at) SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2 mulUDU.BAD ina IGI-ša2: ina A2-ša2 DU-ma «(Если) Венера в месяце абу “несет бороду”: в стране будет голод, (это означает): планета впереди нее, вар.: в стороне от нее стоит» [BPO 3, 149, K.137:17]; аналогичное предсказание для месяца тебету см. [ibid., 150, K. 137:22].

(19) Венера, Звезды и планеты; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGAN ina ŠA3 MUL.MUL UD.3.KAM D[U-ma] / DIB-iq-šu-nu-ti GALGA KUR MAN-[ni] / MUL.MUL ana mulUDU.BAD.MEŠ […] «Если Венера в месяце кислиму в Звездах в течение 3 дней ст[оит] и проходит их: совет страны изменится, Звезды к планетам (относятся?) […]» [BPO 3, 194, K.42+:3].

(20) Венера, Юпитер и планета окружают Луну в неомению; sh25ŠUL.PA.E3, III 10.

(21) (добавить)

(22) Планета (= Меркурий) и созвездие Тигра; см. i03IDIGNA, V.

(23) Планета (=Меркурий?) проходит рядом с Анзу (=Марс?); см. i07dIM.DUGUDmušen, VI 4.

(24) Почка (=Меркурий) и планета (= Сатурн); см. b11BIR, V 9, 12.

(25) Красная планета (= Марс); см. см. s04SA5, II, m03Makrû, III 2.

(26) Планета (= Марс) чернеет или образует крест; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM LAL GAR LUGAL KUR GAL ARAD.MEŠ-šu2 E2.GAL i-maš-ša2-ʼu-u2 u šu2-nu EGIR EN-šu2-nu UŠ2.MEŠ ZAḪ3.MEŠ «Если планета приобрела черноту: дворец царя великой страны будет разграблен его рабами, и они разбегутся после гибели своего господина» [TU, 16 r. 27; Largement 1957, 250:88]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM iš-pa-ḫu-ur-ta GAR LUGAL ARAD.MEŠ-šu2 GAZ.MEŠ-šu2 E2.GAL-šu2 i-maš-ša2-ʼu-u2 EGIR MU NU SI.SA2 «Если планета образует крест (ее излучение, по-видимому, имеет форму креста): рабы убьют своего царя (и) ограбят его дворец, завершение года не будет благополучным» [TU, 16 r. 28; Largement 1957, 250: 89], аналогичные предсказания, касающиеся Венеры, см. [BPO 3, 14, § 7.3].

(27) Планета (= Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 MUL.MUL GUB-iz ŠUB-ti3 MAŠ2.ANŠE «Если планета в середине Звезд стоит: гибель скота» [TU, 16 r. 22; Largement 1957, 250:83a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina MURUB4 MUL.MUL GUB-iz AN.MI «Если планета в середине Звезд стоит: затмение» [TU, 16 r. 22; Largement 1957, 250:83b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM KI MUL.MUL in-ne2-tu id-ra-nu GAL2-ši «Если планета со Звездами видна: поташ будет (в изобилии)» [TU, 16 r. 23; Largement 1957, 250:84]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u MUL.MUL TE.MEŠ … «Если планета и Звезды сближаются: поташ будет (в изобилии)» [TU, 16 r. 23; Largement 1957, 250:85]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana MUL.MUL TE (вар.: KUR-ud) dIMIN.BI KUR KU2.MEŠ «Если планета приближается к Звездам (вар.: достигает Звезд): Семеро богов пожрут страну» [BPO 2, IV 4b, V 2b, VI 2b], см. также [TU, 16:59–60; Largement 1957, 246:59–60, 62].

(28) Восход/заход Марса и падеж скота; см. ts0Ṣalbatānu, III 14.

(29) Планета (=Марс) и Эруа (=Венера); см. a15Aḫû, II 1.

(30) Планета к планете приближается; DIŠ mulUDU.UDIM ana mulUDU.IDIM TE AB.SIN2 IGI-šu2 ip-te-te kiš-šu2-tu2 GAL2 ṭar-du AŠ.TE DIB-bat PAD.dINNIN DINGIR.MEŠ i-šak-kan E2.KUR.MEŠ DIŠ-niš i-za-na-an «Если планета приближается к планете: борозда лицо свое откроет, могущественное правление будет, (тем не менее), изгнанник захватит трон; (чтобы этого не произошло), хлебное жертвоприношение принеси богам, распредели равномерно святилищам» [ACh Suppl., 49: 1–2; TU, 16:34; Largement 1957, 242:34], см. также [ibid., 35–36]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulU]DU.IDIM KUR-ma i-ti-iq / [gišTUKUL dIR3.RA] dan-nu ina KUR GAL2-ši «[Если планета] достигает [пл]анеты и проходит ее: сильная [эпидемия (букв. оружие Эрры)] будет в стране» [SAA 8, 491 r. 1–2], в последнем предсказании, судя по контексту, речь идет о соединении Марса и Сатурна.

(31) Марс движется вокруг планеты (=Сатурн); см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 29.

(32) Планета (=Сатурн) и Странная звезда; см. m05MAN-ma, II 3, 9.

(33) Планета и Марс стоят напротив; ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 31.

(34) Планета подходит к Регулу; см. L14LUGAL, IV 7.

(35) Старик, лунное гало и планеты; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 10.

(36) Планета и Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 6–7.

(37) Планета подходит к Стреле; см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, VI 10.

(38) Планета и Повозка; m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 8.

(39) Планета и Ханиш; h03Ḫaniš, IV 1.

(40) Цалумму и планета; ts03Ṣallummû, II 1.

(41) Поле и планета; см. a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 13.

(42) Планета и Скорпион; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 27.

(43) Планета и Нундим; n51NUN.DIM4, II.

(44) Планета и Челюсть Быка; i15Is lê, VI 3.

(45) Планета присутствует на небе в течение 6 месяцев; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM 6 ITU ina AN-e uš!-tab-ri-ma […] «Если планета остается на небе в течение 6 месяцев […]» [SpTU III, 101 r. 3].

(46) Планета (= Марс) в течение 3 лет на небе стоит; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM IGI-ma MU.3.KAM2 GUB-iz ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU.ŠU2.A ME3 GAR-an «Если планета становится видна и в течение 3 лет стоит (на небе): на востоке и западе сражение произойдет» [ACh Ištar, 20:18]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM MU.1.KAM2 MU.2.KAM2 ina AN-e uš-tab-ri-ma la ir-bi: NU IGI ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «Если планета 1 год (или) 2 года продолжает наблюдаться на небе, не заходит, вар.: не восходит: будет то же самое» [ACh Ištar, 20:19].

(47) Текущие наблюдения; mulUDU.IDIM it-ti mul[Dil-bat GUB-ma] / lum-nu ša UN.MEŠ KUR […] «Планета (= Меркурий) [стоит] вместе с [Венерой]. Это зло для людей страны […]» [SAA 8, 51 r. 3–4]; dUDU.IDIM iṣ-ru-ur-ma dUTU NIGIN […] «Планета (= Марс) вспыхнула и движется вокруг (звезды) Солнца (= Сатурн) […]» [SAA 8, 102 r. 6]; [mulUDU].IDIM.MEŠ ina TUR3 [30] / [GUB.ME]Š-ma «[Пла]неты [стоя]т в [лунном] гало» [SAA 8, 429: 7–8].

Другие примеры см. также [G. 139, II].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

U8

2026-01-08T17:51:11Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:U8}}
mulU8 (𒀯𒇇) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''mullaḫru, mulimmertu'' "sheep." [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 232; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>]; star or group of stars in the northeastern portion of the Herdsman (Bootes) (?).

= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 17): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' mulU8 d''A-a'' "The asterism that stands at the front of the Wagon, the Sheep of Ay" (I i 18) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 23].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA [GUB-''zu''] / mul''im-mer-tu''4 [...] "The asterism that [stands] in front of the Wagon / Sheep [...]" (col. iii 20-21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41], see also (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]].
|
|-
|'''List of "6 palace women".'''
* mulU8 d''A-a'' "Sheep of Ay," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|}
[[File:U CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 154518.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside U8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
|1
| 24 UMa
|HIP 46977
|Constellation lines
|4.57
|-
|2
|ρ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 44390
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.76
|-
|3
|σ 2 Ursae Majoris
|HIP 45038
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.8
|-
|4
|* sig02 UMa A
|HIP 45038
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.813
|-
|5
|ET UMa
|HIP 50933
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|-
|6
| -
| HIP 52425
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.992
|-
|7
| -
| HIP 52353
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.12
|-
|8
|27 UMa
| HIP 47654
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.142
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 47594
|Inside the Hull
|5.717
|-
|10
| -
|HIP 52338
|Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|11
|EN UMa
|HIP 50685
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 47401
| Inside the Hull
|5.947
|-
|13
|35 UMa
|HIP 51401
|Inside the Hull
|6.309
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Akkadian goddess Ay (Sum. dŠe3.ri.da, dŠe3.ri5.da), regarded as the "bride" (''kallātum'') or wife (''ḫīrtum'') of Shamash, the sun-god. She was honored along with Shamash at Sippar and Larsa. Her astral character as "goddess of light" or "sky goddess" is emphasized in the AN:d''Anum'' series (III 126-134) and AN:''Anu ša amēli'' (46) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 131-132, 231; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 245; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 14b 68], see also (Kurtik n38) [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]. Ay's sheep is mentioned as an independent deity in one of the lists of gods associated with the AN:d''Anum'' series: d la-ḫarU8 = ŠU [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 20:4], no explicit reference to Ay, however.

==== Symbol. ====
If the assumption that we are dealing with a constellation is correct, its figure was undoubtedly the image of a sheep.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= η Ursae Majoris (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 232; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 81a].

= northeastern part of the Herdsman (Bootes) (?) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 272].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mullaḫru, mulimmertu «Овца» [Gössmann 1950, 232; BPO 2]; звезда или группа звезд в северо-восточной части Волопаса (Bootes) (?).
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 17): MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu mulU8 dA-a «Звезда, которая стоит на передке Повозки, Овца Айи» (I i 18) [MA, 23]. MLC 1866. MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA [GUB-zu] / mulim-mer-tu4 […] «Звезда, которая на передке Повозки [стоит] / Овца […]» (col. iii 20–21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41], см. также m08MAR.GID2.DA. Список «6 дворцовых женщин». mulU8 dA-a «Овца Айи», см. a02A.EDIN.

II. Божество.

Аккадская богиня Айа (шум. dŠe3.ri.da, dŠe3.ri5.da), считалась «невестой» (kallātum) или женой (ḫīrtum) Шамаша, бога Солнца. Почиталась вместе с Шамашем в Сиппаре и Ларсе. Ее астральный характер «богини света» или «небесной богини» подчеркивается в серии AN:dAnum (III 126–134) и AN:Anu ša amēli (46) [Litke 1998, 131–132, 231; Tallqvist 1938, 245; Roberts 1972, 14б 68], см. также n38dNIN.MUL.SI4.A. Овца Айи упоминается как самостоятельное божество в одном из списков богов, связанных с серией AN:dAnum: d la-ḫarU8 = ŠU [CT 25, 20:4], явная ссылка на Айю, впрочем, отсутствует.

III. Символ.

Если верно предположение о том, что мы имеем дело с созвездием, то его фигурой, несомненно, было изображение овцы.

III. Отождествление.

= η Ursae Majoris (?) [Gössmann 1950, 232; Weidner 1957–59, 81a].

= северо-восточная часть Волопаса (Bootes) (?) [MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

UD.AL.TAR

2026-01-08T17:50:46Z

Sushoff:

UD.AL.TAR (𒀯𒀠𒋻) is an ancient Mesopotamian planet designation(s).

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Jupiter}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulu4.al.tar;
* = ''dāpinu'' "Heroic"; the name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 137; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> D, 105; PSD<ref name=":1">''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> I A pt. 3, 154],

See also (Kurtik a19) AL.TAR, (Kurtik d03) [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']], (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

Occasionally mulAL.TAR used as abbreviation of mulUD.AL.TAR (Kurtik u05) = ''dāpinu'' "Heroic";

An epithet of Marduk, used in lexical texts and "astrolabe" texts as the name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 16; PSD<ref name=":1" /> I, A/3 154],

See also (Kurtik d03) [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']], (Kurtik u08) UD.AL.TAR.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== UD.AL.TAR ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series:
** a) mul<u4>.al.TAR = d''šul-pa-e''3 [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11A col.v 6a′], cf. [PSD<ref name=":1" /> I A pt. 3, 154],
** (b) mulud.al.tar = d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 53; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:310ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = d''a-pi-nu'' = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 40:26].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 14a-b, III 28-28a, XIII 8; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 242:29-30; verderame 2002 2, 247; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:9; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264 r. 9].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List."'''
* 12 stars of Akkad: mulud.al.tar [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:209].
* List of the 12 names of Marduk. ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.ud "In the month of ayar, Heroic = Marduk" [III R, 53.2:3].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* Predictions of grain prices par the position of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlUD.AL.TAR [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:10]. See also: dUD.AL.TAR = dSAG.ME.GAR [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 58: r. 2; 134, VIII 3], dUD.AL.TAR = d''Šul-pa-e''3-[''a''] [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 132: I 2].
|
|-
|
==== AL.TAR ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) The Old Babylonian Sumerian list: [mulal].tar [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 1].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulal.tar = d''šul-pa-e''3 [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 11, col. v 6a; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:23].
* (3) ''Erimḫuš'' series (b ii 8′): ˹al˺?-TAR = d''a-pi-nu'' [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 89]. "
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astroabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Duzu month, the stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].
* BM 34713. The month of Abu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:5], see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 4) mulal.tar [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:57-58]. See also: dAL.TAR d''Šul-pa-e''3 "Heroic = Schulpae." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:4].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Astrology (UD.AL.TAR). ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = [[SAG.ME.GAR|mulSAG.ME.GAR]] "Jupiter"; see above, and also Kurtik s09, III V.

(2) = [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']] "Heroic"; see above, also Kurtik d03.

(3) = Šulpae; see above.

(4) = Jupiter in the west; see Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']].

(5) = Moon; mulUD.AL.TAR = dEN:ZU "Hero = ''Sin''" [BPO 2, II 14a], dUD.AL.TAR = dSîn(30) [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 134:VII 8], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 230, K.3124:3′].

===== Predictions: =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulUD.AL.TAR ana I[M...] "Hero for the (prediction of) the wi[nds ...](?)" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, II 14b].

(7) Rising in the month of duuzu; "In the month of duuzu, the Arrow, the Gemini, and the Hero rises heliacally" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, III 28], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], Astrl. B 3b.

(8) Rising on a cloudy day; see (Kurtik g26) [[GU.LA]], VI 6.

(9) Appearance of the Moon on the 30th day and Jupiter; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' UD.30.KAM2 IGI-''ma'' dUD.AL.TAR ''ana'' IGI-''šu''2 KI.TA-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ITI BI AN.MI GAR-''ma'' LUGAL UŠ2 [...] AN.MI SU.BIR4ki ˹NIM˺ki ''Gu-ti''ki ''u'' U URIki "If the Moon appears on the 30th day and Jupiter stands low in front of it: there will be an eclipse this month, the king will die, [...], an eclipse pertaining to Subartu, Elam, the country of the Gutians and Akkad" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 10, Tav. I, §8].

(10) The position of Jupiter and the Moon in neomenia; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-šu2 dUD.AL.TAR ''ina'' ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2 GUB [...] "If Jupiter, during the appearance of the Moon, stands in the middle of the Moon’s horn [...]" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7" />, 170, Tav. VI: §0.0]; DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) dUD.AL.TAR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 (''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2, ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2, ''ina'' DAL.BAN.NA SI.MEŠ-''šu''2, ''ina'' MURUB4 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2) GUB ''ina'' MU BI […] "If Jupiter stands in the Moon (var.: on its right horn, on its left horn, in the space between its horns, in the middle of its horns), (during its appearance,): this year [...]" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7" />, 170, Tav. VI: §§ 0.1–0.5]; [DIŠ dUD.A]L.TAR ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki KUR2 […] "[If Jupi]ter (during the neomenia) stands on its (= Moon's) side: for three years, Elam [will] feud…" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":6" />, 19:11].

(11) Eclipse of the Sun, Venus and Jupiter; DIŠ ''u''4-''ma'' KA´MI d''Dil-bat u'' dUD.AL.TAR KI-''šu''2 IGI.MEŠ ''ana'' LUGAL SILIM ''ana'' KUR ŠU2.MEŠ "If on the day of an eclipse, (the Sun) is seen with Venus and Jupiter: for the king (it is) a favorable (sign), in the country — death" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":6" />, 10:48], see also [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 10: 80]; variant apodosis: URU LUGAL ''u'' UN.MEŠ-''šu''2 SILIM.MEŠ [...] "the king's city and his people will be prosperous [...]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":6" />, 10:99, 11:15].

(12) Venus, Jupiter, and the Great Twins in neomenia; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 4.

(13) Connections between Venus and Jupiter; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ˹''ana'' ŠA3 mulUD.AL.TAR˺ TU LUGAL URIki UŠ2: BALA KUR2-''ir'' BE-''ma'' AGA.UŠ E3 BE-''ma'' KUR2 ''ana'' KUR ''i-šap-pa-ra'' "If Venus connects with Jupiter: the king of Akkad will die, the dynasty will change, either a soldier will ascend (to the throne?), or an enemy will send a message to the country (asking for peace)." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 44, VAT 10218:56], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 257; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 111:12].

(14) Venus rises and Jupiter passes it; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma'': ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dUD.AL.TAR DIB SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If Venus rises in the east, var.: in the west and Jupiter passes (it): there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 44, VAT 10218:58], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 68, BM 75228:3; 92, K.2226+:8].

(15) Venus rises and Jupiter stands in opposition to it; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat i'']''na'' SAR-''ša''2 dUD.AL.TAR KI-''ša''2 ''uš-ta''5-''tam-ma'' GUB-''iz'' LUGAL.ME SILIM.ME ''i-ze-en-nu-u''2 / LUGAL.ME KUR2.ME SILIM.ME mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA LUGAL SIŠKUR APIN-''eš'' "[If Venus] rises heliacally (lit. during its appearance), Jupiter is in opposition to Venus and it stands there: kings who were at peace will hate (each other), hostile kings will be reconciled — the Yoke of the Sea desires a sacrifice (from) the king" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 92, K.2226 +:7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 63, K.13849:8; 71, K.3144:8; 140, K.3589+: rev. ii 38; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41 r. 9].

(16) Venus passes Jupiter in the month of ''ulul''; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiKIN dUD.AL.TAR DIB-''iq-ma'' DU ''bi-ib-lu'' KUR TUM3 / .../ KUR-''ša''2 ''ne-eḫ ša''2 ''a-lak-ša''2 ''la ḫa-an-ṭu'' "If Venus (rises heliacally) in the month of ulul, passes Jupiter and stands there: the flood will carry away (the land) of the country ... (this means): its rising is slow, its flow is not rapid" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 134, K.2907: VI 7].

(17) Jupiter carries 1 Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 1 dUD.AL.TAR ''ap-rat'' BALA KUR2-''ir'' ... "If Jupiter carries 1 Venus: the dynasty will change ..." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 42, VAT 10218:24]; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 1 dUD.AL.TAR ''ap-rat ana'' dSAG.ME.GAR ''i-qar-rub-ma'' "If Jupiter carries 1 Venus, (it means): Venus is approaching Jupiter." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 58, K.148+:20], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 65, Sm. 1354:14; 66, K.11322:4′].

(18) The bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 9.

(19) The motion of the planet (=Mars?) relative to Jupiter; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 d''Er''3-''ra'' KUR KU2 UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ KUR DIŠ-''niš'' TUR.<<MEŠ> "If a planet reaches Jupiter and covers (it): Erra will devour the country, there will be death in the country, the country as a whole will diminish" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:29; TU<ref name=":8">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:29]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma i-ti-iq'' KI.LAM!!! ''ina'' KUR LA2: GAL2 "If a planet reaches Jupiter and passes (it): business activity in the country will decrease, var.: will be (normal?)" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:30a; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:30]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma'' TE.<<MEŠ>> dU.GUR KU2 "If a planet reaches Jupiter and remains near it: Nergal will devour" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:30b; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:30], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":6" />, 20:37-39].

(20) Jupiter emits ''mišḫu''; [DIŠ mulUD].AL.TAR MIN (= ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'') LUGAL MAR UŠ2-''ma'' KUR-''su'' ŠUB-''di'' "[If Jupiter emits ''mišḫu'': the king of Amurru will die, his country will be overthrown" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":6" /> 2, 63 col. I:15].

==== Astrology (AL.TAR). ====
(1) The planet(= Mars?) and Jupiter;

* DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ [TE? ...]
** "If the planet flashes and [approaches] Jupiter [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:57b; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:57];
* [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ KUR! GAL.MEŠ [...]
** "[If a planet] flashes and reaches Jupiter: the great [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:58; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:58].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a19 + u05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== u05. mulUD.AL.TAR (305) ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulu4.al.tar; = dāpinu «Героический»; название Юпитера [G. 137; CAD D, 105; PSD I A pt. 3, 154], см. также a19AL.TAR, d03dDāpinu, s09SAG.ME.GAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: a) mul<u4>.al.TAR = dšul-pa-e3 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11A col.v 6a′], см. [PSD I A pt. 3, 154], b) mulud.al.tar = dŠul-pa-e3-a [SpTU III, 114A v 53; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:310ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = da-pi-nu = […] [MSL XI, 40:26]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, II 14a–b, III 28–28a, XIII 8; BPO 3, 289; Largement 1957, 242:29–30; verderame 2002 2, 247; SpTU II, 41:9; SpTU V, 264 r. 9]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Аккада: mulud.al.tar [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:209]. Список 12 имен Мардука. ina itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.ud «В месяце айяру Героический = Мардук» [III R, 53,2:3]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUD.AL.TAR [SpTU I, 94:10]. См. также: dUD.AL.TAR = dSAG.ME.GAR [BPO 3, 58: r. 2; 134, VIII 3], dUD.AL.TAR = dŠul-pa-e3-[a] [ibid., 132: I 2].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulSAG.ME.GAR «Юпитер»; см. выше, а также s09, III V.

(2) = dDāpinu «Героический»; см. выше, а также d03.

(3) = Шульпаэ; см. выше.

(4) = Юпитер на западе; см. d03 dDāpinu.

(5) = Луна; mulUD.AL.TAR = dEN:ZU «Героический = Син» [BPO 2, II 14a], dUD.AL.TAR = dSîn(30) [BPO 3, 134:VII 8], см. также [ibid., 230, K.3124:3′].

Предсказания:

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulUD.AL.TAR ana I[M…] «Героический для (предсказания) ве[тра …](?)» [BPO 2, II 14b].

(7) Восход в месяце дуузу; «В месяце дуузу Стрела, Близнецы, Героический восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, Astrl. B 3b.

(8) Восход в облачный день; см. g26GU.LA, VI 6.

(9) Появление Луны в 30-й день и Юпитер; DIŠ 30 ina UD.30.KAM2 IGI-ma dUD.AL.TAR ana IGI-šu2 KI.TA-ma GUB-iz ITI BI AN.MI GAR-ma LUGAL UŠ2 […] AN.MI SU.BIR4ki ˹NIM˺ki Gu-tiki u URIki «Если Луна в 30-й день появляется и Юпитер впереди нее низко стоит: в этом месяце произойдет затмение, царь умрет, […], затмение, относящееся к Субарту, Эламу, стране гутеев и Аккаду» [verderame 2002 2, 10, Tav. I, §8].

(10) Положение Юпитера и Луны в неомению; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 dUD.AL.TAR ina ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-šu2 GUB […] «Если Луна при своем появлении, Юпитер в середине ее рогов стоит […]» [verderame 2002 2, 170, Tav. VI: §0.0]; DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) dUD.AL.TAR ina ŠA3-šu2 (ina SI ZAG-šu2, ina SI GUB3-šu2, ina DAL.BAN.NA SI.MEŠ-šu2, ina MURUB4 SI.MEŠ-šu2) GUB ina MU BI […] «Если (Луна при своем появлении) (и) Юпитер в ней (вар.: на ее правом роге, на ее левом роге, в промежутке между ее рогами, в середине ее рогов) стоит: в этом году […]» [verderame 2002 2, 170, Tav. VI: §§ 0.1–0.5]; [DIŠ dUD.A]L.TAR ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki KUR2 […] «[Если Юпи]тер (в неомению) на ее (= Луны) стороне стоит: в течение трех лет Элам враждовать [будет …]» [ACh Suppl., 19:11].

(11) Затмение Солнца, Венера и Юпитер; DIŠ u4-ma KA´MI dDil-bat u dUD.AL.TAR KI-šu2 IGI.MEŠ ana LUGAL SILIM ana KUR ŠU2.MEŠ «Если в день затмения (Солнца) Венера и Юпитер с ним видны: для царя (это) благоприятный (знак), в стране — смерти» [ACh Šamaš, 10:48], см. также [ibid., 10: 80]; вариант аподосиса: URU LUGAL u UN.MEŠ-šu2 SILIM.MEŠ […] «город царя и его люди будут благополучны […]» [ACh Šamaš, 10:99, 11:15].

(12) Венера, Юпитер и Большие Близнецы в неомению; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 4.

(13) Соединение Венеры с Юпитером; DIŠ mulDil-bat ˹ana ŠA3 mulUD.AL.TAR˺ TU LUGAL URIki UŠ2 : BALA KUR2-ir BE-ma AGA.UŠ E3 BE-ma KUR2 ana KUR i-šap-pa-ra «Если Венера соединяется с Юпитером: царь Аккада умрет, династия сменится, либо солдат взойдет (на престол?), либо враг пришлет послание в страну (с просьбой о мире)» [BPO 3, 44, VAT 10218:56], см. также [ibid., 257; LKU, 111:12].

(14) Венера восходит и Юпитер проходит ее; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma : ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dUD.AL.TAR DIB SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2 «Если Венера восходит на востоке, вар.: на западе и Юпитер проходит (ее): в стране будет голод» BPO 3, 44, VAT 10218:58], см. также [ibid., 68, BM 75228:3; 92, K.2226+:8].

(15) Венера восходит и Юпитер стоит в оппозиции к ней; [DIŠ mulDil-bat i]na SAR-ša2 dUD.AL.TAR KI-ša2 uš-ta5-tam-ma GUB-iz LUGAL.ME SILIM.ME i-ze-en-nu-u2 / LUGAL.ME KUR2.ME SILIM.ME mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA LUGAL SIZKUR APIN-eš «[Если Венера] восходит гелиакически (букв. при своем появлении), Юпитер находится в оппозиции к ней и стоит там: цари, которые были в мире, возненавидят (друг друга), враждебные цари примирятся — Ярмо Моря желает жертвоприношения (от) царя» [BPO 3, 92, K.2226+:7], см. также [ibid., 63, K.13849:8; 71, K.3144:8; 140, K.3589+: rev. ii 38; SpTU II, 41 r. 9].

(16) Венера проходит Юпитер в месяце улулу; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiKIN dUD.AL.TAR DIB-iq-ma DU bi-ib-lu KUR TUM3 / …/ KUR-ša2 ne-eḫ ša2 a-lak-ša2 la ḫa-an-ṭu «Если Венера (восходит гелиакически) в месяце улулу, проходит Юпитер и стоит там: наводнение унесет (землю) страны … (это означает): ее восход медленный, ее ход не быстрый» [BPO 3, 134, K.2907: VI 7].

(17) Венера 1 Юпитер несет; DIŠ mulDil-bat 1 dUD.AL.TAR ap-rat BALA KUR2-ir… «Если Венера 1 Юпитер несет: династия сменится …» [BPO 3, 42, VAT 10218:24]; DIŠ mulDil-bat 1 dUD.AL.TAR ap-rat ana dSAG.ME.GAR i-qar-rub-ma «Если Венера несет 1 Юпитер, (это означает): она к Юпитеру приближается» [BPO 3, 58, K.148+:20], см. также [ibid., 65, Sm. 1354:14; 66, K.11322:4′].

(18) Лук (=Венера) приближается к Юпитеру; см. b06BAN, V 9.

(19) Движение планеты (= Марс?) относительно Юпитера; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma it-ten2-tu-u2 dEr3-ra KUR KU2 UŠ2.MEŠ ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ KUR DIŠ-niš TUR.<<MEŠ>> «Если планета достигает Юпитера и покрывает (его): Эрра пожрет страну, в стране будут смерти, страна в целом уменьшится» [Largement 1957, 242:29; TU, 16:29]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma i-ti-iq KI.LAM!! ina KUR LA2 : GAL2 «Если планета достигает Юпитера и проходит (его): деловая активность в стране уменьшится, вар.: будет (нормальной?)» [Largement 1957, 242:30a; TU, 16:30]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma TE.<<MEŠ>> dU.GUR KU2 «Если планета достигает Юпитера и остается вблизи него: Нергал пожрет» [Largement 1957, 242:30b; TU, 16:30], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:37–39].

(20) Юпитер испускает mišḫu; [DIŠ mulUD].AL.TAR MIN (= meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ) LUGAL MAR UŠ2-ma KUR-su ŠUB-di «[Если Ю]питер испускает mišḫu: царь Амурру умрет, страна его будет ниспровергнута» [ACh Suppl. 2, 63 col. I:15].
|
|-
|
=== (a19) AL.TAR ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulUD.AL.TAR(u05) = dāpinu «Героический»; эпитет Мардука, употреблявшийся в лексических текстах и текстах «астролябий» как название Юпитера [G. 16; PSD I, A/3 154], см. также d03dDāpinu, u08UD.AL.TAR.||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
Лексич. тексты. (1) Старовавилонский шумерский список: [mulal].tar [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 1]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulal.tar = dšul-pa-e3 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6a; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:23]. (3) Серия Erimḫuš (b ii 8′): ˹al˺?-TAR = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XVII, 89]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 574]. BM 34713. Месяц абу, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:5], см. b06BAN. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 4) mulal.tar [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [Largement 1957, 246:57–58]. См. также: dAL.TAR dŠul-pa-e3 «Героический = Шульпаэ» [ACh Ištar, 7:4].

II. Астрология.

(1) Планета(= Марс?) и Юпитер; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ [TE? …] «Если планета вспыхивает и [приближается] к Юпитеру […]» [Largement 1957, 246:57b; TU, 16:57]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ KUR!! GAL.MEŠ […] «[Если планета] вспыхивает и достигает Юпитера: великие […]» [Largement 1957, 246:58; TU, 16:58].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Solar System]]

[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

U8

2026-01-08T17:49:51Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:U8}}
mulU8 (𒀯𒇇) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''mullaḫru, mulimmertu'' "sheep." [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 232; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>]; star or group of stars in the northeastern portion of the Herdsman (Bootes) (?).

= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 17): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' mulU8 d''A-a'' "The asterism that stands at the front of the Wagon, the Sheep of Ay" (I i 18) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 23].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA [GUB-''zu''] / mul''im-mer-tu''4 [...] "The asterism that [stands] in front of the Wagon / Sheep [...]" (col. iii 20-21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41], see also (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]].
|
|-
|'''List of "6 palace women".'''
* mulU8 d''A-a'' "Sheep of Ay," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|}
[[File:U CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 154518.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside U8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
|1
| 24 UMa
|HIP 46977
|Constellation lines
|4.57
|-
|2
|ρ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 44390
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.76
|-
|3
|σ 2 Ursae Majoris
|HIP 45038
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.8
|-
|4
|* sig02 UMa A
|HIP 45038
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.813
|-
|5
|ET UMa
|HIP 50933
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|-
|6
| -
| HIP 52425
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.992
|-
|7
| -
| HIP 52353
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.12
|-
|8
|27 UMa
| HIP 47654
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.142
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 47594
|Inside the Hull
|5.717
|-
|10
| -
|HIP 52338
|Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|11
|EN UMa
|HIP 50685
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 47401
| Inside the Hull
|5.947
|-
|13
|35 UMa
|HIP 51401
|Inside the Hull
|6.309
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Akkadian goddess Ay (Sum. dŠe3.ri.da, dŠe3.ri5.da), regarded as the "bride" (''kallātum'') or wife (''ḫīrtum'') of Shamash, the sun-god. She was honored along with Shamash at Sippar and Larsa. Her astral character as "goddess of light" or "sky goddess" is emphasized in the AN:d''Anum'' series (III 126-134) and AN:''Anu ša amēli'' (46) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 131-132, 231; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 245; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 14b 68], see also (Kurtik n38) [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]. Ay's sheep is mentioned as an independent deity in one of the lists of gods associated with the AN:d''Anum'' series: d la-ḫarU8 = ŠU [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 20:4], no explicit reference to Ay, however.

==== III. Symbol. ====
If the assumption that we are dealing with a constellation is correct, its figure was undoubtedly the image of a sheep.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= η Ursae Majoris (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 232; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 81a].

= northeastern part of the Herdsman (Bootes) (?) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 272].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mullaḫru, mulimmertu «Овца» [Gössmann 1950, 232; BPO 2]; звезда или группа звезд в северо-восточной части Волопаса (Bootes) (?).
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 17): MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu mulU8 dA-a «Звезда, которая стоит на передке Повозки, Овца Айи» (I i 18) [MA, 23]. MLC 1866. MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA [GUB-zu] / mulim-mer-tu4 […] «Звезда, которая на передке Повозки [стоит] / Овца […]» (col. iii 20–21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41], см. также m08MAR.GID2.DA. Список «6 дворцовых женщин». mulU8 dA-a «Овца Айи», см. a02A.EDIN.

II. Божество.

Аккадская богиня Айа (шум. dŠe3.ri.da, dŠe3.ri5.da), считалась «невестой» (kallātum) или женой (ḫīrtum) Шамаша, бога Солнца. Почиталась вместе с Шамашем в Сиппаре и Ларсе. Ее астральный характер «богини света» или «небесной богини» подчеркивается в серии AN:dAnum (III 126–134) и AN:Anu ša amēli (46) [Litke 1998, 131–132, 231; Tallqvist 1938, 245; Roberts 1972, 14б 68], см. также n38dNIN.MUL.SI4.A. Овца Айи упоминается как самостоятельное божество в одном из списков богов, связанных с серией AN:dAnum: d la-ḫarU8 = ŠU [CT 25, 20:4], явная ссылка на Айю, впрочем, отсутствует.

III. Символ.

Если верно предположение о том, что мы имеем дело с созвездием, то его фигурой, несомненно, было изображение овцы.

III. Отождествление.

= η Ursae Majoris (?) [Gössmann 1950, 232; Weidner 1957–59, 81a].

= северо-восточная часть Волопаса (Bootes) (?) [MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

U5.RI2.IN

2026-01-08T17:48:54Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:U5.RI2.IN}}

mulU5.RI2.IN (𒀯𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) = ''urinnu'' "Eagle" (?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1430; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 164],
*2) an infrequent designation of Orion (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* List of 7 tikpi stars: mulu5.ri2.in in third place [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 223], see (Kurtik t03) ''[[Tikpu]]''.
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| 1) = urinnu «Орел» (?) [AHw, 1430; Gössmann 1950, 164], 2) нечасто встречающееся обозначение Ориона (Orion) (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». Cписок 7 tikpi-звезд: mulu5.ri2.in на третьем месте [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 223], см. t03Tikpu.
|Example
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

U4.ZAL.LE

2026-01-08T17:48:34Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:U4.ZAL.LE}}

(MUL) U4.ZAL.LE (𒀯𒌓𒉌𒇷) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''kakkab namāri'', lit. "Star of radiance," "Star of the morning"; the name of Venus as the morning star [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 143].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: m[u]l.u4.zal?!.le.ta.ga2 [Emar VI/4<ref name=":0">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:120].
*(2) Urra XXII series: mul.u4.zil.la2 = mul.ni-''iṣ''!-''ra-pa'' [x] [Emar VI/4<ref name=":0" />, 151:184], mul.u4.zal.le = ''kab-kab na-ma-ri'' "Star of the morning" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 8], mul.u4.zal.le = ''kak-kab na-ma-ri'' [CT<ref name=":1">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 49 ii 7; CT<ref name=":1" /> 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:9], mul.u4.[zal].la = ''kak-ka-bi na-ma-ri'' [SpTU III, 114A v 66; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 112:326ʹ].
*(3) Series Aa (II/6:31): mu-ulmul = ''na-ma-rum'' [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= kakkab namāri, букв. «Звезда сияния», «Звезда утра»; название Венеры как утренней звезды [Gössmann 1950, 143].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: m[u]l.u4.zal?!.le.ta.ga2 [Emar VI/4, 154:120]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul.u4.zil.la2 = mul.ni-iṣ!-ra-pa [x] [Emar VI/4, 151:184], mul.u4.zal.le = kab-kab na-ma-ri «Звезда утра» [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 8], mul.u4.zal.le = kak-kab na-ma-ri [CT 18, 49 ii 7; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:9], mul.u4.[zal].la = kak-ka-bi na-ma-ri [SpTU III, 114A v 66; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:326ʹ]. (3) Серия Aa (II/6:31): mu-ulmul = na-ma-rum [MSL XIV, 291].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

U.RI.RI

2026-01-08T17:48:03Z

Sushoff:

mul4U.RI.RI (𒌌𒌋𒊑𒊑) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= A moving celestial luminary, possibly the planet Mercury, or a comet; the name occurs only in astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 165; Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171; Weidner 1923-24, 203-205].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Astrological predictions:

* (a) DIŠ U.RI.RI IGI.LA2 A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "If the star U.RI.RI becomes visible: rain and flood",
* (b) DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul4 giš[[GIGIR]] KU.NU-''ma'' ANŠE.PA+GIN2meš BEmeš "If the star U.RI.RI approaches the Chariot: horses will die",
* (c) DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul4[[AB.SIN]]2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If the star U.RI.RI approaches the Furrow: (the same thing will happen)",
* (d) DIŠ mul4U. RI.RI.RI ''ana'' mul4[[ALLA]] KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star U.RI.RI approaches the Crab: ḪUR AL will die",
* (e) DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul4[[ALLA]] 15 KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star U.RI. RI approaches the right side of the Crab: ḪUR AL will die",
* (f) DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul4[[ALLA]] 2.30 KU.NU BE GAMme "If the star U.RI.RI approaches the left side of the Crab: BE will die" (II iii 22-27) [MA<ref name=":0">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 110-111, 134]. For a poorly preserved parallel to II iii 23ff. see. [AAT<ref>''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.</ref>, 40 r. 1ff.].
|
|}
See also the predictions: DIŠ <mul>U.RI.RI iti''ši''-[''ir'' BURU14...] "If the star Uriri (in) the month of She[r-eburi (=''siman'') ...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 33:8]; DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ''ina'' MAŠ.QA 30 GUB [...] "If the star Uriri stands on the shoulder of the moon [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 29:10].

===Additional===
Since <mul>U.RI.RI stands in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 33:8] among the predictions dedicated to Mercury, it is possible that this is the name of Mercury [MA<ref name=":0" /> 134].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= движущееся небесное светило, возможно, планета Меркурий, или комета; название встречается только в астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 165; Chadwick 1993, 171; Weidner 1923–24, 203–205].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: a) DIŠ U.RI.RI IGI.LA2 A.AN u A.KAL «Если звезда U.RI.RI становится видна: дождь и наводнение», b) DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ana mul4 gišGIGIR KU.NU-ma ANŠE.PA+GIN2meš BEmeš «Если звезда U.RI.RI приближается к Колеснице: лошади будут умирать», c) DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ana mul4AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «Если звезда U.RI.RI приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое», d) DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ana mul4ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда U.RI.RI приближается к Крабу: ḪUR AL будут умирать», e) DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ana mul4ALLA 15 KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда U.RI.RI приближается к Крабу справа: ḪUR AL будут умирать», f) DIŠ U.RI.RI ana mul4ALLA 2,30 KU.NU BE GAMme «Если звезда U.RI.RI приближается к Крабу слева: BE будут умирать» (II iii 22–27) [MA 110–111, 134]. Плохо сохранившая параллель к II iii 23ff. см. [AAT, 40 r. 1ff.].

См. также предсказания: DIŠ <mul>U.RI.RI itiši-[ir BURU14…] «Если звезда Урири (в) месяце Ше[р-эбури (=симану) …]» [ACh Ištar, 33:8]; DIŠ mul4U.RI.RI ina MAŠ.QA 30 GUB […] «Если звезда Урири на плече Луны стоит […]» [ACh Ištar, 29:10].

Поскольку <mul>U.RI.RI стоит в [ACh Ištar, 33:8] среди предсказаний, посвященных Меркурию, не исключено, что это имя Меркурия [MA 134].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

TUR3

2026-01-08T17:47:34Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TUR3}}

mulTUR3 (𒀯𒉣𒇬) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Akkadian parallel to mul''Tarbāṣu'' "Corral";

*1) epithet of Venus;
*2) abbreviation of [[E2.TUR3|mulE2.TUR3]](?), see Kurtik e06.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*In astrological commentaries: mulTUR3: d''Dil-bat'' "Zagon = Venus" [NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 166, Table V, Som. z:9'].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTarbāṣu «Загон»; 1) эпитет Венеры; 2) сокращение от mulE2.TUR3(?), см. e06.
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. В астрологическом комментарии: mulTUR3 : dDil-bat «Загон = Венера» [NSAM 2, 166, Table V, Сom. z:9'].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

Tūltu

2026-01-08T17:47:08Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Tūltu''}}

mul''Tūltu'' (𒀯𒌋𒌆𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= "Worm, larva"; constellation (or star?) in Pisces, associated with ''Anunitu'' (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 402; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1369b; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XV 24-25].
|Example
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":1">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* mul''tul-tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunitu" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:165].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Worm is massive; DIŠ ul''Tul-tum gup-pu-šat re-e-mu u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If the Worm is massive: prosperity and peace will be in the country" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XV 25 + Parallels]; for parallels see also [SAA 8<ref name=":1" />, 357:3-4; 538:3-4].

(2) The Worm is dark; DIŠ ul''Tul-tum'' KA´MI AN.TI.BAL E2.MEŠ DINGIR.MEŠ KU2 "If the Worm becomes dark: the woodworm will devour the temples of the gods" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XV 24].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Червь, личинка»; созвездие (или звезда?) в Рыбах (Pisces), связанное с Ануниту (?) [Gössmann 1950, 402; AHw, 1369b; BPO 2, 15].
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XV 24–25]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 352]. «Большой список звезд». multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Ануниту» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:165].

II. Астрология.

(1) Червь массивный; DIŠ ulTul-tum gup-pu-šat re-e-mu u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если Червь очень массивный: благоденствие и мир будут в стране» [BPO 2, XV 25 + Parallels]; параллели см. также [SAA 8, 357:3–4; 538:3–4].

(2) Червь темный; DIŠ ulTul-tum KA´MI AN.TI.BAL E2.MEŠ DINGIR.MEŠ KU2 «Если Червь становится темным: древесный червь храмы богов пожрет» [BPO 2, XV 24].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ

2026-01-08T17:46:31Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ereš-ki-gal''}}

mul''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ (𒀯𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = mul''tūʼamū rabûtu'';
* = mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL "Great Twins" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 401];

the only text in the EAE series: mul''Tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ ''a-na'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''i-qab-bi'' "Great Twins — so they say (when describing) the Little Twins" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 36].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= multūʼamū rabûtu; = mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL «Великие Близнецы» [Gössmann 1950, 401]; в единственном тексте из серии ЕАЕ: mulTu-a-mu GAL.MEŠ a-na mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR i-qab-bi «Великие Близнецы — так говорят (при описании) Малых Близнецов» [BPO 2, III 36].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Tūʼamū

2026-01-08T17:45:42Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Tūʼamū''}}

mul / d''Tūʼamū'' (𒀯𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Akkadian parallel to mulMAŠ.TAB.BA "Gemini" in lexical and a number of other texts, see (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]], (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «Близнецы» в лексических и ряде других текстов, см. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA, m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

TU.TU

2026-01-08T17:45:05Z

Sushoff:

mul dTU.TU (𒀯𒀭𒌅𒌅) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= d''Tu-tu''; one of the names of Marduk, as planet Jupiter or Mercury (?).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Old Babylonian monolingual Sumerian list of stars: mul dT[U.TU] [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 2]. The latest edition of the text gives mul dx [x] instead of mul dT[U.TU] [Horowitz 2005<ref>Horowitz, W. (2005). Some thoughts on Sumerian star-names and Sumerian astronomy. In Y. Sefati, P. Artzi, C. Cohen, B. L. Eichler, & V. A. Hurowitz (Eds.), An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein (pp. 163-178). CDL Press.</ref>, 167].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The deity d''Tu-tu'' has been known since the Old Akkadian periods [Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 54]. In Hammurabi's time, it was considered the city god of Borsippa: ''na-ra-am'' TU.TU / ''mu-ri-iš'' / uru''bar-zi-pa''ki "Tutu's favorite, pleasing Borsippa" ZX (III 10-13) and in this period, apparently, was identified with Nabu. However, in the list of gods, both early and later, d''Tu-tu'' is invariably identified with Marduk, cf. [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 74:28b; Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, 101, AO 5376 col. iii 8; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 91:196; KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref>, 63 iii 35]. This is also mentioned in Enuma Elish (VII 9-34), as one of the 50 names of Marduk and as an independent deity in Shurpu's collection of spells (IV 65, VIII 27) [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 27, 40]. In the ritual list of the 7 sons of Enmesharra d''Tu-tu ša''2 a.meš ku3.meš ''zu-u''2 "Tutu who knows the pure waters" is equated with Kus, the deity of the constellation Mad Dog (see Kurtik u21 [[UR.IDIM]]) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 190, O 175:12].

Sumerian star list — the only source in which d''Tu-tu'' appears as an astral deity. It is probably one of the names of Marduk associated with Jupiter, but an identification with Nabu (= Mercury) cannot be ruled out (see above). If the latter were to be considered as true, this text can be regarded as the earliest known mention of the planet Mercury in Mesopotamian sources (?).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dTu-tu; одно из имен Мардука как планеты Юпитер или Меркурий (?).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Старовавилонский одноязычный шумерский список звезд: mul dT[U.TU] [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 2]. В последнем издании текста вместо mul dT[U.TU] приводится mul dx [x] [Horowitz 2005, 167].

II. Божество.

Божество dTu-tu известно со староаккадского времени [Roberts 1972, 54]. Во времена Хаммурапи считалось городским богом Борсиппы: na-ra-am TU.TU / mu-ri-iš / urubar-zi-paki «Любимец Туту, радующий Борсиппу» ЗХ (III 10–13) и, по-видимому, в этот период отождествлялось с Набу. Однако в списках богов как ранних, так и более поздних dTu-tu неизменно отождествляется с Мардуком, см. [Weidner 1924–25, 74:28b; Genouillac 1923, 101, AO 5376 col. iii 8; Litke 1998, 91:196; KAV, 63 iii 35]. Упоминается также среди 50 имен Мардука в поэме Энума Элиш (VII 9–34) и как самостоятельное божество в собрании заклинаний Шурпу (IV 65, VIII 27) [Reiner 1970, 27, 40]. В ритуальном списке 7 сыновей Энмешарры dTu-tu ša2 a.meš ku3.meš zu-u2 «Туту, который чистые воды знает» приравнивается Кусу, божеству созвездия Бешеный Пес (см. u21UR.IDIM) [Livingstone 1986, 190, О 175:12].

Шумерский список звезд — единственный источник, в котором dTu-tu выступает в роли астрального божества. Вероятно, это одно из имен Мардука, связанного с Юпитером, однако отождествления с Набу (= Меркурий) исключить также нельзя (см. выше). Если верно последнее, то данный текст можно рассматривать как самое раннее известное нам упоминание планеты Меркурий в месопотамских источниках (?).
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]