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Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-12T14:54:10Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ṣūfī: */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}
[[File:Khaima2 uu bd1 nomadin astro b300dpi.png|thumb|a bedouin tent in Mauretania, CC BY SMH 2008]]
al-Ḫibā’ (الخِباء), al-Khiba, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)<ref name=":0">Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref><ref>Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes''</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Khaima night uu bd1 nomadin astro b300dpi.png|thumb|a bedouin tent in Mauretania at full moon, CC BY SMH 2008]]

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===

* sometimes the Romanisation ''al-Ḥibā’'' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḫibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent (الخِباء الشّامیَة) ====
Name Variants:

* The Tent
* The Northern Tent
* The Syrian Tent

[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and [[Auriga]].

===== '''Ibn Qutayba''' =====
'''(last but one line ۱۵ ـ الغفر )''' <blockquote>والهبا اسفل من الحوض، كواكب فؾ مثل هؾة الهبا اليمانية</blockquote><blockquote>''wa-al''-''ḫibā’'' ''asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya''</blockquote><blockquote>“''al''-''ḫibā’'' [“''the Tent”''] below ''al-ḥawḍ'' [“''The Watering Hole”''], stars that have the form of ''al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya'' [“''the Austral Tent”'']”.</blockquote>Which give us Kunizsch before talking of al-Ṣūfī (''Untersuchungen'', 70) :<blockquote>Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-al''-''ḫibā’'' ''asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya „al''-''ḫib ā’''„: Sterne unterhalb von ''al-ḥawḍ'' [= ''τ,''h,''υ,φ,θ,''e,f Ursae Maioris], in Form der Südlisches Zeltes [cf. Den folgenden Artikel]”.</blockquote><blockquote>“Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (regarding the stars discussed under Moondstation 14): ''wa-al-ḫibā’ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya “al-ḫibā’”'': Stars below ''al-ḥawḍ'' [= ''τ,''h,''υ,φ,θ,''e,f ''Ursae Maioris''], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. The following article]”.</blockquote>It is difficult to identify this figure exactly, but it is highly probable that it is from series 2, 15, 31 Lyn, 10 ''UMa'', 38 ''& a Lyn'' are part of ''al-ḫibā’'' which can be qualified of “[Northern] Tent”.

NB: Kunitzsch then cites al-Marzūqī who makes a mistake by putting ''al-ḍibā’'' instead of ''al-ẓibā’'' to locate ''al-ḥawḍ''. We may therefore leave him out of it.

===== '''al-Ṣūfī:''' =====
'''(Schjellerup, 94) :'''<blockquote>وفي وسط منها كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس تسميها العرب الهبا الاها على صورة الهبا والإثنان اللذان على رأس.من هذه الصورة داخل في جملة الهبا</blockquote><blockquote>“And in its center are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call because they present the figure of a tent, and the two that are at the head of this image [of Auriga] are included in the group of the ''Tent''”.</blockquote>These are the two stars that, in his ''Index'', Schjellerup identifies as ''δ,ξ Aur'', but for the other stars of the group that al-Ṣūfī speaks of, he gives: “Fl. 9 or 10” (Schjellerup, 360).

Kunitzsch writes about this (''Untersuchungen'', 70) :<blockquote>Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al''-''ḫibā’'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschriebenen Sterne des modernes Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. Des proleMïschen Bildes Fuhrnann = ''δξ Aur.''</blockquote><blockquote>“Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-ḫibā’'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the prolemäichen Bildes Fuhrnann = δ,ξ Aur”.</blockquote>
Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> argues that they are too far north: <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba gives ''δ, ξ Aur''. Based on al-Ṣūfī's description, Schjellerup adds ''2 Lyn +α, β Cam''. But, as Ibn Qutayba points out that the figure begins under ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'', this means that it includes ''α Lyn''. One can reasonably remove from Schjellerup’s list ''α,β Cam'', which are too far away, and add the brightest stars that connect ''2 Lyn'' to ''α Lyn''. </blockquote><blockquote>There is also confusion in Ibn Qutayba, who places this figure under the one that he places under Station XIV and which he calls ''al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī'', “the Yemeni” or “the Southern”. The one we are talking about, which is northern, should reasonably be called ''al-Ḥibā’ al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian,” ''i.e.'' “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Yemenite Tent (الخِباء الیمانی) ====
[[File:AlHibaY Laffitte2025 bothMaps.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The Yemenite Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Name Variants:

* The Yemenite Tent
* The Southern Tent

The Yemenite Tent is mentioned by al-Qutayba and al-Sufi; the latter also calls it the "Southern Tent" as opposed to the Northern Tent in the Lynx area. It is located in [[Corvus]]. Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> identifies: ''β, γ, δ, ε Crv'' and argues: <blockquote>By Ibn Qutayba, this figure is located under Lunar Station XIV. The epithet ''al-Yamānī'', given by al-Ṣūfī, must be interstood in relation to another ''al-Ḫibā’'', located between ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'' and ''al-ᶜAyyūq'', which is boreal, and which we have therefore named ''al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian” or “the Northern”. </blockquote>Laffitte (2025) also points out that the stars of Corvus form an Arabic Lunar Station and are also listed with other Arabic names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
|-
|
|''al-Maᶜlaf''
|the Manger
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Aḥmal''
|the Lambs
|Ḥanīfa
|-
|
|''al-Ağmal''
|the Camels
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Ğimāl''
|''idem''
|Fāris
|-
|
|''al-Buᶜūl''
|the Masters
|Mammātī
|}

==== Lucky [star] of the Tent (سَعْدُ الخِبَاء) ====
[[Al-Suʿūd|'''''al-Suʿūd''''']]''', “the Lucky [stars]”''' are an Arabian asterism in [[Aquarius]]. Several modern star names resemble this historical asterism (e.g. [[Sadalsuud]], [[Sadalmelik]], [[Sadalbari]]...). Laffitte (2025) lists two names among the lucky stars that include tents:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|''Saʿd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|Lunar Station XXV:

''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saʿd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Lyn]][[Category:Cam]]

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-12T14:53:18Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Ibn Qutayba */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}
[[File:Khaima2 uu bd1 nomadin astro b300dpi.png|thumb|a bedouin tent in Mauretania, CC BY SMH 2008]]
al-Ḫibā’ (الخِباء), al-Khiba, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)<ref name=":0">Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref><ref>Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes''</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Khaima night uu bd1 nomadin astro b300dpi.png|thumb|a bedouin tent in Mauretania at full moon, CC BY SMH 2008]]

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===

* sometimes the Romanisation ''al-Ḥibā’'' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḫibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent (الخِباء الشّامیَة) ====
Name Variants:

* The Tent
* The Northern Tent
* The Syrian Tent

[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and [[Auriga]].

===== '''Ibn Qutayba''' =====
'''(last but one line ۱۵ ـ الغفر )''' <blockquote>والهبا اسفل من الحوض، كواكب فؾ مثل هؾة الهبا اليمانية</blockquote><blockquote>''wa-al''-''ḫibā’'' ''asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya''</blockquote><blockquote>“''al''-''ḫibā’'' [“''the Tent”''] below ''al-ḥawḍ'' [“''The Watering Hole”''], stars that have the form of ''al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya'' [“''the Austral Tent”'']”.</blockquote>Which give us Kunizsch before talking of al-Ṣūfī (''Untersuchungen'', 70) :<blockquote>Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-al''-''ḫibā’'' ''asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya „al''-''ḫib ā’''„: Sterne unterhalb von ''al-ḥawḍ'' [= ''τ''h''υφθ''ef Ursae Maioris], in Form der Südlisches Zeltes [cf. Den folgenden Artikel]”.</blockquote><blockquote>“Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (regarding the stars discussed under Moondstation 14): ''wa-al-ḫibā’ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya “al-ḫibā’”'': Stars below ''al-ḥawḍ'' [= ''τ,''h,''υ,φ,θ,''e,f ''Ursae Maioris''], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. The following article]”.</blockquote>It is difficult to identify this figure exactly, but it is highly probable that it is from series 2, 15, 31 Lyn, 10 ''UMa'', 38 ''& a Lyn'' are part of ''al-ḫibā’'' which can be qualified of “[Northern] Tent”.

NB: Kunitzsch then cites al-Marzūqī who makes a mistake by putting ''al-ḍibā’'' instead of ''al-ẓibā’'' to locate ''al-ḥawḍ''. We may therefore leave him out of it.

===== '''al-Ṣūfī:''' =====
'''(Schjellerup, 94) :'''<blockquote>وفي وسط منها كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس تسميها العرب الهبا الاها على صورة الهبا والإثنان اللذان على رأس.من هذه الصورة داخل في جملة الهبا</blockquote><blockquote>“And in its center are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call because they present the figure of a tent, and the two that are at the head of this image [of Auriga] are included in the group of the ''Tent''”.</blockquote>These are the two stars that, in his ''Index'', Schjellerup identifies as ''δ,ξ Aur'', but for the other stars of the group that al-Ṣūfī speaks of, he gives: “Fl. 9 or 10” (Schjellerup, 360).

Kunitzsch writes about this (''Untersuchungen'', 70) :<blockquote>Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al''-''ḫibā’'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschriebenen Sterne des modernes Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. Des proleMïschen Bildes Fuhrnann = ''δξ Aur.''</blockquote><blockquote>“Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-ḫibā’'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the prolemäichen Bildes Fuhrnann = δξ Aur”.</blockquote>
Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> argues that they are too far north: <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba gives ''δ, ξ Aur''. Based on al-Ṣūfī's description, Schjellerup adds ''2 Lyn +α, β Cam''. But, as Ibn Qutayba points out that the figure begins under ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'', this means that it includes ''α Lyn''. One can reasonably remove from Schjellerup’s list ''αβ Cam'', which are too far away, and add the brightest stars that connect ''2 Lyn'' to ''α Lyn''. </blockquote><blockquote>There is also confusion in Ibn Qutayba, who places this figure under the one that he places under Station XIV and which he calls ''al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī'', “the Yemeni” or “the Southern”. The one we are talking about, which is northern, should reasonably be called ''al-Ḥibā’ al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian,” ''i.e.'' “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Yemenite Tent (الخِباء الیمانی) ====
[[File:AlHibaY Laffitte2025 bothMaps.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The Yemenite Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Name Variants:

* The Yemenite Tent
* The Southern Tent

The Yemenite Tent is mentioned by al-Qutayba and al-Sufi; the latter also calls it the "Southern Tent" as opposed to the Northern Tent in the Lynx area. It is located in [[Corvus]]. Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> identifies: ''β, γ, δ, ε Crv'' and argues: <blockquote>By Ibn Qutayba, this figure is located under Lunar Station XIV. The epithet ''al-Yamānī'', given by al-Ṣūfī, must be interstood in relation to another ''al-Ḫibā’'', located between ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'' and ''al-ᶜAyyūq'', which is boreal, and which we have therefore named ''al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian” or “the Northern”. </blockquote>Laffitte (2025) also points out that the stars of Corvus form an Arabic Lunar Station and are also listed with other Arabic names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
|-
|
|''al-Maᶜlaf''
|the Manger
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Aḥmal''
|the Lambs
|Ḥanīfa
|-
|
|''al-Ağmal''
|the Camels
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Ğimāl''
|''idem''
|Fāris
|-
|
|''al-Buᶜūl''
|the Masters
|Mammātī
|}

==== Lucky [star] of the Tent (سَعْدُ الخِبَاء) ====
[[Al-Suʿūd|'''''al-Suʿūd''''']]''', “the Lucky [stars]”''' are an Arabian asterism in [[Aquarius]]. Several modern star names resemble this historical asterism (e.g. [[Sadalsuud]], [[Sadalmelik]], [[Sadalbari]]...). Laffitte (2025) lists two names among the lucky stars that include tents:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|''Saʿd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|Lunar Station XXV:

''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saʿd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Lyn]][[Category:Cam]]

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-12T14:52:29Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}
[[File:Khaima2 uu bd1 nomadin astro b300dpi.png|thumb|a bedouin tent in Mauretania, CC BY SMH 2008]]
al-Ḫibā’ (الخِباء), al-Khiba, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)<ref name=":0">Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref><ref>Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes''</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Khaima night uu bd1 nomadin astro b300dpi.png|thumb|a bedouin tent in Mauretania at full moon, CC BY SMH 2008]]

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===

* sometimes the Romanisation ''al-Ḥibā’'' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḫibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent (الخِباء الشّامیَة) ====
Name Variants:

* The Tent
* The Northern Tent
* The Syrian Tent

[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and [[Auriga]].

===== '''Ibn Qutayba''' =====
'''(last but one line ۱۵ ـ الغفر )''' <blockquote>والهبا اسفل من الحوض، كواكب فؾ مثل هؾة الهبا اليمانية</blockquote><blockquote>''wa-al''-''ḫibā’'' ''asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya''</blockquote><blockquote>“''al''-''ḫibā’'' [“''the Tent”''] below ''al-ḥawḍ'' [“''The Watering Hole”''], stars that have the form of ''al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya'' [“''the Austral Tent”'']”.</blockquote>Which give us Kunizsch before talking of al-Ṣūfī (''Untersuchungen'', 70) :<blockquote>Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-al''-''ḫibā’'' ''asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya „al''-''ḫib ā’''„: Sterne unterhalb von ''al-ḥawḍ'' [= ''τ''h''υφθ''ef Ursae Maioris], in Form der Südlisches Zeltes [cf. Den folgenden Aritkel]”.</blockquote><blockquote>“Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (regarding the stars discussed under Moondstation 14): ''wa-al-ḫibā’ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fī miṯl hay’at al-ḫibā’ al-yamāniyya “al-ḫibā’”'': Stars below ''al-ḥawḍ'' [= ''τ,''h,''υ,φ,θ,''e,f ''Ursae Maioris''], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. The following article]”.</blockquote>It is difficult to identify this figure exactly, but it is highly probable that it is from series 2, 15, 31 Lyn, 10 ''UMa'', 38 ''& a Lyn'' are part of ''al-ḫibā’'' which can be qualified of “[Northern] Tent”.

NB: Kunitzsch then cites al-Marzūqī who makes a mistake by putting ''al-ḍibā’'' instead of ''al-ẓibā’'' to locate ''al-ḥawḍ''. We may therefore leave him out of it.

===== '''al-Ṣūfī:''' =====
'''(Schjellerup, 94) :'''<blockquote>وفي وسط منها كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس تسميها العرب الهبا الاها على صورة الهبا والإثنان اللذان على رأس.من هذه الصورة داخل في جملة الهبا</blockquote><blockquote>“And in its center are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call because they present the figure of a tent, and the two that are at the head of this image [of Auriga] are included in the group of the ''Tent''”.</blockquote>These are the two stars that, in his ''Index'', Schjellerup identifies as ''δ,ξ Aur'', but for the other stars of the group that al-Ṣūfī speaks of, he gives: “Fl. 9 or 10” (Schjellerup, 360).

Kunitzsch writes about this (''Untersuchungen'', 70) :<blockquote>Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al''-''ḫibā’'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschriebenen Sterne des modernes Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. Des proleMïschen Bildes Fuhrnann = ''δξ Aur.''</blockquote><blockquote>“Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-ḫibā’'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the prolemäichen Bildes Fuhrnann = δξ Aur”.</blockquote>
Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> argues that they are too far north: <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba gives ''δ, ξ Aur''. Based on al-Ṣūfī's description, Schjellerup adds ''2 Lyn +α, β Cam''. But, as Ibn Qutayba points out that the figure begins under ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'', this means that it includes ''α Lyn''. One can reasonably remove from Schjellerup’s list ''αβ Cam'', which are too far away, and add the brightest stars that connect ''2 Lyn'' to ''α Lyn''. </blockquote><blockquote>There is also confusion in Ibn Qutayba, who places this figure under the one that he places under Station XIV and which he calls ''al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī'', “the Yemeni” or “the Southern”. The one we are talking about, which is northern, should reasonably be called ''al-Ḥibā’ al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian,” ''i.e.'' “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Yemenite Tent (الخِباء الیمانی) ====
[[File:AlHibaY Laffitte2025 bothMaps.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The Yemenite Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Name Variants:

* The Yemenite Tent
* The Southern Tent

The Yemenite Tent is mentioned by al-Qutayba and al-Sufi; the latter also calls it the "Southern Tent" as opposed to the Northern Tent in the Lynx area. It is located in [[Corvus]]. Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> identifies: ''β, γ, δ, ε Crv'' and argues: <blockquote>By Ibn Qutayba, this figure is located under Lunar Station XIV. The epithet ''al-Yamānī'', given by al-Ṣūfī, must be interstood in relation to another ''al-Ḫibā’'', located between ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'' and ''al-ᶜAyyūq'', which is boreal, and which we have therefore named ''al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian” or “the Northern”. </blockquote>Laffitte (2025) also points out that the stars of Corvus form an Arabic Lunar Station and are also listed with other Arabic names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
|-
|
|''al-Maᶜlaf''
|the Manger
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Aḥmal''
|the Lambs
|Ḥanīfa
|-
|
|''al-Ağmal''
|the Camels
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Ğimāl''
|''idem''
|Fāris
|-
|
|''al-Buᶜūl''
|the Masters
|Mammātī
|}

==== Lucky [star] of the Tent (سَعْدُ الخِبَاء) ====
[[Al-Suʿūd|'''''al-Suʿūd''''']]''', “the Lucky [stars]”''' are an Arabian asterism in [[Aquarius]]. Several modern star names resemble this historical asterism (e.g. [[Sadalsuud]], [[Sadalmelik]], [[Sadalbari]]...). Laffitte (2025) lists two names among the lucky stars that include tents:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|''Saʿd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|Lunar Station XXV:

''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saʿd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Lyn]][[Category:Cam]]

Indian Names (All Terms)

2025-11-09T11:54:53Z

Rolandlaffitte:

[[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Map of India, part of South Asia (UN region)]]
[[File:Nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|thumb|Display of all 28th nakshatra in a door fram in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).]]
The Indian subcontinent hosts a rich and old traditional astronomy in many different flavours. It grew and was inspired by exchange with neighbouring cultures such as Chinese and Mesopotamian.

=== Solar System Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
!Transliteration
!English
!commentary
|-
|
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|
| Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|
|
|Saturn
|
|}

=== Dictionary of Asterisms (Stars and Constellations) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Naks. Number
!Sanscrit
! colspan="2" |Transliteration
!English Description/ Translation
!Commentary
|-
!
!
!with diacritics
!without ...
!
!
|-
|28
|अभिजित
|[[Abhijit]]
|Abhijit
|Victorius
|Nakshatra in [[Lyra]]
|-
|
|
|
|Adhah Paschimaga
|the one below and west
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Aditerbha
|
|[[Punarvasu]]
|-
|
|
|
|Agasthya
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Agni
|
|[[Krittika]]
|-
|
|
|
|Agnidaiva
|
|[[Krittika]]
|-
|
|
|Āgrahāyaṇī
|Agrahayani
|
|[[Mrigashira]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ahirbudhnya
|
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ahya
|
|[[Ashlesha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Aindra
|
|[[Jyeshtha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ajaikapada
|
|[[Purva Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ajanghri
|
|[[Purva Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Anila
|
|[[Svati]]
|-
|17
|अनुराधा
|[[Anuradha]]
|Anuradha
|"following rādhā"
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|-
|
|
|
|Anyomuni
|another sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet UMa
|-
|
|
|[[Apa|Āpa]]
|Apa
|
|ζ Vir (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|-
|
|
|[[Apamvatsa|Apāṃvatsa]]
|Apamvatsa
|
|74 Vir (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|-
|
|
|Āptapān
|Aptapan
|??
|α Cas (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|-
|
|
|
|Apya
|
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|6
|आर्द्रा
|[[Ardra]]
|Ardra
|wetness,
|Nakshatra ([[Betelgeuse]])
|-
|
|
|
|Arya
|
|[[Uttara Phalguni]]
|-
|
|
|
|Aryamrksha
|
|[[Uttara Phalguni]]
|-
|9
|आश्लेषः
|[[Ashlesha|Āshleshā]]
|Ashlesha
|"the embrace"
|Nakshatra
|-
|
|
|Aśvanābha
|Ashvanabha
|Belly of the horse (from Arabic)
|α And (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|-
|1
|अश्विनी
|[[Ashvini|Aśvini]]
|Ashvini
|Twin physician of the Gods
|Nakshatra in [[Aries]]
|-
|
|
|
|Bhagya
|
|[[Purva Phalguni]]
|-
|
|
|
|Bhagybha
|
|[[Purva Phalguni]]
|-
|2
|भरणी
|[[Bharani]]
|Bharani
|the bearer, a container
|Nakshatra in [[Aries]]
|-
|
|
|
|Bhujaga shirsha
|
|Sarpa shirsha
|-
|
|
|
|Bhujanga
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam Vel
|-
|
|
|
|Brahmabha
|
|[[Rohini]]
|-
|
|
|
|Brahmahridaya
|
|a Aur all texts or b Aur ??
|-
|
|
|Brāhmī
|Brahmi
|
|[[Rohini]]
|-
|
|
|
|Brahmya
|
|[[Rohini]]
|-
|14
|चित्रा
|[[Chitra|Citrā]]
|Chitra
|"the bright one"
|Nakshatra ([[Spica]])
|-
|
|
|
|Dasra
|
|[[Ashvini|Aśvini]]
|-
|23
|श्रविष्ठा/
धनिष्ठा
|[[Dhanishta|Dhaniṣṭhā]]
|Dhanishta
|"most famous",
also Shravishthā "swiftest"
|Nakshatra in [[Delphinus|Del]]
|-
|
|
|
|Dhanukoti
|part of Dhanu
|from Arabic: alf Ori
|-
|
|
|
|Dvidaivata
|
|[[Vishakha]]
|-
|
|
|Dvitiyabhādra
|Dvitiyabhadra
|
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Haribha
|
|[[Shravana]]
|-
|13
|हस्त
|[[Hasta]]
|Hasta
|"the hand"
|Nakshatra in [[Corvus]]
|-
|
|
|
|Hayaamsha
|Body part of horse (from Arabic)
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|
|
|
|Hutabhuk
|
|[[Krittika]]
|-
|
|
|
|Hutabhuk
|Fire, Agni
|β Tau (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|इल्वल
|[[Ilvala|Ilvala (इल्वल)]]
|Ilvala
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: ζ, ε, δ Ori (Belt of Orion)
|-
|
|
|
|Jaladaivata
|
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Jalarksha
|
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Jantupuchcha
|
|from Arabic: bet Cet
|-
|18
|ज्येष्ठा
|[[Jyeshtha|Jyeṣṭha]]
|Jyeshtha
|"the eldest, most excellent"
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|-
|
|
|
|Kakaskandha
|shoulder of crow
|from Arabic: eps Crv
|-
|
|
|
|Kakayukta
|related to crow
|from Arabic: alf Cyg
|-
|
|
|
|Kakudapuchha
|
|kakayukta
|-
|
|
|
|Kalaja
|
|kakayukta
|-
|
|
|
|Kapala
|human skull
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Phe
|-
|
|
|
|Kara
|
|[[Hasta]]
|-
|
|
|
|Kartitakara
|??
|β Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|3
|कृत्तिका
|[[Krittika|Kṛttika]]
|Krittika
|personified as the nurses of Kārttikeya, a son of Shiva
|Nakshatra ([[Pleiades]])
|-
|
|
|
|Lubdhaka
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf CMa
|-
|
|
|
|Lubdhaka Bandhu
|
|Yamyavasu
|-
|10
|मघा
|[[Magha|Maghā]]
|Magha
|"the bountiful"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|
|
|
|Mahendrasuri
|
|Malayendu
|-
|
|
|
|Maitra
|
|[[Anuradha]]
|-
|
|
|Malayendu, Ardralubdhaka, ShaNmukha, Sadaasya
|Malayendu
|
|from Arabic, possibly Indian: tet Cet
|-
|
|
|Mānuṣaśīrṣa
|Manusasirsa, Manusha shirsha
|Head of a person (from Arabic)
|β Per (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Manushahsta
|
|Nrihasta
|-
|
|
|
|Manushyaparshava
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Per
|-
|
|
|
|Marici
|name of a sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Matsyamukha
|
|from Arabic: alf PsA
|-
|
|
|
|Matsyapuchha
|the tail of a fish
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Gru
|-
|
|
|
|Matsyodara
|Belly of the fish (from Arabic)
|β And (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Mithunadakshina, Mithunapadadakshina
|left side of Gemini
|from Arabic: bet Ori
|-
|
|
|
|Mithunapada
|foot of Gemini
|from Arabic: zet Tau
|-
|
|
|
|Mithunavamaskanda
|right side of Gemini
|from Arabic: kap, nu Ori
|-
|5
|मृगशिर
|[[Mrigashira]]
|Mrigashira
|"the deer's head".
|Nakshatra in [[Orion|Ori]]
|-
|19
|मूल
|[[Mula|Mūlā]]
|Mula
|"the root"
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|-
|
|
|
|Muneendra
|great sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Muni
|sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Nadyantaka
|End of the river (from Arabic)
|γ Phe (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Nakrapuchha
|tail of the crocodile
|possibly Indian Indigenous: sig Aqr
|-
|
|
|
|Nirtibha
|
|Mula
|-
|
|
|
|Nrihasta
|man's hand
|from Arabic: tet Aur
|-
|
|
|
|Nripada
|foot of a man
|from Arabic: bet Cen
|-
|
|
|Nṛpārśva
|Nrparsva, Nruparshva
|Side of a person/ part of the face of a man (from Arabic)
|α Per (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Nuramsa
|man's shoulder
|from Arabic: bet Aur
|-
|
|
|
|Paitra
|
|Magha
|-
|
|
|
|Phanibha
|
|Ashlesha
|-
|
|
|Pīṭhamūla
|Pithhamula, Peethamulam
|Base of the seat or chair
|γ Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Pourshna
|
|Revati
|-
|
|
|
|Pragbhadra
|
|Purva Bhadrapada
|-
|
|
|
|Prajapathi
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: d Aur
|-
|7
|पुनर्वसु (dual)
|[[Punarvasu]]
|Punarvasu
|"the twinrestorers of goods",
yamakau "the two chariots"?
|Nakshatra in [[Gemini|Gem]]
|-
|
|
|
|Purato Muneendra
|next sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam UMa
|-
|20
|पूर्व आषाढा
|[[Purva Ashadha|Purvaṣādha]]
|Purva Ashadha
|"first of the invincible"
|Nakshatra in [[Sagittarius|Sgr]]
|-
|25
|पूर्व भाद्रपदा/
पूर्व प्रोष्ठपदा
|[[Purva Bhadrapada|Purvābhādra]]
|Purva Bhadrapada
|"the first of the blessed feet"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pegasus|Peg]]
|-
|11
|पूर्व फाल्गुनी
|[[Purva Phalguni|Pūrva Phalgunī]]
|Purva Phalguni
|"first reddish one"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|8
|पुष्य
|[[Pushya]]
|Pushya
|"the nourisher"
|Nakshatra in [[Cancer|Cnc]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ravibha
|
|[[Hasta]]
|-
|27
|रेवती
|[[Revati]]
|Revati
|"prosperous"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pisces|Psc]]
|-
|4
|रोहिणी
|[[Rohini]]
|Rohini
|"the red one"
|Nakshatra ([[Hyades]])
|-
|
|
|
|Roudra
|
|[[Ardra]]
|-
|
|
|Śakra
|
|
|[[Jyeshtha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Samudra pakshi
|
|from Arabic: i Cet
|-
|
|
|
|Sarpa
|
|[[Ashlesha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Sarpa shirsha
|head of serpent
|from Arabic: alf Ser
|-
|
|
|
|Sarpayukta
|one with serpent
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ara
|-
|
|
|
|Sauroktarudra
|Rudra cited in Soura – may be suryasiddhanta
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ori
|-
|
|
|
|Shakthibha
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta Boo
|-
|24
|शतभिष/
शततारका
|[[Shatabhisha|Śatabhiṣa]]
|Shatabhisha/
Satabhisa
|a hundred physicians"
|Nakshatra in [[Aquarius|Aqr]]
|-
|
|
|
|Shishumaara
|dolphin or fish
|possibly Indian Indigenous: tet Oph
|-
|
|
|
|Shivabha
|
|[[Ardra]]
|-
|22
|श्रवण
|[[Shravana|Śravana]]
|Shravana
|Listening
|Nakshatra in [[Aquila]]
|-
|
|
|
|Sidhya
|
|[[Pushya]]
|-
|
|
|
|Simha PrishTha
|backside of lion
|from Arabic: del Leo
|-
|
|
|
|Simhaguhyam
|male organ of lion
|from Arabic: iot Leo
|-
|
|
|
|Simhasaka
|part of lion
|from Arabic: gam Leo
|-
|
|
|
|Skanda
|(6 headed karitikeya)
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Aur
|-
|
|
|
|Somya
|
|[[Mrigashira]]
|-
|
|
|Śraviṣṭhā
|Shravishtha
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|
|
|Śṛti
|Shirti
|
|[[Shravana]]
|-
|
|
|Supīṭha
|Supithha, Supeetha
|Auspicious seat / chair
|δ Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|15
|स्वाति
|[[Svati]]
|Svati
|"Su-Ati - Goodness
|Nakshatra in [[Bootes]]
|-
|
|
|
|Tatpurato Muneendra
|the sage after that
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eps UMa
|-
|
|
|Tiṣya
|Tishya
|
|Pushya
|-
|
|
|
|Torana
|decorative motif on the main door
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ser
|-
|
|
|
|Toya
|
|Purva Ashadha
|-
|
|
|[[Trivikrama]]
|Trivikrama
|three steps /one who put three steps
|possibly Indian Indigenous: ξν, μλ, ικ UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Tulaikasikha
|First star of Tula (Libra)
|an asterism in [[Libra]], perhaps [[Vishakha]] (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Tulanyasikha
|Another star of Tula
|an asterism in [[Libra]] (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|[[Turaganga]]
|Turaganga
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Turanga
|
|from Arabic: nu Cet
|-
|
|
|
|Turangaasa
|Body part of horse (from Arabic)
|(Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Tvarshtra
|
|[[Chitra]]
|-
|
|
|
|Upāntya
|
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Urdhva Paschimaga
|the one above and to the west
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf UMa
|-
|21
|उत्तर आषाढा
|[[Uttara Ashadha|Uttara Āṣāḍhā]]
|Uttara Ashadha
|"Latter invincible"
|Nakshatra in [[Sagittarius|Sgr]]
|-
|26
|उत्तर भाद्रपदा/
उत्तर प्रोष्ठपदा
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada|Uttara Bhādrapada]]
|Uttara Bhadrapada
(U. Bhadra)
|"the second of the blessed feet"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pegasus|Peg]]+[[Andromeda|And]]
|-
|12
|उत्तर फाल्गुनी
|[[Uttara Phalguni|Uttara Phalgunī]]
|Uttara Phalguni
|"second reddish one"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vaisnava
|
|[[Shravana]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vaiśvadeva
|
|[[Uttara Ashadha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vajibahu
|
|from Arabic: tet Cet
|-
|
|
|
|Varunarksha
|
|[[Shatabhisha|Satabhisa]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vāsava
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|
|
|
|VasishTha
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: zet UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Vasubha
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vatsa
|calf of a cow
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet Tau
|-
|
|
|
|Vayasa
|
|from Arabic: bet Cyg
|-
|
|
|
|Vidibha
|
|[[Abhijit]]
|-
|
|
|
|Viśākhā
|
|[[Vishakha]]
|-
|16
|विशाखा
|[[Vishakha]]
|Vishakha
|"forked, having many branches"
|Nakshatra in [[Libra]]
|-
|
|
|
|Yama
|May be same as Nadyantaka, South
|α Eri (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Yamyavasu, Lubdhaka Bandhu
|southern vasu
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf CMi
|-
|
|
|
|Yugala
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: tet Oph
|-
|
|
|
|Yugasamkaravya
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam Ori
|-
|
|युग्म
|
|[[Yugma]]
|"double" for the middle steps in [[Trivikrama]]
|possibly Indian Indigenous: lam, mu UMa
|-
|
|युग्म
|
|[[Yugma]]
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam+bet Dra
|-
|
|युग्मक
|
|[[Yugmaka]]
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: iot+kap UMa
|}

References

[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:South Asian]]
[[Category:Indian]]
[[Category:Service]]

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T11:18:19Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Mythology */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
[[File:Stellarium-LuckyLunarMansions.jpg|thumb|Lucky Stars, Arabian lunar stations (CC BY Khalid al-Ajaji for Stellarium).]]
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]] and adjacent constellations.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Laffitte2025 lunarStations lucky.png|thumb|Lucky Stars in [[Aquarius]] and [[Capricornus]] (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
There are four Arab Lunar Stations formed by the Lucky Stars:
{| class="wikitable"
!Lunar Station
!native name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|XXII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih
|Mālik
|''α, β Cap''
|-
|XXIII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Mālik
|''ν, μ, ε Aqr''
|-
|XXIV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Sucūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Mālik
|''β, ξ Aqr''
|-
|XXV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|}
[[File:Laffitte2025 luckyStarsMap+draw.jpg|thumb|Lucky Stars, Arab asterism, map and drawing: CC BY Laffitte (2025).]]
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of 21 asterisms in the area of [[Aquarius]], [[Capricornus]] and [[Pegasus]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|'' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|}
Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref> also mentions other star names in this band of lunar stations XXII- XXV <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba mentions in the southern band of Station XXV stars named ''al-Sullam'', "the Steps of the Staircase", specifically under Station XXV. It is sometimes spelled ''al-ᶜĀna'', "the Herd of Wild Donkeys", which can be identified with the group ''ι PsA γλμ1-2δ1-2β Gru''. It seems reasonable to locate them in the southern figures. It was considered useful to transfer it to the Southern Figures.</blockquote>He also mentions the constellation ''al-Ḫāṭib'' in [[Pegasus]] and ''al-Muḥibbān'' in [[Capricornus]] as alternative names for some of the Lucky Stars.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN:

* [[Sadachbia]],
* [[Sadalbari]]
* [[Sadalmelik]],
* [[Sadalsuud]]

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T11:15:50Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
[[File:Stellarium-LuckyLunarMansions.jpg|thumb|Lucky Stars, Arabian lunar stations (CC BY Khalid al-Ajaji for Stellarium).]]
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]] and adjacent constellations.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Laffitte2025 lunarStations lucky.png|thumb|Lucky Stars in [[Aquarius]] and [[Capricornus]] (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
There are four Arab Lunar Stations formed by the Lucky Stars:
{| class="wikitable"
!Lunar Station
!native name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|XXII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih
|Mālik
|''α, β Cap''
|-
|XXIII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Mālik
|''ν, μ, ε Aqr''
|-
|XXIV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Sucūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Mālik
|''β, ξ Aqr''
|-
|XXV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|}
[[File:Laffitte2025 luckyStarsMap+draw.jpg|thumb|Lucky Stars, Arab asterism, map and drawing: CC BY Laffitte (2025).]]
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of 21 asterisms in the area of [[Aquarius]], [[Capricornus]] and [[Pegasus]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|'' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|}
Laffitte (2025) also mentions other star names in this band of lunar stations XXII- XXV <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba mentions in the southern band of Station XXV stars named ''al-Sullam'', "the Steps of the Staircase", specifically under Station XXV. It is sometimes spelled ''al-ᶜĀna'', "the Herd of Wild Donkeys", which can be identified with the group ''ι PsA γλμ1-2δ1-2β Gru''. It seems reasonable to locate them in the southern figures. It was considered useful to transfer it to the Southern Figures.</blockquote>He also mentions the constellation ''al-Ḫāṭib'' in [[Pegasus]] and ''al-Muḥibbān'' in [[Capricornus]] as alternative names for some of the Lucky Stars.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

Arabic (All Terms)

2025-11-09T11:08:43Z

Rolandlaffitte:

[[Category:Overviews]][[Category:Service]][[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Africa]][[Category:West Asian]]
Most Arabic star names today root in translations of the Almagest from the original Greek language and misunderstandings in one of the steps of translation there or to Latin in mediaeval and Renaissance Europe. To separate these term from the original names used in the Arabian culture(s) prior to Greek influences, here we present two dictionaries: the Almagest-Arabic and the earlier indigenous Arabic.

Arabic is a Semitic language, spoken by the people of Arabia (the Arab people). Historically, the Arabic translations of ancient Greek designations and descriptions of stellar positions often led to the creation of star names: sometimes, the Arabic term was transliterated to mediaeval Latin without translation, sometimes it was misunderstood or misread. This way, indigenous Arabic (pre-Islamic, from Arabian regions) names for stars and constellations were transferred into European star catalogues and celestial globes.

Solar System Names
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
!Transliteration
!English
! commentary
|-
|
|
| Sun
|
|-
|
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|
|
| Saturn
|
|}

== Dictionary ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!native
!Transliteration (en)
!Translation
!Commentary
(our note)
|-
|
|al-Tābiᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Abā l-Sihil
|
|
|-
|
|Aflā’ al-Ḫayl
|
|
|-
|
|al Faras
|
|
|-
|
|al- Udḥī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Abyaḍ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aflā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-Anharān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Anāmil al-maḫḍūba
|
|
|-
|
|al-Anāmil
|
|
|-
|
|al-Anīsān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Awsaṭ min Kaff al-Musalsala
|
|
|-
|
|al-Awwal min Ḏanab al-Ğady
|
|
|-
|
|al-Awwalān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ağmal
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aġnām
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aġriba
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ašfār
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ašraṭ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aᶜlām
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aᶜnām
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aᶜrağān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aᶜyār
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aᶜzal
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aḥmal
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aḥmar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aḥmira
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aḥyam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aḫmarān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aṯāfī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Aẓfār
|
|
|-
|
|al-Balda
|
|
|-
|
|al-Banāt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Baqar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Barkān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Bayḍ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Baṭn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Birğīs
|
|
|-
|
|al-Birḏawn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Burūk
|
|
|-
|
|al-Buʿūl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Bālic
|
|
|-
|
|al-Bār (persan word)
|
|
|-
|
|al-Bāğis
|
|
|-
|
|al-Bāᶜir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Dabarān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Dabīr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Dalw
|
|
|-
|
|al-Dubayr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Dābir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fahd
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fakka
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fanīq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Faqrāt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Faqār
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fard al-Kabīr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fard
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farqad
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farqadān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farāqid
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farġ al-Awwāl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farġ al-Muqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farġ al-Mu’aḫḫar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farġ al-Ṯānī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farġān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Farᶜān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fawāris
|
|
|-
|
|al-Faḥl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Faḫiḏ al-Aysar min al-Dubb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fa’s
|
|
|-
|
|al-Firdawd [sic]
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fursān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Furūd
|
|
|-
|
|al-Furūᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fārisān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Fāriṭān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Hamma
|
|
|-
|
|al-Hanᶜa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Haqca
|
|
|-
|
|al-Harrārān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Himār al-ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Himār al-šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Himārān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Hāma
|
|
|-
|
|al-Hīrāb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Hīrān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ibra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ibṭ al-aysar min al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|al-Iklīl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaff al-aysar min al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaff al-yusrā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaff al-Ǧaḏmā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaff
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kalbān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kanūn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Karab
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaᶜb al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaᶜb al-aymin
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaᶜb al-aysar min al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kaᶜb al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kuwāra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kyfayt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Kāsir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Lafāqa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Lahāt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Laqaṭ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Lisān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Liğām
|
|
|-
|
|al-Makākī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Malikī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Malīk
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mankib al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mankib al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mankib al-yamin
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mankib al-Ğāṯī l-Ayman]
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mankib
|
|
|-
|
|al-Maqbaḍ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Marfiq al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Marğif
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mar’a
|
|
|-
|
|al-Matan
|
|
|-
|
|al-Maysān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Maġriz minhu
|
|
|-
|
|al-Maᶜlaf
|
|
|-
|
|al-Maᶜqal
|
|
|-
|
|al-Maḥnaṯ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Maḥāmil
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ma’biḍ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mbārī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Minḫarān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Minḫir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mirfaq al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mirfaq al-aysar min al-Dağāğa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mirfaq al-Aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mirfaq al-yasar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mirfaq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mirzam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mirāqq minhu
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mirğala
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mismar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Misḥalān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Miğdaḥ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Miᶜṣam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Miḥdağ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Miḥrāb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mufrad
|
|
|-
|
|al-Multahib
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muqaddamān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Murabbaᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mutaqadd. min al-ᶜA.
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mutaqaddam li-l-Qaṭāf
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muğallad
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muğdaḥ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muḍiyy
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muḍī fī Aḫar al-Nahr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muḥanniṯ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muḥibbān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muḫlifān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Muḫniṯān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mābiḍ al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mākin
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mğaydiḥ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mīzān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Mīḫ [mot persian]
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasaq al-Yamānī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasaq al-Šāmī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasaqān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Basiṭ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Kabīr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Kafīt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-M(u)kattaf
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Nāzil
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Wāqiᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Šāmī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Ḥā’im
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Ṣaġīr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Ṭalīq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr al-Ṭā’ir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr bi-l-Haqᶜa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nasrān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nayra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nayyir al-Awwal min al-Aġ.
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nayyir al-Ṯānī min al-Aġriba
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nayyir min al-Qalā’iṣ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nağm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naᶜiqān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naᶜām al-Wārid
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naᶜām al-Ṣādir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naᶜām
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naᶜāmāt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naᶜā’im al-Wārida
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naᶜā’im
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naṣl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naṭh
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naṯra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Naẓm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nihāl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Niyāṭ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Niẓām
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nuhūl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nuḥḥātay
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nāğid
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nāğiḏ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nāšir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nāḥis
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nāṣya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nāṭih
|
|
|-
|
|al-Nūq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qadam al-yumnā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qafazāt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qafzat al-Ūlā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qafzat al-Ṯāliṯa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qafzat al-Ṯāniyya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qalb al-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qalb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qalā’iṣ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qarā’in
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qawm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qaws
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qawāfiz
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qayḍ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qaᶜb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qaᶜūd
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qaṣᶜa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qaṭan
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qaṭā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qaṭāf
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qidr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qidra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qilāda
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qilāṣ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qilā’iṣ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qirān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qubba
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qurūd
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qurḥa
|
|
|-
|
|Al-Qārī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Qā’id
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rawābiᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rawḍa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ra’s
|
|
|-
|
|al-Reqīb (al-Raqīb)
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ribq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ridf
|
|
|-
|
|al-Riğl al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Riğl al-yumnā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Riğl al-yusrā min Baršāwuš
|
|
|-
|
|al-Riğl al-yusrā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rišā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ri’āl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rubaᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rukbat al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rukbat al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rukbat al-yasar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rukbat al-yumna
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rukbat al-yumnā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rukbat al-Yusrā min al-T. al-m.
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rukbat al-yusrā min al-Tuw’ām
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rukbat al-yusrā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rumḥ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rābiᶜ min al-Hanᶜa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rābiᶜ min al-Šarāsif
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rābiᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rābiᶜa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rādif
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rāmiḥ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rāqiṣ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Rāᶜī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Safāfīd
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sahm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Salbār
|
|
|-
|
|al-Samaka
|
|
|-
|
|al-Samiyā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Saraṭān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Saᶜid al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|al-Saḥābatān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Saḫlatān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sibbaᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Silāḥ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal
|
|
|-
|
|al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Simākān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sitā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Suhā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sukān al-Ğunūbī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sukān al-Šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sullam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sunbula
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sābiqān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sādis min al-Šarāsif
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sāq al-yumnā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sāwābiq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sāᶜid al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|al-Sāᶜid
|
|
|-
|
|al-Tabaᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Tamāṯīl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Tawābic
|
|
|-
|
|al-Taw’am al-Ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Taw’ām al-šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Taḥāyī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Tuwaybiᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Twailī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Tālī min Ḏanab al-Ğady
|
|
|-
|
|al-Tāğ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Tīr (mot persian)
|
|
|-
|
|al-Udḥī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Uḥaymir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Uṯāfiyya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Wazn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Waznān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Waṣl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Wāqiᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Yamāmatān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Yamāniyya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Zawraq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Zaww
|
|
|-
|
|al-Zirr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Zubra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Zubānā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Zubānān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğabha
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğady
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğahm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğanāḥ al-ayman min al-Dağāğa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğanāḥ al-aysar min al-Dağāğa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğanūbī min al-Qitaᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğanūbī min al-Tinnīn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğanūbī min Qiṭaᶜ al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğanūbī min Ra’s al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğanūbī min Ḏanab Qaytus
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğarwān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğarāṯīm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğawn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğawārī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğawāzī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğimāl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğinib
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğudayy
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğudayān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğuṯūm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğāh (mot persan)
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ğām
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ġafr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ġamūṣ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ġamṣā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ġanam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ġarāniq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ġumayṣa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Š(a)dād
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šamālī min al-Tinnīn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šamālī min al-Šawla
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šamālī min ᶜAğb [min Ḏanab]
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šamālī min Ḏanab Qayṭūs
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šamālī ᶜan al-Kaᶜb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šamārīḫ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šaraṭ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šarāsīf
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šawla
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šaᶜbat al-Š. min Ḏanab Q.
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šitā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜlā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜrayān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜrayāt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜrā l-Ġumayṣa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜrā l-Šāmiyya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜrā ’l-Yamāniyya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜrā ’l-ᶜAbūr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜrā ’l-ᶜAbūr al-Yam.
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šiᶜrā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šāt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Šā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAbūr
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAlīʿalā ’l-Ra’s
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAmūdān
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAnz
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAnāq
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿArquwat al-Suflā
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿArquwat al-ᶜUlyā
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAwhaqān
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAwwā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAwāsib
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAwā’iḍ
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAyn al-mutaqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAyn al-tālī
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAyn
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAyyūq
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAḍaba
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAḍid al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAḍud
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿAḏārā
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿImbarī
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿIqab al-aysar min al-Mumsik [ms.
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿIrfān
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿUnq
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿUnqūd
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿUqāb
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿUrf
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿUrwat al-ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿUrwat al-šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿUḏra
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿĀmma
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿĀna
|
|
|-
|
|al-ʿĀtiq
|
|
|-
|
|al-ᶜAlib
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḍafīra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḍayqa al-Farğa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḍibā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḍifdiᶜ al-Awwal
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḍifdiᶜ al-Muqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḍifdiᶜ al-Mu’aḫḫar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḍifdiᶜ al-Ṯānī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏanab
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏaqan
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏawa’ib
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏiraᶜ al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏirāᶜ al-Mabsūṭa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏirāᶜ al-Maqbūḍa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏirāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏirāᶜān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏiḥalayn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏi’b al-Awwal
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏi’bān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏu’āba the
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏu’ā’ib al-Asad al-ṣaġīra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḏīḫ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥadd al-muqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥarfaqa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥarfaqat al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥawr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥawāğzayn
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥawḍ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥayya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥazma
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥibā’
|Tent
|see [[Al-Ḥibā’|al-Ḫibā’]]
|-
|
|[[al-Ḫibā’]]
|Tent
|
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|Northern Tent
|see [[Al-Ḥibā’|al-Ḫibā’]]
|-
|
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|Yemenitic Tent
|see [[Al-Ḥibā’|al-Ḫibā’]]
|-
|
|al-Ḥurrān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥuğra
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥādī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥāfat al-ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥāfat al-šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥāğizān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥūt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḥūtān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫarazat al-sābiᶜa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫarazat al-sādisa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫarazat al-Ḫāmisa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫarazat al-ṯāniyya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫarazāt
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫarātān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫayl
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫilğ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫiṣaṣ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫāfī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫāmis min al-Šarāsif
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫāmisa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ḫāṭib
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣadr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣalīb al-Kāḏib
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣalīb al-Wāqiᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣalīb al-Ṭā’ir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣalīb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣarfa
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣawāb
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣaydaq
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣayyāḥ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣudġ
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṣurādān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṭarf
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṭā’ir
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṯawr al-yusrā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṯawr al-ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṯurayyā
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ṯāniyya
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓahr
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓalīm al-Fard
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓalīm al-Maᶜqal
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓalīm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣaġīrān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣiġār
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓalīmān
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓibā’
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓilf al-mu’aḫḫara
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓulm
|
|
|-
|
|al-Ẓāfir
|
|
|-
|
|Alyat al-Ḥamal
|
|
|-
|
|Anf al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Anf al-Ṯawr
|
|
|-
|
|Anṭaris
|
|
|-
|
|Aslam
|
|
|-
|
|Awlād al-Ġizlān
|
|
|-
|
|Awlād al-Ḍibā’
|
|
|-
|
|Awlād al-Ḫayl
|
|
|-
|
|Awlād al-Ẓibā’
|
|
|-
|
|Awsaṭ Ğabhat al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Awwal al-Dabarān
|
|
|-
|
|Awwal al-Muṯallaṯ
|
|
|-
|
|Awwal al-Niẓām
|
|
|-
|
|Awwal al-Qaṭafayn
|
|
|-
|
|Awwal al-Šarāsif
|
|
|-
|
|Awwāl al-Šawla
|
|
|-
|
|Aᶜlām al-Simāk
|
|
|-
|
|Aḍlāᶜ al-Ḥamal
|
|
|-
|
|Aḫar al-Nahr
|
|
|-
|
|Aḫar al-Qalā’iṣ
|
|
|-
|
|Aḫfī ’l-Farqadayn
|
|
|-
|
|Aḫir al-Dulfīn
|
|
|-
|
|Aṣal Ḏanab al-Ğady
|
|
|-
|
|Aṣl al-Sanām
|
|
|-
|
|Aṣl al-Ḏanab
|
|
|-
|
|Aṣl Ḏanab al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|Aẓfār al-Ḏi’b
|
|
|-
|
|Badan al-Arnab
|
|
|-
|
|Badan Qanṭūris (non
|
|
|-
|
|Baldat al-Ṯaᶜlab
|
|
|-
|
|Balqīn
|
|
|-
|
|Banāt Imām
|
|
|-
|
|Banāt Naᶜš
|
|
|-
|
|Banū Naᶜš
|
|
|-
|
|Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭan Fars Qanṭāwurus
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭn al-Arnab
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭn al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭn al-Samaka
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭn al-Ğady
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭn al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭn al-Ḥamal
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭn al-Ḥūt
|
|
|-
|
|Baṭn Qayṭus
|
|
|-
|
|Bulūqāmus
|
|
|-
|
|Bār al-Ṯurayyā
|
|
|-
|
|Dağāğat al-Samā’ wa-Banātuha
|
|
|-
|
|Eydīn l-Məšbūḥ (Yadān al-Mašbūḥ)
|
|
|-
|
|Fam al-Samaka
|
|
|-
|
|Faqār al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Farrūğ al-Naᶜām
|
|
|-
|
|Farrūğ al-Ri’āl
|
|
|-
|
|Farġ al-Dalw al-Muqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|Farġ al-Dalw ’l-Mu’aḫḫar
|
|
|-
|
|Farš al-Safīna
|
|
|-
|
|Faḫiḏ al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Faḫiḏ al-Sunbula
|
|
|-
|
|Faḫiḏ al-Ğāṯī
|
|
|-
|
|Faḫiḏ Baršāwuš
|
|
|-
|
|Faḫiḏ Ḏāt al-Kursī [ms.
|
|
|-
|
|Faḫiḏhu
|
|
|-
|
|Fa’s al-Quṭb
|
|
|-
|
|Fa’s al-Raḥā
|
|
|-
|
|Fum al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Fum al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Fum al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Fum al-Samakat al-Uḫra
|
|
|-
|
|Fum al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Fum al-Ḥūt al-Ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|Fum Qayṭus
|
|
|-
|
|Fu’ad al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Haqᶜat al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Hišwat al-Baṭn
|
|
|-
|
|Hummat al-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Hāfr [haḏā] al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Ibrat al-Mirfaq
|
|
|-
|
|Ibrat al-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Ibṭ al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|Ibṭ Qanṭūris
|
|
|-
|
|Iklīl al-Ğabha
|
|
|-
|
|Iklīl al-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Imām
|
|
|-
|
|Kabid al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Kaff al-Arnab
|
|
|-
|
|Kaff al-Musalsala
|
|
|-
|
|Kaff al-Ḥawwā’ al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Kalb al-Rāᶜī
|
|
|-
|
|Kalbā l-Dabarān
|
|
|-
|
|Karab al-Ibal
|
|
|-
|
|Kawakā l-Qarn
|
|
|-
|
|Kawkabā ’l-Firq
|
|
|-
|
|Kawkabā ’l-Qarn
|
|
|-
|
|Kawākib al-Firq
|
|
|-
|
|Kaᶜb al-Iᶜnān
|
|
|-
|
|Kaᶜb al-Musalsala
|
|
|-
|
|Kaᶜb al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|Kaᶜb Mumsik al-Aᶜinna
|
|
|-
|
|Kaᶜb Qanṭūris al-yumnā
|
|
|-
|
|Kaᶜb Qanṭūris
|
|
|-
|
|Kifal al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Kiffat al-Mīzān al-ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|Kiffat al-Mīzān al-šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|Kilāb al-Šitā’
|
|
|-
|
|Kitf al-Fahd
|
|
|-
|
|Kitf al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Kitf al-Ḥawwā
|
|
|-
|
|Kitf ḏī-Acinna
|
|
|-
|
|Kursī ’l-Ğ. al-Muqadam
|
|
|-
|
|Kursī ’l-Ğ. al-Mu’aḫḫar
|
|
|-
|
|Kursī ’l-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Kāhil al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Kāma (old semitic word)
|
|
|-
|
|l-Swābəᶜ (al-Sawwābiᶜ)
|
|
|-
|
|Ladabaran
|
|
|-
|
|Laḥy Qayṭus
|
|
|-
|
|Laḥy ’l-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Lisān al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Luqmān
|
|
|-
|
|ləkbariyāt (al-Kubriyāt)
|
|
|-
|
|ləḥwwāz (al-ḥawāz)
|
|
|-
|
|Mabdā Badan al-Insānī
|
|
|-
|
|Mabdā’ al-Nahr
|
|
|-
|
|Maftataḥ al-Fum
|
|
|-
|
|Manbit Qarn al-šamālī the
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Iᶜnān
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Mumsik al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Nasr
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Ğawzā
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Ğāṯī l-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Ğāṯī [l-Ayman]
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Ğāṯī ’l-Aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib al-Ḥawwā [al-ayman]
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib Baršāwuš
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib Qanṭūris al-Ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Mankib Qanṭūris al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Manšā al-Alya
|
|
|-
|
|Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|Marāzim al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Masǧid al-Ṯ(u)rayyā
|
|
|-
|
|Matan al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Maġizhu
|
|
|-
|
|Maġriz Ḏanab al-Dubb al-Akbar
|
|
|-
|
|Maḥāss [al-Asad]
|
|
|-
|
|Maḫrağ ᶜUnuq al-Ḥayya
|
|
|-
|
|Maḫṭat al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|min al-Ġafr
|
|
|-
|
|min al-ᶜAwwā’
|
|
|-
|
|min Naᶜā’im al-Ṣādira
|
|
|-
|
|Minqata al-Farš
|
|
|-
|
|Minqār al-Dağāğa
|
|
|-
|
|Minqār al-Ġurāb
|
|
|-
|
|Minšā’ al-ᶜUnuq
|
|
|-
|
|Minšā’ ᶜUnuq al-Ḥayya
|
|
|-
|
|Minḫarā ’l-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Minḫir al-Ṯawr
|
|
|-
|
|Minḫir
|
|
|-
|
|Minṭaqat […] al-Baqqār)
|
|
|-
|
|Mirfaq al-Multahib
|
|
|-
|
|Mirfaq al-Ğanāḥ al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Mirfaq al-Ğanāḥ al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Mirfaq al-Ğāṯī l-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Mirfaq Baršāwuš
|
|
|-
|
|Mirzam al-Simāk
|
|
|-
|
|Mirzam al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Mirzam al-Šiᶜrā
|
|
|-
|
|Mirzam al-Ḏirāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Mirāqq al-Dubb
|
|
|-
|
|Mirāqq Baṭnhu
|
|
|-
|
|Mishil
|
|
|-
|
|Miᶜṣam al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Miᶜṣam al-Mumsik al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Mubdā’ al-Safīna
|
|
|-
|
|Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ
|
|
|-
|
|Mumsik Ra’s al-Ġūl
|
|
|-
|
|Munīr al-Fakka
|
|
|-
|
|Munīr al-Zawraq
|
|
|-
|
|Munšā ᶜUnq al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Muqaddam al-Anwarayn al-A.
|
|
|-
|
|Muqaddam al-Aᶜzal
|
|
|-
|
|Muqaddam al-Dalw
|
|
|-
|
|Mutaqad. al-Ḏīḫ wa-ḥuwwa ’l-Ḍabiᶜ al-Ašᶜar
|
|
|-
|
|Mutaqaddam al-latī ᶜalā Qāᶜidat
|
|
|-
|
|Mutaqaddam Ra’s Qanṭūris
|
|
|-
|
|Mu’aḫ-ḫar al-Dalw
|
|
|-
|
|Mu’aḫḫar al-Dirāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Mābiḍ Riğl Qanṭūris al-yusrā
|
|
|-
|
|Mābiḍ Riğl Qanṭūris [al-yumnā]
|
|
|-
|
|Mābiḍ Riğl Qanṭūris
|
|
|-
|
|Mābiḍ [haḏā] al-Riğl
|
|
|-
|
|Məšbūḥ (al-Mašbūḥ)
|
|
|-
|
|Nasr Umm Wuqāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Balda
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Dabarān
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Farqadayn
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Hanca
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Hanᶜa
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Qadam al-ayman min al-Ḥawwā’
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Qilāda
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Sayf
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir al-Zawraq
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir Badan Qanṭūris
|
|
|-
|
|Nayyir Baršāwuš
|
|
|-
|
|Naᶜš Laczār
|
|
|-
|
|Naᶜš
|
|
|-
|
|Naḥr al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Naṣl al-Sahm
|
|
|-
|
|Naẓm al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Nežmāt lə-Balḥ (N. al-Balaḥ)
|
|
|-
|
|Nuğūm al-Ṯurayyā
|
|
|-
|
|Nuᶜayš
|
|
|-
|
|Nāğid al-Barrāq
|
|
|-
|
|Nāḥizā ’l-D. al-Muqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|Qadam al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Qadamā Suhayl
|
|
|-
|
|Qafazāt al-Ġizlān
|
|
|-
|
|Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’
|
|
|-
|
|Qalansuwat al-Multahib
|
|
|-
|
|Qalb al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Qalb al-Ḥūt
|
|
|-
|
|Qalb
|
|
|-
|
|Qanṭawrus
|
|
|-
|
|Qarn al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Qarn al-Ṯawr al-Muštarik
|
|
|-
|
|Qarn al-Ṯawr al-šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|Qarnā l-Ḥamal
|
|
|-
|
|Qaws al-Quṭb
|
|
|-
|
|Qaws al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Qaḍīb al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Qaṣᶜat al-Masākīn
|
|
|-
|
|Qaṣᶜat al-Miskīn
|
|
|-
|
|Qaṣᶜat al-Yatāmā
|
|
|-
|
|Qaṣᶜat al-Ṣaᶜālīk
|
|
|-
|
|Qaṭan Qanṭūrus the Perineum of
|
|
|-
|
|Qunb al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Quṣṣat al-Ḥamal
|
|
|-
|
|Radfī ’l-Naᶜām
|
|
|-
|
|Raqīb al-Ṯurayyā
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s Afalān
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Dalw
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Mar’a
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Multahib
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Musalsala
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Muṯallaṯ
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Samaka
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Taw’am al-muqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Taw’ām al-mu’aḫḫar
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Taw’ām
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Ğawzā’ al-tālī
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Ğawzā’ al-ṯānī
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Ğāṯī
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Ġūl bi-yad Faršāwus
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Ġūl
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Ḥamal
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s al-Ḥawwā
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s Andrumīḏis
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s Ibraklās
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s Qaytus
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s […] al-Baqqār
|
|
|-
|
|Ra’s Ḫašbat al-Safīna
|
|
|-
|
|Ridf al-Wāqiᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Rigl al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Riglā l-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl al-Fahd
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl al-Kalb
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl al-Musalsala
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl al-Saraṭān [al-ğanūbī]
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl al-Taw’ām
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl al-Ğawzā
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl al-Ġurāb
|
|
|-
|
|Riğl Qanṭūrus
|
|
|-
|
|Rukba Baršāwuš al-yusrā
|
|
|-
|
|Rukba Qanṭūris al-yusrā
|
|
|-
|
|Rukba Ḏāt al-Kursī
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Dağāğa
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Taw’am al-muqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Taw’ām
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-yusrā min al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Ğady
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Ğawzā’ al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Ğāṯī al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat al-Ṯawr al-yumnā
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat [al-yumnā min] al-Ḥawwā’
|
|
|-
|
|Rukbat [haḏā] al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Rusġ Qanṭūris al-aysar [ms.
|
|
|-
|
|Rusġ Riğl Qanṭūris
|
|
|-
|
|Rāyat al-Fakka
|
|
|-
|
|Rāyat al-Simāk
|
|
|-
|
|Rāᶜī ’l-Naᶜā’im
|
|
|-
|
|Rāᶜī ’l-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Rāᶜī ’l-Ğudayy
|
|
|-
|
|Safīna Nūḥ
|
|
|-
|
|Sahm al-Awwal
|
|
|-
|
|Sahm al-Qaws
|
|
|-
|
|Samakat Uḫra
|
|
|-
|
|Sanām al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Sarīr Banāt Naᶜš
|
|
|-
|
|Saʿd (al-)Bulaᶜ
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Aḫbiyya
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Bahā’im
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Bihām
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Bulaᶜ
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Bāriᶜ
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Humām
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Madā
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Malik
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Mašāyiḥ
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Māniḥ
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Nahr
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saᶜd al-Naᶜam
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Nuhā
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Nā’ziʿ
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Suʿūd
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]] and [[Sadalsuud]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Ḏābiḥ
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd al-Ḫiba’
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd Maṭar
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Saʿd Nāšira
|
|see [[Al-Suʿūd]]
|-
|
|Sima ᶜalā Faḫiḏ al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Fard
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Muḫlif
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Muḫniṯ
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Qābis
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Wazn
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Wazzān
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Yaman
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Yamānī ’l-ᶜAššār
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Yamānī
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-ᶜAdārā
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-ᶜAššār
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-ᶜAḏārā
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Ḫalafa
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl al-Ṣadūq
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl Balqīn
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl Haḍāri
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl Raqāši
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl Talqīn
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl ᶜalā ’l-itlāq
|
|
|-
|
|Suhayl
|
|
|-
|
|Surrat al-Faras wa-ḥuwwa
|
|
|-
|
|Surrat al-Samaka
|
|
|-
|
|Surrat ’l-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Sāq Ḏāt al-Kursī
|
|
|-
|
|Sāqā l’Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Sāᶜid al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Sāᶜid Qanṭūris
|
|
|-
|
|Sāᶜid-Qanṭūris
|
|
|-
|
|Tadwīr al-Safīna
|
|
|-
|
|Taraf al-Laḥy
|
|
|-
|
|Tawābiᶜ al-ᶜAyyūq
|
|
|-
|
|Taḥāyī
|
|
|-
|
|Taḫt al-Ḥawwā’ Under
|
|
|-
|
|Turays al-Safīna [ms.
|
|
|-
|
|Tābiᶜ al-Nağm
|
|
|-
|
|Tābiᶜ al-Simāk
|
|
|-
|
|Tālic al-Šawla
|
|
|-
|
|Tālic al-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Tālī l-Nağm
|
|
|-
|
|Tālī Suhayl al-Yaman
|
|
|-
|
|Tāğ al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām
|
|
|-
|
|Uḏun al-Kalb
|
|
|-
|
|Waraqat al-Lablāb
|
|
|-
|
|Warikā ’l-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Wasaṭ al-Badan
|
|
|-
|
|Wasaṭ al-Fum
|
|
|-
|
|Wasaṭ al-Ra’s the Middle of the Head Bīrūnī
|
|
|-
|
|Wasaṭ al-Ğanāḥ al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Wasaṭ Faḫiḏ Qanṭāwurus
|
|
|-
|
|Wasaṭ Raqabat al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Wasaṭhu
|
|
|-
|
|Wašm al-Miᶜṣam
|
|
|-
|
|Waᶜā’ al-Qaḍīb
|
|
|-
|
|Yad al-Arnab
|
|
|-
|
|Yad al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Yad al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Yad Qanṭūris al-Yusrā
|
|
|-
|
|Yad Saᶜd
|
|
|-
|
|Yadā ’l-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Yaᶜūq al-Dabarān
|
|
|-
|
|Zahr al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Zawiyyat al-Lām al-yunānī
|
|
|-
|
|Zawābin al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Zaḥr al-Samaka
|
|
|-
|
|Zibbā al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Zubrat al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Zubānayā l-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Zubānā l-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|[al-] Kaff al-Ğaḏmā
|
|
|-
|
|[al-Ḍifdiᶜān]
|
|
|-
|
|Āl Abā Bzay
|
|
|-
|
|Āl Naᶜš
|
|
|-
|
|Āḫar al-Kawṯal
|
|
|-
|
|Āḫar al-Qurūd
|
|
|-
|
|Ğabhat al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Ğabhat al-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Ğady Banāt Naᶜš
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanb al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanb al-Musalsala
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanb al-Ğāṯī [l-ayman]
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanb Barsāwus al-Ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanb Baršāwus
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanb Faršāwus Ḥāmil
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanb Qanṭūrus (non
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanb [haḏā] Qanṭāwurus
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanib al-Dubb al-Ṣagīr
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanib ayḍān [al-D. al-Ṣagīr]
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanib ayḍān
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanāḥ al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanāḥ al-Ġurāb al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanāḥ al-Ġurāb al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanāḥ
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanūbī al-Kawṯal
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanūbī Baṭn al-Ğady
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanūbī Mankib Baršāwuš
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanūbī Qāᶜidat al-Muṯallaṯ
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanūbī Ra’s al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanūbī Wuğh al-Sunbula
|
|
|-
|
|Ğanūbī ᶜUnq al-Ḥayya
|
|
|-
|
|Ğaḥlafat al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Ğudayy al-Qibla
|
|
|-
|
|Ğunūbī Ra’s al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Ġūl
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī Baṭn al-Ḥūt
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī Kaff al-Musalsala
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī l-ᶜAqd
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī Qāᶜidat al-Muṯallaṯ
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī Raqabat al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī Ra’s al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī Wuğh al-Sunbula the North.
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī ’l-Fakka
|
|
|-
|
|Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’ [for
|
|
|-
|
|Šaqq al-Safīna
|
|
|-
|
|Šawlat al-ᶜAqrab
|
|
|-
|
|Šawlat al-Ṣūra
|
|
|-
|
|Šaᶜbat al-Ganūbī
|
|
|-
|
|Šaᶜbat al-Ḏanab al-Ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|Šaᶜbat al-Ḏanab al-Šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|Šaᶜbat Qayṭūs al-Ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|Šāmī ’l-Šāmī
|
|
|-
|
|əl-Nfeyda (al-Nufayda)
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAmūd al-Ṣalīb
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAnāq al-Arḍ
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAqd al-Ḫayṭayn
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜArš al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜArš al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAwwā’ al-Bard
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyn al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyn al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyn al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyn al-Tinnīn al-ayman
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyn al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyn al-Ṯawr al-šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyn al-Ṯawr
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyn Qayṭus
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAynā l-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyyūq al-Dabarān
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAyyūq al-Ṯurayyā
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAğz al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAḍid al-Multahib
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜAṣā ’l-Rabābīn
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUkkāz al-Rabābīn
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUnq al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUnq al-Ġurāb
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUnq al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUnq al-ᶜUqāb
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUnuq al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUnuq al-Ḥayya
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUqūd al-Ṣalīb
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUrf al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUrf Qayṭus
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUrwat al-Bāṭiya
|
|
|-
|
|ᶜUḏrat al-Ğawzā’
|
|
|-
|
|Ḍilᶜ al-Tinnīn al-ṯānī
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al Kalb the Tail of the Dog Marrākušī
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Arnab
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-D. al-Aṣgar
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Dağāğa
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Dulfīn
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Nasr al-Ṭā’ir
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Nasr
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Samaka
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Samakat al-Uḫra
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Tinnīn
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-ᶜAyyūq
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Ḥūt al-Ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanab al-Ṭā’ir
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏanabhu
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏaqan al-Arnab
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏaqan al-Šuğāᶜ (ms.
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏaqan Qayṭus
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏawā’ib al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏawā’ib al-Ğawzā
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏubbān al-ᶜAyyūq
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏubbān al-Ḏubbān
|
|
|-
|
|Ḏubbān Suhayl
|
|
|-
|
|Ḥadd al-Ṯawr al-šamālī
|
|
|-
|
|Ḥalq al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Ḥarqafat al-ᶜAdrā
|
|
|-
|
|Ḥaḍāri wa-’l-Wazn (II)
|
|
|-
|
|Ḥaḍāri
|
|
|-
|
|Ḥādī l-Nağm
|
|
|-
|
|Ḫāmis al-Naᶜāmāt
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣadr al-Dağāğa
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣadr al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣadr al-Saraṭān
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣadr al-Ṯawr
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣadr Ḏāt al-Kursī
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣalīb (al-) al-Ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣalīb al-Quṭb
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣaḥfat al-Masākīn
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣudġ al-Ḥayya [ms.
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣārī l-Safīna
|
|
|-
|
|Ṣūrat Ādam
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Fawq
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-masnad al-ᶜalā
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Qaḍib min al-Baqiyīn
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Qaṭan
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Riğl al-yumnā
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Riğl
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Safīna
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Sanām
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Udun al-mutaqaddam
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Yad al-yasrā
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Yad al-yumnā
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Ğanāḥ al-aysar
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Ğanāḥ
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-ᶜAṣā
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏanab al-Ḥayya
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏanab
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏuqan
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf al-Ḫatim
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf Maqbaḍ al-ᶜAṣā
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf Qarn al-ğanūbī
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf Riğl al-Kalb
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf Ḏanab al-Asad
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf Ḏanab al-Ġurāb
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf Ḏanab al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭaraf Ḏanab
|
|
|-
|
|Ṭarafhu
|
|
|-
|
|Ṯalāṯat al-Samaka
|
|
|-
|
|Ṯāliṯ al-Minṭaqa
|
|
|-
|
|Ṯālī Ra’s al-ᶜUqāb
|
|
|-
|
|Ṯānī l-Minṭaqa
|
|
|-
|
|Ẓahr al-Dubb al-Akbar
|
|
|-
|
|Ẓahr al-Dubb al-Kabīr
|
|
|-
|
|Ẓahr al-Faras
|
|
|-
|
|Ẓahr al-Nāqa
|
|
|-
|
|Ẓahr al-Ğady
|
|
|-
|
|Ẓahr al-Šuğāᶜ
|
|
|-
|
|Ẓhar al-Arnab
|
|
|}

== Lists from Laffitte, R. (2025) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |
=== Indigenous Arabic ===
!
! colspan="4" |
=== Arabic Almagest ===
|-
!Original
!Transliteration
!Translation
!Commentary
!.
!Original
!Transliteration
!Translation
!Commentary
|-
|رأس الحَمَل
|Ra’s al-Ḥamal
|the Head of the Lamb
|Farġānī
|
|الْفَرَس
|[[al Faras]]
|the Horse
|Sufi
|-
|قَرَنا الحَمَل
|Qarnā l-Ḥamal
|the Two Horns of the Lamb
|Qutayba
|
|مَنْشَأُ الْعَلْيَا
|Manšā al-Alya
|the Beginning of the Tail
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النَطح
|[[al-Naṭh]]
|the Blow
|Qutayba
|
|الظِّلْفُ الْمُؤَخَّرَة
|al-Ẓilf al-mu’aḫḫara
|the Back Foot
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الناطِح
|al-Nāṭih, al-Naṭīh
|the Horns
|Qutayba
|
|عَيْنُ الثَّوْر
|ᶜAyn al-Ṯawr
|the Bull’s Eye
|Yaḥya
|-
|الشَرط
|al-Šaraṭ
|the Marks
|Ṣūfī
|
|مَنْبِتُ قَرْنِ الشَّمَالِي
|Manbit Qarn al-šamālī the
|Beginning of the Southern Horn
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الٲشْرَاط
|al-Ašraṭ
|the Marks
|Qutayba
|
|قَرْنُ الثَّوْرِ الْمُشْتَرِكُ
|Qarn al-Ṯawr al-Muštarik
|the H. of the B. Commun [with Auriga]
|Marrākušī
|-
|بَطن الحَمَل
|Baṭn al-Ḥamal
|the Billy of the Lamb
|Farġānī
|
|قَرْنُ الثَّوْرِ الشَّمَالِي
|Qarn al-Ṯawr al-šamālī
|the Northern Horn of the Bull
|Tīzīnī
|-
|البَطن
|al-Baṭn
|the Billy
|Ḥanīfa
|
|مِنْخَر
|Minḫir
|the Muzzle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|أضلاع الحَمَل
|Aḍlāᶜ al-Ḥamal
|the Ribs of the Lamb
|Māğid
|
|مِنْخَرُ الثَّوْر
|Minḫir al-Ṯawr
|the Bull’s Muzzle
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الیَة الحَمَل
|Alyat al-Ḥamal
|the Tail of the Lamb
|Qutayba
|
|زَاوِيَةُ اللَّامِ الْيُونَانِيِّ
|Zawiyyat al-Lām al-yunānī
|the Angle of the Greek Lām [Lambda]
|Marrākušī
|-
|قُصَّة الحَمَل
|Quṣṣat al-Ḥamal
|the Hair Toupee of the Lamb
|Ḏ. man
|
|أَنْفُ الثَّوْر
|Anf al-Ṯawr
|the Bull’s Nose
|Miṣrī
|-
|فَرْد الكَبِير
|al-Fard al-Kabīr
|the Great Loner
|Māğid
|
|الْحَدُّ الْمُقَدَّم
|al-Ḥadd al-muqaddam
|the Front Cheek
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الأنيسان
|[[Al-Anisan|al-Anīsān]]
|the Two Friends
|Qutayba
|
|حَدُّ الثَّوْرِ الشَّمَالِي
|Ḥadd al-Ṯawr al-šamālī
|the Northern Cheek of the Bull
|Marrākušī
|-
|الخِصَاص
|al-Ḫiṣaṣ
|the Notables
|Ḏ. man.
|
|عَيْنُ الثَّوْرِ الشَّمَالِي
|ᶜAyn al-Ṯawr al-šamālī
|the Northern Eye of the Bull
|Marrākušī
|-
|عَناقُ الأرضِ
|ᶜAnāq al-Arḍ
|the Desert Lynx (Caracal)
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ قَرْنِ الْجَنُوبِي
|Ṭaraf Qarn al-ğanūbī
|the End of the Southern Horn
|Bīrūnī
|-
|العَناق
|al-ᶜAnāq
|the Desert Lynx (Caracal)
|Ṣūfī
|
|الثَّوْرُ الْجَنُوبِي
|al-Ṯawr al-ğanūbī
|the Southern Horn of the Bull
|Marrākušī
|-
|الثُرَيّا
|al-Ṯurayyā
|Al Thuraya ≈ the Abundance
|Mālik
|
|الصَّدْر
|al-Ṣadr
|the Chest
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الثُرَيّا
|al-Ṯurayyā
|Al Thuraya ≈ the Abundance
|Poet. Qays
|
|صَدْرُ الثَّوْر
|Ṣadr al-Ṯawr
|the Chest of the Bull
|Marrākušī
|-
|الكَفُّ الخَضيب
|al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb
|the Henna dyed Hand
|Nasṭūlus
|
|الرُّكْبَةُ الْيُمْنَى
|al-Rukbat al-ayman
|the Right Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الكَف
|al-Kaff
|the Hand
|Ṣūfī
|
|رُكْبَةُ الثَّوْرِ الْيُمْنَى
|Rukbat al-Ṯawr al-yumnā
|the Right Knee of the Bull
|Miṣrī
|-
|الكَفُّ الخَضيب
|al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb
|the Henna dyed Hand
|Ṣūfī
|
|الْكَعْبُ الْأَيْمَن
|al-Kaᶜb al-aymin
|the Left Heel
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الأنامِل
|al-Anāmil
|the Pads of the distal Phalanges
|Ṣūfī
|
|الثَّوْرُ الْيُسْرَى
|al-Ṯawr al-yusrā
|the Left Heel of the Bull
|Miṣrī
|-
|الأنامِل المَخْضُوبَة
|al-Anāmil al-maḫḍūba
|the Henna dyed Pads…
|Bīrūnī, T
|
|الْجَنُوبِيُّ مِنَ الْقِطَاع
|al-Ğanūbī min al-Qitaᶜ
|the Southern One of the Section
|Marrākušī
|-
|الذِّراعُ
|al-Ḏirāᶜ
|The Arm
|Qutayba
|
|الرُّكْبَةُ الْيُسْرَى
|al-Rukbat al-yusrā
|the Right Heel
|Bīrūnī
|-
|المِعْصَم
|al-Miᶜṣam
|the Wrist
|Qutayba
|
|الثَّوْرُ الْيُسْرَى
|al-Ṯawr al-yusrā
|the Right Heel of the Bull
|Miṣr
|-
|وَسَم المِعْصَم
|Wašm al-Miᶜṣam
|the Tattoo of the Wrist
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ أَفْلَان
|Ra’s Afalān
|Apollo’s Head
|Battānī
|-
|الساعِد
|al-Sāᶜid
|the Forearm
|Ṣūfī
|
|رَأْسُ التَّوْأمِ الْمُقَدَّم
|Ra’s al-Taw’am al-muqaddam
|the Head of the Front Twin
|Battānī
|-
|المِرفَق
|al-Mirfaq
|the Elbow
|Qutayba
|
|التَّوْأمُ الشَّمَالِي
|al-Taw’ām al-šamālī
|The Northern Twin
|Marrākušī
|-
|الإبرَة المِرفَق
|Ibrat al-Mirfaq
|the Tipofthe elbow (Olecranon)
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ التّوْأمِ
|Ra’s al-Taw’ām
|the Head of the Twin
|Ṣūfī
|-
|العَضُد
|al-ᶜAḍud
|the Upper arm
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ إِبْرَاكْلَاس
|Ra’s Ibraklās
|the Head of Herakles
|Battānī
|-
|المأبَض
|al-Ma’biḍ
|the Inside of Elbow
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ الْجَوْزَاء الْتَّالِي
|Ra’s al-Ğawzā’ al-tālī
|the Head of the Following Twin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|المِنْكَب
|al-Mankib
|The Shoulder
|Qutayba
|
|التّوْأمِ الْجَنُوبِي
|al-Taw’am al-Ğanūbī
|the Southern Twin
|Marrākušī
|-
|العاتِق
|al-ᶜĀtiq
|the Shoulder Blade
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ الْجَوْزَاء الثَّانِي
|Ra’s al-Ğawzā’ al-ṯānī
|the 2nd Head of Elgeuze
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الكَفُّ الجِذماء
|al-Kaff al-Ǧaḏmā’
|the Mutilated Hand
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ التّوْأمِ الْمُؤَخَّر
|Ra’s al-Taw’ām al-mu’aḫḫar
|the Back Head of the Twin
|Battānī
|-
|الكَفُّ الجِذماء
|[al-] Kaff al-Ğaḏmā
|the Mutilated Hand
|Ṣūfī, Ast.
|
|الرُّكْبَةُ الْيُسْرَى مِنَ التّوْأمِ الْمُقَدَّم
|al-Rukbat al-Yusrā min al-T. al-m.
|the Left Knee of the Front Twin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النَجْم
|al-Nağm
|the Star [par excellence]
|Poet. Aswad
|
|رُكْبَةُ التّوْأمِ الْمُقَدَّم
|Rukbat al-Taw’am al-muqaddam
|the Knee of the Front Twin
|Marrākušī
|-
|نجْم الثُرَیّا
|Nuğūm al-Ṯurayyā
|the Stars of Al Thuraya
|Ṣūfī
|
|الرُّكْبَةُ الْيُسْرَى مِنَ التّوْأمِ
|al-Rukbat al-yusrā min al-Tuw’ām
|the Left Knee of the Twin
|Tīzīnī
|-
|رقیب الثُریّا
|Raqīb al-Ṯurayyā
|the Guardian of Al Thuraya
|Ṣūfī
|
|رُكْبَةُ التّوْأمِ
|Rukbat al-Taw’ām
|the [Front] Knee of the Twin
|Miṣrī
|-
|عیوق الثُریّا
|ᶜAyyūq al-Ṯurayyā
|Alhajoth of Al Thuraya
|Ḥanīfa
|
|رِجْلُ التّوْأمِ
|Riğl al-Taw’ām
|the [Front] Foot of the [Front] Twin
|Tīzīnī
|-
|البار
|al-Bār (persan word)
|the Weight le Fardeau
|Mahrī
|
|الْقَدَمُ الْيُمْنَى
|al-Qadam al-yumnā
|the Right Foot
|Bīrūnī
|-
|بار الثُریّا
|Bār al-Ṯurayyā
|the of Al Thuraya.
|Māğid
|
|قَدَمُ الْجَوْزَاء
|Qadam al-Ğawzā’
|the Foot of Elgeuze
|Miṣr
|-
|المباريُ
|al-Mbārī
|the Parallel of Al Thuraya
|Ét. Ajaji
|
|ٱلْمَعْلَفُ
|al-Maᶜlaf
|the Manger
|Ḥağğāğ / Isḥāq
|-
|الجَام
|al-Ğām
|the Cup
|Māğid
|
|ٱلْمُرَبَّعُ
|al-Murabbaᶜ
|the Quadilateral
|Battānī
|-
|اللِّجامُ
|al-Liğām
|la Marque [s/ le cuir de la bête]
|Māğid
|
|رِجْلُ ٱلسَّرَطَانِ
|Riğl al-Saraṭān [al-ğanūbī]
|the [Southern] Foot of the Crab
|Miṣrī
|-
|الجَانِب
|al-Ğinib
|the Side [of Al Thuraya]
|Ét. Ajaji
|
|ٱلْحِمَارَانِ
|al-Himārān
|the Two Denkeys
|Ḥağğāğ / Isḥāq
|-
|العُنْقُود
|al-ᶜUnqūd
|the Bunch of Grappes
|Māğid
|
|ٱلْحِمَارُ ٱلشَّمَالِيُّ
|al-Himār al-šamālī
|the Northern Donkey
|Bīrūnī
|-
|كَما
|Kāma (old semitic word)
|the Family
|ᶜAffārī
|
|ٱلْحِمَارُ ٱلْجَنُوبِيُّ
|al-Himār al-ğanūbī
|the Southern Donkey
|Tīzīnī
|-
|دَجاجَة السماء و بَناتُها
|Dağāğat al-Samā’
wa-Banātuha
|the Celestial Hen and her daughters
|Riğāl
|
|صَدْرُ ٱلسَّرَطَانِ
|Ṣadr al-Saraṭān, Ġamāmī
|the Chest of the Crab (Cloud)
|Battān
|-
|مَسجِد الثُریّا
|Masǧid al-Ṯ(u)rayyā
|the Mosque of Al Thuraya
|St. Ajaji
|
|قَلْبُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Qalb al-Asad
|the Head of the Lion
|Nasṭūlus
|-
|النّاقَة
|[[Al-Naqa|al-Nāqa]]
|the She-camel
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْمَلِيكُ
|al-Malīk
|the King
|Ḥağğāğ
|-
|رأس النّاقَة
|[[Rasalnaqa|Ra’s al-Nāqa]]
|the Head of the She-camel
|Ṣūfī, Ast.
|
|ٱلْمَلِكِيُّ
|al-Malikī
|the Royal One
|Isḥāq
|-
|فُم النّاقَة
|Fum al-Nāqa
|the Mouth the She-camel
|Māğid
|
|ٱلْمَاكِنُ
|al-Mākin
|the Influential One (?)
|Farġānī
|-
|حَلق الناقَة
|Ḥalq al-Nāqa
|the Throat the She-camel
|Māğid
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Ḏanab al-Asad
|the Tail of the Lion
|Farġānī
|-
|عَنَق الناقَة
|ᶜUnq al-Nāqa
|the Neck the She-camel
|Māğid
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلذَّنَبِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏanab
|the End of the Tail
|Bīrūnī
|-
|نَحْرُ النَّاقَةِ
|Naḥr al-Nāqa
|the Sloudler Blade ofthe She-camel
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|طَرَفُ ذَنَبِ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Ṭaraf Ḏanab al-Asad
|the End of Tail of the Lion
|Maslama
|-
|ظَهَر النَاقَة
اَصلَ السَنام
|Ẓahr al-Nāqa
Aṣl al-Sanām
|the Back the She-camel the Root of the Hump
|Ṣūfī
Ṣūfī
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Mankib al-Asad
|the Shoulder of the Lion
|Marrākušī
|-
|الشداد
|al-Š(a)dād
|the Saddle
|St. Ajaji
|
|وَسَطُ رَقَبَةِ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Wasaṭ Raqabat al-Asad
|the Median of the Neck of the Lion
|Miṣrī
|-
|سَنام اَلناقَه
|Sanām al-Nāqa
|the Hump the She-camel
|Ṣūfī
|
|أَوْسَطُ جَبْهَةِ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Awsaṭ Ğabhat al-Asad
|the Median One of the Forehead of the Leo.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|طَرْف السَنام
|Ṭaraf al-Sanām
|the Top of the Hump
|Ṣūfī
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Zahr al-Asad
|the Back of the Lion
|Battānī
|-
|بَطْن النّاقة
|Baṭn al-Nāqa
|the Billy of the She-camel
|Māğid
|
|كَاهِلُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Kāhil al-Asad
|the Withers of the Lion
|Qazwīnī
|-
|کَفَل الناقَة
|Kifal al-Nāqa
|the Buttock of the She-camel
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْجَنُوبِيُّ مِنْ رَأْسِ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|al-Ğanūbī min Ra’s al-Asad
|the Southern One of the Head of the Lion.
|Marrākušī
|-
|اَصل ذَنب اَلناقَة
وَسم عَلی فَخَذ اَلناقَة
|Aṣl Ḏanab al-Nāqa
Sima ᶜalā Faḫiḏ al-Nāqa
|the Root of the Tail of the She-camel
the Brand on the Thigh of the She-c.
|Ṣūfī
Māğid
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ رَأْسِ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Ğanūbī Ra’s al-Asad
|Idem
|Aḫsāsī
|-
|یَد الناقَة
|Yad al-Nāqa
|the Forearm of the She-camel
|Ṣūfī
|
|شَمَالِيُّ رَقَبَةِ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Šamālī Raqabat al-Asad
|the Northern One of the Neck of the L.
|Miṣrī
|-
|العَيُّوق
|al-ᶜAyyūq
|Alhajoth
|Poet. Bišr
|
|ٱلْكَفُّ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Kaff al-yusrā
|the Left Paw
|Bīrūnī
|-
|العَيُّوق الدَبَران
|ᶜAyyūq al-Dabarān
|Alhajoth of Aldebaran
|Ḏ. man.
|
|ٱلْكَفُّ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ مِنَ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|al-Kaff al-aysar min al-Asad
|the Left Paw of the Lion
|Tīzīnī
|-
|یَعوق الدَبَران
|Yaᶜūq al-Dabarān
|Ya’ûq d’Aldebaran
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|فَخِذُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Faḫiḏ al-Asad
|the Thigh of the Lion
|Marrākušī
|-
|الدُبان
|al-Ḏubbān*
|the Follower
|St. Ac.-Bé.
|
|مَفْتَتَحُ ٱلْفَمِ
|Maftataḥ al-Fum
|the Beginning of the Mouth
|Bīrūnī
|-
|تَوابیع العَيُّوق
|Tawābiᶜ al-ᶜAyyūq
|the Followers of Alhajoth
|Qutayba, A.
|
|شَمَالِيُّ رَأْسِ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Šamālī Ra’s al-Asad
|the Northern One of the Head of the L.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الأعلام
|al-Aᶜlām
|the Marks
|Qutayba
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلْيُسْرَى مِنَ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Rukbat al-yusrā min al-Asad
|the Left Knee of the Lion
|Tīzīnī
|-
|ذَنَبُ العَيُّوق
|Ḏanab al-ᶜAyyūq
|the End of Alhajoth
|Māğid
|
|ٱلْإِبْطُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ مِنَ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|al-Ibṭ al-aysar min al-Asad
|the Left Armpit of the Lion
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الدُبان العَيُّوق
|Ḏubbān al-ᶜAyyūq
|the Followers* of Alhajoth
|Māğid
|
|بلوقاموس
|Bulūqāmus
|lock of hair
|Battānī
|-
|العِنبَريّ
|al-ᶜImbarī
|the Ambercolored One
|T. Thomas
|
|ٱلضَّفِيرَةُ
|al-Ḍafīra
|the Hair
|Isḥāq
|-
|دُبان الدُبان
|Ḏubbān al-Ḏubbān
|the Follower of the Follower
|Māğid
|
|ٱلذُّؤَابَةُ
|al-Ḏu’āba the
|Topknot
|Ḥağğāğ
|-
|الاَحمَران
|al-Aḫmarān
|Both Red in colour
|St. Ac.-Bé.
|
|ٱلذُّؤَابُ ٱلْأَسَدِ ٱلصَّغِيرَةُ
|al-Ḏu’ā’ib al-Asad al-ṣaġīra
|the Little Hair of the Lion
|Battānī
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلذَّوَائِبُ
|al-Ḏawa’ib
|the Hair
|Battānī
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḥibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|
|عُرْفُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|ᶜUrf al-Asad
|the Mane
|Battānī
|-
|الفِردوس
|al-Firdawd [sic]
|the Paradise
|St. Hyde
|
|وَرَقَةُ ٱللَّبْلَابِ
|Waraqat al-Lablāb
|the Leaf of Lablab
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الفُرود
|al-Furūd
|the Loners
|Lisān
|
|كَبِدُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
|Kabid al-Asad
|the Liver of the Lion
|Marrākušī
|-
|میخ (فارسی)
|al-Mīḫ [mot persian]
|the Nail
|Māğid
|
|ٱلسُّنْبُلَةُ
|al-Sunbula
|the Ear
|Battānī
|-
|الدَبَران
|al-Dabarān
|la Suivante [d’Al-Thuraya]
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْمُتَقَدِّمُ لِلْقِطَافِ
|al-Mutaqaddam li-l-Qaṭāf
|the Announcer of the Harvest
|Isḥāq
|-
|الدَبَران
|al-Dabarān
|la Suivante [d’Al-Thuraya]
|Poet. ᶜAbīd
|
|أَوَّلُ ٱلْقِطَافَيْنِ
|Awwal al-Qaṭafayn
|the First One of the 2 Harvest
|Ḥağğāğ
|-
|الفَنیق
|al-Fanīq
|the Stallion
|Farġānī
|
|ٱلْقِطَافُ
|al-Qaṭāf
|the Harvest
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الباعِر
|al-Bāᶜir
|the Camel
|Māğid
|
|حَرْقَفَةُ ٱلْعَذْرَاءِ
|Ḥarqafat al-ᶜAdrā
|the Hip of the Virgin
|Marrākušī
|-
|القَلائِص
|al-Qilā’iṣ
|the Young She-camels
|Farġānī
|
|شَمَالِيُّ وَجْهِ ٱلسُّنْبُلَةِ
|Šamālī Wuğh al-Sunbula the North.
|One of the Face of the Ear
|Miṣrī
|-
|القَلائِص
|al-Qilāṣ
|the Young She-camels
|Qutayba
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ وَجْهِ ٱلسُّنْبُلَةِ
|Ğanūbī Wuğh al-Sunbula
|the South. One of the Fac e of the Ear
|Miṣrī
|-
|النُوق
|al-Nūq
|the Young She-camels
|Bīrūnī, T.
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Rukbat al-yasar
|the Left Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|البِرجيس
|al-Birğīs
|the Good milky She-camel
|Ṣūfī
|
|فَخِذُ ٱلسُّنْبُلَةِ
|Faḫiḏ al-Sunbula
|the Thigh of the Virgin
|Miṣrī
|-
|المَرجِفُ
|al-Marğif
|the Agitated One
|Ṣūfī
|
|كِفَّةُ ٱلْمِيزَانِ ٱلْجَنُوبِيَّةُ
|Kiffat al-Mīzān al-ğanūbī
|the Southern Plate of the Scale
|Battānī
|-
|الکَلبان
|al-Kalbān
|the Two Dogs
|Qutayba
|
|كِفَّةُ ٱلْمِيزَانِ ٱلشَّمَالِيَّةُ
|Kiffat al-Mīzān al-šamālī
|the Northern Plate of the Scale
|Battānī
|-
|کَلبا الدَبَران
|Kalbā l-Dabarān
|the Two Dogs of Aldabaran
|St. Ac.-Bé.
|
|أَنْطَارِسُ
|Anṭaris
|Antares
|Isḥāq
|-
|الضِّيقَةُ الفَرْغَة
|al-Ḍayqa al-Farğa
|the Narrow Passage the Slot
|Qutayba
Māğid
|
|ٱلْخَرَزَاتُ
|al-Ḫarazāt
|the Segments
|Qazwīnī
|-
|المُغدَح
|al-Muğdaḥ
|The Brand on the Camal’s Rump
|Ḥanīfa
|
|ٱلْفَقَرَاتُ
|al-Faqrāt
|the Vertebrae
|Uluġ Bēg
|-
|المِجدَح
|al-Miğdaḥ
|The Brand on the Camal’s Rump
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلرَّابِعَةُ
|al-Rābiᶜa
|the Fourth One
|Bīrūnī
|-
|المْجيدیح
|al-Mğaydiḥ
|the Little Brand…
|St. Ajaji
|
|ٱلرَّابِعَةُ
|al-Rābiᶜa
|the 4e Segment
|Marrākušī
|-
|البَرْكانُ
|al-Barkān
|the Troop
|Māğid
|
|ٱلْخَامِسَةُ
|al-Ḫāmisa
|the Fifth One
|Bīrūnī
|-
|التُّويْبِع
|al-Tuwaybiᶜ
|the Followers [dim.]
|Ṣiḥāḥ
|
|ٱلْخَرَزَةُ ٱلْخَامِسَةُ
|al-Ḫarazat al-Ḫāmisa
|the 5e Segment
|Marrākušī
|-
|المِحْدَغ
|al-Miḥdağ
|the Pack saddle
|Māğid
|
|ٱلْخَرَزَةُ ٱلسَّادِسَةُ
|al-Ḫarazat al-sādisa
|the 6e Segment
|Miṣrī
|-
|المِرْغَلَة
|al-Mirğala
|the Barrel
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|ٱلْخَرَزَةُ ٱلسَّابِعَةُ
|al-Ḫarazat al-sābiᶜa
|the 7e Segment
|Miṣrī
|-
|البَقَر
|al-Baqar
|the Cows
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْحمَّةُ
|al-Hamma
|the Sting
|Farġānī
|-
|الأغنام
|al-Ġanam
|the Sheep
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلثَّانِيَةُ
|al-Ṯāniyya
|the Second One
|Bīrūnī
|-
|
|<s>Ladabaran</s>
|<s>the Sheep of A</s>
|<s>Māğid</s>
|
|ٱلْخَرَزَةُ ٱلثَّانِيَةُ
|al-Ḫarazat al-ṯāniyya
|the 2e Segment
|Miṣrī
|-
|الدَبَران
|al-Dabarān
|the Follower
|Qutayba
|
|جَبْهَةُ ٱلْعَقْرَبِ
|Ğabhat al-ᶜAqrab
|the Forehead of the Scorpion
|Uluġ Bēg
|-
|نیر الدَبَران
|Nayyir al-Dabarān
|the Follower of Aldebaran
|Miṣrī
|
|تَالِعُ ٱلشَّوْلَةِ
|Tālic al-Šawla
|the One that overlooks the Tail
|Uluġ Bēg
|-
|الدَبیر
|al-Dabīr
|the Follower
|Marzūqī
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلرَّامِي
|Rukbat al-Rāmī
|the [Right] Knee of the Archer
|Uluġ Bēg
|-
|الدابِر
|al-Dābir
|the Follower
|Marzūqī
|
|عُرْقُوبُ ٱلرَّامِي
|ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī
|the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
|Battānī
|-
|الدُبَيْر
|al-Dubayr
|the Follower [dim.]
|Māğid
|
|زُجُّ سَهْمِ ٱلرَّامِي
|Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī
|the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
|Battānī
|-
|هادی النَّجْمِ
|Ḥādī l-Nağm
|the Driver of al-Nağm (the Star)
|Ḥanīfa
|
|ٱلنَّصْلُ
|al-Naṣl
|the Tip [of the Arrow]
|Miṣrī
|-
|الهادی
|al-Ḥādī
|the Driver
|Marzūqī
|
|مَقْبِضُ (قَوْسِ) ٱلرَّامِي
|Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī
|the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
|Marrākušī
|-
|تَابِع النَّجْمِ التَّابِع
|Tābiᶜ al-Nağm al-Tābiᶜ
|the Follower al- Nağm (the Star)
the Follower
|Qutayba
Ḥanīfa
|
|إِبْطُ ٱلرَّامِي
|Ibṭ al-Rāmī
|the Armpit of the Archer
|Marrākušī
|-
|تَابِع
|al-Tabaᶜ
|idem
|Marzūqī
|
|كَعْبُ ٱلرَّامِي
|Kaᶜb al-Rāmī
|the Ankle of the Archer
|Marrākušī
|-
|تالی النَّجْمِ
|Tālī l-Nağm
|the Driver of al- Nağm (the Star
|Ḥanīfa
|
|عَيْنُ ٱلرَّامِي، غَمَامِي
|ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī
|the Eye of the Archer, cloud
|Battānī
|-
|؟
|al-Twailī
|the Follower
|St. Ajaji
|
|عَيْنُ ٱلرَّامِي
|ᶜAyn al-Rāmī
|the Eye of the Archer
|Battānī
|-
|اول الدَبَران
|Awwal al-Dabarān
|the First One of Aldebaran
|Aḫṣāṣī
|
|عِصَابَةُ ٱلرَّامِي
|ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī
|the Turban de l’Archer Ét.
|Laffitte
|-
|الهَقْعَة
|al-Haqca
|the Tuft of hair
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Mankib al-aysar
|the l’Épaule gauche
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الهَنْعَة
|al-Hanᶜa
|the Brand with a red iron
|Mālik
|
|ٱلرَّامِي
|al-Rāmī
|the l’Épaule de l’Archer
|Miṣrī
|-
|تُحایی
|Taḥāyī
|the Rainy Ones
|Qutayba
|
|أَصْلُ ذَنَبِ ٱلرَّامِي
|Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī
|the Beginning of the End of the A.
|Battānī
|-
|الجَوزاء
|al-Ğawzā’
|Elgeuze = the Median
|Poet. Nabiġa
|
|ٱلْأَوَّلُ مِنْ ذَنَبِ ٱلْجَدْيِ
|al-Awwal min Ḏanab al-Ğady
|the 1st One of the Tail of the Kid
|Marrākušī
|-
|مِرازیم الجَوزاء
|Marāzim al-Ğawzā’
|the Annoucers of Elgeuze
|Māğid
|
|أَصْلُ ذَنَبِ ٱلْجَدْيِ
|Aṣal Ḏanab al-Ğady
|the Beginning of the Tail of the Kid
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الزَّوَابِن الجَوزاء
|Zawābin al-Ğawzā’
|the (Claws) of Elgeuze
|St. Ajaji
|
|ٱلتَّالِي مِنْ ذَنَبِ ٱلْجَدْيِ
|al-Tālī min Ḏanab al-Ğady
|the Following One of the Tail of the K.
|Marrākušī
|-
|؟
|Zibbā al-Ğawzā’
|idem
|St. Ajaji
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ بَطْنِ ٱلْجَدْيِ
|Ğanūbī Baṭn al-Ğady
|The Southern One of the Belly of the K.
|Miṣrī
|-
|قَرَن الجَوزاء
|Qarn al-Ğawzā’
|the Horn of Elgeuze
|St. Ajaji
|
|بَطْنُ ٱلْجَدْيِ
|Baṭn al-Ğady
|the Belly of the Kid
|Tīzīnī
|-
|مِرزَم الجَوزاء
|Mirzam al-Ğawzā’
|the Annoucers of Elgeuze
|Qutayba
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلْجَدْيِ
|Ẓahr al-Ğady
|the Back of the Kid
|Miṣrī
|-
|رأس الجَوزاء
|Ra’s al-Ğawzā’
|the Head of Elgeuze
|Farġānī
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلْجَدْيِ
|Rukbat al-Ğady
|the Knee of the Kid
|Miṣrī
|-
|هَقْعَة الجَوزاء
|Haqᶜat al-Ğawzā’
|the Tuft of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Mankib al-aysar
|the Left Shoulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|المیزان
|al-Mīzān
|the Balance
|Arīb
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|Mankib al-aysar
|the Right Soulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|مَنکِب الجَوزاء
|Mankib al-Ğawzā’
|the Shoulder of Elgeuze
|Battānī
|
|سَاعِدُ ٱلْأَيْمَنِ
|Sāᶜid al-ayman
|the Right Arm
|Bīrūnī
|-
|یَد الجَوزاء
|Yad al-Ğawzā’
|the Hand of Elgeuze
|Nasṭūlus
|
|ٱلْحَرْفَقَةُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Ḥarfaqat al-aysar
|the Right Buttock
|Marrākušī
|-
|رجل الجَوزاء
|Rigl al-Ğawzā’
|the Foot of Elgeuze
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْمَقْبِضُ
|al-Maqbaḍ
|the Handle [of the Bucket]
|Battānī
|-
|رجلا الجَوزاء
|Riglā l-Ğawzā’
|the Two Foots of Elgeuze
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلدَّلْوِ
|Ra’s al-Dalw
|the Head of the Bucket[=Water Carrier
|Bīrūnī
|-
|راعی الجَوزاء
|Rāᶜī ’l-Ğawzā’
|the Shepherd of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī
|
|عُقْدُ ٱلْخَيْطَيْنِ
|ᶜAqd al-Ḫayṭayn
|the Knot of the Two Threads
|Marrākušī
|-
|قوس الجَوزاء
|Qaws al-Ğawzā’
|the Bow of Elgeuze
|Qutayba
|
|فَمُ ٱلسَّمَكَةِ
|Fam al-Samaka
|the Mouthe of the Fish
|Miṣrī
|-
|فَقارالجَوزاء
|Faqār al-Ğawzā’
|the Vertebrae of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلسَّمَكَةِ
|Ra’s al-Samaka
|the Head of the Fish
|Miṣrī
|-
|نَظم الجَوزاء
|Naẓm al-Ğawzā’
|the Cordon of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī
|
|ثَلَاثَةُ ٱلسَّمَكَةِ
|Ṯalāṯat al-Samaka
|the Threee Ones of the Fish
|Miṣrī
|-
|صورة الجَوزاء
|Surrat ’l-Ğawzā’
|the Ombilic of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī, Ast.
|
|شَمَالِيُّ ٱلْعُقْدِ
|Šamālī l-ᶜAqd
|the Northern of the Knot
|Miṣrī
|-
|تاج الجوزاء
|Tāğ al-Ğawzā’
|the Crown of Elgeuze
|Qutayba
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلسَّمَكَةِ
|Zaḥr al-Samaka
|the Back of the Fish
|Miṣrī
|-
|ذَوائب الجَوزاء
|Ḏawā’ib al-Ğawzā
|the Hair of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلسَّمَكَةِ
|Ḏanab al-Samaka
|the Tail of the Fish
|Miṣrī
|-
|کُرسی الجَوزاء
|Kursī ’l-Ğawzā’
|the Foot rest of Elgeuze
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلذَّنَبِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏanab
|the Tip of the Tail
|Bīrūnī
|-
|کُرسی المُقََّدم
|Kursī ’l-Ğ. al-Muqadam
|the Front Foot rest of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلدُّبِّ ٱلأَصْغَرِ
|Ḏanab al-D. al-Aṣgar
|the Tail of the Little Bear
|Tīzīnī
|-
|کُرسی الموخَّر
|Kursī ’l-Ğ. al-Mu’aḫḫar
|the Back Foot rest of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī
|
|جَانِبُ ٱلدُّبِّ ٱلصَّغِيرِ
|Ğanib al-Dubb al-Ṣagīr
|the Flank of the Little Bear
|Battānī
|-
|عَرش الجَوزاء
|ᶜArš al-Ğawzā’
|the Throne of Elgeuze
|Ṣūfī
|
|جَانِبٌ أَيْضًا
|Ğanib ayḍān
|the Flank too
|Battānī
|-
|عُذرَة الجَوزاء
|ᶜUḏrat al-Ğawzā’
|the Hymen of Elgeuze
|Qutayba
|
|وَسَطُهُ
|Wasaṭhu
|its Middle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|لُقمان
|Luqmān
|Loqman (a mythical character)
|Māğid
|
|مَغْزُهُ
|Maġizhu
|the Root [of its tail]
|Bīrūnī
|-
|یَدان المَشبوح
|Eydīn l-Məšbūḥ
(Yadān al-Mašbūḥ)
|the Two Hands of the one who has the arms crossed (*)
|St. Monteil
|
|جَانِبٌ أَيْضًا (ٱلدُّبُّ ٱلصَّغِيرُ)
|Ğanib ayḍān [al-D. al-Ṣagīr]
|the Flanc aussi [of Little Bear]
|Battānī
|-
|المَشبوح
|Məšbūḥ (al-Mašbūḥ)
|the One who has the arms crossed
|St. Monteil
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلدُّبِّ ٱلْكَبِيرِ
|Ẓahr al-Dubb al-Kabīr
|the Back of the Big Bear
|Battānī
|-
|صورة آدم
|Ṣūrat Ādam
|the Figure of Adam
|Mammātī
|
|ٱلظَّهْرُ
|al-Ẓahr
|the Back
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الظلم
|al-Ẓulm
|the Male Ostrich
|ᶜAffārī
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلدُّبِّ ٱلأَكْبَرِ
|Ẓahr al-Dubb al-Akbar
|the Back of the Great Bear
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الناعِقان
|al-Naᶜiqān
|the Two who call
|Lisān
|
|مِرَاقُ بَطْنِهِ
|Mirāqq Baṭnhu
|its Lower Abdomen
|Battānī
|-
|ید سعد
|Yad Saᶜd
|the Hand of Saad
|T. Thomas
|
|ٱلْمِرَاقُ مِنْهُ
|al-Mirāqq minhu
|idem
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الأثافی
|al-Aṯāfī
|the Tripod
|Ḥanīfa
|
|مِرَاقُ ٱلدُّبِّ
|Mirāqq al-Dubb
|the Lower Abdomen of the Bear
|Tīzīnī
|-
|المِرزَم
|al-Mirzam
|the Annoucer [of Elgeuze]
|Ṣūfī
|
|فَخِذُهُ
|Faḫiḏhu
|its Thigh
|Battānī
|-
|الناجِد
|al-Nāğid
|the Brave
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْفَخِذُ ٱلأَيْسَرُ مِنَ ٱلدُّبِّ
|al-Faḫiḏ al-Aysar min al-Dubb
|the Left Thight of teh Bear
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الناجِذ
|al-Nāğiḏ
|the Severe (der. of al-Nāğid ?)
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْمَغْرِزُ مِنْهُ
|al-Maġriz minhu
|the Root of the Tail
|Bīrūnī
|-
|ناجد البَرّاق
|Nāğid al-Barrāq
|Nagid the Bright
|Māğid
|
|مَغْرِزُ ذَنَبِ ٱلدُّبِّ ٱلأَكْبَرِ
|Maġriz Ḏanab al-Dubb al-Akbar
|the Root of the Tail of the Great Bear
|Tīzīnī
|-
|المیزان
|al-Mīzān
|the Balance
|Mahrī
|
|ذَنَبُهُ
|Ḏanabhu
|its Tail
|Battānī
|-
|النَظم
|al-Naẓm
|the Set
|Qutayba
|
|أَصْلُ ٱلذَّنَبِ
|Aṣl al-Ḏanab
|the Beginning of the Tail
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النظام
|al-Niẓām
|the Pearl Cord
|Ṣūfī
|
|وَسَطُهُ
|Wasaṭhu
|its Middle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الجوّازِي
|al-Ğawāzī
|[der. of al-Ğawzā’ ?]
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُهُ
|Ṭarafhu
|Its Tip
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الجوّاري
|al-Ğawārī
|the Maids
|Bīrūnī, T.
|
|ٱلذِّرَاعُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Ḏiraᶜ al-aysar
|the Left Arm
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الجوْزان
|al-Ğawzān / al-Ğūzān ?]
|p /al-Ğawzā’ : [la Crossing One ?]
|Māğid
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْخَطْمِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ḫatim
|the Tip of the Snout
|Bīrūnī
|-
|السَفافيد
|al-Safāfīd
|the Pins
|Māğid
|
|ٱلْعَيْنُ ٱلتَّالِيَةُ
|al-ᶜAyn al-tālī
|the Following Eye
|Bīrūnī
|-
|اول النظام
|Awwal al-Niẓām
|the First of the Pearl Cord
|Miṣrī
|
|ٱلْمَابِضُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Mābiḍ al-aysar
|the Left Shank
|Bīrūnī
|-
|اللقط
|al-Laqaṭ
|the Gleaned Ear of grain
|Ṣūfī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْأُذُنِ ٱلْمُتَقَدِّمِ
|Ṭaraf al-Udun al-mutaqaddam
|the Tip of the Front Ear
|Bīrūnī
|-
|نیر الهَنْعَة
|Nayyir al-Hanca
|the Bright One of the Brand
|Aḫṣāṣī
|
|ٱلْعَيْنُ ٱلْمُتَقَدِّمَةُ
|al-ᶜAyn al-mutaqaddam
|the Front Eye
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الهَنْعَة
|al-Hanᶜa
|the Brand on the neck of he camel
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْعَيْنُ
|al-ᶜAyn
|the Eye
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الذِراع
|al-Ḏirāᶜ
|the Arm
|Mālik
|
|عَيْنُ ٱلتِّنِّينِ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|ᶜAyn al-Tinnīn al-ayman
|the Right Eye of the Dragon
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الهَنْعَة
|al-Hanᶜa
|the Brand on the neck of he camel
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْهَامَةُ
|al-Hāma
|the Top of the Head
|Bīrūnī
|-
|المَیْسان
|al-Maysān
|the One that shines versy brightly
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلشَّمَالِيُّ مِنَ ٱلتِّنِّينِ
|al-Šamālī min al-Tinnīn
|the Northern One of the Sea Snake
|Marrākušī
|-
|الرَّابِعُ مِنَ الهَنَعَةِ
|al-Rābiᶜ min al-Hanᶜa
|the Forth of the Brand
|Marrākusī
|
|ٱلْجَنُوبِيُّ مِنَ ٱلتِّنِّينِ
|al-Ğanūbī min al-Tinnīn
|the Southern One of the Sea Snake
|Marrākušī
|-
|نَیّر الهَنَعَةِ
|Nayyir al-Hanᶜa
|the Bright One of the Brand
|Miṣrī
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلتِّنِّينِ
|Ḏanab al-Tinnīn
|the Tail of the Sea Snake
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الزَّوْجُ
الزِّرُّ
|al-Zaww
al-Zirr
|the Couple
the Button
|Ṣūfī
Bīrūnī, A.
|
|ٱللِّسَانُ
|al-Lisān
|the Tongue
|Bīrūnī
|-
|التُحایی
|al-Taḥāyī
|The Rainy Ones
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْفَمُ
|al-Fam
|the Mouth
|Bīrūnī
|-
|التحيّات / التحية
|al-Taḥī’āt / al-Taḥīya
|idem
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلذَّقَنُ
|al-Ḏaqan
|the Chin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النُحَاتَی
|al-Nuḥḥātay
|the Big humped She-camels
|Qazwīnī
|
|ضِلْعُ ٱلتِّنِّينِ ٱلثَّانِي
|Ḍilᶜ al-Tinnīn al-ṯānī
|the 2nd Rib of the Sea Snake
|Miṣrī
|-
|الشِّعْرَيَانُ
الشِّعْرَيَاتُ
|al-Šiᶜrayān
al-Šiᶜrayāt
|the Two Shira
the Shira
|Farġānī
Māğid
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْيَمِينُ
|al-Mankib al-yamin
|the Right Soulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الشعریْ
|al-Šiᶜrā
|the Radiaqnt One / Al Shira
|Poet. Bišr
|
|ٱلرِّجْلُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Riğl al-yusrā
|the Left Leg
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الشعریْ العَبور
|al-Šiᶜrā ’l-ᶜAbūr al-Yam.
|Al Shira the Crossing, the Yem.
|Hağğāğ
|
|قَلَنْسُوَةُ ٱلْمُلْتَهِبِ
|Qalansuwat al-Multahib
|the Headdress of the Flaming One
|Miṣrī
|-
|الشعریْ الیَمانیه
|al-Šiᶜrā ’l-Yamāniyya
|Al Shira the Yemenite
|Farġānī
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْيَسَارُ
|al-Mirfaq al-yasar
|the Left Elbow
|Bīrūnī
|-
|العَبور
|al-ᶜAbūr
|the Crossing One
|Farġānī
|
|مِرْفَقُ ٱلْمُلْتَهِبِ
|Mirfaq al-Multahib
|the Elbow of the Flaming One
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الشعریْ العَبور
|al-Šiᶜrā ’l-ᶜAbūr
|Al Shira the Crossing One
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْمُلْتَهِبِ
|Ra’s al-Multahib
|the Head of the Flaming One
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الیَمانیه
|al-Yamāniyya
|the Yemenite
|Nasṭūlus
|
|ٱلسَّاعِدُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Saᶜid al-ayman
|the Right Forearm
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الشعریْ
|al-Šiᶜlā
|Al Shira
|St. Ajaji
|
|ٱلْعَاضِدُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-ᶜAḍid al-ayman
|the Right Arm
|Bīrūnī
|-
|المِرزَم
|al-Mirzam
|the Announcer
|Qutayba
|
|عَاضِدُ ٱلْمُلْتَهِبِ
|ᶜAḍid al-Multahib
|the Arm of the Flaming One
|Tīzīnī
|-
|مِرزَم الشعریْ
|Mirzam al-Šiᶜrā
|the Announcer of Al Shira
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلرِّجْلُ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|al-Riğl al-yumnā
|the Right Leg
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الشعریْ الغُمیصاء
|al-Šiᶜrā l-Ġumayṣa
|Al Shira the Rheumy-eyed
|Hağğāğ
|
|ٱلْمُلْتَهِبُ
|al-Multahib
|the Soulder of the Flaming One
|Marrākušī
|-
|الشعریْ الشامیه
|al-Šiᶜrā l-Šāmiyya
|Al Shira the Syrian
|Farġānī
|
|ٱلصَّدْرُ
|al-Ṣadr
|the Chest
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الغمصاء
|al-Ġamṣā’
|the Rheumy-eyed One
|Marzūqī
|
|ٱلرَّأْسُ
|al-Ra’s
|the Head
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الغُمیصاء
|al-Ġumayṣa
|idem (dim
|Farġānī
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْبَقَّارِ
|Ra’s […] al-Baqqār
|the Head […of] the Cowherd
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الغاموص
|al-Ġamūṣ
|idem
|ᶜUbayd
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Mankib al-aysar
|the Left Shoulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|المِرزَم
|al-Mirzam
|the Announcer
|Qutayba
|
|مِنْطَقَةُ ٱلْبَقَّارِ
|Minṭaqat […] al-Baqqār)
|the Belt […of] the Cowherd
|Tīzīnī
|-
|البَاجِسُ
|al-Bāğis
|the Raining One in torrents
|Māğid
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْعَصَا
|Ṭaraf al-ᶜAṣā
|the End of the Stick
|Bīrūnī
|-
|؟
|<s>al-ᶜAlib</s>
|<s>the Mark</s>
|<s>St. Varisco</s>
|
|طَرَفُ مَقْبِضِ ٱلْعَصَا
|Ṭaraf Maqbaḍ al-ᶜAṣā
|the End of the Stick Handle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النَّاحِسُ
|al-Nāḥis
|the Sinister
|Mahrī
|
|ٱلرَّأْسُ
|al-Ra’s
|the Head
|Bīrūnī
|-
|تیر (فارسی)
|al-Tīr (mot persian)
|the Arrow
|Māğid
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْجَاثِي
|Ra’s al-Ğāṯī
|the Head of the Keeling One
|Marrākušī
|-
|الْعَذَارَى
|al-ᶜAḏārā
|the Pearls (*) / the Virgins
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْجَاثِي ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mankib al-Ğāṯī l-Ayman]
|the Right Soulder of the Keeling One
|Bīrūnī
|-
|العُذْرَة
|al-ᶜUḏra
|the Lock of hair
|Qutayba
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْجَاثِي ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Mankib al-Ğāṯī [l-Ayman]
|the [Right] Soulder of the Keeling One
|Marrākušī
|-
|المُتَقَدِّم مِن الْعَذَارَى
|al-Mutaqadd. min al-ᶜA.
|the Front one of the Pearls
|Marrākusī
|
|ٱلْعَاضِدُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-ᶜAḍid al-Ayman
|the Right Arm
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سُهَيْل العَذَارَى
|Suhayl al-ᶜAḏārā
|Suhayl of the Pearls
|Miṣrī
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Mankib al-Aysar
|the Left Shoulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الفُرود
|al-Furūd
|the Loners
|Qutayba
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْجَاثِي ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|Mankib al-Ğāṯī l-aysar
|the Right Soulder of the Keeling One
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الأغرباء
|al-Aġriba
|the Ravens
|Ṣūfī
|
|جَنْبُ ٱلْجَاثِي ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Ğanb al-Ğāṯī [l-ayman]
|the [Right] Flank of the Keeling One
|Marrākušī
|-
|القُرود
|al-Qurūd
|the Monkeys
|Ṣūfī
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلْجَاثِي ٱلْيُسْرَى
|Rukbat al-Ğāṯī al-aysar
|the Knee of the Keeling One
|Aḫsāsī
|-
|النیر الاول من الاغرباء
|al-Nayyir al-Awwal min al-Aġ.
|the 1rst Bright One of the Ravens
|Tīzīnī
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mirfaq al-Ayman
|the Right Elbow
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النیر الثانی من الاغرباء
|al-Nayyir al-Ṯānī min al-Aġriba
|the 2e Bright of the Ravens
|Tīzīnī
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْجَاثِي ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|Mankib al-Ğāṯī ’l-Aysar
|the [Right] Shoulder of the Keeling One
|Marrākušī
|-
|مُقدم الانورین الاغرباء
|Muqaddam al-Anwarayn al-A.
|the Front One of the 2 Brill. of the R.
|Marrākusī
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْيَسَارُ
|al-Mirfaq al-Aysar
|the Left Elbow
|Bīrūnī
|-
|آخر القُرود
|Āḫar al-Qurūd
|the Last of the Monkeys
|Miṣrī
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْجَاثِي ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|Mirfaq al-Ğāṯī l-aysar
|the Left Elbow of the Keeling One
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الذراع
|al-Ḏirāᶜ
|the Arm
|Mālik
|
|فَخِذُ ٱلْجَاثِي
|Faḫiḏ al-Ğāṯī
|the Thigh of the Keeling One
|Aḫsāsī
|-
|النَثرَه
|al-Naṯra
|the Philtrum
|Mālik
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Rukbat al-aysar
|the Left Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الطَرف
|al-Ṭarf
|the Look
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْكَعْبُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Kaᶜb al-aysar
|the Left Heel
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الجَبهة
|al-Ğabha
|the Forehead
|Mālik
|
|ٱلنَّسْرُ ٱلْوَاقِعُ
|al-Nasr al-Wāqiᶜ
|the Falling Eagle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الزُبرة
|al-Zubra
|the Mane
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْمُضِيءُ
|al-Muḍiyy
|the Bright One
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الخراتان
|al-Ḫarātān
|the Two Holes
|Farġānī
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلدَّجَاجَةِ
|Ḏanab al-Dağāğa
|the Tail of the Hen
|Battānī
|-
|الصَرفة
|al-Ṣarfa
|the Change of weather
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْفَمُ
|al-Fam
|the Mouth
|Bīrūnī
|-
|العوّا
|al-ᶜAwwā’
|the Howlers
|Mālik
|
|مِنقارُ ٱلدَّجَاجَةِ
|Minqār al-Dağāğa
|the Beak of the Hen
|Battānī
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|ٱلصَّدْرُ
|al-Ṣadr
|the Chest
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الغَفْر
|al-Ġafr
|the Tailhair
|Mālik
|
|صَدْرُ ٱلدَّجَاجَةِ
|Ṣadr al-Dağāğa
|the Chest of the Hen
|Marrākušī
|-
|الذَراعان
|al-Ḏirāᶜān
|the Two Arms
|Māğid
|
|مِرْفَقُ ٱلْجَنَاحِ ٱلْأَيْمَنِ
|Mirfaq al-Ğanāḥ al-ayman
|the Elbow of the Right Wing
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الذراع
|al-Ḏirāᶜ
|the Arm
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْجَنَاحُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ مِنَ ٱلدَّجَاجَةِ
|al-Ğanāḥ al-ayman min al-Dağāğa
|the Right Wing of the Hen
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الذَراع المَقبوضَة
|al-Ḏirāᶜ al-Maqbūḍa
|the Fold Arm
|Qutayba
|
|مِرْفَقُ ٱلْجَنَاحِ ٱلْيَسَارِ
|Mirfaq al-Ğanāḥ al-aysar
|the Elbow of the Right Wing
|Bīrūnī
|-
|
|<s>Šāmī ’l-Šāmī</s>
|the Northern One of the Arms
|Māğid
|
|ٱلْجَنَاحُ ٱلْيَسَارُ مِنَ ٱلدَّجَاجَةِ
|al-Ğanāḥ al-aysar min al-Dağāğa
|the Left Wing of the Hen
|Tīzīnī
|-
|موخر الذراع
|Mu’aḫḫar al-Dirāᶜ
|the Back One of the Arm
|Aḫṣāṣī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْجَنَاحِ ٱلْيَسَارِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ğanāḥ al-aysar
|the Tip of the Right Wing
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الذَراع المَبسوطة
|al-Ḏirāᶜ al-Mabsūṭa
|the Outstreched Arm
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْيَسَارُ مِنَ ٱلدَّجَاجَةِ
|al-Mirfaq al-aysar min al-Dağāğa
|the Lefte Elbow of the Hen
|Tīzīnī
|-
|مِرزَم الذَراع
|Mirzam al-Ḏirāᶜ
|the Announcer of the Arm
|Qutayba
|
|وَسَطُ ٱلْجَنَاحِ ٱلْأَيْمَنِ
|Wasaṭ al-Ğanāḥ al-ayman
|the Middle of the Right Wing
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الأظفار
|al-Aẓfār
|the Nails
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلرِّجْلُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Riğl al-aysar
|the Left Leg
|Bīrūnī
|-
|فُم الأسد
|Fum al-Asad
|the Mouth of the Lion
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Rukbat al-aysar
|the Left Knee Bīrūnī
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النَثرة
|al-Naṯra
|the Philtrum
|Fargānī
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Rukbat al-aysar
|the Left Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|اللَّهَاة
|al-Lahāt
|the Uvula
|Ḥanīfa
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلدَّجَاجَةِ
|Rukbat al-Dağāğa
|the Knee of the Hen
|Battānī
|-
|مَخطَة الأسد
|Maḫṭat al-Asad
|the Mucus of the Lion
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|al-Rukbat al-ayman
|the Right Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|أنف الأسد
|Anf al-Asad
|the Nose of the Lion
|Qutayba
|
|صَدْرُ ذَاتِ ٱلْكُرْسِي
|Ṣadr Ḏāt al-Kursī
|the Chest of the Woman with the Chair
|Marrākušī
|-
|منخرا الأسد
|Minḫarā ’l-Asad
|the Nostrils of the Lion
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْمَرْأَةُ
|al-Mar’a
|the Woman
|Battānī
|-
|المَنخَران
|al-Minḫarān
|the Nostrils
|Ṣūfī
|
|فَخِذُ ذَاتِ ٱلْكُرْسِي
|Faḫiḏ Ḏāt al-Kursī [ms. : Faḫid]
|the Thigh of the Woman with the Chair
|Marrākušī
|-
|الأشفار
|al-Ašfār
|the Eyelashes
|Qutayba
|
|رُكْبَةُ ذَاتِ ٱلْكُرْسِي
|Rukba Ḏāt al-Kursī
|the Knee of the Woman with the Chair
|Marrākušī
|-
|الطَرف
|al-Ṭarf
|the Look
|Farġānī
|
|سَاقُ ذَاتِ ٱلْكُرْسِي
|Sāq Ḏāt al-Kursī
|the Leg of the Woman with the Chair
|Tīzīnī
|-
|عین الأسد
|ᶜAyn al-Asad
|the Eye of the Lion
|Ḥanīfa
|
|ٱلسَّاعِدُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Saᶜid al-ayman
|the Forearm
|Bīrūnī
|-
|عینا الأسد
|ᶜAynā l-Asad
|the Two Eyes of the Lion
|Farġānī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْمَسْنَدِ ٱلْعُلَا
|Ṭaraf al-masnad al-ᶜalā
|the End of the Upper Cushion
|Bīrūnī
|-
|جَبهة الأسد
|Ğabhat al-Asad
|the Forehead of the Lion
|Qutayba
|
|جَنْبُ فَرْشَاوُس ٱلْحَامِلِ
|Ğanb Faršāwus Ḥāmil
|the Flank of Perseus [the] Holder
|Battānī
|-
|زُبرة الأسد
|Zubrat al-Asad
|the Mane of the Lion
|Qutrayba
|
|جَنْبُ بَرْشَاوُس
|Ğanb Baršāwus
|the Flank of Perseus
|Marrākušī
|-
|عُرف الأسد
|ᶜUrf al-Asad
|idem
|Ḏ. man.
|
|نَيِّرُ بَرْشَاوُس
|Nayyir Baršāwuš
|the Bright One of Perseus
|Miṣrī
|-
|کاهل الأسد
|Kāhil al-Asad
|the Withers of the Lion
|St. Hyde
|
|جَنْبُ بَرْشَاوُس ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Ğanb Barsāwus al-Ayman
|the Right Flank of Perseus
|Tīzīnī
|-
|قضيب الأسد
|Qaḍīb al-Asad
|the Foreskin of the Lion
|Ṣūfī
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْغُولِ
|Ra’s al-Ġūl
|the Head of the Ghoul [= Medusa]
|Nasṭūlus
|-
|وعاء القضيب
|Waᶜā’ al-Qaḍīb
|the Foreskin
|Ṣūfī
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْغُولِ بِيَدِ بَرْشَاوُوش
|Ra’s al-Ġūl bi-yad Faršāwus
|the Head of the Ghoul beared by Pers.
|Battānī
|-
|قُنب الأسد
|Qunb al-Asad
|the Sheath of the Lion Penis
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْغُولُ
|Ġūl
|Ghoul Ét.
|Laffitte
|-
|عَجز الأُسد
|ᶜAğz al-Asad
|the Rear of the Lion
|Kunāsa.
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mankib al-Ayman
|the Right Shoulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|ورکا الأسد
|Warikā ’l-Asad
|the Hips of the Lion
|Qutayba
|
|مَنْكِبُ بَرْشَاوُوش
|Mankib Baršāwuš
|the Shoulder of Perseus
|Marrākušī
|-
|
|Hišwat al-Baṭn
|the Entrails
|Ṣūfī
|
|رُكْبَةُ بَرْشَاوُوش ٱلْيُسْرَى
|Rukba Baršāwuš al-yusrā
|the Left Knee of Perseus
|Miṣrī
|-
|
|Maḥāss [al-Asad]
|the Rear
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mirfaq al-ayman
|the Right Elbow
|Bīrūnī
|-
|ساقا الأسد
|Sāqā l’Asad
|the Two Backlegs
|Qutayba
|
|مِرْفَقُ بَرْشَاوُوش
|Mirfaq Baršāwuš
|the Elbow of Perseus
|Miṣrī
|-
|الغَفْر
|al-Ġafr
|the Tailhair
|Mālik
|
|ٱلرِّجْلُ ٱلْيُسْرَى مِنْ بَرْشَاوُوش
|al-Riğl al-yusrā min Baršāwuš
|the Left Foot of Perseus
|Tīzīnī
|-
|من الغَفْر
|min al-Ġafr
|from the Tailhair
|Uluġ Bēg
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Mankib al-aysar
|the Left Shoulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|کَبد الأسد
|Kabid al-Asad
|the Liver of the Lion
|Qutayba
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ مَنْكِبِ بَرْشَاوُوش
|Ğanūbī Mankib Baršāwuš
|the Southern Shoulder of Perseus
|Miṣrī
|-
|فُم الأُسد
|Fu’ad al-Asad
|the Viscera of the Lion
|Māğid
|
|مُمْسِكُ رَأْسِ ٱلْغُولِ
|Mumsik Ra’s al-Ġūl
|[theHand]that bearstheGhoul’s Head
|Tīzīnī
|-
|ذوائب الأسد
|Ḏawā’ib al-Asad
|the Hair of the Lion
|Battānī
|
|ٱلرِّجْلُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Riğl al-aysar
|the Left Leg
|Bīrūnī
|-
|العوّا
|al-ᶜAwwā’
|the Howler
|Farġānī
|
|فَخِذُ بَرْشَاوُوش
|Faḫiḏ Baršāwuš
|the Thigh of Perseus
|Miṣrī
|-
|
|ᶜAwwā’ al-Bard
|the Cold Howler
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Rukbat al-aysar
|the Knee gauche
|Bīrūnī
|-
|مِن العَوّا
|min al-ᶜAwwā’
|[the Ones ] of the Howler
|Uluġ Bēg
|
|ٱلْعَنْزُ
|al-ᶜAnz
|the Goat
|Battānī
|-
|
|al-Ṣayyāḥ
|the Crier / the Howler
|Māğid
|
|كِتْفُ ذِي ٱلْعِنَانِ
|Kitf ḏī-Acinna
|the Shoulder of the Charioteer
|Battānī
|-
|السِماکان
|al-Simākān
|the 2 Simak = the 2 Supporters
|Ṣūfī
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْعِنَانِ
|Mankib al-Iᶜnān
|the Shoulder of the Charioteer
|Battānī
|-
|السِماک الأعْزَل
|al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal
|the Unarmed Simak / Azimech
|Hağğāğ
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mankib al-ayman
|the Right Shoulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الأعْزَل
|al-Aᶜzal
|Alaazel = the Inarmed One
|Yaḥya
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْمُمْسِكِ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Mankib al-Mumsik al-ayman
|the Right Shoulder of the Charioteer
|Marrākušī
|-
|
|al-Aḥyam
|the Smart One (?)
|St. Tibbetts.
|
|ٱلْكَعْبُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Kaᶜb al-ayman
|the Right Heel
|Bīrūnī
|-
|
|al-Uḥaymir
|the Little Red One
|St. Tibbetts.
|
|ٱلْعَنْزُ
|al-ᶜAnz
|the Goat
|Marrākušī
|-
|مُقَدَّم الأعْزَل
|Muqaddam al-Aᶜzal
|the Front One of Alaazel
|Miṣrī
|
|ٱلسَّخْلَتَانِ
|al-Saḫlatān
|the Two Kids
|Ḥağğāğ
|-
|اعلام السِماک
|Aᶜlām al-Simāk
|the Annonce of the Simak
|Miṣrī
|
|ٱلْجُدَيَانِ
|al-Ğudayān
|the Two Kids
|Isḥāq
|-
|عَرش السِماک الأعْزَل
|ᶜArš al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal
|the Thrown of the Unarmed the S.
|Qutayba
|
|مِعْصَمُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Miᶜṣam al-ayman
|the Fist of the Carioteer
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سِماک الرامِح
|al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ
|the Armed Simak
|Qutayba
|
|مِعْصَمُ ٱلْمُمْسِكِ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Miᶜṣam al-Mumsik al-ayman
|the Right Fist of the Carioteer
|Marrākušī
|-
|الرامِح
|al-Rāmiḥ
|the Lancer
|Ṣūfī
|
|كَعْبُ ٱلْعِنَانِ
|Kaᶜb al-Iᶜnān
|the Heel of the Carioteer
|Battānī
|-
|السِلاح
|al-Silāḥ
|the Weapons
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْكَعْبُ ٱلْيَسَارُ
|al-Kaᶜb al-aysar
|the Left Heel
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الرُمح
|al-Rumḥ
|the Lance
|Qutayba, A.
|
|ٱلْعِقَابُ ٱلْيَسَارُ مِنَ ٱلْمُمْسِكِ
|al-ᶜIqab al-aysar min al-Mumsik [ms. : al-Aysīr]
|the Left Heel of the Carioteer
|Marrākušī
|-
|مِرزَم السِماک
|Mirzam al-Simāk
|the Announcer of the Simak
|Marzūqī
|
|كَعْبُ ٱلْعِنَانِ
|Kaᶜb al-Aᶜnnān (?)
|the Heel of the Carioteer
|Miṣrī
|-
|مُفرد الرامِح
|Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ
|the Isolated of Alramech
|Tīzīnī
|
|كَعْبُ مُمْسِكِ ٱلْعِنَانِ
|Kaᶜb Mumsik al-Aᶜinna
|the [Left] Heel of the Carioteer
|Tīzīnī
|-
|رایة السِماک
|Rāyat al-Simāk
|the Flag of the Simak
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mirfaq al-ayman
|the Right Elbow
|Bīrūnī
|-
|تابع السِماک
|Tābiᶜ al-Simāk
|the Follower of the Simak
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْحَرْفَقَةُ
|al-Ḥarfaqa
|the Buttock
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الرُمْح
|al-Rumḥ
|the Lance
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱللِّفَاقَةُ
|al-Lafāqa
|the Leg Joint
|Bīrūnī
|-
|العَذَبة
|al-ᶜAḍaba
|the Belt [of the Lance]
|Ṣūfī
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْحَوَّاءِ
|Ra’s al-Ḥawwā
|the Head of the Serpent-bearer
|Nasṭūlus
|-
|السِلاح
|al-Silāḥ
|the Weapons
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلرَّأْسُ
|al-Ra’s
|the Head
|Bīrūnī
|-
|کِلاب الشِتاء
|Kilāb al-Šitā’
|the Dogs of Winter
|Lisān
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْحَوَّاءِ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Mankib al-Ḥawwā [al-ayman]
|the [Right] Shoulder of the S.-b.
|Marrākušī
|-
|الأنهَران
|al-Anharān
|the Two [stars] Abundants in rain
|St. Kunitzsch
|
|كِتْفُ ٱلْحَوَّاءِ
|Kitf al-Ḥawwā
|the Shoulder of the Serpent-bearer
|Miṣrī
|-
|السُنّبلة
|al-Sunbula
|the Ear of grain
|Ṣūfī
|
|كَفُّ ٱلْحَوَّاءِ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|Kaff al-Ḥawwā’ al-aysar
|the Left Palm of the Serpent-bearer
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الحَزمه
|al-Ḥazma
|the Bunch
|St. Hyde
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mirfaq al-ayman
|the Right Elbow
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الکُوارة
|al-Kuwāra
|the Hive
|Sahlī
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Rukbat al-yusrā
|the Left Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|کَرَب الإبل
|Karab al-Ibal
|the Camel Rope
|Qayṣār
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|al-Rukbat al-yumnā
|the Right Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|العامّة
|al-ᶜĀmma
|the Crowd
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلسَّاقُ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|al-Sāq al-yumnā
|the Right Leg
|Bīrūnī
|-
|القَوم
|al-Qawm
|the People
|Muḫaṣṣaṣ
|
|نَيِّرُ ٱلْقَدَمِ ٱلْأَيْمَنِ مِنَ ٱلْحَوَّاءِ
|Nayyir al-Qadam al-ayman min al-Ḥawwā’
|the Bright One of the Right Foot of the Serpent-bearer
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الفَکَّة
|al-Fakka
|the Breaking
|Qutayba
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلْحَوَّاءِ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|Rukbat [al-yumnā min] al-Ḥawwā’
|the [Right] Knee of the S.-b.
|Marrākuš
|-
|قَصعَة المَساکین
|Qaṣᶜat al-Masākīn
|the Bowl of the Poors
|Qutayba
|
|عُنُقُ ٱلْحَيَّةِ
|ᶜUnuq al-Ḥayya
|the Neck of the Snake
|Marrākušī
|-
|قَصعةُ المسکین
|Qaṣᶜat al-Miskīn
|the Bowl of the Poor
|Ḏ. Man.
|
|مَخْرَجُ عُنُقِ ٱلْحَيَّةِ
|Maḫrağ ᶜUnuq al-Ḥayya
|the Birth of the Neck of the Snake
|Battānī
|-
|قَصعَة السالِک
|Qaṣᶜat al-Ṣaᶜālīk
|the Bowl of the Paupers
|St. Ideler
|
|مَنْشَأُ ٱلْعُنُقِ
|Minšā’ al-ᶜUnuq
|the Protrusion of the Neck
|Bīrūnī
|-
|صَحفةُ المساكین
|Ṣaḥfat al-Masākīn
|the Plate of the Poors
|Māğid
|
|مَنْشَأُ عُنُقِ ٱلْحَيَّةِ
|Minšā’ ᶜUnuq al-Ḥayya
|the Protrusion of the Neck of the S.
|Marrākušī
|-
|قَصعةُ الیَتاما
|Qaṣᶜat al-Yatāmā
|the Bowl of the Abandonned
|Bīrūnī, T.
|
|ٱلصُّدْغُ
|al-Ṣudġ
|the Temple
|Bīrūnī
|-
|القَصعة
|al-Qaṣᶜa
|the Bowl
|Tīzīnī
|
|صُدْغُ ٱلْحَيَّةِ
|Ṣudġ al-Ḥayya [ms. : Ṣadr]
|the Temple of the Snake
|Marrākušī
|-
|مُنیر الفَکة
|Munīr al-Fakka
|the Bright One of the Breaking
|Nasṭūlus
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ عُنُقِ ٱلْحَيَّةِ
|Ğanūbī ᶜUnq al-Ḥayya
|the Southern One of he Neck of the S.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|شمالی الفَکة
|Šamālī ’l-Fakka
|the Northern One of the B.
|Miṣrī
|
|تَحْتَ ٱلْحَوَّاءِ
|Taḫt al-Ḥawwā’ Under
|the Serpent-bearer
|Miṣrī
|-
|رایَة الفَکة
|Rāyat al-Fakka
|the Flag of the Breaking
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلذَّنَبِ
|Ṭaraf Ḏanab
|the Tip of the Tail
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الحُجرة
|al-Ḥuğra
|the Pinfold
|Māğid
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلذَّنَبِ ٱلْحَيَّةِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏanab al-Ḥayya
|the Tip of the Tail oft he Snake
|Miṣrī
|-
|القِدرَة
|al-Qidra
|the Caldron
|Māğid
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلذَّقَنِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏuqan
|the Tip of the Chin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الحیَل
|al-Ḫayl
|the Horses
|Qutayba
|
|نَصْلُ ٱلسَّهْمِ
|Naṣl al-Sahm
|the Arrwohead
|Marrākušī
|-
|افَلا الحِیَل
|Aflā’ al-Ḫayl
|the Foals [Weaned]
|Ṣūfī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْفُوقِ
|Ṭaraf al-Fawq
|the Nock
|Bīrūnī
|-
|افَلا
|al-Aflā’
|idem
|Bīrūnī, T.
|
|ٱلنَّصْلُ
|al-Naṣl
|the Point
|Bīrūnī
|-
|اولاد الحیَل
|Awlād al-Ḫayl
|the Horses Little Ones
|Ḏ. Hay.
|
|ٱلسَّهْمُ
|al-Sahm
|the Arrowhead
|Miṣrī
|-
|المَعلَف
|al-Maᶜlaf
|the Manger
|Qutayba
|
|وَسَطُ ٱلرَّأْسِ
|Wasaṭ al-Ra’s the Middle of the Head Bīrūnī
|the Middle of the Head
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الفَرد
|al-Fard
|the Solitary One
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْعُقَابُ
|al-ᶜUqāb
|the Eagle
|Tīzīnī
|-
|المُفرَد
|al-Mufrad
|Idem
|Ḏ., Hay.
|
|ٱلْعُنُقُ
|al-ᶜUnq
|the Neck
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سُهیل الفَرد
|Suhayl al-Fard
|Suhayl the Solitary
|Marrākūsī
|
|عُنُقُ ٱلْعُقَابِ
|ᶜUnq al-ᶜUqāb
|the Neck of the Eagle
|Marrākušī
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلنَّسْرِ
|Mankib al-Nasr
|the Shoulder of the Eagle
|Marrākušī
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلذَّنَبُ
|al-Ḏanab
|the Tail
|Bīrūnī
|-
|المَعلَف
|al-Maᶜlaf
|the Manger
|Qutayba
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلنَّسْرِ
|Ḏanab al-Nasr
|the Tail of the [Flying] Eagle
|
|-
|العَحمال
|al-Aḥmal
|the Lambs
|Ḥanīfa
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلطَّائِرِ
|Ḏanab al-Ṭā’ir
|the Tail of the Flying [Eagle]
|Miṣrī
|-
|الأجمَل
|al-Ağmal
|the Camels
|Ṣūfī
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلنَّسْرِ ٱلطَّائِرِ
|Ḏanab al-Nasr al-Ṭā’ir
|the Tail of the Flying Eagle
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الجمال
|al-Ğimāl
|the Camels
|Fāris
|
|ثَالِي رَأْسِ ٱلْعُقَابِ
|Ṯālī Ra’s al-ᶜUqāb
|the Following One of the Head of the E.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|البُعول
|al-Buᶜūl
|the Masters
|Mammātī
|
|آخِرُ ٱلدُّلْفِينِ
|Aḫir al-Dulfīn
|the Last One of the Dolphin
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الزُبانا
|al-Zubānā
|the Balance
|Mālik
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلدُّلْفِينِ
|Ḏanab al-Dulfīn
|the Tail of the Dolphin
|Marrākušī
|-
|الإکلیل
|al-Iklīl
|the Crown
|Mālik
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ قِطْعَةِ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|al-Ğanūbī min Qiṭaᶜ al-Faras
|the Southern One of the Horse Section
|Tīzīnī
|-
|القلب
|al-Qalb
|the Heart
|Mālik
|
|جَنْبُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Ğanb al-Faras
|the Flank of the Horse
|Battānī
|-
|الشَولة
|al-Šawla
|the Raised Part of the Tail
|Mālik
|
|كِتْفُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Kitf al-Faras
|the Shoulder of the Horse
|Bīrūnī
|-
|یَدا العَقرَب
|Yadā ’l-ᶜAqrab
|the Hands of the Scorpion
|Ṣūfī
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Mankib al-Faras
|the Shoulder of the Horse
|Battānī
|-
|زُبانا العَقرب
|Zubānā l-ᶜAqrab
|the (Claws) du Scorpion(*)
|Farġānī
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Ẓahr al-Faras
|the Back of the Horse
|Battānī
|-
|زُبانیا العَقرب
|Zubānayā l-ᶜAqrab
|idem
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْمَتْنُ
|al-Matan
|the Chuck
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الزُبانان
|al-Zubānān
|the Two (Claws)
|Māğid
|
|مَتْنُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Matan al-Faras
|the Chuck of the Horse
|Marrākušī
|-
|إکلیل الجَبهة
|Iklīl al-Ğabha
|the Crown of the Forehead
|Uluġ Bēg
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْجَنَاحِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ğanāḥ
|the Tip of he Wing
|Bīrūnī
|-
|إکلیل
|al-Iklīl
|the Crown
|Poés. Ğirān
|
|جَنَاحُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Ğanāḥ al-Faras
|the Wing of the Horse
|Battānī
|-
|إکلیل الغقرب
|Iklīl al-ᶜAqrab
|the Crown of the Scorpion
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْجَنَاحُ
|Ğanāḥ
|Wing
|Miṣrī
|-
|التاج
|al-Tāğ
|the Crown
|Māğid
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Mankib al-Faras
|the Soulder of the Horse
|Battānī
|-
|جَبهة العَقرب
|Ğabhat al-ᶜAqrab
|the Forehead of the Scorpion
|Uluġ Bēg
|
|ٱلنَّيِّرُ
|al-Nayra
|the Bright One
|Bīrūnī
|-
|القَلب العَقرب
|al-Qalb al-ᶜAqrab
|the Heart of the Scorpion
|Poet. al-Aswad
|
|سُرَّةُ ٱلْفَرَسِ وَحُوَّاهُ
|Surrat al-Faras wa-ḥuwwa
|the Navel of the Horse
|Marrākušī
|-
|قلب
|Qalb
|the Heart
|Hağğāğ
|
|جَحْلَفَةُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Ğaḥlafat al-Faras
|the Lip of the Horse
|Battānī
|-
|النیاط
|al-Niyāṭ
|the Veins of the Heart
|Qutayba
|
|فَمُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Fum al-Faras
|the Mouth of the Horse
|Marrākušī
|-
|الفَقار
|al-Faqār
|the Mesosoma Segments
|Qutayba
|
|عُنُقُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|ᶜUnuq al-Faras
|the Neck of the Horse
|Marrākušī
|-
|
|
|idem
|Ṣūfī
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Rukbat al-Faras
|the Knee of the Horse
|Marrākušī
|-
|
|
|idem
|Ḏ. Hay.
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Ra’s al-Faras
|the Head of the Horse
|Marrākušī
|-
|الشَولة
|al-Šawla
|the Raised Part of the Tail
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْكَعْبُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Kaᶜb al-Ayman
|the Right Ankel
|Bīrūnī
|-
|هُمّة العقرب
|Hummat al-ᶜAqrab
|the Poison du Scorpion
|Farġānī
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Rukbat al-Faras
|the Knee of the Horse
|Miṣrī
|-
|شَولة العقرب
|Šawlat al-ᶜAqrab
|the Raised Part of the S. Tail
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْكَعْبُ ٱلْيَسَارُ
|κ Peg al-Kaᶜb al-aysar
|the Left Ankle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الإبرة
|al-Ibra
|the Stinger
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْكَعْبُ ٱلْيَسَارُ مِنَ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|al-Kaᶜb al-aysar min al-Faras
|the Left Ankel of the Horse
|Marrākušī
|-
|النُفَيدة
|əl-Nfeyda (al-Nufayda)
|the Cauterization Mark
|St. Monteil
|
|صَدْرُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Ṣadr al-Faras
|the Chest of the Horse
|Marrākušī
|-
|شَوْلَةُ الصُّورَة
|Šawlat al-Ṣūra
|the Raised Part of the Figure Tail
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|al-Rukbat al-aysar
|the Left Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|إبْرَةُ العَقْرَب
|Ibrat al-ᶜAqrab
|the Stinger of theScorpion
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ أَنْدْرُمِيدِس
|Ra’s Andrumīḏis
|the Head of Andromeda
|Battānī
|-
|أَوَّلُ الشَّوْلَة
|Awwāl al-Šawla
|the 2nd of the Raised Part of the Tail
|Miṣrī
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْمَرْأَةِ
|Ra’s al-Mar’a
|the Head of the Woman
|Battānī
|-
|الشَّمَالِي مِنَ الشَّوْلَة
|al-Šamālī min al-Šawla
|the Northern One of the Raised P.
|Marrākusī
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْمُسَلْسَلَةِ
|Ra’s al-Musalsala
|the Head of the Chained One
|Marrākušī
|-
|ثَالِثُ العَقْرَب
|Tālic al-ᶜAqrab
|the One that overlooks the Sc.
|Uluġ Bēg
|
|جَنْبُ ٱلْمُسَلْسَلَةِ
|Ğanb al-Musalsala
|the Flank of the Chained One
|Marrākušī
|-
|البُرُوك
|al-Burūk
|the Camels that barrack
|Lisān
|
|رِجْلُ ٱلْمُسَلْسَلَةِ
|Riğl al-Musalsala
|the Pied of the Chained One
|Marrākušī
|-
|الجُثُوم
|al-Ğuṯūm
|Idem
|Lisān
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Mankib al-aysar
|the Left Soulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الظِّبَاء
|al-Ẓibā’
|the Gazels
|Ḏ. man.
|
|ٱلْمِرْفَقُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Marfiq al-aysar
|the Left Elbow
|Bīrūnī
|-
|السَّابِقَان
|al-Sābiqān
|the Two Announcers
|Tīzīnī
|
|كَفُّ ٱلْمُسَلْسَلَةِ
|Kaff al-Musalsala
|the Palm of the Chained One
|Aḫsāsī
|-
|السَّوَابِق
|al-Sāwābiq
|the Announcers
|Mammātī
|
|ٱلْأَوْسَطُ مِنْ كَفِّ ٱلْمُسَلْسَلَةِ
|al-Awsaṭ min Kaff al-Musalsala
|the Median One of the Palm of the Ch.
|Marrākušī
|-
|الشَّرَاسِيف
|al-Šarāsīf
|the Hobbled Camels
|Qutayba
|
|شَمَالِيُّ كَفِّ ٱلْمُسَلْسَلَةِ
|Šamālī Kaff al-Musalsala
|the Northern One of thePalmof the Ch.
|Miṣrī
|-
|أَوَّلُ الشَّرَاسِيف
|Awwal al-Šarāsif
|the 1rst One of the Hobbled Camels
|Tīzīnī
|
|كَعْبُ ٱلْمُسَلْسَلَةِ
|Kaᶜb al-Musalsala
|the Heel of the Chained One
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الرَّابِعُ مِنَ الشَّرَاسِيف
|al-Rābiᶜ min al-Šarāsif
|the 4tth One of the Hobbled Camels
|Tīzīnī
|
|ٱلشَّمَالِيُّ عَنِ ٱلْكَعْبِ
|al-Šamālī ᶜan al-Kaᶜb
|the Northern One of the Heel oft he Ch.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الخَامِسُ مِنَ الشَّرَاسِيف
|al-Ḫāmis min al-Šarāsif
|the 5tth One of the Hobbled Camels
|Tīzīnī
|
|ٱلرُّكْبَةُ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|al-Rukbat al-yumna
|the Left Knee
|Bīrūnī
|-
|السَّادِسُ مِنَ الشَّرَاسِيف
|al-Sādis min al-Šarāsif
|the 6th One of the Hobbled Camels
|Tīzīnī
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلْمُثَلَّثِ
|Ra’s al-Muṯallaṯ
|the Head of the Triangle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الخَيْل
|al-Ḫayl
|the Horses
|Qutayba
|
|مُتَقَدِّمُ ٱلَّتِي عَلَى قَاعِدَتِهِ
|Mutaqaddam al-latī ᶜalā Qāᶜidat
|the Front One of the Basis
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الظِّبَاء
|al-Ẓibā’
|the Gazels
|Ḏ. man.
|
|شَمَالِيُّ قَاعِدَةِ ٱلْمُثَلَّثِ
|Šamālī Qāᶜidat al-Muṯallaṯ
|the Northern One of the Basis of the T.
|Marrākušī
|-
|الصُّرَادَان
|al-Ṣurādān
|the 2 Birds of this name
|Qutayba
|
|أَوَّلُ ٱلْمُثَلَّثِ
|Awwal al-Muṯallaṯ
|the First One of the Triangle
|Tīzīnī
|-
|المَكَاكِي
|al-Makākī
|
|Qutayba
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ قَاعِدَةِ ٱلْمُثَلَّثِ
|Ğanūbī Qāᶜidat al-Muṯallaṯ
|the Southern One of the Basis of the T.
|Marrākušī
|-
|القَطَا
|al-Qaṭā
|idem
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ ٱللَّحْي
|Taraf al-Laḥy
|the Tip of the Beard
|Bīrūnī
|-
|اليَمَامَتَان
|al-Yamāmatān
|idem
|Qutayba
|
|لَحْيُ قَيْطُس
|Laḥy Qayṭus
|the Beard of Cetus
|Marrākušī
|-
|القُبَّة
|al-Qubba
|the Cupola
|Qutayba
|
|شَعْبَةُ ٱلْجَنُوبِيِّ
|Šaᶜbat al-Ganūbī
|the Southern Lobe of the Caudal Fin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النَّعَامَات
|al-Naᶜāmāt
|the Ostriches
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْجَنُوبِيُّ مِنْ ذَنَبِ قَيْطُس
|al-Ğanūbī min Ḏanab Qaytus
|the Southern One of the Tail of C.
|Marrākušī
|-
|النَّعَام
|al-Naᶜām
|idem
|Qutayba
|
|شَعْبَةُ قَيْطُس ٱلْجَنُوبِيَّةُ
|Šaᶜbat Qayṭūs al-Ğanūbī
|the Southern Lobe of C.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|خَامِسُ النَّعَامَات
|Ḫāmis al-Naᶜāmāt
|the Fifth of the Ostriches
|Aḫṣāṣī
|
|وَسَطُ ٱلْفَمِ
|Wasaṭ al-Fum
|the Middle of the Mouth
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الظَّلِيمَان
|al-Ẓalīmān
|the Two Male Ostriches
|Qutayba
|
|فَمُ قَيْطُس
|Fum Qayṭus
|the Mouth of Cetus
|Marrākušī
|-
| الظَّلِيمَان
|al-Ẓalīmān
|the Two Male Ostriches
|Māğid
|
|ٱلذَّقَنُ
|al-Ḏaqan
|the Chin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الظَّلِيم
|al-Ẓalīm
|the Male Ostrich
|Ṣūfī
|
|رَأْسُ قَيْطُس
|Ra’s Qaytus
|the Head of Cetus
|Miṣrī
|-
|الظَّلِيمُ الفَرْد
|al-Ẓalīm al-Fard
|the Solitaty Male Ostrich
|Māğid
|
|ذَقَنُ قَيْطُس
|Ḏaqan Qayṭus
|the Chin of Cetus
|Tīzīnī
|-
| الظَّلِيم
|al-Ẓalīm
|the Male Ostriche
|Ṣūfī
|
|بَطْنُ قَيْطُس
|Baṭn Qayṭus
|the Belly of Cetus
|Marrākušī
|-
|الظَّلِيمُ المَعْقَل
|al-Ẓalīm al-Maᶜqal
|the Male Ostr. of the Refuge
|Māğid
|
|ٱلشَّمَالِيُّ مِنْ عَجْبِ ٱلذَّنَبِ
|al-Šamālī min ᶜAğb [min Ḏanab]
|the N. One of the Root [of the Tail] of C.
|Marrākušī
|-
| الظَّلِيم
|al-Ẓalīm
|the Male Ostrich
|Mahrī
|
|شَعْبَةُ ٱلذَّنَبِ ٱلشَّمَالِيَّةُ
|Šaᶜbat al-Ḏanab al-Šamālī
|the Northern Lobe of the Caudal Fin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|أُدْحِي النَّعَام
|Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām
|the Nest of the Ostriches
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلشَّمَالِيُّ مِنْ ذَنَبِ قَيْطُس
|al-Šamālī min Ḏanab Qayṭūs
|the Northern One of the Caudal Fin of C.
|Marrākušī
|-
|رَدفي النَّعَام
|Radfī ’l-Naᶜām
|[the group] that follows the Ost.
|Ḏ. Man.
|
|شَعْبَةُ ٱلذَّنَبِ ٱلشَّمَالِيَّةُ مِنْ ذَنَبِ قَيْطُس
|al-Šaᶜbat al-Š. min Ḏanab Q.
|la Northern Lobe of Caudal Fin of C.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|البِیض
|al-Bayḍ
|the Eggs
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْعَيْنُ
|al-ᶜAyn
|the Eye
|Bīrūnī
|-
|القِيض
|al-Qayḍ
|the Eggshells
|Ṣūfī
|
|عَيْنُ قَيْطُس
|ᶜAyn Qayṭus
|the Eye of Cetus
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الرِئال
|al-Ri’āl
|the Young Ostriches
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلنَّاصِيَةُ
|al-Nāṣya
|the Topknot
|Bīrūnī
|-
|فَرُّوج الرِئال
|Farrūğ al-Ri’āl
|idem
|Ḏ. Hay.
|
|شَعْبَةُ ٱلذَّنَبِ ٱلْجَنُوبِيَّةُ
|Šaᶜbat al-Ḏanab al-Ğanūbī
|the Southern Lobe of the Caudal Fin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|فَرُّوج النَعام
|Farrūğ al-Naᶜām
|idem
|Ḏ. Hay.
|
|ٱلْعُرْفُ
|al-ᶜUrf
|the Mane
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النِّهال
|al-Nihāl
|the [Os.] who quenched their thirst
|Ṣūfī
|
|عُرْفُ قَيْطُس
|ᶜUrf Qayṭus
|the Mane of Cetus
|Miṣrī
|-
|النُّهول
|al-Nuhūl
|idem
|Marzūqī
|
|مَنْكِبُ ٱلْجَوْزَاءِ

|Mankib al-Ğawzā
|the Shoulder of Elgeuze
|Battānī
|-
|المَحَامِل
|al-Maḥāmil
|the Pack Camels
|Mammātī
|
|رِجْلُ ٱلْجَوْزَاءِ
|Riğl al-Ğawzā
|the Foot of Elgeuze
|Marrākušī
|-
|النَّعَائِم
|al-Naᶜā’im
|the Ostriches
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْمُجَلَّدُ
|al-Muğallad
|the Flagelleur
|Battānī
|-
|البَلْدَة
|al-Balda
|the Uninhabitated Place
|Mālik
|
|ثَانِي ٱلْمِنْطَقَةِ
|Ṯānī l-Minṭaqa
|the 2nd One of the Belt
|Marrākušī
|-
|النَّعَائِم
|al-Naᶜā’im
|the Ostriches
|Farġānī
|
|ثَالِثُ ٱلْمِنْطَقَةِ
|Ṯāliṯ al-Minṭaqa
|the 3rd One of the Belt
|Marrākušī
|-
|النَّعَام
|al-Naᶜām
|idem
|Qutayba
|
|نَيِّرُ ٱلسَّيْفِ
|Nayyir al-Sayf
|the Bright One of the Sword
|Tīzīnī
|-
|النَّعَائِم الوَارِدَة
|al-Naᶜā’im al-Wārida
|the Ostriches coming down to drink
|Farġānī
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلْجَوْزَاءِ
|Rukbat al-Ğawzā’
|the Knee of Elgeuze
|Marrākušī
|-
|النَّعَام الوَارِد
|al-Naᶜām al-Wārid
|idem
|Qutayba
|
|رُكْبَةُ ٱلْجَوْزَاءِ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|Rukbat al-Ğawzā’ al-ayman
|the Right Knee of Elgeuze
|Tīzīnī
|-
|النَّعَائِم الصَّادِرَة
|al-Naᶜā’im
|the Ostriches coming back from drinking
|Farġānī
|
|ٱلْمُضِيُّ فِي آخِرِ ٱلنَّهْرِ
|al-Muḍī fī Aḫar al-Nahr
|the Bright of the End of the River
|Battānī
|-
|النَّعَام الصَّادِر
|al-Naᶜām al-Ṣādir
|the Ostriches coming back from drinking
|Qutayba
|
|آخِرُ ٱلنَّهْرِ
|Aḫar al-Nahr
|the End of the River
|Tīzīnī
|-
|مِن نَعَائِمِ الصَّادِرَة
|min Naᶜā’im al-Ṣādira
|from the Ostr. coming back from drinking
|Marrākusī
|
|مَبْدَأُ ٱلنَّهْرِ
|Mabdā’ al-Nahr
|the Beginning of the River
|Battānī
|-
|الوَصْل
|al-Waṣl
|the Link
|Ḥanīfa
|
|نَيِّرُ ٱلزَّوْرَقِ
|Nayyir al-Zawraq
|the Bright One of the Boat
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الرَّاعِي
|al-Rāᶜī
|the Shepherd
|Marrākusī
|
|وَسَطُ ٱلْبَدَنِ
|Wasaṭ al-Badan
|the Middle of the Body
|Battānī
|-
|راعِي النَّعَائِم
|Rāᶜī ’l-Naᶜā’im
|the Shepherd of the Ostriches
|Tīzīnī
|
|بَدَنُ ٱلْأَرْنَبِ
|Badan al-Arnab
|the Body of the Hare
|Marrākušī
|-
|الأُدْحِي
|al-Udḥī
|the Nest
|Qutayba
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلْأَرْنَبِ
|Ẓhar al-Arnab
|the Back of the Hare
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الأُدْحِي النَّعَام
|Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām
|the Nest of the Ostriches
|Ṣūfī
|
|بَطْنُ ٱلْأَرْنَبِ
|Baṭn al-Arnab
|le Belly of the Hare
|Marrākušī
|-
|الظَّلِيمَان
|al-Ẓalīmān
|the Two Male Ostriches
|Qutayba
|
|يَدُ ٱلْأَرْنَبِ
|Yad al-Arnab
|the Hand of the Hare
|Battānī
|-
| الظَّلِيمَان
|al-Ẓalīmān
|the Two Male Ostriches
|Ṣūfī
|
|كَفُّ ٱلْأَرْنَبِ
|Kaff al-Arnab
|the Palm of the Hare
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الظَّلِيمَان الصَّغِيرَان
|al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣaġīrān
|the Two Little Male Ostr.
|Fāris
|
|ٱلْقَطَنُ
|al-Qaṭan
|the Kidneys
|Battānī
|-
|الظَّلِيمَان الصِّغَار
|al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣiġār
|the Little Male Ostriches
|Mammātī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلذَّنَبِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏanab
|the Tip of the Tail
|Battānī
|-
|البَلْدَة
|al-Balda
|the Uninhabitated Place
|Qutayba
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلْأَرْنَبِ
|Ḏanab al-Arnab
|the Tail of the Hare
|Miṣrī
|-
|نَيِّر البَلْدَة
|Nayyir al-Balda
|the Bright One of the Lieu
|Aḫṣāṣī
|
|ٱلذَّقَنُ
|al-Ḏaqan
|the Chin
|Battānī
|-
|بَلْدَة الثَّعْلَب
|Baldat al-Ṯaᶜlab
|the Fox Land
|Qutayba
|
|ذَقَنُ ٱلْأَرْنَبِ
|Ḏaqan al-Arnab
|the Chin of the Hare
|Tīzīnī
|-
|القِلادَة
|al-Qilāda
|the Necklace
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْيَدِ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|Ṭaraf al-Yad al-yumnā
|the Tip of the Right Hand
|Battānī
|-
|القَلائِص
|al-Qalā’iṣ
|the Young She-camels
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلرِّجْلِ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|Ṭaraf al-Riğl al-yumnā
|the Tip of the Right Leg
|Battānī
|-
|القَوْس
|al-Qaws
|the Bow
|Qutayba
|
|رِجْلُ ٱلْكَلْبِ
|Riğl al-Kalb
|the Leg of the Dog
|Marrākušī
|-
|الأُدْحِي
|al- Udḥī
|the Nest
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ رِجْلِ ٱلْكَلْبِ
|Ṭaraf Riğl al-Kalb
|the tip of the Leg of the Dog
|Miṣrī
|-
|نَيِّر القِلادَة
|Nayyir al-Qilāda
|the Bright One of the Necklace
|Tīzīnī
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلْكَلْبِ
|Ḏanab al Kalb the Tail of the Dog Marrākušī
|
|
|-
|النَّيِّر مِنَ القَلائِص
|al-Nayyir min al-Qalā’iṣ
|the Bright One of the Young She-camel
|Marrākusī
|
|أُذُنُ ٱلْكَلْبِ
|Uḏun al-Kalb
|the Ear of the Dog
|Miṣrī
|-
|آخِر القَلائِص
|Aḫar al-Qalā’iṣ
|the Last of the Young She-cam
|Marrākusī
|
|ٱلرَّأْسُ
|aL-Ra’s
|the Head
|Battānī
|-
|المِحْرَاب
|al-Miḥrāb
|the Mihrab
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|ٱلصَّدْرُ
|al-Ṣadr
|the Chest
|Battānī
|-
|السَّرَطَان
|al-Saraṭān
|the Crab
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|مَبْدَأُ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
|Mubdā’ al-Safīna
|the Beginning of the Ship
|Miṣrī
|-
|سَعْدُ الذَّابِح
|Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih
|Mālik
|
|مَنْقَطَعُ ٱلْفَرْشِ
|Minqata al-Farš
|the Interruption of the Ship
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سَعْدُ البُلَع
|Saᶜd al-Bulaᶜ
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Mālik
|
|تَدْوِيرُ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
|Tadwīr al-Safīna
|the Hull of the Ship
|Battānī
|-
|سَعْدُ السُّعُود
|Saᶜd al-Sucūd
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Mālik
|
|فَرْشُ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
|Farš al-Safīna
|the Deck of the Ship
|Marrākušī
|-
|سَعْدُ الأَخْبِيَة
|Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya
|the Lucky [star] des Caches
|Mālik
|
|ٱلسُّكَّانُ ٱلشَّمَالِيُّ
|al-Sukān al-Šamālī
|the Northern Oar
|Marrākušī
|-
|سُعُود (جمع)
|
|the Lucky [stars] s
|Qutayba
|
|صَارِي ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
|Ṣārī l-Safīna
|the Back Wall of the Ship
|Marrākušī
|-
|
|
|idem
|Māğid
|
|شَقُّ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
|Šaqq al-Safīna
|the Section of the Ship
|Battānī
|-
|سَعْدُ الذَّابِح
|Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|
|تُرَيْسُ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
|Turays al-Safīna [ms. : Turayš]
|the Shied of the Ship
|Marrākušī
|-
|الشَّاة
|al-Šāt
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ ٱلْكَوْثَلِ
|Ğanūbī al-Kawṯal
|the Southern One of the
|Miṣrī
|-
|سَعْدُ نَاشِرَة
|Saᶜd Nāšira
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, A.
|
|آخِرُ ٱلْكَوْثَلِ
|Āḫar al-Kawṯal
|the Last of the Stern
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سَعْدُ المَلِك
|Saᶜd al-Malik
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
|Ṭaraf al-Safīna
|the End of the Ship
|Miṣrī
|-
|سَعْدُ البُلَع
|Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|
|ٱلسُّكَّانُ ٱلْجَنُوبِيُّ
|al-Sukān al-Ğunūbī
|the Southern Oar
|Tīzīnī
|-
|البَالِع
|al-Bālic
|Idem
|Qutayba
|
|رَأْسُ خَشَبَةِ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
|Ra’s Ḫašbat al-Safīna
|the Beginning of the Planking of the S.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|سَعْدُ السُّعُود
|Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|
|ٱلشُّجَاعُ
|al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Big Snake
|Marrākušī
|-
|سَعْدُ الأَخْبِيَة
|Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|
|عُنُقُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|ᶜUnq al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Neck of the Big Snake
|Tīzīnī
|-
|سَعْدُ المَشَايِخ
|Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|
|عَيْنُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|ᶜAyn al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Eye of the Big Snake
|Tīzīnī
|-
|سَعْدُ المَدَى
|Saᶜd al-Madā
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|
|لِسَانُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Lisān al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Tongue of the Big Snake
|Aḫsāsī
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|
|ٱلذَّقَنُ
|al-Ḏaqan
|the Chin
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سَعْدُ الهُمَام
|Saᶜd al-Humām
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, A.
|
|ذَقَنُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Ḏaqan al-Šuğāᶜ (ms.: Daqan)
|the Chin of the Big Snake
|Miṣrī
|-
|سَعْدُ النَّعَم
|Saᶜd al-Naᶜam
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|
|لَحْيُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Laḥy ’l-Šuğāᶜ
|the Beard of the Big Snake
|Marrākušī
|-
|سَعْدُ البَهَائِم
|Saᶜd al-Bahā’im
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْهَامَةُ
|al-Hāma
|the Top of the Head
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سَعْدُ البِهَام
|Saᶜd al-Bihām
|Idem
|Qutayba, A.
|
|رَأْسُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Ra’s al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Head of the Big Snake
|Miṣrī
|-
|سَعْدُ النَّهْر
|Saᶜd al-Nahr
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|
|فَمُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Fum al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Mouth of the Big Snake
|Marrākušī
|-
|سَعْد النُّهَى
|Saᶜd al-Nuhā
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|
|بَطْنُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Baṭn al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Belly of the Big Snake
|Miṣrī
|-
|سَعْدُ البَارِع
|Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, A.
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Ẓahr al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Back of the Big Snake
|Miṣrī
|-
|سَعْدُ النَّازِع
|Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلذَّنَبِ
|Ṭaraf al-Ḏanab
|the tip of the Tail
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سَعْدُ المَانِح
|Saᶜd al-Māniḥ
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|Ḏ. man.
|
|طَرَفُ ذَنَبِ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Ṭaraf Ḏanab al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Tip of the Tail of the Big Snake
|Marrākušī
|-
|سَعْدُ مَطَر
|Saᶜd Maṭar
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, A.
|
|ٱلْمِنْخِرُ
|al-Minḫir
|the Muzzle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الخَاطِب
|al-Ḫāṭib
|the Pretendant
|Fāris
|
|جَنُوبِيُّ رَأْسِ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Ğunūbī Ra’s al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Southern One ot the Head of the B. S.
|Miṣrī
|-
|المُحِبَّان
|al-Muḥibbān
|the Two Lovers
|Ṣūfī
|
|مَنْشَأُ عُنُقِ ٱلشُّجَاعِ
|Munšā ᶜUnq al-Šuğāᶜ
|the Birth of the Neck of the B. S.
|Marrākušī
|-
|
|
|
|Qutayba
|
|عُرْوَةُ ٱلْبَاطِيَةِ
|ᶜUrwat al-Bāṭiya
|the Handle of the Jar
|Tīzīnī
|-
|
|
|
|Ağdābī
|
|ٱلْحَافَةُ ٱلشَّمَالِيَّةُ
|al-Ḥāfat al-šamālī
|the Northern Opening
|Bīrūnī
|-
|
|
|
|St. Ajaji
|
|ٱلْحَافَةُ ٱلْجَنُوبِيَّةُ
|al-Ḥāfat al-ğanūbī
|the Southern Opening
|Bīrūnī
|-
|مُقَدَّمُ الدَّلْو
|Muqaddam al-Dalw
|the Announcer of the Well Bucket
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْعُرْوَةُ ٱلْجَنُوبِيَّةُ
|al-ᶜUrwat al-ğanūbī
|the Southern Handle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|مُؤَخَّرُ الدَّلْو
|Mu’aḫ-ḫar al-Dalw
|the Follower of the Well Bucket
|Mālik
|
|ٱلْعُرْوَةُ ٱلشَّمَالِيَّةُ
|al-ᶜUrwat al-šamālī
|the Northern Handle
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الحُوت
|al-Ḥūt
|the Fish
|Mālik
|
|مَنْقَارُ ٱلْغُرَابِ
|Minqār al-Ġurāb
|the Beak of the Crow
|Marrākušī
|-
|الدَلْو
|al-Dalw
|the Well Bucket
|Poet. Bišr
|
|رِجْلُ ٱلْغُرَابِ
|Riğl al-Ġurāb
|the Paw of the Crow
|Marrākušī
|-
|الفَرْغَان
|al-Farġān
|the Two [Bucket] Mouths
|Ṣiḥāḥ
|
|جَنَاحُ ٱلْغُرَابِ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Ğanāḥ al-Ġurāb al-ayman
|the Right Wing of the Crow
|Marrākušī
|-
|فَرْغُ الدَّلْو المُقَدَّم
|Farġ al-Dalw al-
Muqaddam
|the Anterior Well Bucket Mouth
|Farġānī
|
|جَنَاحُ ٱلْغُرَابِ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|Ğanāḥ al-Ġurāb al-aysar
|the Left Wing of the Crow
|Marrākušī
|-
|الفَرْغُ الأَوَّل
|al-Farġ al-Awwāl
|the First Mouth
|Qutayba
|
|عُنُقُ ٱلْغُرَابِ
|ᶜUnq al-Ġurāb
|the Neck of the Crow
|Battānī
|-
|الفَرْغُ المُقَدَّم
|al-Farġ al-Muqaddam
|the Anterior Mouth
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلصَّدْرُ
|al-Ṣadr
|the Chest
|Battānī
|-
|نَاحِزَا الدَّلْوِ المُقَدَّم
|Nāḥizā ’l-D. al-
Muqaddam
|the Lapels of the Anterior Bucket
|Ṣūfī
|
|طَرَفُ ذَنَبِ ٱلْغُرَابِ
|Ṭaraf Ḏanab al-Ġurāb
|the Tip of the Tail of the Crow
|Tīzīnī
|-
|العَرْقُوَة السُّفْلَى
|al-ᶜArquwat al-Suflā
|the Lower Cross
|Qutayba
|
|رِجْلُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|α Cen Riğl al-Faras
|the Leg of the Horse
|Battānī
|-
|فَرْغُ الدَّلْوِ المُؤَخَّر
|Farġ al-Dalw ’l-Mu’aḫḫar
|the Posterior Mouth of the Bucket
|Farġānī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْيَدِ ٱلْيُسْرَى
|Ṭaraf al-Yad al-yasrā
|the Tip of the Left Hand
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الفَرْغُ الثَّانِي
|al-Farġ al-Ṯānī
|the First Mouth
|Qutayba
|
|رِجْلُ قَنْطُورُس
|Riğl Qanṭūrus
|the Leg of the Centaur
|Miṣrī
|-
|الفَرْغُ المُؤَخَّر
|al-Farġ al-Mu’aḫḫar
|the Anterior Mouth
|Farġānī
|
|قَنْطُورُس
|Qanṭawrus
|the Centaur
|Battānī
|-
|العَرْقُوَة العُلْيَا
|al-ᶜArquwat al-ᶜUlyā
|the Upper Cross
|Qutayba
|
|وَسَطُ فَخِذِ قَنْطَاوُرُس
|Wasaṭ Faḫiḏ Qanṭāwurus
|the Middle of the Thigh of the C.
|Battānī
|-
|النَّعَام
|al-Naᶜām
|the Well Rope
|Ṣūfī
|
|رُكْبَةُ هَذَا ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Rukbat [haḏā] al-Faras
|the Knee of the Horse
|Battānī
|-
|الكَرَب
|al-Karab
|idem
|Qutayba
|
|قَطَنُ قَنْطُورُس (نَحْرُه / العَجَان)
|Qaṭan Qanṭūrus the Perineum of
|the Centaur
|Miṣrī
|-
|الفُرُوع
|al-Furūᶜ
|the Extremes
|Māğid
|
|رُكْبَةُ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْيُسْرَى
|Rukba Qanṭūris al-yusrā
|the Left Knee of the Centaur
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الفَرَعَان
|al-Farᶜān
|the Two Extremes
|Māğid
|
|بَطْنُ فَرَسِ قَنْطَاوُرُس
|Baṭan Fars Qanṭāwurus
|the Belly of the Horse of the C.
|Battānī
|-
|الصَّوَاب
|al-Ṣawāb
|the Rainy Nes
|ᶜAffārī
|
|نَيِّرُ بَدَنِ قَنْطُورُس
|Nayyir Badan Qanṭūris
|the Bright One of the Body of the C.
|Battānī
|-
|الحُوت
|al-Ḥūt
|the Fish
|Farġānī
|
|حَافِرُ هَذَا ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Hāfr [haḏā] al-Faras
|the Toe-nail of the [this] Horse
|Battānī
|-
|السَّمَكَة
|al-Samaka
|the Fish
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْكَعْبُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Kaᶜb al-ayman
|the Right Heel
|Bīrūnī
|-
|بَطْنُ الحُوت
|Baṭn al-Ḥūt
|the Billy of the Fish
|Ṣūfī
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mankib al-ayman
|the Right Soulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|بَطْنُ السَّمَكَة
|Baṭn al-Samaka
|idem
|Qutayba
|
|مَنْكِبُ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Mankib Qanṭūris al-Ayman
|the Right Soulder of the Centaur
|Marrākušī
|-
|قَلْبُ الحُوت
|Qalb al-Ḥūt
|the Heart of the Fish
|Qutayba
|
|سَاعِدُ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|Sāᶜid-Qanṭūris
|the Right Forearm of the Centaur
|Miṣrī
|-
|سُرَّةُ السَّمَكَة
|Surrat al-Samaka
|the Navel of the Fish
|Mammātī
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Mankib al-ayman
|the Right Soulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الرِّشَاء
|al-Rišā’
|the Rope
|Qutayba
|
|مَنْكِبُ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|Mankib Qanṭūris al-aysar
|the Left Soulder of the Centaur
|Marrākušī
|-
|الفَرْع
|al-Farᶜ
|the Extreme
|ᶜAffārī
|
|ٱلسَّاعِدُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-Sāᶜid al-ayman
|the Right Forearm
|Bīrūnī
|-
|شَمَالِي بَطْنِ الحُوت
|Šamālī Baṭn al-Ḥūt
|the Northern On of the Billy of the Fish
|Miṣrī
|
|بَدَنُ قَنْطُورُس (ملاحظة: ζ Cen)
|Badan Qanṭūris (non: ζ Cen)
|the Body of the Centaur
|Miṣrī
|-
|الرِّبْق
|al-Ribq
|the Rope
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْقَضِيبِ مِنَ ٱلْبَاقِيِين
|Ṭaraf al-Qaḍib min al-Baqiyīn
|the End of the Vine stock
|Bīrūnī
|-
|سَمَكَة أُخْرَى
|Samakat Uḫra
|Another Fish
|Qutayba
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْيَدِ ٱلْيُمْنَى
|Ṭaraf al-Yad al-yumnā
|the Tipof the Right Hand
|Bīrūnī
|-
|فَمُ السَّمَكَة الأُخْرَى
|Fum al-Samakat al-Uḫra
|the Mouth of the other Fish
|Ṣūfī
|
|جَنْبُ هَذَا قَنْطَاوُرُس
|Ğanb [haḏā] Qanṭāwurus
|the Flank of the [this] Centaur
|Battānī
|-
|ذَنَبُ السَّمَكَة الأُخْرَى
|Ḏanab al-Samakat al-Uḫra
|the Queue de l’Autre Pois.
|Ṣūfī
|
|جَنْبُ قَنْطُورُس (ملاحظة: ν Cen)
|Ğanb Qanṭūrus (non: ν Cen)
|the Flank of the Centaur
|Miṣrī
|-
|البَقَر
|al-Baqar
|the Cows
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْمَنْكِبُ ٱلْأَيْسَرُ
|al-Mankib al-aysar
|the Laft Shoulder
|Bīrūnī
|-
|النِّظَام
|al-Niẓām
|the Set
|Ṣūfī
|
|مَبْدَأُ بَدَنِ ٱلْإِنْسَانِيِّ
|Mabdā Badan al-Insānī
|the Beginning of the Human Body
|Marrākušī
|-
|فَأْسُ القُطْب
|Fa’s al-Quṭb
|the Pole Axis
|Qutayba
|
|ٱلْعَلِيُّ عَلَى ٱلرَّأْسِ
|al-ᶜAlī ᶜalā ’l-Ra’s
|the Upper One on the Head
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الفَأْس
|al-Fa’s
|the Axis
|Ṣūfī
|
|مُتَقَدِّمُ رَأْسِ قَنْطُورُس
|Mutaqaddam Ra’s Qanṭūris
|the Front One on the Head of the C.
|Tīzīnī
|-
|فَأْسُ الرَّحَى
|Fa’s al-Raḥā
|the Millstone Axis
|Bīrūnī, T.
|
|ٱلْعَضُدُ ٱلْأَيْمَنُ
|al-ᶜAḍid al-ayman
|the Right Arm
|Bīrūnī
|-
|قَوْسُ القُطْب
|Qaws al-Quṭb
|the Pole Bon
|Qutayba
|
|سَاعِدُ قَنْطُورُس
|Sāᶜid Qanṭūris
|the Forearm-Bras of the Centaur
|Marrākušī
|-
|الجُدَيّ
|al-Ğudayy
|Al Juday / the Kid
|Farġānī
|
|ظَهْرُ ٱلْفَرَسِ
|Ẓahr al-Faras
|the Back of the Horse
|Bīrūnī
|-
|جُدَيّ القِبْلَة
|Ğudayy al-Qibla
|Al Juday of the Qibla
|Bīrūnī, T.
|
|ٱلصَّدْرُ
|al-Ṣadr
|the Chest
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الجَدْي
|al-Ğady
|Idem
|Ṣūfī
|
|إِبْطُ قَنْطُورُس
|Ibṭ Qanṭūris
|the Armpit of the Centaur
|Miṣrī
|-
|جَدْي بَنَاتِ نَعْش
|Ğady Banāt Naᶜš
|Al Juday of the Dauhgters of Nash
|Qutayba
|
|يَدُ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْيُسْرَى
|Yad Qanṭūris al-Yusrā
|the Hand of the Centaur
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الحَاجِزَان
|al-Ḥāğizān
|thes Two Mediators
|Māğid
|
|رُسْغُ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْيَسَرُ (رُسْغ: حافر الساق)
|Rusġ Qanṭūris al-aysar [ms. : Rusᶜ]
|the Hoof of the Left [Leg] of the C.
|Marrākušī
|-
|الحَوَاجِزَيْن
|al-Ḥawāğzayn
|idem
|T. Vernier
|
|رُسْغُ رِجْلِ قَنْطُورُس
|Rusġ Riğl Qanṭūris
|the Hoof of the Leg of the Centaur
|Tīzīnī
|-
|الذِّحْلَيْن
|al-Ḏiḥalayn
|the Two-Refugees
|St. Ajaji
|
|كَعْبُ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْيُمْنَى
|Kaᶜb Qanṭūris al-yumnā
|the Right Heel of the Centaur
|Marrākušī
|-
|الجَاه (فارسي)
|al-Ğāh (mot persan)
|the Dignity, the Honour
|Māğid
|
|كَعْبُ قَنْطُورُس
|Kaᶜb Qanṭūris
|the Heel of the Centaur
|Miṣrī
|-
|السَّمِيَّا
|al-Samiyā
|the Hight, the Emminent
|Māğid
|
|مَابِضُ رِجْلِ قَنْطُورُس
|Mābiḍ Riğl Qanṭūris
|the Shank of the Centaur
|Marrākušī
|-
|المِسْمَار
|al-Mismar
|the Nail
|St. Allen
|
|ٱلْبِرْذَوْنُ
|al-Birḏawn
|the Cheval de somme
|Ṣūfī
|-
|الحَوَّاز
|ləḥwwāz (al-ḥawāz)
|the One thta brings together
|St. Monteil
|
|مَابِضُ رِجْلِ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْيُمْنَى
|Mābiḍ Riğl Qanṭūris [al-yumnā]
|the Left Shank of the Centaur
|Tīzīnī
|-
|آل أَبَا بْزَي
|Āl Abā Bzay
|the Family of Aba Bzay
|St. Ajaji
|
|مَابِضُ رِجْلِ قَنْطُورُس ٱلْيُسْرَى
|Mābiḍ Riğl Qanṭūris al-yusrā
|the [Right] Shank of the Centaur
|Tīzīnī
|-
|كَوَاكَا القَرْن
|Kawakā l-Qarn
|the Two stars of the H
|Qutayba
|
|الفَهْد
|al-Fahd,
|the Cheetah
|(Marrākušī, Tīzīnī)
|-
|الفَرْقَدَان
|al-Farqadān
|the Two Young Gazelles
|Qutayba, A.
|
|مَابِضُ هَذِهِ ٱلرِّجْلِ
|Mābiḍ [haḏā] al-Riğl
|the Shrank
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الفَرَاقِد
|al-Farāqid
|idem
|Māğid
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلرِّجْلِ
|Ṭaraf al-Riğl
|the Tip of the Leg
|Bīrūnī
|-
|الفَرْقَد
|al-Farqad
|the Young Gazelles
|Poet. Labīd
|
|رِجْلُ ٱلْفَهْدِ
|Riğl al-Fahd
|the Leg of the Cheetah
|Marrākušī
|-
|نَيِّر الفَرْقَدَيْن
|Nayyir al-Farqadayn
|the Bright One of the 2 Y.G.
|Tīzīnī
|
|كِتْفُ ٱلْفَهْدِ
|Kitf al-Fahd
|the Shoulder of the Cheetah
|Marrākušī
|-
|أَخْفَى الفَرْقَدَيْن
|Aḫfī ’l-Farqadayn
|the Dark One of the 2 Y. Gaz.
|Tīzīnī
|
|طَرَفُ ٱلْقَطَنِ
|Ṭaraf al-Qaṭan
|the Tip of the Perineum
|Bīrūnī
|-
|آل نَعْش
|Āl Naᶜš
|the Family of Nash
|Ṣūfī
|
|وَسَطُ ٱلْبَدَنِ
|Wasaṭ al-Badan
|the Middle of the Body
|Bīrūnī
|-
|بَنُو نَعْش
|Banū Naᶜš
|the Sons de Nash
|Ṣūfī
|
|فَمُ ٱلْحُوتِ ٱلْجَنُوبِيِّ
|Fum al-Ḥūt al-Ğanūbī
|the Mouth of the Southern Fisch
|Marrākušī
|-
|نَعْش لازَار
|Naᶜš Laczār
|the Coffin of Lazarus
|St. Kircher
|
|ذَنَبُ ٱلْحُوتِ ٱلْجَنُوبِيِّ
|Ḏanab al-Ḥūt al-Ğanūbī
|the Tail of the Southern Fisch
|Marrākušī
|-
|نَعْش
|Naᶜš
|Nash
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سَرِير بَنَاتِ نَعْش
|Sarīr Banāt Naᶜš
|the Daybed of the Daughters of Nash
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|بنَات نَعْش
|Banāt Naᶜš
|the Daughters of Nash
|Poet. Muhalhil
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|البَنَات
|al-Banāt
|the Daughters
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|التَّوَابِع
|al-Tawābic
|the Followers
|Fāris
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|مَنَاة النَّعْش
|Mnāt (al-Banāt ?) əl-Naᶜš
|the Daughters (?) of Nash
|St. Monteil
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَائِد
|al-Qā’id
|the Leader
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سَرِير بَنَات نَعْش
|Sarīr Banāt Naᶜš
|the Daybed of the Daughters of Nash
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|نُعَيْش
|Nuᶜayš
|the Little Nash
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سَفِينَة نُوح
|Safīna Nūḥ
|the Ship of Noah
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الهِرَاب
|al-Hīrāb
|the Rudder
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّعَائِم
|al-Naᶜā’im
|the Camels
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|السَّوَابِع
|l-Swābəᶜ (al-
Sawwābiᶜ)
|the Seven
|St. Monteil
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|السِّبَاع
|al-Sibbaᶜ
|idem
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرَّقِيب
|al-Reqīb (al-Raqīb)
|the Watcher
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرَّوَابِع
|al-Rawābiᶜ
|the Four
|St. Varisco
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الخِلْج
|al-Ḫilğ
|the Distant [double couple]
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَوَّلَان
|al-Awwalān
|the First Two
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المُقَدَّمَان
|al-Muqaddamān
|the Two Announcers
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الفَارِطَان
|al-Fāriṭān
|idem
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَعْرَجَان
|al-Aᶜrağān
|the Deux Boiteuses
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العَوَاصِب
|al-ᶜAwāsib
|the Stallions (?)
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الخَافِي
|al-Ḫāfī
|the Judge
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الجَوْن
|al-Ğawn
|the Black Ho
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العَنَاق
|al-ᶜAnāq
|the Young Goat
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|أَسْلَم
|Aslam
|the Litte Rider
|Lisān
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|السُّهَى
|al-Suhā
|the Neglected One
|Qutayba, A.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الصَّيْدَق
|al-Ṣaydaq
|the Sincere Friend
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الشِّتَاء
|al-Šitā
|the’Winter
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|السِّتَاء
|al-Sitā
|the Weft (?)
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الحَوْر
|al-Ḥawr
|the White Bull (?)
|Tīzīnī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَارِي
|Al-Qārī
|the Emigrant
|Ḏ. man.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|أَعْلَام السِّمَاك
|Aᶜlām al-Simāk
|the Annoncement of Simak
|Miṣrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الفَرْد
|al-Fard
|the Solitary One
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الظِّبَاء
|al-Ẓibā’
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|جَنُوبِي الظِّبَاء
|Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’ [p/ al-Ẓibā’]
|the Southern One of the G.
|Miṣrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|مُتَقَدِّم الظِّبَاء
|Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’ [p/ al-Ẓibā’]
|The Anterior One of the G.
|Miṣrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|شَمَالِي الظِّبَاء
|Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’
[for : al-Ẓibā’]
|the Northern of the Hyenas
[for : the Gazelles]
|Miṣrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|أَوْلَاد الظِّبَاء
|Awlād al-Ẓibā’
|the Little Gazelles
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|أَوْلَاد الغِزْلَان
|Awlād al-Ġizlān
|Idem
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الحَوْض
|al-Ḥawḍ
|the Watering Hole
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العُنُق
|al-ᶜUnq
|the Assembly
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|قَفَزَات الظِّبَاء
|Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’
|the Leaps of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَفَزَات
|al-Qafazāt
|the Leaps
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|قَفَزَات الغِزْلَان
|Qafazāt al-Ġizlān
|the Leaps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَوَافِز
|al-Qawāfiz
|the Leaping Ones
|Marzūqī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَفْزَة الأُولَى
|al-Qafzat al-Ūlā
|the 1rst Leap
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَفْزَة الثَّانِيَة
|al-Qafzat al-Ṯāniyya
|the 2nd Leap
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَفْزَة الثَّالِثَة
|al-Qafzat al-Ṯāliṯa
|the 3th Leap
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|بَقَرَات الظِّبَاء
|Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’
|the She-gazelles
|Fāris
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَرَائِن
|al-Qarā’in
|the Neigbours
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الحَيَّة
|al-Ḥayya
|the Snake
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العَوَائِض
|al-ᶜAwā’iḍ
|the Camels
that have just given birth
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرَّاقِص
|al-Rāqiṣ
|the Trotting Camel
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرُّبُع
|al-Rubaᶜ
|the Little Camel born in spring
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرَّابِع
|al-Rābiᶜ
|the Little Camel born in spring
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الصَّلِيب الوَاقِع
|al-Ṣalīb al-Wāqiᶜ
|the Falling Cross
|Bīrūnī, T.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَعْب
|al-Qaᶜb
|the Drinking Cup
|Qayṣār
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الذِّئْبَان
|al-Ḏi’bān
|the Two Wolves
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الذِّئْب الأَوَّل
|al-Ḏi’b al-Awwal
|the First Wolf
|Marrākusī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|أَظْفَار الذِّئْب
|Aẓfār al-Ḏi’b
|the Claws of the Wolf
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الحُرَّان
|al-Ḥurrān
|the Two Young [She-gazelles]
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الجَرْوَان
|al-Ğarwān
|the Two Puppies
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الغَرَانِق
|al-Ġarāniq
|the Ephebes
|Qayṣār
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الحُوتَان
|al-Ḥūtān
|the Two Fishes
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العَوْهَقَان
|al-ᶜAwhaqān
|the Pure bred Camels
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الضِّبَاء
|al-Ḍibā’
|the Hyenas
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|أَوْلَاد الضِّبَاء
|Awlād al-Ḍibā’
|the Young Hyenas
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الذِّيْخ
|al-Ḏīḫ
|the Male Hyena
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|مُتَقَدِّم الذِّيْخ
|Mutaqad. al-Ḏīḫ
wa-ḥuwwa ’l-Ḍabiᶜ al-Ašᶜar
|the Announcer of the Male Hyena
= the Hirsute Hyena
|Marrākusī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الجَهْم
|al-Ğahm
|the Lion
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّصْرَان
|al-Nasrān
|the Two Eagles
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القِرَان
|al-Qirān
|the Conjonction
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر الوَاقِع
|al-Nasr al-Wāqiᶜ
|the Falling Eagle
|Hağğāğ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الوَاقِع
|al-Wāqiᶜ
|the Falling [Eagle]
|Nasṭūlus
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر
|al-Nasr
|the Eagle
|Battānī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر الشَّامِي
|al-Nasr al-Šāmī
|the Syrian [= the Northern] Eagle
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر الكَبِير
|al-Nasr al-Kabīr
|the Great Eagle
|Mahrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر الكَفِيت
|al-Nasr al-Kafīt
|the Falling Eagle
|Mahrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر بِالحَقْعَة
|al-Nasr bi-l-Haqᶜa
|the Eagle with the Tuft (?)
|Mammātī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر النَّازِل
|al-Nasr al-Nāzil
|the Landing Eagle
|St. Monteil.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الكَاسِر
|al-Kāsir
|the Bird of prey
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر المُكَتَّف
|al-Nasr al-M(u)kattaf
|the Eagle with folded wings
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الكَيْفَيْت
|al-Kyfayt
|the One with folded wings
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|نَسْر أُمّ وُقَاع
|Nasr Umm Wuqāᶜ
|the Falling Eagle
|T . Thomas
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَظْفَار
|al-Aẓfār
|the Claws
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الكَنُون
|al-Kanūn
|the Kanun
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر الطَّائِر
|al-Nasr al-Ṭā’ir
|the Flying Eagle
|Hağğāğ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الطَّائِر
|al-Ṭā’ir
|the Flying [Eagle]
|Yaḥya
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر الطَّلِيق
|al-Nasr al-Ṭalīq
|idem
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر الصَّغِير
|al-Nasr al-Ṣaġīr
|the Little Eagle
|Mahrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر الحَائِم
|al-Nasr al-Ḥā’im
|The Gliding Eagle
|St. Monteil.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسْر البَسِيط
|al-Nasr al-Basiṭ
|the Eagle with outstreched wings
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَثَافِي
|al-Aṯāfī
|the Tripod
|Qutayba, A.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأُثَافِيَّة
|al-Uṯāfiyya
|the Little Tripod
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الجَرَاثِيم
|al-Ğarāṯīm
|the Roots
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المِيزَان
|al-Mīzān
|the Balance
|Qutayba, A.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الحِيرَان
|al-Hīrān
|the Destroyer (?)
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الحَرَّارَان
|al-Harrārān
|the Two Whining Dogs
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الفَوَارِس
|[[Fawaris|al-Fawāris]]
|the Horsemen
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرِّدْف
|al-Ridf
|the Follower
|Nasṭūlus
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرَّادِف
|al-Rādif
|idem
|Lisān
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|رِدْف الوَاقِع
|Ridf al-Wāqiᶜ
|the Follower of the Falling [E.]
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|كَوْكَبَا الفِرْق
|Kawkabā ’l-Firq
|the Two stars of the Flock
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|كَوَاكِب الفِرْق
|Kawākib al-Firq
|the stars of the Flock
|Uluġ Bēg
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرَّاعِي
|al-Rāᶜī
|the Shepherd
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|رَاعِي الجُدَيّ
|Rāᶜī ’l-Ğudayy
|the Shepherd of Al Juday
|Miṣrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|كَلْب الرَّاعِي
|Kalb al-Rāᶜī
|the Dog of the Shepherd
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الشَّاة
|al-Šā’
|the Sheep
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَغْنَام (الأُولَى)
|al-Aġnām (I)
|idem
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الغَنَم
|al-Ġanam
|idem
|Marzūqī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|كَوْكَبَا القَرْن
|Kawkabā ’l-Qarn
|the Two stars of the Horn
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَبْيَض
|al-Abyaḍ
|the White One
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القُرْحَة
|al-Qurḥa
|the White Spot
[on the forehead of the Horse]
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَثَافِي
|al-Aṯāfī
|the Tripod
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القِدْر
|al-Qidr
|the Cauldron
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسَقَان
|al-Nasaqān
|the Two Lines
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسَق الشَّامِي
|al-Nasaq al-Šāmī
|the Syrian [= Northern] Line
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسِيق (أو النُّسَيْق)
|al-Nasīq / al Nusayq
|the Litle Line
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|the Line
|Marzūqī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|al-Nasaq
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّسَق اليَمَانِي
|al-Nasaq al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Line
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرَّوْضَة
|al-Rawḍa
|the Gardens
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَعْنَام
|al-Aᶜnām
|the Jujube trees (?)
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَغْنَام (الثَّانِيَة)
|al-Aġnām (II)
|the Sheep
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الغَنَم
|al-Ġanam
|idem
|Marzūqī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|كَلْب الرَّاعِي
|Kalb al-Rāᶜī
|the Shepherd Dog
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الرَّاعِي
|al-Rāᶜī
|the Shepherd
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|كَلْب الرَّاعِي
|Kalb al-Rāᶜī
|the Shepherd Dog
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|التَّمَاثِيل
|al-Tamāṯīl
|the Statues
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|بنَات إِمَام
|Banāt Imām
|the Daughters of Imam
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|إِمَام
|Imām
|Imam
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|القَعُود
|al-Qaᶜūd
|the Young Camels
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الصَّلِيب
|al-Ṣalīb
|the Cross
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الصَّلِيب الطَّائِر
|al-Ṣalīb al-Ṭā’ir
|the Flying Cross
|Bīrūnī, T.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|عَمُود الصَّلِيب
|ᶜAmūd al-Ṣalīb
|the Pillar of the Cross
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|عُقُود الصَّلِيب
|ᶜUqūd al-Ṣalīb
|the Pearls of the Cross
|Qazwīnī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العَامَّة
|al-ᶜĀmma
|the Crowd
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل
|Suhayl
|Suhayl = the Easy One, Divine name
|Poet. Ğirān
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل اليَمَن
|Suhayl al-Yaman
|Suhayl of Yemen
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل اليَمَانِي
|Suhayl al-Yamānī
|Suhayl the Yemenite [= Southern]
|Battānī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل عَلَى الإِطْلَاق
|Suhayl ᶜalā ’l-itlāq
|Suhayl the Genuine
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل الصَّدُوق
|Suhayl al-Ṣadūq
|idem
|T. Thomas
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الوَزْنَان
|al-Waznān
|the Two that make a pair
|Marzūqī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المُحْلِفَان
|al-Muḫlifān
|the Two that push to swear
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المُحْنِثَان
|al-Muḫniṯān
|the Two that push to perjure
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|حَضَارِي
|Ḥaḍāri
|Hadar = the White
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الوَزْن
|al-Wazn
|Wazn = the Pendant, the Pair
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المِيزَان
|al-Mīzān
|the Balance
|Ḏ. man.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل حَضَارِي
|Suhayl Haḍāri
|Suhayl of Hadar
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|تَالِي سُهَيْل اليَمَن
|Tālī Suhayl al-Yaman
|the Follower of Suhayl of Yemen
|Miṣrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|بَلْقِين
|Balqīn
|Suhayl the Colorful
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| تَالِي سُهَيْل اليَمَن
|Tālī Suhayl al-Yaman
|the Follower of Suhayl of Yemen
|Marrākusī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ذُبَّان سُهَيْل
|Ḏubbān Suhayl
|the Follower of Suhayl
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل المُحْلِف
|Suhayl al-Muḫlif
|Suhayl who swears
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل الخَلَفَة
|Suhayl al-Ḫalafa
|idem
|Ḏ. man.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل المُحْنِث
|Suhayl al-Muḫniṯ
|Suhayl who perjures
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل الوَزْن
|Suhayl al-Wazn
|Suhayl the Wazn
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل الوَزَّان
|Suhayl al-Wazzān
|Suhayl the Wieghter
|Ḏ. man.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل بَلْقِين
|Suhayl Balqīn
|Suhayl le Colorful
|Aᶜrābī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل تَلْقِين
|Suhayl Talqīn
|Suhayl the Scolar
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل رَقَاشِي
|Suhayl Raqāši
|Suhayl the Varicoloured (?)
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|قَدَمَا سُهَيْل
|Qadamā Suhayl
|the Feet of Suhayl
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل العَشَّار
|Suhayl al-ᶜAššār
|Suhayl, the Tithe Collector
|Ḏ. hay.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل اليَمَانِي العَشَّار
|Suhayl al-Yamānī ’l-ᶜAššār
|Suhayl the Yem. The Collector…
|Ḏ. man.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الفَحْل
|al-Faḥl
|the Stallion Camel
|Ṣiḥāḥ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|بَلْقِين
|Balqīn ( ?)
|Colorful (?)
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّاشِر
|al-Nāšir
|the Revitalizing One
|Marrākusī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|أَبَا السُّهَيْل
|Abā l-Sihil
|the Father of Suhayl (?)
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|مِشِيل
|Mishil
|the Related One to Suhayl ?
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل الفَرْد
|Suhayl al-Fard
|Suhayl the Solitary One
|Marrākusī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل العَدَارَى
|Suhayl al-ᶜAdārā
|Suhayl of the Pearls
|Miṣrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سُهَيْل القَابِس
|Suhayl al-Qābis
|Suhayl the Fire Seeker
|Ḏ. man.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|السَّحَابَتَان
|al-Saḥābatān
|the Two Clouds
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَعْيَار
|al-Aᶜyār
|the Wild Donkeys
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|البَقَر
|al-Baqar
|the Cows
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|the Feet of Suhayl
|Marzūqī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|صَلِيب القُطْب
|Ṣalīb al-Quṭb
|the Cross of the Pol
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|صَلِيب الجَنُوبِي
|Ṣalīb (al-) al-Ğanūbī
|the Southern Cross
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المُرَبَّع
|al-Murabbaᶜ
|the Square
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الصَّلِيب الكَاذِب
|al-Ṣalīb al-Kāḏib
|the False Cross
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الشَّمَارِيخ
|al-Šamārīḫ
|the Date Palm Branches
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|حَضَارِي وَالوَزْن
|Ḥaḍāri wa-’l-Wazn (II)
|Hadar and its Pendant
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المُحْلِفَان
|al-Muḫlifān
|The Two that push to swear
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المُحْنِثَان
|al-Muḫniṯān
|The Two that push to perjure
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|حَضَارِي
|Ḥaḍāri
|Hadar = the White
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الوَزْن
|al-Wazn
|Wazn = the Pendant, the Pair
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المَحْنَث / المُحْنِّث
|al-Maḫnaṯ/Muḫanniṯ
|the One that push to perjure
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الحِمَارَان
|al-Ḥimārān
|the Two Donkeys
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العَمُودَان
|al-ᶜAmūdān
|the Two Pillars
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الفَارِسَان
|al-Fārisān
|the Deux Horsemen
|Mahrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الفُرْسَان
|al-Fursān
|the Horsemen
|Fāris
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المِشْعَلَان
|al-Misḥalān
|the Two Braves
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العِرْفَان
|al-ᶜIrfān
|the Knowledge (?)
|Mahrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|النَّعَائِم
|al-Naᶜā’im
|the Ostriches / the Camels (?)
|St. Ajaji
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الظَّافِر
|al-Ẓāfir
|the Griffeur
|St. Varisco
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المَعْقَل
|al-Maᶜqal
|the Refuge ( ?)
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سَهْم القَوْس
|Sahm al-Qaws
|the Arrow and the Bow
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|سَهْم الأَوَّل
|Sahm al-Awwal
|the First Arrow
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|السُّلَّم
|al-Sullam
|the Steps [of the Staircase]
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|العَانَة
|al-ᶜĀna
|the Flock of wild donkeys
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَحْمِرَة
|al-Aḥmira
|the Donkeys
|Qutayba
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الضِّفْدِعَان
|[al-Ḍifdiᶜān]
|the Two Frogs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الضِّفْدِع الأَوَّل
|al-Ḍifdiᶜ al-Awwal
|the First Frog
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الضِّفْدِع المُقَدَّم
|al-Ḍifdiᶜ al-Muqaddam
|the Front Frog
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الضِّفْدِع الثَّانِي
|al-Ḍifdiᶜ al-Ṯānī
|the Second Frog
|Ṣūfī/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الضِّفْدِع المُؤَخَّر
|al-Ḍifdiᶜ al-Mu’aḫḫar
|the Back Frog
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الزَّوْرَق
|al-Zawraq
|the Boat
|Ṣūfī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|مُنِير الزَّوْرَق
|Munīr al-Zawraq
|the Bright One of the Boat
|Miṣrī
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|عُكَّاز الرَّبَابِين
|ᶜUkkāz al-Rabābīn
|the Baton of the Captains
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|عَصَا الرَّبَابِين
|ᶜAṣā ’l-Rabābīn
|Idem
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الكُبْرِيَّات
|ləkbariyāt (al-Kubriyāt)
|the Majeures
|St. Monteil
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|نَجْمَات البَلَح
|Nežmāt lə-Balḥ (N. al-Balaḥ)
|the Stars of Dates
|St. Monteil
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|السَّلْبَار
|al-Salbār
|the Support (?)
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المَحْنَث
|al-Maḥnaṯ
|the One that pushes to swear
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|المُحَنّث
|al-Muḥanniṯ
|Idem
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|الأَحْمَر
|al-Aḥmar
|the Red One
|Māğid
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:59:01Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
[[File:Stellarium-LuckyLunarMansions.jpg|thumb|Lucky Stars, Arabian lunar stations (CC BY Khalid al-Ajaji for Stellarium).]]
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]] and adjacent constellations.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Laffitte2025 lunarStations lucky.png|thumb|Lucky Stars in [[Aquarius]] and [[Capricornus]] (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
There are four Arab Lunar Stations formed by the Lucky Stars:
{| class="wikitable"
!Lunar Station
!native name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|XXII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih
|Mālik
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|XXIII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Mālik
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|XXIV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Sucūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Mālik
|''βξ Aqr''
|-
|XXV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|''γζπη Aqr''
|}
[[File:Laffitte2025 luckyStarsMap+draw.jpg|thumb|Lucky Stars, Arab asterism, map and drawing: CC BY Laffitte (2025).]]
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of 21 asterisms in the area of [[Aquarius]], [[Capricornus]] and [[Pegasus]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|'' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

File:Laffitte2025 luckyStarsMap+draw.jpg

2025-11-09T10:58:37Z

Rolandlaffitte: Lucky Stars, Arab asterism, map and drawing: CC BY Laffitte (2025).

== Summary ==
Lucky Stars, Arab asterism, map and drawing: CC BY Laffitte (2025).

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:54:02Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
[[File:Stellarium-LuckyLunarMansions.jpg|thumb|Lucky Stars, Arabian lunar stations (CC BY Khalid al-Ajaji for Stellarium).]]
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]] and adjacent constellations.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Laffitte2025 lunarStations lucky.png|thumb|Lucky Stars in [[Aquarius]] and [[Capricornus]] (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
There are four Arab Lunar Stations formed by the Lucky Stars:
{| class="wikitable"
!Lunar Station
!native name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|XXII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih
|Mālik
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|XXIII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Mālik
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|XXIV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Sucūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Mālik
|''βξ Aqr''
|-
|XXV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|''γζπη Aqr''
|}
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of 21 asterisms in the area of [[Aquarius]], [[Capricornus]] and [[Pegasus]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|'' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

File:Stellarium-LuckyLunarMansions.jpg

2025-11-09T10:52:58Z

Rolandlaffitte: Lucky Stars, Arabian lunar stations (CC BY Khalid al-Ajaji for Stellarium).

== Summary ==
Lucky Stars, Arabian lunar stations (CC BY Khalid al-Ajaji for Stellarium).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Laffitte2025 lunarStations lucky.png

2025-11-09T10:50:17Z

Rolandlaffitte: Lucky Stars in Aquarius and Capricornus (CC BY Laffitte 2025).

== Summary ==
Lucky Stars in Aquarius and Capricornus (CC BY Laffitte 2025).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:41:25Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]] and adjacent constellations.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
There are four Arab Lunar Stations formed by the Lucky Stars:
{| class="wikitable"
!Lunar Station
!native name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|XXII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih
|Mālik
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|XXIII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Mālik
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|XXIV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Sucūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Mālik
|''βξ Aqr''
|-
|XXV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|''γζπη Aqr''
|}
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of 21 asterisms in the area of [[Aquarius]], [[Capricornus]] and [[Pegasus]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|'' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:41:04Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
There are four Arab Lunar Stations formed by the Lucky Stars:
{| class="wikitable"
!Lunar Station
!native name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|XXII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih
|Mālik
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|XXIII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Mālik
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|XXIV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Sucūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Mālik
|''βξ Aqr''
|-
|XXV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|''γζπη Aqr''
|}
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of 21 asterisms in the area of [[Aquarius]], [[Capricornus]] and [[Pegasus]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|'' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:40:45Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
There are four Arab Lunar Stations formed by the Lucky Stars:
{| class="wikitable"
!Lunar Station
!native name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|XXII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih
|Mālik
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|XXIII
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Mālik
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|XXIV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Sucūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Mālik
|''βξ Aqr''
|-
|XXV
|
|''Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows

or the Tents
|Mālik
|''γζπη Aqr''
|}
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of 21 asterisms in the area of [[Aquarius]], [[Capricornus]] and [[Pegasus]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|'' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-09T10:37:26Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Lucky [star] of the Tent (سَعْدُ الخِبَاء) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}

al-Ḫibā’, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)<ref name=":0">Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref><ref>Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes''</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===

* sometimes the Romanisation ''al-Ḥibā’'' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḥibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent (الخِباء الشّامیَة) ====
Name Variants:

* The Tent
* The Northern Tent
* The Syrian Tent

[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and [[Auriga]].

Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> argues that they are two far north: <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba gives ''δ, ξ Aur''. Based on al-Ṣūfī's description, Schjellerup adds ''2 Lyn +α, β Cam''. But, as Ibn Qutayba points out that the figure begins under ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'', this means that it includes ''α Lyn''. One can reasonably remove from Schjellerup’s list ''αβ Cam'', which are too far away, and add the brightest stars that connect ''2 Lyn'' to ''α Lyn''. </blockquote><blockquote>There is also confusion in Ibn Qutayba, who places this figure under the one that he places under Station XIV and which he calls ''al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī'', “the Yemeni” or “the Southern”. The one we are talking about, which is northern, should reasonably be called ''al-Ḥibā’ al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian,” ''i.e.'' “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Yemenite Tent (الخِباء الیمانی) ====
[[File:AlHibaY Laffitte2025 bothMaps.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The Yemenite Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Name Variants:

* The Yemenite Tent
* The Southern Tent

The Yemenite Tent is mentioned by al-Qutayba and al-Sufi; the latter also calls it the "Southern Tent" as opposed to the Northern Tent in the Lynx area. It is located in [[Corvus]]. Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> identifies: ''β, γ, δ, ε Crv'' and argues: <blockquote>By Ibn Qutayba, this figure is located under Lunar Station XIV. The epithet ''al-Yamānī'', given by al-Ṣūfī, must be interstood in relation to another ''al-Ḫibā’'', located between ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'' and ''al-ᶜAyyūq'', which is boreal, and which we have therefore named ''al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian” or “the Northern”. </blockquote>Laffitte (2025) also points out that the stars of Corvus form a Arabic Lunar Station and are also listed with other Arabic names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
|-
|
|''al-Maᶜlaf''
|the Manger
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Aḥmal''
|the Lambs
|Ḥanīfa
|-
|
|''al-Ağmal''
|the Camels
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Ğimāl''
|''idem''
|Fāris
|-
|
|''al-Buᶜūl''
|the Masters
|Mammātī
|}

==== Lucky [star] of the Tent (سَعْدُ الخِبَاء) ====
[[Al-Suʿūd|'''''al-Suʿūd''''']]''', “the Lucky [stars]”''' are an Arabian asterism in [[Aquarius]]. Several modern star names resemble this historical asterism (e.g. [[Sadalsuud]], [[Sadalmelik]], [[Sadalbari]]...). Laffitte (2025) lists two names among the lucky stars that include tents:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|''Saʿd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|Lunar Station XXV:

''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saʿd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Lyn]][[Cam]]

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:37:03Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Concordance, Etymology, History */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of 21 asterisms in the area of [[Aquarius]], [[Capricornus]] and [[Pegasus]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|'' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih (the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:30:18Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Laffitte (2025) gives a list of ten asterisms:
{| class="wikitable"
!native
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḏābiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] of Dhabih

(the Sacrificer)
|Farġānī
|''αβ Cap''
|-
|
|''al-Šāt''
|the Brebis
|Farġānī
|''ν Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Nāšira''
|the Lucky [star] of Nashira
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''γδ Cap''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Malik''
|the Lucky [star] of Malik
|Farġānī
|''αοAqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd (al-)Bulaᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Farġānī
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
|''al-Bālic''
|the Lucky [star] of Bulac
|Qutayba
|''νμε Aqr''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Suᶜūd''
|the Luckiest of the Lucky [stars]
|Farġānī
|''βξ Aqr''
|-
|
| '' Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Holes
|Farġānī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Mašāyiḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Old men
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Madā''
|the Lucky [star] of he Limit
|Mammātī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γζμη Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Humām''
|the Lucky [star] of Humam
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Naᶜam''
|the Lucky [star] of the Beam
|Marrākūšī
|''ζξ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bahā’im''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bihām''
|the Lucky [star] of the Cattle
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nahr''
|the Lucky [star] of the M. Way
|Études, S.
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nuhā''
|the Lucky [star] the Limit (?)
|Ṣūfī
|''θν Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Bāriᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of Bari
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Nā’ziᶜ''
|the Lucky [star] of the Impatient
|Qazwīnī
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Māniḥ''
|the Lucky [star] oft he Generous
|''Ḏ. man''.
|''λμ Peg''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd Maṭar''
|the Lucky [star] of Matar
|Qutayba, ''A.''
|''ηο Peg''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:22:25Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Suʿūd ()}}
al-Suʿūd is an Arabian asterism, perhaps a constellation - a group of named stars in [[Aquarius]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
Many star names from the group have become common in Europe and modern astrophysics. The IAU WGSN adopted the following ones in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]

Al-Suʿūd

2025-11-09T10:17:52Z

Rolandlaffitte: Created page with "t"

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-09T10:11:04Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}

al-Ḫibā’, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)<ref name=":0">Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref><ref>Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes''</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===

* sometimes the Romanisation ''al-Ḥibā’'' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḥibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent (الخِباء الشّامیَة) ====
Name Variants:

* The Tent
* The Northern Tent
* The Syrian Tent

[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and [[Auriga]].

Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> argues that they are two far north: <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba gives ''δ, ξ Aur''. Based on al-Ṣūfī's description, Schjellerup adds ''2 Lyn +α, β Cam''. But, as Ibn Qutayba points out that the figure begins under ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'', this means that it includes ''α Lyn''. One can reasonably remove from Schjellerup’s list ''αβ Cam'', which are too far away, and add the brightest stars that connect ''2 Lyn'' to ''α Lyn''. </blockquote><blockquote>There is also confusion in Ibn Qutayba, who places this figure under the one that he places under Station XIV and which he calls ''al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī'', “the Yemeni” or “the Southern”. The one we are talking about, which is northern, should reasonably be called ''al-Ḥibā’ al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian,” ''i.e.'' “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Yemenite Tent (الخِباء الیمانی) ====
[[File:AlHibaY Laffitte2025 bothMaps.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The Yemenite Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Name Variants:

* The Yemenite Tent
* The Southern Tent

The Yemenite Tent is mentioned by al-Qutayba and al-Sufi; the latter also calls it the "Southern Tent" as opposed to the Northern Tent in the Lynx area. It is located in [[Corvus]]. Laffitte (2025)<ref name=":0" /> identifies: ''β, γ, δ, ε Crv'' and argues: <blockquote>By Ibn Qutayba, this figure is located under Lunar Station XIV. The epithet ''al-Yamānī'', given by al-Ṣūfī, must be interstood in relation to another ''al-Ḫibā’'', located between ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'' and ''al-ᶜAyyūq'', which is boreal, and which we have therefore named ''al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian” or “the Northern”. </blockquote>Laffitte (2025) also points out that the stars of Corvus form a Arabic Lunar Station and are also listed with other Arabic names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
|-
|
|''al-Maᶜlaf''
|the Manger
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Aḥmal''
|the Lambs
|Ḥanīfa
|-
|
|''al-Ağmal''
|the Camels
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Ğimāl''
|''idem''
|Fāris
|-
|
|''al-Buᶜūl''
|the Masters
|Mammātī
|}

==== Lucky [star] of the Tent (سَعْدُ الخِبَاء) ====
'''''al-Sucūd'', “the Lucky [stars]”''' are an Arabian asterism in [[Aquarius]]. Several modern star names resemble this historical asterism (e.g. [[Sadalsuud]], [[Sadalmelik]], [[Sadalbari]]...). Laffitte (2025) lists two names among the lucky stars that include tents:
{| class="wikitable"
!Native Name
!Romanisation
!Translation
!Author
!Identification
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Aḫbiyya''
|the Lucky [star] of the Burrows or the Tents
|Mālik
|Lunar Station XXV:

''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|-
|
|''Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’''
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|''γ, ζ, π, η Aqr''
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Lyn]][[Cam]]

References

2025-11-09T10:09:49Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic */

__FORCETOC__

In many cases, there is a very limited corpus of literature dealing with the identifications of constellations. In these cases, we give a list here (below); in case of huge amount of literature, we create an extra page and link it here.

*

==Dictionaries and Tools==

=== [[Historical Maps]] ===

=== Interactive digitals Maps and Globes ===

* Chinese [http://www.chinesehsc.org/chinese_astronomy.shtml Suzhou Map] (13th century with older data)
* [https://digicult2.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/digicult_derivate_00115090/Sternkarte2.tif 1395 Korean Map] (Uni Jena)
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1279_al-Urdi/1279_al-Urdi.obj 1279 al-Urdi's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1626_Greuter_Sky/1626_Greuter_Sky.obj 1626 Nicolai&Greuter's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1688_Coronelli_Sky/1688_Coronelli_Sky.obj 1688 Coronelli's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1792_Cassini_Sky/1792_Cassini_Sky_optLayout.obj 1792 Cassini's Celestial Globe]

=== Standard References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Barentine (2016)
|Barentine, John C. (2016). The Lost Constellations - A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore, Springer
|-
|Blume, Haffner, Metzger (2012/16)
|Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild and Metzger, Wolfgang, ''Der gemalte Himmel zwischen Wissenschaft und Phantasie.'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012/ 2016)

* Vol. 1 (2012). ''800-1200'' ''Sternbilder des Mittelalters.''
* Vol. 2 (2016). ''Sternbilder des Mittelalters und der Renaissance.''
|-
|Delporte (1930)
|Delporte, Eugène, ''Délimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930) [[https://historiadelaastronomia.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/delporte.pdf online link]] -- published on behalf of the International Research Council of the International Astronomical Union.
|-
|Dekker (2013)
|Dekker, Elly, ''Illustrating the Phaenomena: Celestial Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press) ISBN 978-0-19-960969-7.
|-
|Gössmann (1950)||Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].
|-
|Hoffmann (2021)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021
|-
|Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (2022)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021;'' Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)
|-
|Kanas (2012, 2019)
|Kanas, Nick (2012, 2019). Star Maps. History, Artistry, and Cartography, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 1461409179, 9781461409175 https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-13613-0.
|-
|Kurtik (2007)
|Куртик, Г.Е., ''Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies]'' (St. Petersburg: Aletejja, 2007) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/kurtik_zvezdnoe_nebo_drevnei_mesopotamii_2007.pdf online link]].
|-
|Ridpath (1988, 2018)
|Ridpath, Ian, ''Star Tales'' (Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 1988) ISBN 0-7188-2695-7 [[https://archive.org/details/startales0000ridp_w3y6 Internet Archive link]] -- a revised and expanded edition was published in 2018 [ISBN 978-07188-9478-8] -- online version on [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/contents.html Ridpath's website].
|-
|Warner (1979)
|Warner, Deborah Jean, ''The Sky Explored: Celestial Cartography 1500-1800'' (New York / Amsterdam: Alan R. Liss, Inc. / Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd., 1979) ISBN 90-221-2003-1.
|-
|Zotti et al. (2020).||Zotti, Georg; Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Wolf, Alexander; Chéreau, Fabien & Chéreau, Guillaume, "The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research", ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'', '''6(2)''' (2020), 221--258 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822</nowiki>.
|}

=== Contemporary Star Name Catalogues ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Allen (1899).||Allen, Richard Hinckley (1899). Star Names - Their Lore and Meaning. Dover Publications, Inc., New York
|-
|Kunitzsch and Smart (2006)
|Kunitzsch, Paul and Tim Smart (2006). A Dictionary of Modern Star Names. A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations., Sky and Telescope, Sky Publishing, Cambridge MA (USA).
|-
|Rhoads (1971)
|Rhoads, Jack W. (1971). A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars. NASA JPL CIT, Technical Memorandum 33-507, Pasadena, 15 November 1971
|}

== Library ==

=== Arabic ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|Adams (2018)
|Adams, Danielle, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018
|-
|Adams (online)
|[http://onesky.arizona.edu/ Two Deserts - One Sky,] Univ. of Arizona
|-
|Hafez (2010)
|Ihsan Hafez (2010). Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi and his book of the fixed stars: a journey of re-discovery, [https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/28854/ PhD Thesis], James Cook University (Australia) Publisher Website: https://doi.org/10.25903/6xsf-aa64
|-
|Kunitzsch (1961)
|Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
|-
|Laffitte (2012)
|Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes''
|-
|Laffitte (2025)
|Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots
|-
|Laffitte (online)
|Laffitte: URANOS.FR https://uranos.fr/
|-
|al-Marzuqi (2002)
|Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)., الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ.
|-
|ibn Qutayba (1956)
|Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya
|-
|as-Sufi (1981)
|al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.
|}

=== [[References (Babylonian)|Babylonian]] ===
The dictionary of Babylonian celestial names had been compiled by G. Kurtik (2007) based on Gössmann (1950). Kurtik's version is much improved and enriched, however it has been reworked by himself until his death in April 2023 and further reworked and translated to English by the research group led by Wayne Horowitz and Susanne M. Hoffmann.

As we present them here, the references for the Babylonian Sky Culture are so rich that they need to go to [[References (Babylonian)|another website]].

=== Balinese ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Maas (1929)
|Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.
|-
|Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum (2021)
|Tim Kajian Palelintangan, ''Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan'' (Denpasar: Museum Bali, 2021), pp 1-149.
|-
|Rapini & Mayun (1979)
|Rapini, Nyoman & Mayun, Ida Bagus, ''Palalintangan Kalender Astronomi Bali Koleksi Museum Bali'' (Denpasar: Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman Bali, 1979), pp 1-69.
|-
|Wikarman & Sutarya (2023)
|Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin & Sutarya, I Gede, ''Wariga'' (Denpasar: Yayasan Wikarman, 2023).
|-
|Ardhana (2006)
|Ardhan, I.B. Suparta, ''Pokok-Pokok Wariga'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2006).
|-
|Sanjaya (2016)
|Sanjaya, Putu, ''Hari Suci & Wariga Dewasa'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2016).
|-
|Suhardana (2005)
|Suhardana, K.M., ''Babad Nyuhaya'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2005)
|-
|Adiputra (2003)
|Adiputra, Gede Rudia, ''Pengetahuan Dasar Agama Hindu'' (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya Mitra, 2003)
|-
|Wikarman & Sutarya (2005)
|Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin & Sutarya, I Gede, ''Hari Raya Hindu Bali-India'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2005).
|}

=== [[References (Chinese)|Chinese]] ===
The rich literature is compiled at the separate page linked above; here are the main sources:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Ho (1962)
|Peng-Yoke Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962VA......5..127H/abstract ADS link]].
|-
|Pan Nai (2009)
|Pān Nài [潘鼐], ''Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncè Shǐ [中国恒星观测史]'' (Shanghai: Xuélín Chūbǎnshè, 2009) [[https://archive.org/download/Ancient-Chinese-Astronomy/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E5%8F%B22009_%E6%BD%98%E9%BC%9012259369.pdf Internet Archive link]] -- revised edition of a work first published in 1989.
|-
|Pan Nai & Wang De-chang (1981)
|Pān Nài [潘鼐] & Wang De-chang, “The Huang-You Star List of the Song Dynasty: A Chinese Star List of the Early Medieval Period”, ''Chinese Astronomy & Astrophysics'', '''5''' (1981), 441-448 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981ChA%26A...5..441P/abstract ADS link]] -– first published in Chinese in ''Acta Astronomica Sinica'', '''22''' (1981), 107-119.
|-
| Pankenier (2013)
|Pankenier, David W., ''Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) ISBN 978-1-107-00672-0 -- the appendix [pp. 444-511] contains an English translation of Sīmǎ Qiān [司馬遷]'s "Treatise of the Celestial Offices" [chapter 27 of the ''Shǐjì [史記]''] with the earliest comprehensive description of the Chinese constellations.
|-
| Rufus & Hsing-chih T'ien (1945)
|Rufus, Will Carl & Hsing-chih T'ien, ''The Soochow Astronomical Chart'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1945) [[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001475761 HathTtrust link]].
|-
|Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker (1997)
|Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker, Jacob, ''The Chinese Sky during the Han: Constellating Stars and Society'' (Leiden [etc.]: Brill, 1997 [= ''Sinica Leidensia'', vol. XXXVIII]) ISBN 90-04-10737-1.
|-
|Boshun Yang (2023)
|杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD Dissertation, University of Science and Technology of China (Hefei)
|}

=== [[References (Greco-Roman)|Greco-Roman]]===
The dictionary of Greco-Roman celestial names is compiled by members of the IAU WGSN.

The [[References (Greco-Roman)|original sources are compiled in a separate pag]]<nowiki/>e.

=== India ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Shylaja & Pai (2019)
|Shylaja & Pai (2019). Āpa and Apāṃvatsa – enigmatic stars catalogued in Sūryasiddhānta, J. Astrophys. Astr 40:48 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-019-9614-1
|-
|
|
|-
|Shylaja (2022)
|
|}

=== Indonesian Archipelago ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Maaß (1920/21)
|Alfred Maaß, "Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiïschen Archipel", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''52/53''' (1920/21), 38-63 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23031518 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Maaß (1924 & 1926)
|Alfred Maaß, "Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiïschen Archipel", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''64''' (1924), 1-172 & 347-460 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1924_64.pdf KITLV link]] with a "Nachtrag" in ''ibid.'', '''66''' (1926), 618-670 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1926_66.pdf KITVL link]].
|-
|Maaß (1932)
|Alfred Maaß, "Altjavanische Tierkreisbecher", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''64''' (1932), 105-112 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25839369 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Maaß (1933)
|Alfred Maaß, "Die Sterne im Glauben der Indonesier", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''65''' (1933), 264-303 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25839449 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Oudemans (1881)
|Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans, "Mededeeling betreffende de sterrenbeelden, wier hoogte boven den horizon, op een bepaald oogenblik van den nacht, door de Javanen ten behoeve van den landbouw geraadpleegd wordt", ''Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen'', Afdeeling Natuurkunde, Tweede Reeks, '''16''' (1881), 177-194 [[https://books.google.com/books?id=1jk-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA177 Google Books link]] -- also published as a separatum [[https://books.google.com/books?id=_iCC20ooLsgC Google Books link]].
|-
|Pannekoek (1919)
|Antonie Pannekoek, "Een merkwaardig Javaansch sterrenbeeld", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''69''' (1929), 51-57 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1929_69.pdf KITVL link]].
|-
|Schadee (1914)
|Schadee, Merie C., "De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo", ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië'', '''69''' (1914), 130-139 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 JSTOR link]].
|}

=== [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|Early Modern]] ===
Secondary literature (modern authors who write about specific cases of identifications or constellation history) is [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|collected on a separate page]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Lodewijcksz (1598)
|Lodewijcksz, Willem, ''D'eerste boeck. Historie van Indien, waer inne verhaelt is de avontueren die de Hollandtsche schepen bejeghent zijn ...: Daer by ghevoecht ... de conterfeytsels der inwoonderen'' (Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz, 1598) [[https://books.google.com/books?id=SzNmAAAAcAAJ online link]] , [https://xing.fmi.uni-jena.de/mediawiki/images/4/42/Lodewijcksz_-The_Description_of_a_Voyage_made_by_certaine_Ships_of_Holland_into_the_East_Indies_%281598%29.pdf PDF].

Several partial or complete journals describing the events of the "[[wikipedia:First_Dutch_Expedition_to_the_East_Indies|Eerste Schipvaart]]" have been preserved - the journal of Willem Lodewijcksz, published in Amsterdam in April 1598, is generally considered to be the most important one.

Reprinted with copious notes in the first volume of:

*Rouffaer, Gerret Pieter & Ijzerman, Jan Willem (eds.), ''De Eerste Schipvaart der Nederlanders naar Oost-Indië onder Cornelis de Houtman, 1595-1597 : Journalen, documenten en andere bescheiden, uitgegeven en toegelicht'' (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1915--1929 [= ''Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten-Vereeniging'', vols. VII, XXV & XXXII]), 3 vols. [[https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa01rouf/ Internet Archive link 1]] / [https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa02rouf/ link 2]] / [https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa03rouf/ link 3]].

Some of the other journals were already published in October 1597 by the Middelburg publisher Berent Langenes who issued revised and expanded editions in December 1597 and early 1598:

*Langenes, Barent (ed.), ''Iournael Vande Reyse der Hollandtsche Schepen ghedaen in Oost Indien, haer Coersen, Streckinghen ende vreemde avonturen die haer bejegent zijn'' (Middelburg: Barent Langenes, 1597) [[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-JjAAAAcAAJ online link of the 1598 edition]].

Contemporary translations, mainly based on the 1597/98 edition of Langenes, were published in English, German, Latin and French:

*German: Hulsius, Levinus (transl.), ''Kurtze Warhafftige Beschreibung der newen Reyse oder Schiffahrt, so die Hollendischen Schiff, in denn Orientalischen Indien; verricht : Welche Anno 1595. in Martio, Alda außgefahrn und erst im Augusto deß verlauffenen 1597 Jahrs, widerkommen seind. Darinne der gantz succes der Reyse, was sich täglich verlauffen und zugetragen, erzält wird'' (Nürnberg: Christoff Lochner, 1598) [[https://archive.org/details/kurtzewarhafftig00hout/ Internet Archive link]].

*English: Phillip, William (transl.), ''The Description of a voyage made by certaine Ships of Holland into the East Indies : With their adventures and successe : Together with the description of the Countries, Townes, and inhabitants of the same : Who set forth on the second of April 1595. and returned on the 14. of August, 1597'' (London: John Wolfe, 1598) [[:File:Lodewijcksz -The Description of a Voyage made by certaine Ships of Holland into the East Indies (1598).pdf |(pdf)]].

*Latin:

*French:
|-
|de Houtman (1603)
|De Houtman, Frederick, ''Spraeck ende woord-boeck inde Maleysche ende Madagaskarsche Talen, met vele Arabische ende Turcsche woorden ... : Noch zijn hier byghevoecht de declinatien van vele vaste sterren, staende omtrent den Zuyd-pool, voor desen tijdt noyt ghesien'' (Amsterdam: Jan Evertsz. Cloppenburgh, 1603) [[https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055 online link]] (in Dutch).

Translations are available in:
*French (Marre 1881): Marre, Aristide, “Catalogue des étoiles circumpolaires australes observées dans l'Ile de Sumatra”, ''Bulletin sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', '''1''' (1881), 336–352 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881BSMA....5..336H/abstract ADS link]].
*English (Knobel 1917): Knobel, Edward Ball, “On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations”, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 414–432 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.5.414 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..414K/abstract ADS link]] with errata in ''ibid.'', '''77''' (1917), 580 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.8.580 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..580K/abstract ADS link]].
*Spanish (Selga 1918/19): Selga, Miguel, "Un catálogo antiguo de estrellas australes", ''Revista de la Sociedad Astronómica de España y América'', '''8''' (1918), 84-90 & '''9''' (1919), 11, 44-46 & 62-63 [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/selga_1918-1919.pdf online link]].
|}

__DISAMBIG__

[[Category: References]]
[[Category:Service]]

File:AlHibaY Laffitte2025 bothMaps.jpg

2025-11-09T09:55:23Z

Rolandlaffitte: Arabian constellation of The Yemenite Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)

== Summary ==
Arabian constellation of The Yemenite Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-09T09:49:17Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}

al-Ḫibā’, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===

* sometimes the Romanisation ''al-Ḥibā’'' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḥibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent (الخِباء الشّامیَة) ====
Name Variants:

* The Tent
* The Northern Tent
* The Syrian Tent

[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and [[Auriga]].

Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025) argues that they are two far north: <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba gives ''δ, ξ Aur''. Based on al-Ṣūfī's description, Schjellerup adds ''2 Lyn +α, β Cam''. But, as Ibn Qutayba points out that the figure begins under ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'', this means that it includes ''α Lyn''. One can reasonably remove from Schjellerup’s list ''αβ Cam'', which are too far away, and add the brightest stars that connect ''2 Lyn'' to ''α Lyn''. </blockquote><blockquote>There is also confusion in Ibn Qutayba, who places this figure under the one that he places under Station XIV and which he calls ''al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī'', “the Yemeni” or “the Southern”. The one we are talking about, which is northern, should reasonably be called ''al-Ḥibā’ al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian,” ''i.e.'' “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Yemenite Tent (الخِباء الیمانی) ====
Name Variants:

* The Yemenite Tent
* The Southern Tent

The Yemenite Tent is mentioned by al-Qutayba and al-Sufi; the latter also calls it the "Southern Tent" as opposed to the Northern Tent in the Lynx area. It is located in [[Corvus]]. Laffitte (2025) identifies: ''β, γ, δ, ε Crv'' and argues: <blockquote>By Ibn Qutayba, this figure is located under Lunar Station XIV. The epithet ''al-Yamānī'', given by al-Ṣūfī, must be interstood in relation to another ''al-Ḫibā’'', located between ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'' and ''al-ᶜAyyūq'', which is boreal, and which we have therefore named ''al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian” or “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Lucky Tent (سَعْدُ الخِبَاء) ====
...

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Lyn]][[Cam]]

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-09T09:48:42Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}

al-Ḫibā’, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===

* sometimes the Romanisation ''al-Ḥibā’'' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḥibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent (الخِباء الشّامیَة) ====
Name Variants:

* The Tent
* The Northern Tent
* The Syrian Tent

[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and [[Auriga]].

Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025) argues that they are two far north: <blockquote>Ibn Qutayba gives ''δ, ξ Aur''. Based on al-Ṣūfī's description, Schjellerup adds ''2 Lyn +α, β Cam''. But, as Ibn Qutayba points out that the figure begins under ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'', this means that it includes ''α Lyn''. One can reasonably remove from Schjellerup’s list ''αβ Cam'', which are too far away, and add the brightest stars that connect ''2 Lyn'' to ''α Lyn''.

There is also confusion in Ibn Qutayba, who places this figure under the one that he places under Station XIV and which he calls ''al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī'', “the Yemeni” or “the Southern”. The one we are talking about, which is northern, should reasonably be called ''al-Ḥibā’ al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian,” ''i.e.'' “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Yemenite Tent (الخِباء الیمانی) ====
Name Variants:

* The Yemenite Tent
* The Southern Tent

The Yemenite Tent is mentioned by al-Qutayba and al-Sufi; the latter also calls it the "Southern Tent" as opposed to the Northern Tent in the Lynx area. It is located in [[Corvus]]. Laffitte (2025) identifies: ''β, γ, δ, ε Crv'' and argues: <blockquote>By Ibn Qutayba, this figure is located under Lunar Station XIV. The epithet ''al-Yamānī'', given by al-Ṣūfī, must be interstood in relation to another ''al-Ḫibā’'', located between ''Awlād al-Ẓibā’'' and ''al-ᶜAyyūq'', which is boreal, and which we have therefore named ''al-Šāmiyya'', “the Syrian” or “the Northern”. </blockquote>

==== Lucky Tent (سَعْدُ الخِبَاء) ====
...

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Lyn]][[Cam]]

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-09T09:32:54Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}

al-Ḫibā’, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===

* sometimes the Romanisation ''al-Ḥibā’'' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḥibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent ====
[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and Auriga.

Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025) argues that they are two far north.

==== Yemenite Tent ====
...

==== Lucky Tent ====
...

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Lyn]][[Cam]]

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-09T09:31:03Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}

al-Ḫibā’, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḥibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

==== [Northern] Tent ====
[[File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg|thumb|Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)]]
Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and Auriga.

Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025) argues that they are two far north.

==== Yemenite Tent ====
...

==== Lucky Tent ====
...

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Lyn]][[Cam]]

Al-Ḫibā’

2025-11-09T09:29:28Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Ḫibā’(الخِباء)}}

al-Ḫibā’, theTent is an Arabian name. Qutayba, Qazwīnī, al-Ṣūfī and Miṣrī refer to different tent constellations (Laffitte (2012, 2025)).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Spelling & Name Variants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|الخِباء
|al-Ḫibā’
|the Tent
|Qutayba
|
|-
|الخِباء الشّامیَة
|al-Ḥibā’ [al-Šāmiyya]
|the [northern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء الیمانی
|al-Ḫibā’ al-Yamānī
|the Yemenite [= Southern] Tent
|al-Ṣūfī
|10th c.
|-
|الخِباء
|al-Ḥibā’
|the [northern] Tent
|Qazwīnī
|13th c.
|-
|سَعْدُ الخِبَاء
|Saᶜd al-Ḫiba’
|the Lucky [star] of he Tent
|Miṣrī
|14th c.
|}

=== Identification(s) ===

# The constellation "The Tent" refers to the same constellation as "The Northern Tent"
# The "Yemenite Tent" is then the southern counterpart,
# The Lucky Tent is yet another constellation.

Kunitzsch (1959) and Laffitte (2012, 2025) identifies الخِباء الشّامیَة (The Northern Tent) with stars in [[Lynx]] and Auriga.

Schjellerup had added some stars in [[Camelopardalis]], but Laffitte (2025) argues that they are two far north.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Lyn]][[Cam]]

File:ArabTent Laffitte2025.jpg

2025-11-09T09:26:21Z

Rolandlaffitte: Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)

== Summary ==
Arabian constellation of The (Northern) Tent (CC BY Laffitte 2025)
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

UD.KA.DU8.A

2025-04-08T11:01:30Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* IV. Identification. */ image added from Uranos.fr

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UD.KA.DU8.A}}
[[File:Layard plate5 ukadua nimrud.PNG|alt=drawing of a Nimrud relief by Layard (1853)|thumb|Henry Austin Layard's drawing of the storm demon between to male gods in Nimrud, published in Layard (1853). [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/library/3ADD60G8/pageimg&start=11&pn=19&mode=imagepath Digital Source (MPIWG Berlin)]. ]]
A Mesopotamian constellation in the region of [[Cygnus]] and [[Cepheus]]. The Sumerian term is a compound, literally meaning "the demon with the gaping mouth" and designating a storm demon. In lexical lists it is equalled with the Akkadian term "the panther", suggesting that this demon looks like a panther. Possibly, it refers to a panther-griffin.

A relief sequence in Nimrud shows the depiction of a panther-griffin with a gaping mouth in the middle between the weather god and the god of war. Both, weather and war, can be associated with storm in the way of thunderstorm and "to be up in arms", respectively.

==Dictionary==
===Krebernik (2023)===
var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A

The sumerogram means “day/storm demon (U4) with open (DU8.A) mouth (KA)”. The Akk. reading ''nimru'' “panther” (normal logogram PIRIG.TUR) is uncertain, cf. CAD N/2, 235 s.v. ''nimru'' 2. Note, however, the equation mulKA. AN.DU8 = ''pa-ti-rù'' between mulUDU.IDIM = ''bi-i-bu'' and mulMAR.TU = ''a''-˹''mu''˺-''ru'' in a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 27’, see Arnaud 1985, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011, I 211, II 127). Gantzert transliterates mulQÀ.AN.DU8 and considers this as a variant spelling for GI.DU8 = ''paṭīru'' “altar” (AHw: “Tragaltärchen”), which would be based on GI = ''qanû'' “reed”. Alternatively, ''pati-rù'' could represent a hitherto unattested Akkadian word corresponding to Greek πάνθηρ “panther” (which is considered to be a loanword from an ancient Near Eastern language, cf. also Sanskrit ''puṇḍarīka'' “tiger”). mulU4.KA.DU8.A (EN 27l).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
var. reading: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mulkaduḫḫû, (mul)nimru, sum. "Demon with the Gaping Mouth," akk. "Panther, Leopard"; constellation in the Swan and parts of Cepheus (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234-235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|Lexical texts.

* Nabnītu Series XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' "Dem[on] with the Open Mouth = Panther," quoted in [LAS 2, 93], see also [CT 12, 48 iv 14].
|panther griffin?
|-
|Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.

* mul''Ka4-ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71].
|
|-
|EAE.

* See. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], and also [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30].
|
|-
|"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).

* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Anu, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): ''mul ša igi-šu gub kap-pi u rit-te gar-nu / mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur)'' "The constellation which stands before it (i.e. Libra), possessing wings and arms, (is) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 4].
** (2) List (3´12): [itigan] ... mul''ud.ka.du8.a šu-ut dA-nim'' "[Kislim]: ... The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — kislim, setting — simanu [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40].
* BM 82923. Kislimu, stars of Anu: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Demon with the Gaping Mouth // 60 // Mars" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:26].
* BM 34713. Month of tebet, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:10], see g27GU.LA.
* "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 "(Stars of Anu, month of Kislim), Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 60" [CT 33, 11].
* Text Nv. 10.
** Intercalation scheme: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ like the constellation of Ea — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of adar, see (Kurtik L04) Lammu.
** Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A.png|alt=UD.KA.DU.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|"Catalog of 30 stars".

* Anu 4. [MUL ša2] ˹''ana'' IGI''-it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] "[The star that] stands opposite it (i.e., . Scorpius), wearing a crown (on its head), equipped with wings and arms, (it is) the 'Demon with the Op[en] Mouth', [Nergal]" (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].
Text BM 77054. See sh17ŠU.PA.
|
|-
|MUL.APIN.

* (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš "On the 15th day of kislim, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Eagle and Pabilsag become visible" (I iii 5-6).
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets: a) (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) NUNki, b) (I iii 29), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal sunrisings: TA KUR ša2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulSIM.MAḪ "30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth. 30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow" (I iii 39-40).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a) BE-''ma zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina šer3-ti la-am'' dUTU KUR''-ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG''-ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-ka imKUR.RA ni-iš IGI-ka imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e / ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR''-ḫa'' "If you wish to observe the ziqpu-(stars) in the 20th day of nisan, you should stand in the morning before sunrise, place the west on your right, the east on your left, with your face facing south; (at that time) the shoulder of the Demon with the pPen Mouth will stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest and the Staff will rise" (I iv 10-14),
** (b) on the 1st day of Ayar, the chest of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the Star Cluster rise, cf. (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL,
** (c) on the 20th day of ayar, the knee of the Demon with the Split Mouth culminates, the Bull's Jaw rises, see (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'',
** (d) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR''-ḫa'' "On the 10th day of siman, the heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20), (for a parallel see BM 77054:1′-4′ [George 1991]),
** (e) Shupa culminates, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises (I iv 27), see sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44-45, 49, 51, 54, 59-63, 66].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021), left is Cassiopeia, below Andromeda, above Vega, right Altair]]
|-
|"Letters" and "Reports." See. [LABS, 149 r. 2-3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5].
|
|-
|"Great Star List"

* (1) List of names of Mars: mul''ud.ka.duḫ.a'' = d''min''(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226].
|
|-
|Star List VR 46,

* 1:43. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = u4-mu na-ʼi-ri "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Roaring Demon" [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162-3; AHw, 709a].
|
|-
|Uranologies

* MLC 1866. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ / ˹ṣa-lam˺ šu-u2 lu-bu-uš-tu4 la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ''˹2˺ pa-ni-šu2 pa-ni maḫ-ru-˹tu2˺ pa-ni ṣa-lam / ˹pa˺-ni ar2-ku-˹tu4 pa˺-ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin / pi-i pi-˹ti kap˺-pi ra-aš2-ši kin-ṣi 15-šu2 / ˹ki-ṣal˺-šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du 15-šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x a-si-d]u KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam''
* "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, is the first in line, it goes ahead. / Here is a description of (his) human figure: he is clothed, he carries a crown. / He has two faces. The front face is that of a human figure, / the face in the hind is that of a lion, bearded, / mouth open, has wings; his right shin (and) / his ankle (repeated) three times(?); a star on his right heel (and) lower limbs / [(these are) ... the heel] and lower limbs of a human figure" (col. i 17-23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39-40, Section B].
|
|-
|Lists of ziqpu-stars.

* See (Kurtik k25) Kumāru, (Kurtik n20) ''ni-bu-u2 ša2'' GABA-''šu''2, (Kurtik k18) ''Kinṣu'', (Kurtik a47) ''Asīdu''.
|
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* С. [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] "Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / [...2 in]ter[va]ls, interval [...]" [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[...] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? "The throat of the Demon? with the [Open?] Mouth?", according to [Koch 1995]. F. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The rig[ht] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]" (ι Cyg), see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* G. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* H. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a maḫ-ru "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). Ra[inbow (β Cas). sta]r with great brilliance from the Old Man (θ Per). 3 stars. Loosely stained rope. [2 inter]vals, inter[val]. Right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth — first." [Walker 1995, 30-31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* I. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ [...m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš tak2-si "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). [...] PA SI of Stag (δ Cas). 3 stars. tak2-si" [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104-105]; according to [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ [...] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail of the Pig]"(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = pa-si lu.lim "Leaf(?) of the Stag".
* J. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2. ba "The toe on the right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (π Peg), the st[ar with great brilliance] of Anunitu (γ Peg), the head of the Hired Man (α Ari): 3 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* §m. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
* §w. mulku-ma-ru ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ḫe-pi2 "The Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (κ Cyg? ), Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), left arm, new damage, Zababa (ζ Oph): 4 stars. Cow Pasture. Leg of the Goat, damage." [Walker 1995, 40-41; ASM, 110-111]; according to J. Koch, mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "Left hand [of the Bison]" (Ser d), mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63].
* §x. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti u3 mulšu ḫe-pi2 "The base of the left leg of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (μ Cyg), the star with great brilliance Anunitu (γ Peg), and the hand, damage." [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ḫe-pi2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[The left] hand [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr).
|
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|Text W. 22281a.

* ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša2'' dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ. AM3
* "On the 15th day of siman, during sunrise in the morning, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Field, and the Swallow are in equilibrium (= in climax). In the month of kislimu, in the evening at sunset, the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:5'-6'; ASM, 99], see also [SpTU I, 27 r.20].
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|Anaphora. А 3427:

* [... ina] itiab ina AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) "[In] the month of tebet at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. See also h12lúḪUN.GA2.
|Example
|}

===additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Nergal (see n18). Prayers and rituals. (1) At a lunar eclipse: diš ina itikan kimin-ma .... [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab uš-kin ti.la taḫ "If in the month of kislim (an eclipse occurrs)... he casts himself down (before) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (and) the Scorpius; (his) life will be prolonged" [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. (2) Calendar and mythological text BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. (3) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka / [...] ˹lu˺-ter a-na la DUG3-˹ub? lib ? bi?˺ "[The Demon with the Op]en [Mouth], Nergal, may he strengthen your foundation, all your enemies / [...] may he throw you into discontent!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′-10′].

==== III. Symbol. ====
For a description of the figure of the constellation see. MLC 1866 (col. i 17-24). The figure resembles that of a monster-like creature with features resembling a panther, a lion, and a bird; it has arms, wings, and two faces — one apparently that of a human and the other like a lion. The presence of a crown indicates the figure's divine status. Mesopotamian glyptics contain many images of different kinds of bird-lions, lion-griffins, but we do not know an image that exactly corresponds to the description given above. Thus, on kudurru and in glyptics there are images of a "dragon-lion" or "lion-griffin", whose front part of the body is like a lion (head, paws, and the trunk), and the hind part is bird-like (legs with claws and a tail), it also has wings, and the mouth is always viciously open [Seidl 1968, 181ff. ; 1969, 489a; Black-Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. There is no evidence, however, that these images were actually associated with the constellation mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

==== IV. Identification. ====
[[File:Udkadua.jpg|thumb|Udkadua according to Roland Laffitte (2009); star names assembled from different sources, cf [https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF on Uranos].]]
= Cygnus + nearby constellations: Cepheus, Lacerta; + parts of Pegasus and Andromeda(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + part of Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957-59, 75a].

= Swan (Cygnus) and part of Cepheus (Cepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Swan, Lizard, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Swan (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

(1) Crown (α Cep), see dbn text (§§C, m, w).

(2) Throat(?), see dbn-text (§C).

(3) Shoulder (= ziqpu VIII), see k25Kumāru.

(4) Chest (= ziqpu IX), see n20ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2

(5) Arms, see Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 stars."

(6) Wings, see MLC 1866, Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars."

(7) Right leg (ι Cyg), see dbn text (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) The base of the left foot (μ Cyg), see dbn-text (§x).

(9) Toe on the right foot (π Peg), see dbn-text (§ J).

(10) Knee (= ziqpu X), see k18Kinṣu.

(11) Heel (= ziqpu XI), see a47Asīdu.

==== VI. Astrology. ====
Identifications:

(1) = Mars; see above BM 82923, "Great Star List," and also predictions (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = Nergal; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ša2 [...] "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is) Nergal, who [...]" [ARAK, 282:2], see also Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars," MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = Šimut; see sh12dŠimut, II 1-2, and also prediction (14).

(4) = Jupiter(?); see prediction (11).

Predictions:

(5) Rising in its own time and not in its own time; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ina itiŠU ŠU2 ina ITI […] IGI-mar BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI LUGAL KUR2-šu2 GAR-an / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-šu2 KUR2-šu2 GAR-an IDIM.ME KUR-ad2 "The [D]emon with the Open Mouth sets in the month of duuzu, it rises in the month of [...]; if the star rises early: the king of the country will smite his enemy; if the star [rises] late: [the king of the country] will be smitten by his enemy (and) will gain knowledge?" [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) Risings in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ina KA dIr3-ra BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ana MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (= Mars?) rises heliacally in the month of nisan: (within) 5 years, there will be a plague in Akkad at the command of Erra, but it will not affect livestock." [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) approaches the Fish (=Mercury); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A a-na mulKU6 TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana dGU4.UD TE-ma [...] "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth approaches the Fish, (it means): Mars appraoches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:15], see also [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) The Wolf approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; see u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in Scorpius, when the Shoulder culminates; see g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Stag; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ir-ḫi RI.RI (check) bu-lim GALGA KUR SAR-aḫ "If the Demon with the Op[en] Mouth 'waters'(?) the right leg of the Stag: cattle will fall; council in the country will shine forth" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ) MAN MA[R.TU...] / dSAG.ME.GAR ma-diš [...] ... "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu: the king of Amur[ru (will die) ...], (it means): Jupiter is very [....]..." [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; this prediction allows for the identity, "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Jupiter," but we cannot assert this with complete certainty..

(12) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth darkens; múlUD.KA.DU8.A a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-ma "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth becomes dark: an eclipse of the Moon will occur during the evening watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) is very white or very red when it appears; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ina GU4.UD-šu2 AN-e sip2-du(?) u4-mu dṢal-bat-a-nu […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 si-nu-tu u3 […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN lip3-lip3-ši-na UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 … "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is observed) durings its appearance in the sky: sorrow, Mars' day [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very white: horses will die because of si-nu-tu and [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very red: pregnant women and their intrauterine babies will die because of ..." [ACh Ištar, 30:8-10], see also [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) The colors of Shemut (= the Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars); DIŠ dSi-mu-ut MUL.BI MI (var.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) ... "If Shemut, its star is black (var.: white, green, red) ..." [ACh Ištar, 24:4-5].

See also: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI ...[...] "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth appears...[...]" [ARAK, 415 r. 1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Kurtik (2022, u06)
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" | Laffitte (Uranos 2009)
https://uranos.fr/som_fr_01/
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mul''kaduḫḫû'', (mul)''nimru'', шум. «Демон с Разинутой Пастью», акк. «Пантера, Леопард»; созвездие в Лебеде и части Цефея (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234–235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].||Example
|U4.KA.DUḪ.A ([https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF])
« le Démon Tempête à la Gueule béante »

= ''Nemru'', « la Panthère »
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты''.''' Серия ''Nabnītu'' XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' «Дем[он] с Разинутой Пастью = Пантера», цит. по [LAS 2, 93], см. также [CT 12, 48 iv 14]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. mul''Ka''4-''ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' igi-''šu'' gub ''kap-pi u rit-te'' gar-''nu'' / mulud.ka.du8.a d''Nergal''(u.gur) «Созвездие, которое перед ними (т.е. Весами) стоит, обладающее крыльями и руками, (это) Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 4]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … mulud.ka.du8.a ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[Кислиму]: … Демон с Разинутой Пастью (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]. BM 82923. Кислиму, звезды Ану: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью // 60 // Марс» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:26]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 «(Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 60» [CT 33, 11]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 4. [MUL ''ša''2] ˹''ana'' IGI-''it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-''nu'' múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] «[Звезда, которая] напротив него (т.е. Скорпиона) стоит, несущая корону (на своей голове), снабженная крыльями и руками, (это) “Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью”, [Нергал]» (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš «15-го кислиму Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Орел и Пабилсаг становятся видны» (I iii 5–6). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 20), см. n50NUNki, b) (I iii 29), см. a04A2mušen. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ «30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью. 30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки» (I iii 39–40). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' BE-''ma'' ''zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka'' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina'' ''šer''3-''ti la-am'' dUTU KUR-''ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG-''ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-''ka'' imKUR.RA ''ni-iš'' IGI-''ka'' imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' «Если ты хочешь наблюдать ''ziqpu''-(звезды) 20-го нисану, ты должен стать утром перед восходом Солнца, запад справа от тебя, восток слева от тебя, лицо твое обращено к югу; (в это время) плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Посох восходит» (I iv 10–14), '''b)''' 1-го айяру грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Звезды восходят, см. m35MUL.MUL, '''c)''' 20-го айяру колено Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Челюсть Быка восходит, см. i15''Is lê'', '''d)''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du'' ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa'' «10-го симану пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), (параллель см. BM 77054:1′–4′ [George 1991]), '''e)''' Шупа кульминирует, Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит (I iv 27), см. sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44–45, 49, 51, 54, 59–63, 66]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 149 r. 2–3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulud.ka.duḫ.a = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:43'''''. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = ''u''4-''mu'' ''na''-ʼ''i-ri'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Ревущий демон» [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162–3; AHw, 709a]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺ / ˹''ṣa-lam''˺ ''šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ˹2˺ ''pa-ni''-''šu2'' ''pa-ni maḫ-ru''-˹''tu''2˺ ''pa-ni ṣa-lam'' / ˹''pa''˺''-ni ar''2-''ku-''˹''tu''4 ''pa''˺-''ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin'' / ''pi-i'' ''pi-''˹''ti'' ''kap''˺''-pi ra''-''aš''2-''ši kin-ṣi'' 15-''šu2'' / ˹''ki-ṣal''˺-''šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du'' 15-''šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x ''a-si-d'']''u'' KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, самый первый, идущий впереди. / Вот (его) человеческая фигура: он в одеянии, он несет корону. / У него два лица. Переднее лицо — лицо человеческой фигуры, / заднее лицо — лицо льва, бородат, / рот открыт, имеет крылья; его правая голень (и) / его лодыжка (повторены) трижды(?); звезда на его правой пятке (и) нижних конечностях / [(это) … пятк]а и нижние конечности человеческой фигуры» (col. i 17–23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39–40, Section B]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. См. k25''Kumāru'', n20''ni''-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, k18''Kinṣu'', a47''Asīdu''. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''С.''' [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] «Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), Демон с Разинутой Пастью (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / […2 ин]тер[ва]ла, интервал […]» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? «Горло Демона? с [Разинутой?] Пастью?», согласно [Koch 1995]. '''F'''. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]» (ι Cyg), см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''G'''. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''H'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). Ра[дуга (β Cas). Звез]да с большим блеском Старика (θ Per). 3 звезды. Слабо натянутая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интер[вал]. Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью — первая.» [Walker 1995, 30–31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ […m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš ''tak''2-''si'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). […] PA SI Оленя (δ Cas). 3 звезды. ''tak''2-''si''» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104–105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ […] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост Свиньи]»(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim «Лист(?) Оленя». '''J'''. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Носок правой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (π Peg), зве[зда с большим блеском] Ануниту (γ Peg), голова Наемника (α Ari): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''§m'''. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), см. u31UZ3. '''§w'''. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2 «Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (κ Cyg?), Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), левая рука, новое повреждение, Забаба (ζ Oph): 4 звезды. Коровье пастбище. Нога Козы, повреждение» [Walker 1995, 40–41; ASM, 110–111]; согласно Й. Коху, mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser ''d''), mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63]. '''§x'''. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 «Основание левой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (μ Cyg), звезда с большим блеском Ануниту (γ Peg) и рука, повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr). '''''Текст Nv. 10.''''' Схема интеркаляции: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04''Lammu''. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го симану при восходе Солнца утром Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Поле и Ласточка в равновесии (= в кульминации). В месяце кислиму вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:5'–6'; ASM, 99], см. также [SpTU I, 27 r.20]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: [… ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «[В] месяце тебету в полдень(?) 29-го дня Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. См. также h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Нергал (см. n18). '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' При лунном затмении: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin-''ma'' …. [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ «Если в месяце кислиму (затмение произошло)… он повергает себя ниц (перед) Демоном с Разинутой Пастью (и) Скорпионом; (его) жизнь продлится» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. '''(2)''' Календарно-мифологический текст BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. '''(3)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / […] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''?-''bi''?˺ «[Демон с Рази]нутой [Пастью], Нергал, да укрепит твои основания, всех врагов твоих / […] да ввергнет в недовольство!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′–10′].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия см. MLC 1866 (col. i 17–24). Это монстрообразное существо, имеющее черты сходства с пантерой, но также со львом и птицей, у него есть руки, крылья и два лица, одно, по-видимому, человеческое, а второе — львиное. Наличие короны указывает на божественный статус фигуры. Месопотамская глиптика содержит немало изображений различного рода птице-львов, львов-грифонов, однако нам неизвестно изображение, точно соответствующее приведенному описанию. Так, на кудурру и в глиптике встречаются изображения «льва-дракона», или «льва-грифона», у которого передняя часть тела — львиная (голова, лапы и туловище), а задняя часть — птичья (ноги с когтями и хвост), у него имеются также крылья, и пасть всегда злобно разинута [Seidl 1968, 181ff.; 1969, 489a; Black–Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Нет, однако, доказательств того, что эти изображения были на самом деле связаны с созвездием mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

IV. Отождествление.

= Сygnus + близлежащие созвездия: Cepheus, Lacerta; + части Пегаса и Андромеды(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + часть Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) и часть Цефея (Сepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Лебедь, Ящерица и части Кассиопеи и Цефея [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Корона (α Cep), см. dbn-текст (§§С, m, w).

(2) Горло(?), см dbn-текст (§С).

(3) Плечо (= ''ziqpu'' VIII), см. k25''Kumāru''.

(4) Грудь (= ''ziqpu'' IX), см. n20''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2

(5) Руки, см. Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(6) Крылья, см. MLC 1866, Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(7) Правая нога (ι Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) Основание левой ноги (μ Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§x).

(9) Носок правой ноги (π Peg), см. dbn-текст (§ J).

(10) Колено (= ''ziqpu'' X), см. k18''Kinṣu''.

(11) Пятка (= ''ziqpu'' XI), см. a47''Asīdu''.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''; см. выше ''BM 82923'', «''Большой список звезд»'', а также предсказания (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = ''Нергал''; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 […] «Демон с Разинутой Пастью (есть) Нергал, который […]» [ARAK, 282:2], см. также Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''», MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Шимут''; см. sh12d''Šimut'', II 1–2, а также предсказание (14).

(4) = ''Юпитер''(?); см. предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(5) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 «[Д]емон с Разинутой Пастью заходит в месяце дуузу, он восходит в месяце […]; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь страны поразит своего врага; еcли эта звезда [восходит] поздно: [царя той страны] поразит его враг (и) захватит знать?» [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) ''Восход в месяце нисану''; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (= Марс?) восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану: (в течение) 5 лет в Аккаде по велению Эрры будет чума, но она не коснется скота» [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''приближается к Рыбе'' (=''Меркурий''); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью к Рыбе приближается, (это означает): Марс к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:15], см. также [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) ''Волк к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) ''Затмение Луны в Скорпионе, когда Плечо кульминирует''; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Олень''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI (проверить) ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-''aḫ'' «Если Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью «поливает»(?) правую ногу Оленя: падеж скота; совет в стране воссияет» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU…] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' […] … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'': царь Амур[ру (умрет) …], (это означает): Юпитер очень [….]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; данное предсказание допускает тождество: “Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Юпитер”, однако полной уверенности быть не может.

(12) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью потемнел''; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью стал темным: затмение Луны в вечернюю стражу произойдет» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''при своем появлении очень белый или'' ''очень красный''; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-e ''sip''2''-du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (наблюдается) при своем появлении на небе: печаль, день Марса […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень белый: лошади будут умирать из-за ''si-nu-tu'' и […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень красный: беременные женщины и их внутриутробные младенцы будут умирать из-за …» [ACh Ištar, 30:8–10], см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) ''Цвета Шимута'' (= ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс''); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (вар.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) … «Если Шимут, звезда его черная (вар.: белая, зеленая, красная) …» [ACh Ištar, 24:4–5].

См. также: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI … […] «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью появляется … […]» [ARAK, 415 r. 1–2]
|Example
|* Le nom de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », est attesté dans les ''Tables calendaires'' dites « astrolabes » datées de la fin du 1er millénaire av. J.-C. o il correspond à ''α Cyg''.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> On trouve ce nom pour une constellation désormais développée tant plusieurs documents datés entre l’an mil et 650 av. J.-C., notamment les ''Listes d’étoiles culminantes'' et le ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'', de même époque, soit ver où elle apparaît comme un des plus riches d’étoiles de la voûte céleste mésopotamienne.

Neuf étoiles apparaissent dans ces documents pour la constellation U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », que l’on nomme ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », en akkadien. Le tableau ci-dessous découle d’une série d’hypothèses qui ont conduit à modifier les identifications faites pour les rendre cohérente avec la figure la plus plausible, le changement le plus substantiel consistant à faire passer le « Pied gauche » du segment ''μ Cyg''‒''π Peg'' à ''γ Sge''‒''α Sge''. Il n’est cependant pas certain que les Mésopotamiens n’avaient pas, en des lieux différents, imaginé des iconographies différentes pour cette figure qui se présente de toute façon sans doute possible comme un démon/panthère ailé.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nom'''
|'''Transcription'''
|'''Traduction'''
|-
|''α Cep''
|mul.AGA U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Couronne du Démon tempête
|-
|''α Cyg''
|mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A

mul.GABA U4.KA.DUḪ.A

MUL ''nibu šá'' mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Démon tempête

la Poitrine du Démon Tempête

(l’étoile) brillante (de la Poitrine) du Démon…°
|-
|''δ Cyg''
|mul.GÌR ZAG U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Patte droite du Démon tempête
|-
|''β Cyg''
|mul.''kumaru'' (''šá'') U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Épaule du Démon tempête
|-
|''γ Sge''
|mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Hanche gauche du Démon tempête
|-
|''ο2 Cyg''
|mul.GÚ.MUR
|la Trachée artère
|-
|''α Sge''
|mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Orteil de Patte gauche du Démon
|-
|''α Lac''
|''Kinṣu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|-
|''λ Andr''
|''Asidu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|}
'''II. La mythologie liée à la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'''''

Comme l’indiquent sans équivoque les textes classiques, U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », ou ''Nemru'' = « la Panthère » en akkadien, est l’emblème de Nergal qui possède, ans la mythologie mésopotamienne, le statut de dieu des Enfers, maître du Monde d’En-bas. Placé d’abord sous l’autorité d’Éreškigal, le Monde des morts est devenu son royaume à la suite de son mariage avec la déesse, ainsi que le raconte le mythe ''Nergal et Éreškigal''.

La personnalité de Nergal est complexe. Ainsi apparaît-il sur le monder terrestre commun dieu redoutable, maître des épidémies mortelles et des inondations. Ce pouvoir de mort explique son assimilation, effectuée à la fin du IIe millénaire, avec Erra, le dieu de la Guerre, dont il hérite l’épithète de « Vaillant ». C’est à ce titre qu’il devient d’ailleurs le patron de la planète ''Ṣabaltānu'' (= ''Mars''), dont le rougeoiement était conçu comme un phénomène funeste dans les textes astrologiques.

Il est représenté sur les kudurrus d’époque qassite par son animal emblématique, le Démon/Panthère ailé accompagné d’une masse à double tête de panthère.

Les Mésopotamiens avaient une représentation assez réaliste des figures célestes, comme cela est prouvé par la mise au point des figures de UR.GU.LA, « le Lion », ou de SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, « le Fidèle Berger d’Anu » à partir des noms d’étoiles, les figures représentations fournies par les kudurrus ou par le document astrologique dont témoignent les tablettes VAT 7847 & 7851 et AO 6448.

Or les Mésopotamiens donnèrent des noms aux étoiles de la région centrée sur ''Cygnus'' des appellations s’expliquant par la place des étoiles dans la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », qui est, selon V R 46, l. 43, UD-''mu na-i-ri'', soit « la Tempête rugissante », et dont l’équivalent akkadien est ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », lié à Nergal.

En effet, ainsi que cela ressort tant de la tablette babylonienne tardive BM 5502, l. 19, qui est une copie de la tablette médiobabylonienne HS 1897, que de la ''Table des Douze fois Trois'', CT 250, ii, l.12, ou encore du ''Texte MUL.APIN'', c’est-à-dire de la tablette BM 86378, I, i, l. 28 : U4.KA.DUḪ.A d.UGUR, soit « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante est Nergal ».

Nous apprenons par ce mêmes tablettes que U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », se présente ''a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu, « coiffé d’une couronne [et] muni d’ailes et de mains », HS 1897, l. 18 & BM 5502, l. 19. Nous possédons une représentation de la panthère/démon tempête comme symbole de Nergal sur le kudurru du roi qassite Mellishipak II, 1188-1174 av. J.-C. (voir ci-contre).

Nous possédons deux types de listes d’étoiles de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A. La première fait partie des étoiles culminantes canoniques, que nous trouvons dans divers documents, notamment dans AO 6478, dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Hermann Hunger et David Pingree, ''Astral sciences'', 86-87. La seconde est extraite du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' (K 6490), dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Johannes Koch, ''WO'', XXVI, 27-42, par ailleurs indiqué par les auteurs précédents, ''ibid.'', 105-111.

'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A à partir des identifications de J. Koch'''

Le passage des deux identifications au prisme de la localisation dans les figures reconstituées à partir des noms d’étoiles, conduit aux constatations suivantes :

1. les deux identifications induisent des formes différentes pour la figure de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A ;

2. dans les deux cas, une représentation anthropomorphique s’avère impraticable. Dans le cas A, le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / Kamaru, « l’Épaule », étant plus long que le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / ''Asidu'', « le Talon », cela entraînerait un torse complètement disproportionné puisque le rapport du premier ne saurait dépasser le quart dans un figure humaine trapue et aux jambes courtes. Dans le cas B, GABA, « la Poitrine », se trouverait exactement entre un GÌR GÙB, « Pied gauche » et un GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit », de taille différente, même si l’on admet avec Koch que le terme ''kumaru'' doit être compris non comme « épaule », mais comme « limite », et la distance entre GABA, « la Poitrine » et GÌR ZAG, « le Pied droit », serait quatre ou cinq fois plus petite que celle qui séparerait GABA, « la Poitrine », et AGA, « la Couronne ».

3. dans le cas A, nous avons un figure du Démon / Panthère complexe, soumise à une torsion assez grande entre un buste disposé de face avec une tête tournée vers la droite et une croupe quasiment de profil. Mais elle peut rester proportionnée, même en tenant faisant figurer AGA, « la Couronne », qui appartient à la seconde liste. Une seule remarque pour cette hypothèse : si le terme ''kumaru'' comme « épaule », ainsi que le pensent Hunger et Pingree, c’est ''γ Cyg'' qui conviendrait mieux dans la figure que ''β Cyg''. Si nous prenons l’acception proposée par Koch, ''β Cyg'' est parfaitement à sa place sur la représentation proposée.

4. Dans le cas B, nous ne pouvons admettre une figure de l’animal emblème de Nergal que de dos avec une tête tournée vers la gauche, ce qui obligerait à localiser GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit » sur une épaule de fait cachée par la figure. Cela paraît bien peu vraisemblable.

5. il n’est pas totalement impossible que nous soyons en présence de deux figures composée de façon indépendante impliquant donc des noms d’étoiles que le regroupement dans un figure unique rendrait incohérent. Je ferai toutefois l’hypothèse d’une figure unique. Le problème se pose alors de localiser les étoiles du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' sur cette figure en modifiant leur identification. Dans ce cas GÌR GÙB, « le Pied gauche », correspondrait à l’espace de ''Sagitta''. C’est ainsi que mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB, « la Base du Pied gauche » pourrait être identifiée à ''γ Sge'' et mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB, « le Doigt du Pied gauche », à ''γ Sge''. Le fait que la tablette V R 46 nous parle des ''bras'' de U4.KA.DUḪ.A et non ce ses ''pieds'' (GÌR) comme cela est indiqué dans la liste B, ou de ''jambe'' (''kinṣu'') et de ''talon'' (''asidu'') invite cependant à pencher pour l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de figures.

|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

File:Udkadua.jpg

2025-04-08T11:00:14Z

Rolandlaffitte: Udkadua according to Roland Laffitte (2009); star names assembled from different sources.

== Summary ==
Udkadua according to Roland Laffitte (2009); star names assembled from different sources.
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

UD.KA.DU8.A

2025-04-08T10:51:12Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Historical Dictionaries */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UD.KA.DU8.A}}
[[File:Layard plate5 ukadua nimrud.PNG|alt=drawing of a Nimrud relief by Layard (1853)|thumb|Henry Austin Layard's drawing of the storm demon between to male gods in Nimrud, published in Layard (1853). [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/library/3ADD60G8/pageimg&start=11&pn=19&mode=imagepath Digital Source (MPIWG Berlin)]. ]]
A Mesopotamian constellation in the region of [[Cygnus]] and [[Cepheus]]. The Sumerian term is a compound, literally meaning "the demon with the gaping mouth" and designating a storm demon. In lexical lists it is equalled with the Akkadian term "the panther", suggesting that this demon looks like a panther. Possibly, it refers to a panther-griffin.

A relief sequence in Nimrud shows the depiction of a panther-griffin with a gaping mouth in the middle between the weather god and the god of war. Both, weather and war, can be associated with storm in the way of thunderstorm and "to be up in arms", respectively.

==Dictionary==
===Krebernik (2023)===
var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A

The sumerogram means “day/storm demon (U4) with open (DU8.A) mouth (KA)”. The Akk. reading ''nimru'' “panther” (normal logogram PIRIG.TUR) is uncertain, cf. CAD N/2, 235 s.v. ''nimru'' 2. Note, however, the equation mulKA. AN.DU8 = ''pa-ti-rù'' between mulUDU.IDIM = ''bi-i-bu'' and mulMAR.TU = ''a''-˹''mu''˺-''ru'' in a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 27’, see Arnaud 1985, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011, I 211, II 127). Gantzert transliterates mulQÀ.AN.DU8 and considers this as a variant spelling for GI.DU8 = ''paṭīru'' “altar” (AHw: “Tragaltärchen”), which would be based on GI = ''qanû'' “reed”. Alternatively, ''pati-rù'' could represent a hitherto unattested Akkadian word corresponding to Greek πάνθηρ “panther” (which is considered to be a loanword from an ancient Near Eastern language, cf. also Sanskrit ''puṇḍarīka'' “tiger”). mulU4.KA.DU8.A (EN 27l).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
var. reading: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mulkaduḫḫû, (mul)nimru, sum. "Demon with the Gaping Mouth," akk. "Panther, Leopard"; constellation in the Swan and parts of Cepheus (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234-235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|Lexical texts.

* Nabnītu Series XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' "Dem[on] with the Open Mouth = Panther," quoted in [LAS 2, 93], see also [CT 12, 48 iv 14].
|panther griffin?
|-
|Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.

* mul''Ka4-ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71].
|
|-
|EAE.

* See. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], and also [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30].
|
|-
|"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).

* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Anu, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): ''mul ša igi-šu gub kap-pi u rit-te gar-nu / mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur)'' "The constellation which stands before it (i.e. Libra), possessing wings and arms, (is) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 4].
** (2) List (3´12): [itigan] ... mul''ud.ka.du8.a šu-ut dA-nim'' "[Kislim]: ... The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — kislim, setting — simanu [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40].
* BM 82923. Kislimu, stars of Anu: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Demon with the Gaping Mouth // 60 // Mars" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:26].
* BM 34713. Month of tebet, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:10], see g27GU.LA.
* "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 "(Stars of Anu, month of Kislim), Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 60" [CT 33, 11].
* Text Nv. 10.
** Intercalation scheme: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ like the constellation of Ea — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of adar, see (Kurtik L04) Lammu.
** Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A.png|alt=UD.KA.DU.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|"Catalog of 30 stars".

* Anu 4. [MUL ša2] ˹''ana'' IGI''-it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] "[The star that] stands opposite it (i.e., . Scorpius), wearing a crown (on its head), equipped with wings and arms, (it is) the 'Demon with the Op[en] Mouth', [Nergal]" (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].
Text BM 77054. See sh17ŠU.PA.
|
|-
|MUL.APIN.

* (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš "On the 15th day of kislim, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Eagle and Pabilsag become visible" (I iii 5-6).
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets: a) (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) NUNki, b) (I iii 29), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal sunrisings: TA KUR ša2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulSIM.MAḪ "30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth. 30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow" (I iii 39-40).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a) BE-''ma zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina šer3-ti la-am'' dUTU KUR''-ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG''-ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-ka imKUR.RA ni-iš IGI-ka imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e / ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR''-ḫa'' "If you wish to observe the ziqpu-(stars) in the 20th day of nisan, you should stand in the morning before sunrise, place the west on your right, the east on your left, with your face facing south; (at that time) the shoulder of the Demon with the pPen Mouth will stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest and the Staff will rise" (I iv 10-14),
** (b) on the 1st day of Ayar, the chest of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the Star Cluster rise, cf. (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL,
** (c) on the 20th day of ayar, the knee of the Demon with the Split Mouth culminates, the Bull's Jaw rises, see (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'',
** (d) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR''-ḫa'' "On the 10th day of siman, the heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20), (for a parallel see BM 77054:1′-4′ [George 1991]),
** (e) Shupa culminates, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises (I iv 27), see sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44-45, 49, 51, 54, 59-63, 66].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021), left is Cassiopeia, below Andromeda, above Vega, right Altair]]
|-
|"Letters" and "Reports." See. [LABS, 149 r. 2-3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5].
|
|-
|"Great Star List"

* (1) List of names of Mars: mul''ud.ka.duḫ.a'' = d''min''(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226].
|
|-
|Star List VR 46,

* 1:43. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = u4-mu na-ʼi-ri "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Roaring Demon" [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162-3; AHw, 709a].
|
|-
|Uranologies

* MLC 1866. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ / ˹ṣa-lam˺ šu-u2 lu-bu-uš-tu4 la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ''˹2˺ pa-ni-šu2 pa-ni maḫ-ru-˹tu2˺ pa-ni ṣa-lam / ˹pa˺-ni ar2-ku-˹tu4 pa˺-ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin / pi-i pi-˹ti kap˺-pi ra-aš2-ši kin-ṣi 15-šu2 / ˹ki-ṣal˺-šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du 15-šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x a-si-d]u KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam''
* "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, is the first in line, it goes ahead. / Here is a description of (his) human figure: he is clothed, he carries a crown. / He has two faces. The front face is that of a human figure, / the face in the hind is that of a lion, bearded, / mouth open, has wings; his right shin (and) / his ankle (repeated) three times(?); a star on his right heel (and) lower limbs / [(these are) ... the heel] and lower limbs of a human figure" (col. i 17-23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39-40, Section B].
|
|-
|Lists of ziqpu-stars.

* See (Kurtik k25) Kumāru, (Kurtik n20) ''ni-bu-u2 ša2'' GABA-''šu''2, (Kurtik k18) ''Kinṣu'', (Kurtik a47) ''Asīdu''.
|
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* С. [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] "Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / [...2 in]ter[va]ls, interval [...]" [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[...] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? "The throat of the Demon? with the [Open?] Mouth?", according to [Koch 1995]. F. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The rig[ht] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]" (ι Cyg), see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* G. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* H. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a maḫ-ru "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). Ra[inbow (β Cas). sta]r with great brilliance from the Old Man (θ Per). 3 stars. Loosely stained rope. [2 inter]vals, inter[val]. Right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth — first." [Walker 1995, 30-31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* I. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ [...m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš tak2-si "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). [...] PA SI of Stag (δ Cas). 3 stars. tak2-si" [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104-105]; according to [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ [...] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail of the Pig]"(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = pa-si lu.lim "Leaf(?) of the Stag".
* J. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2. ba "The toe on the right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (π Peg), the st[ar with great brilliance] of Anunitu (γ Peg), the head of the Hired Man (α Ari): 3 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* §m. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
* §w. mulku-ma-ru ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ḫe-pi2 "The Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (κ Cyg? ), Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), left arm, new damage, Zababa (ζ Oph): 4 stars. Cow Pasture. Leg of the Goat, damage." [Walker 1995, 40-41; ASM, 110-111]; according to J. Koch, mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "Left hand [of the Bison]" (Ser d), mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63].
* §x. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti u3 mulšu ḫe-pi2 "The base of the left leg of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (μ Cyg), the star with great brilliance Anunitu (γ Peg), and the hand, damage." [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ḫe-pi2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[The left] hand [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr).
|
|-
|Text W. 22281a.

* ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša2'' dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ. AM3
* "On the 15th day of siman, during sunrise in the morning, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Field, and the Swallow are in equilibrium (= in climax). In the month of kislimu, in the evening at sunset, the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:5'-6'; ASM, 99], see also [SpTU I, 27 r.20].
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|-
|Anaphora. А 3427:

* [... ina] itiab ina AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) "[In] the month of tebet at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. See also h12lúḪUN.GA2.
|Example
|}

===additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Nergal (see n18). Prayers and rituals. (1) At a lunar eclipse: diš ina itikan kimin-ma .... [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab uš-kin ti.la taḫ "If in the month of kislim (an eclipse occurrs)... he casts himself down (before) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (and) the Scorpius; (his) life will be prolonged" [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. (2) Calendar and mythological text BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. (3) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka / [...] ˹lu˺-ter a-na la DUG3-˹ub? lib ? bi?˺ "[The Demon with the Op]en [Mouth], Nergal, may he strengthen your foundation, all your enemies / [...] may he throw you into discontent!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′-10′].

==== III. Symbol. ====
For a description of the figure of the constellation see. MLC 1866 (col. i 17-24). The figure resembles that of a monster-like creature with features resembling a panther, a lion, and a bird; it has arms, wings, and two faces — one apparently that of a human and the other like a lion. The presence of a crown indicates the figure's divine status. Mesopotamian glyptics contain many images of different kinds of bird-lions, lion-griffins, but we do not know an image that exactly corresponds to the description given above. Thus, on kudurru and in glyptics there are images of a "dragon-lion" or "lion-griffin", whose front part of the body is like a lion (head, paws, and the trunk), and the hind part is bird-like (legs with claws and a tail), it also has wings, and the mouth is always viciously open [Seidl 1968, 181ff. ; 1969, 489a; Black-Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. There is no evidence, however, that these images were actually associated with the constellation mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Cygnus + nearby constellations: Cepheus, Lacerta; + parts of Pegasus and Andromeda(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + part of Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957-59, 75a].

= Swan (Cygnus) and part of Cepheus (Cepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Swan, Lizard, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Swan (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

(1) Crown (α Cep), see dbn text (§§C, m, w).

(2) Throat(?), see dbn-text (§C).

(3) Shoulder (= ziqpu VIII), see k25Kumāru.

(4) Chest (= ziqpu IX), see n20ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2

(5) Arms, see Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 stars."

(6) Wings, see MLC 1866, Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars."

(7) Right leg (ι Cyg), see dbn text (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) The base of the left foot (μ Cyg), see dbn-text (§x).

(9) Toe on the right foot (π Peg), see dbn-text (§ J).

(10) Knee (= ziqpu X), see k18Kinṣu.

(11) Heel (= ziqpu XI), see a47Asīdu.

==== VI. Astrology. ====
Identifications:

(1) = Mars; see above BM 82923, "Great Star List," and also predictions (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = Nergal; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ša2 [...] "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is) Nergal, who [...]" [ARAK, 282:2], see also Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars," MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = Šimut; see sh12dŠimut, II 1-2, and also prediction (14).

(4) = Jupiter(?); see prediction (11).

Predictions:

(5) Rising in its own time and not in its own time; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ina itiŠU ŠU2 ina ITI […] IGI-mar BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI LUGAL KUR2-šu2 GAR-an / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-šu2 KUR2-šu2 GAR-an IDIM.ME KUR-ad2 "The [D]emon with the Open Mouth sets in the month of duuzu, it rises in the month of [...]; if the star rises early: the king of the country will smite his enemy; if the star [rises] late: [the king of the country] will be smitten by his enemy (and) will gain knowledge?" [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) Risings in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ina KA dIr3-ra BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ana MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (= Mars?) rises heliacally in the month of nisan: (within) 5 years, there will be a plague in Akkad at the command of Erra, but it will not affect livestock." [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) approaches the Fish (=Mercury); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A a-na mulKU6 TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana dGU4.UD TE-ma [...] "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth approaches the Fish, (it means): Mars appraoches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:15], see also [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) The Wolf approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; see u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in Scorpius, when the Shoulder culminates; see g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Stag; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ir-ḫi RI.RI (check) bu-lim GALGA KUR SAR-aḫ "If the Demon with the Op[en] Mouth 'waters'(?) the right leg of the Stag: cattle will fall; council in the country will shine forth" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ) MAN MA[R.TU...] / dSAG.ME.GAR ma-diš [...] ... "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu: the king of Amur[ru (will die) ...], (it means): Jupiter is very [....]..." [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; this prediction allows for the identity, "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Jupiter," but we cannot assert this with complete certainty..

(12) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth darkens; múlUD.KA.DU8.A a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-ma "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth becomes dark: an eclipse of the Moon will occur during the evening watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) is very white or very red when it appears; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ina GU4.UD-šu2 AN-e sip2-du(?) u4-mu dṢal-bat-a-nu […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 si-nu-tu u3 […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN lip3-lip3-ši-na UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 … "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is observed) durings its appearance in the sky: sorrow, Mars' day [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very white: horses will die because of si-nu-tu and [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very red: pregnant women and their intrauterine babies will die because of ..." [ACh Ištar, 30:8-10], see also [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) The colors of Shemut (= the Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars); DIŠ dSi-mu-ut MUL.BI MI (var.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) ... "If Shemut, its star is black (var.: white, green, red) ..." [ACh Ištar, 24:4-5].

See also: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI ...[...] "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth appears...[...]" [ARAK, 415 r. 1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Kurtik (2022, u06)
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" | Laffitte (Uranos 2009)
https://uranos.fr/som_fr_01/
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mul''kaduḫḫû'', (mul)''nimru'', шум. «Демон с Разинутой Пастью», акк. «Пантера, Леопард»; созвездие в Лебеде и части Цефея (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234–235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].||Example
|U4.KA.DUḪ.A ([https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF])
« le Démon Tempête à la Gueule béante »

= ''Nemru'', « la Panthère »
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты''.''' Серия ''Nabnītu'' XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' «Дем[он] с Разинутой Пастью = Пантера», цит. по [LAS 2, 93], см. также [CT 12, 48 iv 14]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. mul''Ka''4-''ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' igi-''šu'' gub ''kap-pi u rit-te'' gar-''nu'' / mulud.ka.du8.a d''Nergal''(u.gur) «Созвездие, которое перед ними (т.е. Весами) стоит, обладающее крыльями и руками, (это) Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 4]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … mulud.ka.du8.a ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[Кислиму]: … Демон с Разинутой Пастью (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]. BM 82923. Кислиму, звезды Ану: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью // 60 // Марс» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:26]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 «(Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 60» [CT 33, 11]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 4. [MUL ''ša''2] ˹''ana'' IGI-''it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-''nu'' múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] «[Звезда, которая] напротив него (т.е. Скорпиона) стоит, несущая корону (на своей голове), снабженная крыльями и руками, (это) “Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью”, [Нергал]» (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš «15-го кислиму Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Орел и Пабилсаг становятся видны» (I iii 5–6). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 20), см. n50NUNki, b) (I iii 29), см. a04A2mušen. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ «30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью. 30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки» (I iii 39–40). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' BE-''ma'' ''zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka'' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina'' ''šer''3-''ti la-am'' dUTU KUR-''ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG-''ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-''ka'' imKUR.RA ''ni-iš'' IGI-''ka'' imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' «Если ты хочешь наблюдать ''ziqpu''-(звезды) 20-го нисану, ты должен стать утром перед восходом Солнца, запад справа от тебя, восток слева от тебя, лицо твое обращено к югу; (в это время) плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Посох восходит» (I iv 10–14), '''b)''' 1-го айяру грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Звезды восходят, см. m35MUL.MUL, '''c)''' 20-го айяру колено Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Челюсть Быка восходит, см. i15''Is lê'', '''d)''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du'' ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa'' «10-го симану пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), (параллель см. BM 77054:1′–4′ [George 1991]), '''e)''' Шупа кульминирует, Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит (I iv 27), см. sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44–45, 49, 51, 54, 59–63, 66]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 149 r. 2–3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulud.ka.duḫ.a = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:43'''''. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = ''u''4-''mu'' ''na''-ʼ''i-ri'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Ревущий демон» [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162–3; AHw, 709a]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺ / ˹''ṣa-lam''˺ ''šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ˹2˺ ''pa-ni''-''šu2'' ''pa-ni maḫ-ru''-˹''tu''2˺ ''pa-ni ṣa-lam'' / ˹''pa''˺''-ni ar''2-''ku-''˹''tu''4 ''pa''˺-''ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin'' / ''pi-i'' ''pi-''˹''ti'' ''kap''˺''-pi ra''-''aš''2-''ši kin-ṣi'' 15-''šu2'' / ˹''ki-ṣal''˺-''šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du'' 15-''šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x ''a-si-d'']''u'' KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, самый первый, идущий впереди. / Вот (его) человеческая фигура: он в одеянии, он несет корону. / У него два лица. Переднее лицо — лицо человеческой фигуры, / заднее лицо — лицо льва, бородат, / рот открыт, имеет крылья; его правая голень (и) / его лодыжка (повторены) трижды(?); звезда на его правой пятке (и) нижних конечностях / [(это) … пятк]а и нижние конечности человеческой фигуры» (col. i 17–23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39–40, Section B]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. См. k25''Kumāru'', n20''ni''-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, k18''Kinṣu'', a47''Asīdu''. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''С.''' [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] «Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), Демон с Разинутой Пастью (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / […2 ин]тер[ва]ла, интервал […]» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? «Горло Демона? с [Разинутой?] Пастью?», согласно [Koch 1995]. '''F'''. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]» (ι Cyg), см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''G'''. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''H'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). Ра[дуга (β Cas). Звез]да с большим блеском Старика (θ Per). 3 звезды. Слабо натянутая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интер[вал]. Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью — первая.» [Walker 1995, 30–31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ […m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš ''tak''2-''si'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). […] PA SI Оленя (δ Cas). 3 звезды. ''tak''2-''si''» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104–105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ […] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост Свиньи]»(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim «Лист(?) Оленя». '''J'''. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Носок правой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (π Peg), зве[зда с большим блеском] Ануниту (γ Peg), голова Наемника (α Ari): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''§m'''. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), см. u31UZ3. '''§w'''. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2 «Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (κ Cyg?), Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), левая рука, новое повреждение, Забаба (ζ Oph): 4 звезды. Коровье пастбище. Нога Козы, повреждение» [Walker 1995, 40–41; ASM, 110–111]; согласно Й. Коху, mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser ''d''), mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63]. '''§x'''. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 «Основание левой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (μ Cyg), звезда с большим блеском Ануниту (γ Peg) и рука, повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr). '''''Текст Nv. 10.''''' Схема интеркаляции: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04''Lammu''. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го симану при восходе Солнца утром Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Поле и Ласточка в равновесии (= в кульминации). В месяце кислиму вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:5'–6'; ASM, 99], см. также [SpTU I, 27 r.20]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: [… ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «[В] месяце тебету в полдень(?) 29-го дня Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. См. также h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Нергал (см. n18). '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' При лунном затмении: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin-''ma'' …. [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ «Если в месяце кислиму (затмение произошло)… он повергает себя ниц (перед) Демоном с Разинутой Пастью (и) Скорпионом; (его) жизнь продлится» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. '''(2)''' Календарно-мифологический текст BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. '''(3)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / […] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''?-''bi''?˺ «[Демон с Рази]нутой [Пастью], Нергал, да укрепит твои основания, всех врагов твоих / […] да ввергнет в недовольство!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′–10′].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия см. MLC 1866 (col. i 17–24). Это монстрообразное существо, имеющее черты сходства с пантерой, но также со львом и птицей, у него есть руки, крылья и два лица, одно, по-видимому, человеческое, а второе — львиное. Наличие короны указывает на божественный статус фигуры. Месопотамская глиптика содержит немало изображений различного рода птице-львов, львов-грифонов, однако нам неизвестно изображение, точно соответствующее приведенному описанию. Так, на кудурру и в глиптике встречаются изображения «льва-дракона», или «льва-грифона», у которого передняя часть тела — львиная (голова, лапы и туловище), а задняя часть — птичья (ноги с когтями и хвост), у него имеются также крылья, и пасть всегда злобно разинута [Seidl 1968, 181ff.; 1969, 489a; Black–Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Нет, однако, доказательств того, что эти изображения были на самом деле связаны с созвездием mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

IV. Отождествление.

= Сygnus + близлежащие созвездия: Cepheus, Lacerta; + части Пегаса и Андромеды(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + часть Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) и часть Цефея (Сepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Лебедь, Ящерица и части Кассиопеи и Цефея [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Корона (α Cep), см. dbn-текст (§§С, m, w).

(2) Горло(?), см dbn-текст (§С).

(3) Плечо (= ''ziqpu'' VIII), см. k25''Kumāru''.

(4) Грудь (= ''ziqpu'' IX), см. n20''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2

(5) Руки, см. Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(6) Крылья, см. MLC 1866, Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(7) Правая нога (ι Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) Основание левой ноги (μ Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§x).

(9) Носок правой ноги (π Peg), см. dbn-текст (§ J).

(10) Колено (= ''ziqpu'' X), см. k18''Kinṣu''.

(11) Пятка (= ''ziqpu'' XI), см. a47''Asīdu''.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''; см. выше ''BM 82923'', «''Большой список звезд»'', а также предсказания (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = ''Нергал''; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 […] «Демон с Разинутой Пастью (есть) Нергал, который […]» [ARAK, 282:2], см. также Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''», MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Шимут''; см. sh12d''Šimut'', II 1–2, а также предсказание (14).

(4) = ''Юпитер''(?); см. предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(5) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 «[Д]емон с Разинутой Пастью заходит в месяце дуузу, он восходит в месяце […]; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь страны поразит своего врага; еcли эта звезда [восходит] поздно: [царя той страны] поразит его враг (и) захватит знать?» [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) ''Восход в месяце нисану''; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (= Марс?) восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану: (в течение) 5 лет в Аккаде по велению Эрры будет чума, но она не коснется скота» [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''приближается к Рыбе'' (=''Меркурий''); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью к Рыбе приближается, (это означает): Марс к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:15], см. также [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) ''Волк к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) ''Затмение Луны в Скорпионе, когда Плечо кульминирует''; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Олень''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI (проверить) ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-''aḫ'' «Если Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью «поливает»(?) правую ногу Оленя: падеж скота; совет в стране воссияет» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU…] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' […] … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'': царь Амур[ру (умрет) …], (это означает): Юпитер очень [….]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; данное предсказание допускает тождество: “Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Юпитер”, однако полной уверенности быть не может.

(12) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью потемнел''; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью стал темным: затмение Луны в вечернюю стражу произойдет» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''при своем появлении очень белый или'' ''очень красный''; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-e ''sip''2''-du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (наблюдается) при своем появлении на небе: печаль, день Марса […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень белый: лошади будут умирать из-за ''si-nu-tu'' и […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень красный: беременные женщины и их внутриутробные младенцы будут умирать из-за …» [ACh Ištar, 30:8–10], см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) ''Цвета Шимута'' (= ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс''); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (вар.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) … «Если Шимут, звезда его черная (вар.: белая, зеленая, красная) …» [ACh Ištar, 24:4–5].

См. также: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI … […] «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью появляется … […]» [ARAK, 415 r. 1–2]
|Example
|* Le nom de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », est attesté dans les ''Tables calendaires'' dites « astrolabes » datées de la fin du 1er millénaire av. J.-C. o il correspond à ''α Cyg''.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> On trouve ce nom pour une constellation désormais développée tant plusieurs documents datés entre l’an mil et 650 av. J.-C., notamment les ''Listes d’étoiles culminantes'' et le ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'', de même époque, soit ver où elle apparaît comme un des plus riches d’étoiles de la voûte céleste mésopotamienne.

Neuf étoiles apparaissent dans ces documents pour la constellation U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », que l’on nomme ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », en akkadien. Le tableau ci-dessous découle d’une série d’hypothèses qui ont conduit à modifier les identifications faites pour les rendre cohérente avec la figure la plus plausible, le changement le plus substantiel consistant à faire passer le « Pied gauche » du segment ''μ Cyg''‒''π Peg'' à ''γ Sge''‒''α Sge''. Il n’est cependant pas certain que les Mésopotamiens n’avaient pas, en des lieux différents, imaginé des iconographies différentes pour cette figure qui se présente de toute façon sans doute possible comme un démon/panthère ailé.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nom'''
|'''Transcription'''
|'''Traduction'''
|-
|''α Cep''
|mul.AGA U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Couronne du Démon tempête
|-
|''α Cyg''
|mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A

mul.GABA U4.KA.DUḪ.A

MUL ''nibu šá'' mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Démon tempête

la Poitrine du Démon Tempête

(l’étoile) brillante (de la Poitrine) du Démon…°
|-
|''δ Cyg''
|mul.GÌR ZAG U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Patte droite du Démon tempête
|-
|''β Cyg''
|mul.''kumaru'' (''šá'') U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Épaule du Démon tempête
|-
|''γ Sge''
|mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Hanche gauche du Démon tempête
|-
|''ο2 Cyg''
|mul.GÚ.MUR
|la Trachée artère
|-
|''α Sge''
|mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Orteil de Patte gauche du Démon
|-
|''α Lac''
|''Kinṣu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|-
|''λ Andr''
|''Asidu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|}
'''II. La mythologie liée à la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'''''

Comme l’indiquent sans équivoque les textes classiques, U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », ou ''Nemru'' = « la Panthère » en akkadien, est l’emblème de Nergal qui possède, ans la mythologie mésopotamienne, le statut de dieu des Enfers, maître du Monde d’En-bas. Placé d’abord sous l’autorité d’Éreškigal, le Monde des morts est devenu son royaume à la suite de son mariage avec la déesse, ainsi que le raconte le mythe ''Nergal et Éreškigal''.

La personnalité de Nergal est complexe. Ainsi apparaît-il sur le monder terrestre commun dieu redoutable, maître des épidémies mortelles et des inondations. Ce pouvoir de mort explique son assimilation, effectuée à la fin du IIe millénaire, avec Erra, le dieu de la Guerre, dont il hérite l’épithète de « Vaillant ». C’est à ce titre qu’il devient d’ailleurs le patron de la planète ''Ṣabaltānu'' (= ''Mars''), dont le rougeoiement était conçu comme un phénomène funeste dans les textes astrologiques.

Il est représenté sur les kudurrus d’époque qassite par son animal emblématique, le Démon/Panthère ailé accompagné d’une masse à double tête de panthère.

Les Mésopotamiens avaient une représentation assez réaliste des figures célestes, comme cela est prouvé par la mise au point des figures de UR.GU.LA, « le Lion », ou de SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, « le Fidèle Berger d’Anu » à partir des noms d’étoiles, les figures représentations fournies par les kudurrus ou par le document astrologique dont témoignent les tablettes VAT 7847 & 7851 et AO 6448.

Or les Mésopotamiens donnèrent des noms aux étoiles de la région centrée sur ''Cygnus'' des appellations s’expliquant par la place des étoiles dans la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », qui est, selon V R 46, l. 43, UD-''mu na-i-ri'', soit « la Tempête rugissante », et dont l’équivalent akkadien est ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », lié à Nergal.

En effet, ainsi que cela ressort tant de la tablette babylonienne tardive BM 5502, l. 19, qui est une copie de la tablette médiobabylonienne HS 1897, que de la ''Table des Douze fois Trois'', CT 250, ii, l.12, ou encore du ''Texte MUL.APIN'', c’est-à-dire de la tablette BM 86378, I, i, l. 28 : U4.KA.DUḪ.A d.UGUR, soit « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante est Nergal ».

Nous apprenons par ce mêmes tablettes que U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », se présente ''a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu, « coiffé d’une couronne [et] muni d’ailes et de mains », HS 1897, l. 18 & BM 5502, l. 19. Nous possédons une représentation de la panthère/démon tempête comme symbole de Nergal sur le kudurru du roi qassite Mellishipak II, 1188-1174 av. J.-C. (voir ci-contre).

Nous possédons deux types de listes d’étoiles de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A. La première fait partie des étoiles culminantes canoniques, que nous trouvons dans divers documents, notamment dans AO 6478, dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Hermann Hunger et David Pingree, ''Astral sciences'', 86-87. La seconde est extraite du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' (K 6490), dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Johannes Koch, ''WO'', XXVI, 27-42, par ailleurs indiqué par les auteurs précédents, ''ibid.'', 105-111.

'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A à partir des identifications de J. Koch'''

Le passage des deux identifications au prisme de la localisation dans les figures reconstituées à partir des noms d’étoiles, conduit aux constatations suivantes :

1. les deux identifications induisent des formes différentes pour la figure de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A ;

2. dans les deux cas, une représentation anthropomorphique s’avère impraticable. Dans le cas A, le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / Kamaru, « l’Épaule », étant plus long que le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / ''Asidu'', « le Talon », cela entraînerait un torse complètement disproportionné puisque le rapport du premier ne saurait dépasser le quart dans un figure humaine trapue et aux jambes courtes. Dans le cas B, GABA, « la Poitrine », se trouverait exactement entre un GÌR GÙB, « Pied gauche » et un GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit », de taille différente, même si l’on admet avec Koch que le terme ''kumaru'' doit être compris non comme « épaule », mais comme « limite », et la distance entre GABA, « la Poitrine » et GÌR ZAG, « le Pied droit », serait quatre ou cinq fois plus petite que celle qui séparerait GABA, « la Poitrine », et AGA, « la Couronne ».

3. dans le cas A, nous avons un figure du Démon / Panthère complexe, soumise à une torsion assez grande entre un buste disposé de face avec une tête tournée vers la droite et une croupe quasiment de profil. Mais elle peut rester proportionnée, même en tenant faisant figurer AGA, « la Couronne », qui appartient à la seconde liste. Une seule remarque pour cette hypothèse : si le terme ''kumaru'' comme « épaule », ainsi que le pensent Hunger et Pingree, c’est ''γ Cyg'' qui conviendrait mieux dans la figure que ''β Cyg''. Si nous prenons l’acception proposée par Koch, ''β Cyg'' est parfaitement à sa place sur la représentation proposée.

4. Dans le cas B, nous ne pouvons admettre une figure de l’animal emblème de Nergal que de dos avec une tête tournée vers la gauche, ce qui obligerait à localiser GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit » sur une épaule de fait cachée par la figure. Cela paraît bien peu vraisemblable.

5. il n’est pas totalement impossible que nous soyons en présence de deux figures composée de façon indépendante impliquant donc des noms d’étoiles que le regroupement dans un figure unique rendrait incohérent. Je ferai toutefois l’hypothèse d’une figure unique. Le problème se pose alors de localiser les étoiles du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' sur cette figure en modifiant leur identification. Dans ce cas GÌR GÙB, « le Pied gauche », correspondrait à l’espace de ''Sagitta''. C’est ainsi que mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB, « la Base du Pied gauche » pourrait être identifiée à ''γ Sge'' et mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB, « le Doigt du Pied gauche », à ''γ Sge''. Le fait que la tablette V R 46 nous parle des ''bras'' de U4.KA.DUḪ.A et non ce ses ''pieds'' (GÌR) comme cela est indiqué dans la liste B, ou de ''jambe'' (''kinṣu'') et de ''talon'' (''asidu'') invite cependant à pencher pour l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de figures.

|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

UD.KA.DU8.A

2025-04-08T10:48:25Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Historical Dictionaries */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UD.KA.DU8.A}}
[[File:Layard plate5 ukadua nimrud.PNG|alt=drawing of a Nimrud relief by Layard (1853)|thumb|Henry Austin Layard's drawing of the storm demon between to male gods in Nimrud, published in Layard (1853). [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/library/3ADD60G8/pageimg&start=11&pn=19&mode=imagepath Digital Source (MPIWG Berlin)]. ]]
A Mesopotamian constellation in the region of [[Cygnus]] and [[Cepheus]]. The Sumerian term is a compound, literally meaning "the demon with the gaping mouth" and designating a storm demon. In lexical lists it is equalled with the Akkadian term "the panther", suggesting that this demon looks like a panther. Possibly, it refers to a panther-griffin.

A relief sequence in Nimrud shows the depiction of a panther-griffin with a gaping mouth in the middle between the weather god and the god of war. Both, weather and war, can be associated with storm in the way of thunderstorm and "to be up in arms", respectively.

==Dictionary==
===Krebernik (2023)===
var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A

The sumerogram means “day/storm demon (U4) with open (DU8.A) mouth (KA)”. The Akk. reading ''nimru'' “panther” (normal logogram PIRIG.TUR) is uncertain, cf. CAD N/2, 235 s.v. ''nimru'' 2. Note, however, the equation mulKA. AN.DU8 = ''pa-ti-rù'' between mulUDU.IDIM = ''bi-i-bu'' and mulMAR.TU = ''a''-˹''mu''˺-''ru'' in a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 27’, see Arnaud 1985, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011, I 211, II 127). Gantzert transliterates mulQÀ.AN.DU8 and considers this as a variant spelling for GI.DU8 = ''paṭīru'' “altar” (AHw: “Tragaltärchen”), which would be based on GI = ''qanû'' “reed”. Alternatively, ''pati-rù'' could represent a hitherto unattested Akkadian word corresponding to Greek πάνθηρ “panther” (which is considered to be a loanword from an ancient Near Eastern language, cf. also Sanskrit ''puṇḍarīka'' “tiger”). mulU4.KA.DU8.A (EN 27l).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
var. reading: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mulkaduḫḫû, (mul)nimru, sum. "Demon with the Gaping Mouth," akk. "Panther, Leopard"; constellation in the Swan and parts of Cepheus (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234-235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|Lexical texts.

* Nabnītu Series XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' "Dem[on] with the Open Mouth = Panther," quoted in [LAS 2, 93], see also [CT 12, 48 iv 14].
|panther griffin?
|-
|Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.

* mul''Ka4-ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71].
|
|-
|EAE.

* See. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], and also [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30].
|
|-
|"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).

* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Anu, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): ''mul ša igi-šu gub kap-pi u rit-te gar-nu / mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur)'' "The constellation which stands before it (i.e. Libra), possessing wings and arms, (is) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 4].
** (2) List (3´12): [itigan] ... mul''ud.ka.du8.a šu-ut dA-nim'' "[Kislim]: ... The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — kislim, setting — simanu [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40].
* BM 82923. Kislimu, stars of Anu: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Demon with the Gaping Mouth // 60 // Mars" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:26].
* BM 34713. Month of tebet, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:10], see g27GU.LA.
* "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 "(Stars of Anu, month of Kislim), Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 60" [CT 33, 11].
* Text Nv. 10.
** Intercalation scheme: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ like the constellation of Ea — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of adar, see (Kurtik L04) Lammu.
** Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A.png|alt=UD.KA.DU.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|"Catalog of 30 stars".

* Anu 4. [MUL ša2] ˹''ana'' IGI''-it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] "[The star that] stands opposite it (i.e., . Scorpius), wearing a crown (on its head), equipped with wings and arms, (it is) the 'Demon with the Op[en] Mouth', [Nergal]" (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].
Text BM 77054. See sh17ŠU.PA.
|
|-
|MUL.APIN.

* (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš "On the 15th day of kislim, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Eagle and Pabilsag become visible" (I iii 5-6).
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets: a) (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) NUNki, b) (I iii 29), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal sunrisings: TA KUR ša2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulSIM.MAḪ "30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth. 30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow" (I iii 39-40).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a) BE-''ma zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina šer3-ti la-am'' dUTU KUR''-ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG''-ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-ka imKUR.RA ni-iš IGI-ka imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e / ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR''-ḫa'' "If you wish to observe the ziqpu-(stars) in the 20th day of nisan, you should stand in the morning before sunrise, place the west on your right, the east on your left, with your face facing south; (at that time) the shoulder of the Demon with the pPen Mouth will stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest and the Staff will rise" (I iv 10-14),
** (b) on the 1st day of Ayar, the chest of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the Star Cluster rise, cf. (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL,
** (c) on the 20th day of ayar, the knee of the Demon with the Split Mouth culminates, the Bull's Jaw rises, see (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'',
** (d) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR''-ḫa'' "On the 10th day of siman, the heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20), (for a parallel see BM 77054:1′-4′ [George 1991]),
** (e) Shupa culminates, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises (I iv 27), see sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44-45, 49, 51, 54, 59-63, 66].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021), left is Cassiopeia, below Andromeda, above Vega, right Altair]]
|-
|"Letters" and "Reports." See. [LABS, 149 r. 2-3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5].
|
|-
|"Great Star List"

* (1) List of names of Mars: mul''ud.ka.duḫ.a'' = d''min''(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226].
|
|-
|Star List VR 46,

* 1:43. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = u4-mu na-ʼi-ri "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Roaring Demon" [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162-3; AHw, 709a].
|
|-
|Uranologies

* MLC 1866. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ / ˹ṣa-lam˺ šu-u2 lu-bu-uš-tu4 la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ''˹2˺ pa-ni-šu2 pa-ni maḫ-ru-˹tu2˺ pa-ni ṣa-lam / ˹pa˺-ni ar2-ku-˹tu4 pa˺-ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin / pi-i pi-˹ti kap˺-pi ra-aš2-ši kin-ṣi 15-šu2 / ˹ki-ṣal˺-šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du 15-šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x a-si-d]u KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam''
* "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, is the first in line, it goes ahead. / Here is a description of (his) human figure: he is clothed, he carries a crown. / He has two faces. The front face is that of a human figure, / the face in the hind is that of a lion, bearded, / mouth open, has wings; his right shin (and) / his ankle (repeated) three times(?); a star on his right heel (and) lower limbs / [(these are) ... the heel] and lower limbs of a human figure" (col. i 17-23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39-40, Section B].
|
|-
|Lists of ziqpu-stars.

* See (Kurtik k25) Kumāru, (Kurtik n20) ''ni-bu-u2 ša2'' GABA-''šu''2, (Kurtik k18) ''Kinṣu'', (Kurtik a47) ''Asīdu''.
|
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* С. [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] "Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / [...2 in]ter[va]ls, interval [...]" [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[...] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? "The throat of the Demon? with the [Open?] Mouth?", according to [Koch 1995]. F. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The rig[ht] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]" (ι Cyg), see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* G. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* H. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a maḫ-ru "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). Ra[inbow (β Cas). sta]r with great brilliance from the Old Man (θ Per). 3 stars. Loosely stained rope. [2 inter]vals, inter[val]. Right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth — first." [Walker 1995, 30-31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* I. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ [...m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš tak2-si "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). [...] PA SI of Stag (δ Cas). 3 stars. tak2-si" [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104-105]; according to [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ [...] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail of the Pig]"(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = pa-si lu.lim "Leaf(?) of the Stag".
* J. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2. ba "The toe on the right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (π Peg), the st[ar with great brilliance] of Anunitu (γ Peg), the head of the Hired Man (α Ari): 3 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* §m. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
* §w. mulku-ma-ru ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ḫe-pi2 "The Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (κ Cyg? ), Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), left arm, new damage, Zababa (ζ Oph): 4 stars. Cow Pasture. Leg of the Goat, damage." [Walker 1995, 40-41; ASM, 110-111]; according to J. Koch, mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "Left hand [of the Bison]" (Ser d), mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63].
* §x. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti u3 mulšu ḫe-pi2 "The base of the left leg of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (μ Cyg), the star with great brilliance Anunitu (γ Peg), and the hand, damage." [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ḫe-pi2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[The left] hand [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr).
|
|-
|Text W. 22281a.

* ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša2'' dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ. AM3
* "On the 15th day of siman, during sunrise in the morning, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Field, and the Swallow are in equilibrium (= in climax). In the month of kislimu, in the evening at sunset, the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:5'-6'; ASM, 99], see also [SpTU I, 27 r.20].
|
|-
|Anaphora. А 3427:

* [... ina] itiab ina AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) "[In] the month of tebet at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. See also h12lúḪUN.GA2.
|Example
|}

===additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Nergal (see n18). Prayers and rituals. (1) At a lunar eclipse: diš ina itikan kimin-ma .... [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab uš-kin ti.la taḫ "If in the month of kislim (an eclipse occurrs)... he casts himself down (before) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (and) the Scorpius; (his) life will be prolonged" [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. (2) Calendar and mythological text BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. (3) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka / [...] ˹lu˺-ter a-na la DUG3-˹ub? lib ? bi?˺ "[The Demon with the Op]en [Mouth], Nergal, may he strengthen your foundation, all your enemies / [...] may he throw you into discontent!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′-10′].

==== III. Symbol. ====
For a description of the figure of the constellation see. MLC 1866 (col. i 17-24). The figure resembles that of a monster-like creature with features resembling a panther, a lion, and a bird; it has arms, wings, and two faces — one apparently that of a human and the other like a lion. The presence of a crown indicates the figure's divine status. Mesopotamian glyptics contain many images of different kinds of bird-lions, lion-griffins, but we do not know an image that exactly corresponds to the description given above. Thus, on kudurru and in glyptics there are images of a "dragon-lion" or "lion-griffin", whose front part of the body is like a lion (head, paws, and the trunk), and the hind part is bird-like (legs with claws and a tail), it also has wings, and the mouth is always viciously open [Seidl 1968, 181ff. ; 1969, 489a; Black-Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. There is no evidence, however, that these images were actually associated with the constellation mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Cygnus + nearby constellations: Cepheus, Lacerta; + parts of Pegasus and Andromeda(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + part of Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957-59, 75a].

= Swan (Cygnus) and part of Cepheus (Cepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Swan, Lizard, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Swan (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

(1) Crown (α Cep), see dbn text (§§C, m, w).

(2) Throat(?), see dbn-text (§C).

(3) Shoulder (= ziqpu VIII), see k25Kumāru.

(4) Chest (= ziqpu IX), see n20ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2

(5) Arms, see Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 stars."

(6) Wings, see MLC 1866, Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars."

(7) Right leg (ι Cyg), see dbn text (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) The base of the left foot (μ Cyg), see dbn-text (§x).

(9) Toe on the right foot (π Peg), see dbn-text (§ J).

(10) Knee (= ziqpu X), see k18Kinṣu.

(11) Heel (= ziqpu XI), see a47Asīdu.

==== VI. Astrology. ====
Identifications:

(1) = Mars; see above BM 82923, "Great Star List," and also predictions (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = Nergal; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ša2 [...] "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is) Nergal, who [...]" [ARAK, 282:2], see also Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars," MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = Šimut; see sh12dŠimut, II 1-2, and also prediction (14).

(4) = Jupiter(?); see prediction (11).

Predictions:

(5) Rising in its own time and not in its own time; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ina itiŠU ŠU2 ina ITI […] IGI-mar BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI LUGAL KUR2-šu2 GAR-an / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-šu2 KUR2-šu2 GAR-an IDIM.ME KUR-ad2 "The [D]emon with the Open Mouth sets in the month of duuzu, it rises in the month of [...]; if the star rises early: the king of the country will smite his enemy; if the star [rises] late: [the king of the country] will be smitten by his enemy (and) will gain knowledge?" [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) Risings in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ina KA dIr3-ra BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ana MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (= Mars?) rises heliacally in the month of nisan: (within) 5 years, there will be a plague in Akkad at the command of Erra, but it will not affect livestock." [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) approaches the Fish (=Mercury); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A a-na mulKU6 TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana dGU4.UD TE-ma [...] "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth approaches the Fish, (it means): Mars appraoches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:15], see also [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) The Wolf approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; see u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in Scorpius, when the Shoulder culminates; see g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Stag; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ir-ḫi RI.RI (check) bu-lim GALGA KUR SAR-aḫ "If the Demon with the Op[en] Mouth 'waters'(?) the right leg of the Stag: cattle will fall; council in the country will shine forth" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ) MAN MA[R.TU...] / dSAG.ME.GAR ma-diš [...] ... "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu: the king of Amur[ru (will die) ...], (it means): Jupiter is very [....]..." [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; this prediction allows for the identity, "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Jupiter," but we cannot assert this with complete certainty..

(12) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth darkens; múlUD.KA.DU8.A a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-ma "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth becomes dark: an eclipse of the Moon will occur during the evening watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) is very white or very red when it appears; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ina GU4.UD-šu2 AN-e sip2-du(?) u4-mu dṢal-bat-a-nu […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 si-nu-tu u3 […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN lip3-lip3-ši-na UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 … "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is observed) durings its appearance in the sky: sorrow, Mars' day [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very white: horses will die because of si-nu-tu and [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very red: pregnant women and their intrauterine babies will die because of ..." [ACh Ištar, 30:8-10], see also [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) The colors of Shemut (= the Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars); DIŠ dSi-mu-ut MUL.BI MI (var.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) ... "If Shemut, its star is black (var.: white, green, red) ..." [ACh Ištar, 24:4-5].

See also: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI ...[...] "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth appears...[...]" [ARAK, 415 r. 1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Kurtik (2022, u06)
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" | Laffitte (2009)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mul''kaduḫḫû'', (mul)''nimru'', шум. «Демон с Разинутой Пастью», акк. «Пантера, Леопард»; созвездие в Лебеде и части Цефея (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234–235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].||Example
|U4.KA.DUḪ.A
« le Démon Tempête à la Gueule béante »

= ''Nemru'', « la Panthère »
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты''.''' Серия ''Nabnītu'' XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' «Дем[он] с Разинутой Пастью = Пантера», цит. по [LAS 2, 93], см. также [CT 12, 48 iv 14]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. mul''Ka''4-''ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' igi-''šu'' gub ''kap-pi u rit-te'' gar-''nu'' / mulud.ka.du8.a d''Nergal''(u.gur) «Созвездие, которое перед ними (т.е. Весами) стоит, обладающее крыльями и руками, (это) Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 4]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … mulud.ka.du8.a ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[Кислиму]: … Демон с Разинутой Пастью (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]. BM 82923. Кислиму, звезды Ану: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью // 60 // Марс» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:26]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 «(Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 60» [CT 33, 11]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 4. [MUL ''ša''2] ˹''ana'' IGI-''it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-''nu'' múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] «[Звезда, которая] напротив него (т.е. Скорпиона) стоит, несущая корону (на своей голове), снабженная крыльями и руками, (это) “Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью”, [Нергал]» (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš «15-го кислиму Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Орел и Пабилсаг становятся видны» (I iii 5–6). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 20), см. n50NUNki, b) (I iii 29), см. a04A2mušen. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ «30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью. 30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки» (I iii 39–40). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' BE-''ma'' ''zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka'' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina'' ''šer''3-''ti la-am'' dUTU KUR-''ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG-''ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-''ka'' imKUR.RA ''ni-iš'' IGI-''ka'' imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' «Если ты хочешь наблюдать ''ziqpu''-(звезды) 20-го нисану, ты должен стать утром перед восходом Солнца, запад справа от тебя, восток слева от тебя, лицо твое обращено к югу; (в это время) плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Посох восходит» (I iv 10–14), '''b)''' 1-го айяру грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Звезды восходят, см. m35MUL.MUL, '''c)''' 20-го айяру колено Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Челюсть Быка восходит, см. i15''Is lê'', '''d)''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du'' ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa'' «10-го симану пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), (параллель см. BM 77054:1′–4′ [George 1991]), '''e)''' Шупа кульминирует, Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит (I iv 27), см. sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44–45, 49, 51, 54, 59–63, 66]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 149 r. 2–3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulud.ka.duḫ.a = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:43'''''. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = ''u''4-''mu'' ''na''-ʼ''i-ri'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Ревущий демон» [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162–3; AHw, 709a]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺ / ˹''ṣa-lam''˺ ''šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ˹2˺ ''pa-ni''-''šu2'' ''pa-ni maḫ-ru''-˹''tu''2˺ ''pa-ni ṣa-lam'' / ˹''pa''˺''-ni ar''2-''ku-''˹''tu''4 ''pa''˺-''ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin'' / ''pi-i'' ''pi-''˹''ti'' ''kap''˺''-pi ra''-''aš''2-''ši kin-ṣi'' 15-''šu2'' / ˹''ki-ṣal''˺-''šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du'' 15-''šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x ''a-si-d'']''u'' KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, самый первый, идущий впереди. / Вот (его) человеческая фигура: он в одеянии, он несет корону. / У него два лица. Переднее лицо — лицо человеческой фигуры, / заднее лицо — лицо льва, бородат, / рот открыт, имеет крылья; его правая голень (и) / его лодыжка (повторены) трижды(?); звезда на его правой пятке (и) нижних конечностях / [(это) … пятк]а и нижние конечности человеческой фигуры» (col. i 17–23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39–40, Section B]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. См. k25''Kumāru'', n20''ni''-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, k18''Kinṣu'', a47''Asīdu''. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''С.''' [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] «Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), Демон с Разинутой Пастью (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / […2 ин]тер[ва]ла, интервал […]» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? «Горло Демона? с [Разинутой?] Пастью?», согласно [Koch 1995]. '''F'''. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]» (ι Cyg), см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''G'''. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''H'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). Ра[дуга (β Cas). Звез]да с большим блеском Старика (θ Per). 3 звезды. Слабо натянутая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интер[вал]. Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью — первая.» [Walker 1995, 30–31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ […m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš ''tak''2-''si'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). […] PA SI Оленя (δ Cas). 3 звезды. ''tak''2-''si''» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104–105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ […] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост Свиньи]»(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim «Лист(?) Оленя». '''J'''. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Носок правой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (π Peg), зве[зда с большим блеском] Ануниту (γ Peg), голова Наемника (α Ari): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''§m'''. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), см. u31UZ3. '''§w'''. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2 «Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (κ Cyg?), Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), левая рука, новое повреждение, Забаба (ζ Oph): 4 звезды. Коровье пастбище. Нога Козы, повреждение» [Walker 1995, 40–41; ASM, 110–111]; согласно Й. Коху, mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser ''d''), mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63]. '''§x'''. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 «Основание левой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (μ Cyg), звезда с большим блеском Ануниту (γ Peg) и рука, повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr). '''''Текст Nv. 10.''''' Схема интеркаляции: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04''Lammu''. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го симану при восходе Солнца утром Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Поле и Ласточка в равновесии (= в кульминации). В месяце кислиму вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:5'–6'; ASM, 99], см. также [SpTU I, 27 r.20]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: [… ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «[В] месяце тебету в полдень(?) 29-го дня Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. См. также h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Нергал (см. n18). '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' При лунном затмении: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin-''ma'' …. [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ «Если в месяце кислиму (затмение произошло)… он повергает себя ниц (перед) Демоном с Разинутой Пастью (и) Скорпионом; (его) жизнь продлится» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. '''(2)''' Календарно-мифологический текст BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. '''(3)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / […] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''?-''bi''?˺ «[Демон с Рази]нутой [Пастью], Нергал, да укрепит твои основания, всех врагов твоих / […] да ввергнет в недовольство!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′–10′].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия см. MLC 1866 (col. i 17–24). Это монстрообразное существо, имеющее черты сходства с пантерой, но также со львом и птицей, у него есть руки, крылья и два лица, одно, по-видимому, человеческое, а второе — львиное. Наличие короны указывает на божественный статус фигуры. Месопотамская глиптика содержит немало изображений различного рода птице-львов, львов-грифонов, однако нам неизвестно изображение, точно соответствующее приведенному описанию. Так, на кудурру и в глиптике встречаются изображения «льва-дракона», или «льва-грифона», у которого передняя часть тела — львиная (голова, лапы и туловище), а задняя часть — птичья (ноги с когтями и хвост), у него имеются также крылья, и пасть всегда злобно разинута [Seidl 1968, 181ff.; 1969, 489a; Black–Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Нет, однако, доказательств того, что эти изображения были на самом деле связаны с созвездием mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

IV. Отождествление.

= Сygnus + близлежащие созвездия: Cepheus, Lacerta; + части Пегаса и Андромеды(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + часть Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) и часть Цефея (Сepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Лебедь, Ящерица и части Кассиопеи и Цефея [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Корона (α Cep), см. dbn-текст (§§С, m, w).

(2) Горло(?), см dbn-текст (§С).

(3) Плечо (= ''ziqpu'' VIII), см. k25''Kumāru''.

(4) Грудь (= ''ziqpu'' IX), см. n20''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2

(5) Руки, см. Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(6) Крылья, см. MLC 1866, Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(7) Правая нога (ι Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) Основание левой ноги (μ Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§x).

(9) Носок правой ноги (π Peg), см. dbn-текст (§ J).

(10) Колено (= ''ziqpu'' X), см. k18''Kinṣu''.

(11) Пятка (= ''ziqpu'' XI), см. a47''Asīdu''.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''; см. выше ''BM 82923'', «''Большой список звезд»'', а также предсказания (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = ''Нергал''; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 […] «Демон с Разинутой Пастью (есть) Нергал, который […]» [ARAK, 282:2], см. также Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''», MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Шимут''; см. sh12d''Šimut'', II 1–2, а также предсказание (14).

(4) = ''Юпитер''(?); см. предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(5) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 «[Д]емон с Разинутой Пастью заходит в месяце дуузу, он восходит в месяце […]; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь страны поразит своего врага; еcли эта звезда [восходит] поздно: [царя той страны] поразит его враг (и) захватит знать?» [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) ''Восход в месяце нисану''; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (= Марс?) восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану: (в течение) 5 лет в Аккаде по велению Эрры будет чума, но она не коснется скота» [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''приближается к Рыбе'' (=''Меркурий''); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью к Рыбе приближается, (это означает): Марс к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:15], см. также [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) ''Волк к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) ''Затмение Луны в Скорпионе, когда Плечо кульминирует''; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Олень''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI (проверить) ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-''aḫ'' «Если Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью «поливает»(?) правую ногу Оленя: падеж скота; совет в стране воссияет» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU…] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' […] … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'': царь Амур[ру (умрет) …], (это означает): Юпитер очень [….]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; данное предсказание допускает тождество: “Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Юпитер”, однако полной уверенности быть не может.

(12) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью потемнел''; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью стал темным: затмение Луны в вечернюю стражу произойдет» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''при своем появлении очень белый или'' ''очень красный''; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-e ''sip''2''-du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (наблюдается) при своем появлении на небе: печаль, день Марса […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень белый: лошади будут умирать из-за ''si-nu-tu'' и […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень красный: беременные женщины и их внутриутробные младенцы будут умирать из-за …» [ACh Ištar, 30:8–10], см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) ''Цвета Шимута'' (= ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс''); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (вар.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) … «Если Шимут, звезда его черная (вар.: белая, зеленая, красная) …» [ACh Ištar, 24:4–5].

См. также: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI … […] «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью появляется … […]» [ARAK, 415 r. 1–2]
|Example
|* Le nom de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », est attesté dans les ''Tables calendaires'' dites « astrolabes » datées de la fin du 1er millénaire av. J.-C. o il correspond à ''α Cyg''.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> On trouve ce nom pour une constellation désormais développée tant plusieurs documents datés entre l’an mil et 650 av. J.-C., notamment les ''Listes d’étoiles culminantes'' et le ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'', de même époque, soit ver où elle apparaît comme un des plus riches d’étoiles de la voûte céleste mésopotamienne.

Neuf étoiles apparaissent dans ces documents pour la constellation U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », que l’on nomme ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », en akkadien. Le tableau ci-dessous découle d’une série d’hypothèses qui ont conduit à modifier les identifications faites pour les rendre cohérente avec la figure la plus plausible, le changement le plus substantiel consistant à faire passer le « Pied gauche » du segment ''μ Cyg''‒''π Peg'' à ''γ Sge''‒''α Sge''. Il n’est cependant pas certain que les Mésopotamiens n’avaient pas, en des lieux différents, imaginé des iconographies différentes pour cette figure qui se présente de toute façon sans doute possible comme un démon/panthère ailé.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nom'''
|'''Transcription'''
|'''Traduction'''
|-
|''α Cep''
|mul.AGA U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Couronne du Démon tempête
|-
|''α Cyg''
|mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A

mul.GABA U4.KA.DUḪ.A

MUL ''nibu šá'' mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Démon tempête

la Poitrine du Démon Tempête

(l’étoile) brillante (de la Poitrine) du Démon…°
|-
|''δ Cyg''
|mul.GÌR ZAG U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Patte droite du Démon tempête
|-
|''β Cyg''
|mul.''kumaru'' (''šá'') U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Épaule du Démon tempête
|-
|''γ Sge''
|mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Hanche gauche du Démon tempête
|-
|''ο2 Cyg''
|mul.GÚ.MUR
|la Trachée artère
|-
|''α Sge''
|mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Orteil de Patte gauche du Démon
|-
|''α Lac''
|''Kinṣu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|-
|''λ Andr''
|''Asidu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|}
'''II. La mythologie liée à la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'''''

Comme l’indiquent sans équivoque les textes classiques, U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », ou ''Nemru'' = « la Panthère » en akkadien, est l’emblème de Nergal qui possède, ans la mythologie mésopotamienne, le statut de dieu des Enfers, maître du Monde d’En-bas. Placé d’abord sous l’autorité d’Éreškigal, le Monde des morts est devenu son royaume à la suite de son mariage avec la déesse, ainsi que le raconte le mythe ''Nergal et Éreškigal''.

La personnalité de Nergal est complexe. Ainsi apparaît-il sur le monder terrestre commun dieu redoutable, maître des épidémies mortelles et des inondations. Ce pouvoir de mort explique son assimilation, effectuée à la fin du IIe millénaire, avec Erra, le dieu de la Guerre, dont il hérite l’épithète de « Vaillant ». C’est à ce titre qu’il devient d’ailleurs le patron de la planète ''Ṣabaltānu'' (= ''Mars''), dont le rougeoiement était conçu comme un phénomène funeste dans les textes astrologiques.

Il est représenté sur les kudurrus d’époque qassite par son animal emblématique, le Démon/Panthère ailé accompagné d’une masse à double tête de panthère.

Les Mésopotamiens avaient une représentation assez réaliste des figures célestes, comme cela est prouvé par la mise au point des figures de UR.GU.LA, « le Lion », ou de SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, « le Fidèle Berger d’Anu » à partir des noms d’étoiles, les figures représentations fournies par les kudurrus ou par le document astrologique dont témoignent les tablettes VAT 7847 & 7851 et AO 6448.

Or les Mésopotamiens donnèrent des noms aux étoiles de la région centrée sur ''Cygnus'' des appellations s’expliquant par la place des étoiles dans la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », qui est, selon V R 46, l. 43, UD-''mu na-i-ri'', soit « la Tempête rugissante », et dont l’équivalent akkadien est ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », lié à Nergal.

En effet, ainsi que cela ressort tant de la tablette babylonienne tardive BM 5502, l. 19, qui est une copie de la tablette médiobabylonienne HS 1897, que de la ''Table des Douze fois Trois'', CT 250, ii, l.12, ou encore du ''Texte MUL.APIN'', c’est-à-dire de la tablette BM 86378, I, i, l. 28 : U4.KA.DUḪ.A d.UGUR, soit « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante est Nergal ».

Nous apprenons par ce mêmes tablettes que U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », se présente ''a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu, « coiffé d’une couronne [et] muni d’ailes et de mains », HS 1897, l. 18 & BM 5502, l. 19. Nous possédons une représentation de la panthère/démon tempête comme symbole de Nergal sur le kudurru du roi qassite Mellishipak II, 1188-1174 av. J.-C. (voir ci-contre).

Nous possédons deux types de listes d’étoiles de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A. La première fait partie des étoiles culminantes canoniques, que nous trouvons dans divers documents, notamment dans AO 6478, dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Hermann Hunger et David Pingree, ''Astral sciences'', 86-87. La seconde est extraite du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' (K 6490), dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Johannes Koch, ''WO'', XXVI, 27-42, par ailleurs indiqué par les auteurs précédents, ''ibid.'', 105-111.

'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A à partir des identifications de J. Koch'''

Le passage des deux identifications au prisme de la localisation dans les figures reconstituées à partir des noms d’étoiles, conduit aux constatations suivantes :

1. les deux identifications induisent des formes différentes pour la figure de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A ;

2. dans les deux cas, une représentation anthropomorphique s’avère impraticable. Dans le cas A, le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / Kamaru, « l’Épaule », étant plus long que le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / ''Asidu'', « le Talon », cela entraînerait un torse complètement disproportionné puisque le rapport du premier ne saurait dépasser le quart dans un figure humaine trapue et aux jambes courtes. Dans le cas B, GABA, « la Poitrine », se trouverait exactement entre un GÌR GÙB, « Pied gauche » et un GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit », de taille différente, même si l’on admet avec Koch que le terme ''kumaru'' doit être compris non comme « épaule », mais comme « limite », et la distance entre GABA, « la Poitrine » et GÌR ZAG, « le Pied droit », serait quatre ou cinq fois plus petite que celle qui séparerait GABA, « la Poitrine », et AGA, « la Couronne ».

3. dans le cas A, nous avons un figure du Démon / Panthère complexe, soumise à une torsion assez grande entre un buste disposé de face avec une tête tournée vers la droite et une croupe quasiment de profil. Mais elle peut rester proportionnée, même en tenant faisant figurer AGA, « la Couronne », qui appartient à la seconde liste. Une seule remarque pour cette hypothèse : si le terme ''kumaru'' comme « épaule », ainsi que le pensent Hunger et Pingree, c’est ''γ Cyg'' qui conviendrait mieux dans la figure que ''β Cyg''. Si nous prenons l’acception proposée par Koch, ''β Cyg'' est parfaitement à sa place sur la représentation proposée.

4. Dans le cas B, nous ne pouvons admettre une figure de l’animal emblème de Nergal que de dos avec une tête tournée vers la gauche, ce qui obligerait à localiser GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit » sur une épaule de fait cachée par la figure. Cela paraît bien peu vraisemblable.

5. il n’est pas totalement impossible que nous soyons en présence de deux figures composée de façon indépendante impliquant donc des noms d’étoiles que le regroupement dans un figure unique rendrait incohérent. Je ferai toutefois l’hypothèse d’une figure unique. Le problème se pose alors de localiser les étoiles du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' sur cette figure en modifiant leur identification. Dans ce cas GÌR GÙB, « le Pied gauche », correspondrait à l’espace de ''Sagitta''. C’est ainsi que mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB, « la Base du Pied gauche » pourrait être identifiée à ''γ Sge'' et mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB, « le Doigt du Pied gauche », à ''γ Sge''. Le fait que la tablette V R 46 nous parle des ''bras'' de U4.KA.DUḪ.A et non ce ses ''pieds'' (GÌR) comme cela est indiqué dans la liste B, ou de ''jambe'' (''kinṣu'') et de ''talon'' (''asidu'') invite cependant à pencher pour l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de figures.

|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

UD.KA.DU8.A

2025-04-08T10:47:45Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Historical Dictionaries */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UD.KA.DU8.A}}
[[File:Layard plate5 ukadua nimrud.PNG|alt=drawing of a Nimrud relief by Layard (1853)|thumb|Henry Austin Layard's drawing of the storm demon between to male gods in Nimrud, published in Layard (1853). [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/library/3ADD60G8/pageimg&start=11&pn=19&mode=imagepath Digital Source (MPIWG Berlin)]. ]]
A Mesopotamian constellation in the region of [[Cygnus]] and [[Cepheus]]. The Sumerian term is a compound, literally meaning "the demon with the gaping mouth" and designating a storm demon. In lexical lists it is equalled with the Akkadian term "the panther", suggesting that this demon looks like a panther. Possibly, it refers to a panther-griffin.

A relief sequence in Nimrud shows the depiction of a panther-griffin with a gaping mouth in the middle between the weather god and the god of war. Both, weather and war, can be associated with storm in the way of thunderstorm and "to be up in arms", respectively.

==Dictionary==
===Krebernik (2023)===
var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A

The sumerogram means “day/storm demon (U4) with open (DU8.A) mouth (KA)”. The Akk. reading ''nimru'' “panther” (normal logogram PIRIG.TUR) is uncertain, cf. CAD N/2, 235 s.v. ''nimru'' 2. Note, however, the equation mulKA. AN.DU8 = ''pa-ti-rù'' between mulUDU.IDIM = ''bi-i-bu'' and mulMAR.TU = ''a''-˹''mu''˺-''ru'' in a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 27’, see Arnaud 1985, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011, I 211, II 127). Gantzert transliterates mulQÀ.AN.DU8 and considers this as a variant spelling for GI.DU8 = ''paṭīru'' “altar” (AHw: “Tragaltärchen”), which would be based on GI = ''qanû'' “reed”. Alternatively, ''pati-rù'' could represent a hitherto unattested Akkadian word corresponding to Greek πάνθηρ “panther” (which is considered to be a loanword from an ancient Near Eastern language, cf. also Sanskrit ''puṇḍarīka'' “tiger”). mulU4.KA.DU8.A (EN 27l).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
var. reading: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mulkaduḫḫû, (mul)nimru, sum. "Demon with the Gaping Mouth," akk. "Panther, Leopard"; constellation in the Swan and parts of Cepheus (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234-235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|Lexical texts.

* Nabnītu Series XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' "Dem[on] with the Open Mouth = Panther," quoted in [LAS 2, 93], see also [CT 12, 48 iv 14].
|panther griffin?
|-
|Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.

* mul''Ka4-ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71].
|
|-
|EAE.

* See. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], and also [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30].
|
|-
|"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).

* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Anu, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): ''mul ša igi-šu gub kap-pi u rit-te gar-nu / mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur)'' "The constellation which stands before it (i.e. Libra), possessing wings and arms, (is) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 4].
** (2) List (3´12): [itigan] ... mul''ud.ka.du8.a šu-ut dA-nim'' "[Kislim]: ... The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — kislim, setting — simanu [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40].
* BM 82923. Kislimu, stars of Anu: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Demon with the Gaping Mouth // 60 // Mars" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:26].
* BM 34713. Month of tebet, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:10], see g27GU.LA.
* "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 "(Stars of Anu, month of Kislim), Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 60" [CT 33, 11].
* Text Nv. 10.
** Intercalation scheme: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ like the constellation of Ea — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of adar, see (Kurtik L04) Lammu.
** Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A.png|alt=UD.KA.DU.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|"Catalog of 30 stars".

* Anu 4. [MUL ša2] ˹''ana'' IGI''-it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] "[The star that] stands opposite it (i.e., . Scorpius), wearing a crown (on its head), equipped with wings and arms, (it is) the 'Demon with the Op[en] Mouth', [Nergal]" (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].
Text BM 77054. See sh17ŠU.PA.
|
|-
|MUL.APIN.

* (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš "On the 15th day of kislim, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Eagle and Pabilsag become visible" (I iii 5-6).
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets: a) (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) NUNki, b) (I iii 29), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal sunrisings: TA KUR ša2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulSIM.MAḪ "30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth. 30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow" (I iii 39-40).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a) BE-''ma zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina šer3-ti la-am'' dUTU KUR''-ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG''-ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-ka imKUR.RA ni-iš IGI-ka imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e / ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR''-ḫa'' "If you wish to observe the ziqpu-(stars) in the 20th day of nisan, you should stand in the morning before sunrise, place the west on your right, the east on your left, with your face facing south; (at that time) the shoulder of the Demon with the pPen Mouth will stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest and the Staff will rise" (I iv 10-14),
** (b) on the 1st day of Ayar, the chest of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the Star Cluster rise, cf. (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL,
** (c) on the 20th day of ayar, the knee of the Demon with the Split Mouth culminates, the Bull's Jaw rises, see (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'',
** (d) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR''-ḫa'' "On the 10th day of siman, the heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20), (for a parallel see BM 77054:1′-4′ [George 1991]),
** (e) Shupa culminates, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises (I iv 27), see sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44-45, 49, 51, 54, 59-63, 66].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021), left is Cassiopeia, below Andromeda, above Vega, right Altair]]
|-
|"Letters" and "Reports." See. [LABS, 149 r. 2-3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5].
|
|-
|"Great Star List"

* (1) List of names of Mars: mul''ud.ka.duḫ.a'' = d''min''(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226].
|
|-
|Star List VR 46,

* 1:43. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = u4-mu na-ʼi-ri "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Roaring Demon" [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162-3; AHw, 709a].
|
|-
|Uranologies

* MLC 1866. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ / ˹ṣa-lam˺ šu-u2 lu-bu-uš-tu4 la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ''˹2˺ pa-ni-šu2 pa-ni maḫ-ru-˹tu2˺ pa-ni ṣa-lam / ˹pa˺-ni ar2-ku-˹tu4 pa˺-ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin / pi-i pi-˹ti kap˺-pi ra-aš2-ši kin-ṣi 15-šu2 / ˹ki-ṣal˺-šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du 15-šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x a-si-d]u KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam''
* "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, is the first in line, it goes ahead. / Here is a description of (his) human figure: he is clothed, he carries a crown. / He has two faces. The front face is that of a human figure, / the face in the hind is that of a lion, bearded, / mouth open, has wings; his right shin (and) / his ankle (repeated) three times(?); a star on his right heel (and) lower limbs / [(these are) ... the heel] and lower limbs of a human figure" (col. i 17-23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39-40, Section B].
|
|-
|Lists of ziqpu-stars.

* See (Kurtik k25) Kumāru, (Kurtik n20) ''ni-bu-u2 ša2'' GABA-''šu''2, (Kurtik k18) ''Kinṣu'', (Kurtik a47) ''Asīdu''.
|
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* С. [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] "Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / [...2 in]ter[va]ls, interval [...]" [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[...] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? "The throat of the Demon? with the [Open?] Mouth?", according to [Koch 1995]. F. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The rig[ht] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]" (ι Cyg), see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* G. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* H. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a maḫ-ru "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). Ra[inbow (β Cas). sta]r with great brilliance from the Old Man (θ Per). 3 stars. Loosely stained rope. [2 inter]vals, inter[val]. Right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth — first." [Walker 1995, 30-31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* I. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ [...m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš tak2-si "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). [...] PA SI of Stag (δ Cas). 3 stars. tak2-si" [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104-105]; according to [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ [...] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail of the Pig]"(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = pa-si lu.lim "Leaf(?) of the Stag".
* J. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2. ba "The toe on the right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (π Peg), the st[ar with great brilliance] of Anunitu (γ Peg), the head of the Hired Man (α Ari): 3 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* §m. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
* §w. mulku-ma-ru ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ḫe-pi2 "The Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (κ Cyg? ), Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), left arm, new damage, Zababa (ζ Oph): 4 stars. Cow Pasture. Leg of the Goat, damage." [Walker 1995, 40-41; ASM, 110-111]; according to J. Koch, mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "Left hand [of the Bison]" (Ser d), mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63].
* §x. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti u3 mulšu ḫe-pi2 "The base of the left leg of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (μ Cyg), the star with great brilliance Anunitu (γ Peg), and the hand, damage." [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ḫe-pi2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[The left] hand [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr).
|
|-
|Text W. 22281a.

* ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša2'' dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ. AM3
* "On the 15th day of siman, during sunrise in the morning, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Field, and the Swallow are in equilibrium (= in climax). In the month of kislimu, in the evening at sunset, the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:5'-6'; ASM, 99], see also [SpTU I, 27 r.20].
|
|-
|Anaphora. А 3427:

* [... ina] itiab ina AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) "[In] the month of tebet at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. See also h12lúḪUN.GA2.
|Example
|}

===additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Nergal (see n18). Prayers and rituals. (1) At a lunar eclipse: diš ina itikan kimin-ma .... [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab uš-kin ti.la taḫ "If in the month of kislim (an eclipse occurrs)... he casts himself down (before) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (and) the Scorpius; (his) life will be prolonged" [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. (2) Calendar and mythological text BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. (3) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka / [...] ˹lu˺-ter a-na la DUG3-˹ub? lib ? bi?˺ "[The Demon with the Op]en [Mouth], Nergal, may he strengthen your foundation, all your enemies / [...] may he throw you into discontent!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′-10′].

==== III. Symbol. ====
For a description of the figure of the constellation see. MLC 1866 (col. i 17-24). The figure resembles that of a monster-like creature with features resembling a panther, a lion, and a bird; it has arms, wings, and two faces — one apparently that of a human and the other like a lion. The presence of a crown indicates the figure's divine status. Mesopotamian glyptics contain many images of different kinds of bird-lions, lion-griffins, but we do not know an image that exactly corresponds to the description given above. Thus, on kudurru and in glyptics there are images of a "dragon-lion" or "lion-griffin", whose front part of the body is like a lion (head, paws, and the trunk), and the hind part is bird-like (legs with claws and a tail), it also has wings, and the mouth is always viciously open [Seidl 1968, 181ff. ; 1969, 489a; Black-Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. There is no evidence, however, that these images were actually associated with the constellation mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Cygnus + nearby constellations: Cepheus, Lacerta; + parts of Pegasus and Andromeda(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + part of Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957-59, 75a].

= Swan (Cygnus) and part of Cepheus (Cepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Swan, Lizard, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Swan (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

(1) Crown (α Cep), see dbn text (§§C, m, w).

(2) Throat(?), see dbn-text (§C).

(3) Shoulder (= ziqpu VIII), see k25Kumāru.

(4) Chest (= ziqpu IX), see n20ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2

(5) Arms, see Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 stars."

(6) Wings, see MLC 1866, Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars."

(7) Right leg (ι Cyg), see dbn text (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) The base of the left foot (μ Cyg), see dbn-text (§x).

(9) Toe on the right foot (π Peg), see dbn-text (§ J).

(10) Knee (= ziqpu X), see k18Kinṣu.

(11) Heel (= ziqpu XI), see a47Asīdu.

==== VI. Astrology. ====
Identifications:

(1) = Mars; see above BM 82923, "Great Star List," and also predictions (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = Nergal; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ša2 [...] "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is) Nergal, who [...]" [ARAK, 282:2], see also Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars," MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = Šimut; see sh12dŠimut, II 1-2, and also prediction (14).

(4) = Jupiter(?); see prediction (11).

Predictions:

(5) Rising in its own time and not in its own time; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ina itiŠU ŠU2 ina ITI […] IGI-mar BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI LUGAL KUR2-šu2 GAR-an / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-šu2 KUR2-šu2 GAR-an IDIM.ME KUR-ad2 "The [D]emon with the Open Mouth sets in the month of duuzu, it rises in the month of [...]; if the star rises early: the king of the country will smite his enemy; if the star [rises] late: [the king of the country] will be smitten by his enemy (and) will gain knowledge?" [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) Risings in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ina KA dIr3-ra BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ana MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (= Mars?) rises heliacally in the month of nisan: (within) 5 years, there will be a plague in Akkad at the command of Erra, but it will not affect livestock." [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) approaches the Fish (=Mercury); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A a-na mulKU6 TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana dGU4.UD TE-ma [...] "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth approaches the Fish, (it means): Mars appraoches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:15], see also [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) The Wolf approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; see u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in Scorpius, when the Shoulder culminates; see g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Stag; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ir-ḫi RI.RI (check) bu-lim GALGA KUR SAR-aḫ "If the Demon with the Op[en] Mouth 'waters'(?) the right leg of the Stag: cattle will fall; council in the country will shine forth" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ) MAN MA[R.TU...] / dSAG.ME.GAR ma-diš [...] ... "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu: the king of Amur[ru (will die) ...], (it means): Jupiter is very [....]..." [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; this prediction allows for the identity, "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Jupiter," but we cannot assert this with complete certainty..

(12) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth darkens; múlUD.KA.DU8.A a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-ma "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth becomes dark: an eclipse of the Moon will occur during the evening watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) is very white or very red when it appears; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ina GU4.UD-šu2 AN-e sip2-du(?) u4-mu dṢal-bat-a-nu […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 si-nu-tu u3 […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN lip3-lip3-ši-na UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 … "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is observed) durings its appearance in the sky: sorrow, Mars' day [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very white: horses will die because of si-nu-tu and [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very red: pregnant women and their intrauterine babies will die because of ..." [ACh Ištar, 30:8-10], see also [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) The colors of Shemut (= the Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars); DIŠ dSi-mu-ut MUL.BI MI (var.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) ... "If Shemut, its star is black (var.: white, green, red) ..." [ACh Ištar, 24:4-5].

See also: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI ...[...] "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth appears...[...]" [ARAK, 415 r. 1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Kurtik (2022, u06)
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Laffitte (2009)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mul''kaduḫḫû'', (mul)''nimru'', шум. «Демон с Разинутой Пастью», акк. «Пантера, Леопард»; созвездие в Лебеде и части Цефея (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234–235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].||Example
|U4.KA.DUḪ.A
« le Démon Tempête à la Gueule béante »

= ''Nemru'', « la Panthère »
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты''.''' Серия ''Nabnītu'' XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' «Дем[он] с Разинутой Пастью = Пантера», цит. по [LAS 2, 93], см. также [CT 12, 48 iv 14]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. mul''Ka''4-''ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' igi-''šu'' gub ''kap-pi u rit-te'' gar-''nu'' / mulud.ka.du8.a d''Nergal''(u.gur) «Созвездие, которое перед ними (т.е. Весами) стоит, обладающее крыльями и руками, (это) Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 4]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … mulud.ka.du8.a ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[Кислиму]: … Демон с Разинутой Пастью (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]. BM 82923. Кислиму, звезды Ану: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью // 60 // Марс» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:26]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 «(Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 60» [CT 33, 11]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 4. [MUL ''ša''2] ˹''ana'' IGI-''it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-''nu'' múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] «[Звезда, которая] напротив него (т.е. Скорпиона) стоит, несущая корону (на своей голове), снабженная крыльями и руками, (это) “Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью”, [Нергал]» (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš «15-го кислиму Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Орел и Пабилсаг становятся видны» (I iii 5–6). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 20), см. n50NUNki, b) (I iii 29), см. a04A2mušen. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ «30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью. 30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки» (I iii 39–40). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' BE-''ma'' ''zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka'' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina'' ''šer''3-''ti la-am'' dUTU KUR-''ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG-''ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-''ka'' imKUR.RA ''ni-iš'' IGI-''ka'' imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' «Если ты хочешь наблюдать ''ziqpu''-(звезды) 20-го нисану, ты должен стать утром перед восходом Солнца, запад справа от тебя, восток слева от тебя, лицо твое обращено к югу; (в это время) плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Посох восходит» (I iv 10–14), '''b)''' 1-го айяру грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Звезды восходят, см. m35MUL.MUL, '''c)''' 20-го айяру колено Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Челюсть Быка восходит, см. i15''Is lê'', '''d)''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du'' ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa'' «10-го симану пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), (параллель см. BM 77054:1′–4′ [George 1991]), '''e)''' Шупа кульминирует, Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит (I iv 27), см. sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44–45, 49, 51, 54, 59–63, 66]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 149 r. 2–3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulud.ka.duḫ.a = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:43'''''. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = ''u''4-''mu'' ''na''-ʼ''i-ri'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Ревущий демон» [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162–3; AHw, 709a]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺ / ˹''ṣa-lam''˺ ''šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ˹2˺ ''pa-ni''-''šu2'' ''pa-ni maḫ-ru''-˹''tu''2˺ ''pa-ni ṣa-lam'' / ˹''pa''˺''-ni ar''2-''ku-''˹''tu''4 ''pa''˺-''ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin'' / ''pi-i'' ''pi-''˹''ti'' ''kap''˺''-pi ra''-''aš''2-''ši kin-ṣi'' 15-''šu2'' / ˹''ki-ṣal''˺-''šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du'' 15-''šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x ''a-si-d'']''u'' KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, самый первый, идущий впереди. / Вот (его) человеческая фигура: он в одеянии, он несет корону. / У него два лица. Переднее лицо — лицо человеческой фигуры, / заднее лицо — лицо льва, бородат, / рот открыт, имеет крылья; его правая голень (и) / его лодыжка (повторены) трижды(?); звезда на его правой пятке (и) нижних конечностях / [(это) … пятк]а и нижние конечности человеческой фигуры» (col. i 17–23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39–40, Section B]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. См. k25''Kumāru'', n20''ni''-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, k18''Kinṣu'', a47''Asīdu''. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''С.''' [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] «Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), Демон с Разинутой Пастью (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / […2 ин]тер[ва]ла, интервал […]» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? «Горло Демона? с [Разинутой?] Пастью?», согласно [Koch 1995]. '''F'''. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]» (ι Cyg), см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''G'''. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''H'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). Ра[дуга (β Cas). Звез]да с большим блеском Старика (θ Per). 3 звезды. Слабо натянутая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интер[вал]. Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью — первая.» [Walker 1995, 30–31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ […m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš ''tak''2-''si'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). […] PA SI Оленя (δ Cas). 3 звезды. ''tak''2-''si''» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104–105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ […] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост Свиньи]»(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim «Лист(?) Оленя». '''J'''. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Носок правой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (π Peg), зве[зда с большим блеском] Ануниту (γ Peg), голова Наемника (α Ari): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''§m'''. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), см. u31UZ3. '''§w'''. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2 «Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (κ Cyg?), Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), левая рука, новое повреждение, Забаба (ζ Oph): 4 звезды. Коровье пастбище. Нога Козы, повреждение» [Walker 1995, 40–41; ASM, 110–111]; согласно Й. Коху, mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser ''d''), mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63]. '''§x'''. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 «Основание левой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (μ Cyg), звезда с большим блеском Ануниту (γ Peg) и рука, повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr). '''''Текст Nv. 10.''''' Схема интеркаляции: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04''Lammu''. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го симану при восходе Солнца утром Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Поле и Ласточка в равновесии (= в кульминации). В месяце кислиму вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:5'–6'; ASM, 99], см. также [SpTU I, 27 r.20]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: [… ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «[В] месяце тебету в полдень(?) 29-го дня Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. См. также h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Нергал (см. n18). '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' При лунном затмении: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin-''ma'' …. [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ «Если в месяце кислиму (затмение произошло)… он повергает себя ниц (перед) Демоном с Разинутой Пастью (и) Скорпионом; (его) жизнь продлится» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. '''(2)''' Календарно-мифологический текст BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. '''(3)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / […] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''?-''bi''?˺ «[Демон с Рази]нутой [Пастью], Нергал, да укрепит твои основания, всех врагов твоих / […] да ввергнет в недовольство!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′–10′].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия см. MLC 1866 (col. i 17–24). Это монстрообразное существо, имеющее черты сходства с пантерой, но также со львом и птицей, у него есть руки, крылья и два лица, одно, по-видимому, человеческое, а второе — львиное. Наличие короны указывает на божественный статус фигуры. Месопотамская глиптика содержит немало изображений различного рода птице-львов, львов-грифонов, однако нам неизвестно изображение, точно соответствующее приведенному описанию. Так, на кудурру и в глиптике встречаются изображения «льва-дракона», или «льва-грифона», у которого передняя часть тела — львиная (голова, лапы и туловище), а задняя часть — птичья (ноги с когтями и хвост), у него имеются также крылья, и пасть всегда злобно разинута [Seidl 1968, 181ff.; 1969, 489a; Black–Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Нет, однако, доказательств того, что эти изображения были на самом деле связаны с созвездием mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

IV. Отождествление.

= Сygnus + близлежащие созвездия: Cepheus, Lacerta; + части Пегаса и Андромеды(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + часть Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) и часть Цефея (Сepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Лебедь, Ящерица и части Кассиопеи и Цефея [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Корона (α Cep), см. dbn-текст (§§С, m, w).

(2) Горло(?), см dbn-текст (§С).

(3) Плечо (= ''ziqpu'' VIII), см. k25''Kumāru''.

(4) Грудь (= ''ziqpu'' IX), см. n20''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2

(5) Руки, см. Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(6) Крылья, см. MLC 1866, Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(7) Правая нога (ι Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) Основание левой ноги (μ Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§x).

(9) Носок правой ноги (π Peg), см. dbn-текст (§ J).

(10) Колено (= ''ziqpu'' X), см. k18''Kinṣu''.

(11) Пятка (= ''ziqpu'' XI), см. a47''Asīdu''.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''; см. выше ''BM 82923'', «''Большой список звезд»'', а также предсказания (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = ''Нергал''; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 […] «Демон с Разинутой Пастью (есть) Нергал, который […]» [ARAK, 282:2], см. также Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''», MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Шимут''; см. sh12d''Šimut'', II 1–2, а также предсказание (14).

(4) = ''Юпитер''(?); см. предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(5) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 «[Д]емон с Разинутой Пастью заходит в месяце дуузу, он восходит в месяце […]; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь страны поразит своего врага; еcли эта звезда [восходит] поздно: [царя той страны] поразит его враг (и) захватит знать?» [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) ''Восход в месяце нисану''; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (= Марс?) восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану: (в течение) 5 лет в Аккаде по велению Эрры будет чума, но она не коснется скота» [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''приближается к Рыбе'' (=''Меркурий''); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью к Рыбе приближается, (это означает): Марс к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:15], см. также [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) ''Волк к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) ''Затмение Луны в Скорпионе, когда Плечо кульминирует''; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Олень''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI (проверить) ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-''aḫ'' «Если Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью «поливает»(?) правую ногу Оленя: падеж скота; совет в стране воссияет» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU…] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' […] … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'': царь Амур[ру (умрет) …], (это означает): Юпитер очень [….]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; данное предсказание допускает тождество: “Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Юпитер”, однако полной уверенности быть не может.

(12) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью потемнел''; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью стал темным: затмение Луны в вечернюю стражу произойдет» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''при своем появлении очень белый или'' ''очень красный''; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-e ''sip''2''-du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (наблюдается) при своем появлении на небе: печаль, день Марса […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень белый: лошади будут умирать из-за ''si-nu-tu'' и […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень красный: беременные женщины и их внутриутробные младенцы будут умирать из-за …» [ACh Ištar, 30:8–10], см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) ''Цвета Шимута'' (= ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс''); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (вар.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) … «Если Шимут, звезда его черная (вар.: белая, зеленая, красная) …» [ACh Ištar, 24:4–5].

См. также: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI … […] «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью появляется … […]» [ARAK, 415 r. 1–2]
|Example
|* Le nom de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », est attesté dans les ''Tables calendaires'' dites « astrolabes » datées de la fin du 1er millénaire av. J.-C. o il correspond à ''α Cyg''.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> On trouve ce nom pour une constellation désormais développée tant plusieurs documents datés entre l’an mil et 650 av. J.-C., notamment les ''Listes d’étoiles culminantes'' et le ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'', de même époque, soit ver où elle apparaît comme un des plus riches d’étoiles de la voûte céleste mésopotamienne.

Neuf étoiles apparaissent dans ces documents pour la constellation U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », que l’on nomme ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », en akkadien. Le tableau ci-dessous découle d’une série d’hypothèses qui ont conduit à modifier les identifications faites pour les rendre cohérente avec la figure la plus plausible, le changement le plus substantiel consistant à faire passer le « Pied gauche » du segment ''μ Cyg''‒''π Peg'' à ''γ Sge''‒''α Sge''. Il n’est cependant pas certain que les Mésopotamiens n’avaient pas, en des lieux différents, imaginé des iconographies différentes pour cette figure qui se présente de toute façon sans doute possible comme un démon/panthère ailé.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nom'''
|'''Transcription'''
|'''Traduction'''
|-
|''α Cep''
|mul.AGA U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Couronne du Démon tempête
|-
|''α Cyg''
|mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A

mul.GABA U4.KA.DUḪ.A

MUL ''nibu šá'' mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Démon tempête

la Poitrine du Démon Tempête

(l’étoile) brillante (de la Poitrine) du Démon…°
|-
|''δ Cyg''
|mul.GÌR ZAG U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Patte droite du Démon tempête
|-
|''β Cyg''
|mul.''kumaru'' (''šá'') U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Épaule du Démon tempête
|-
|''γ Sge''
|mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Hanche gauche du Démon tempête
|-
|''ο2 Cyg''
|mul.GÚ.MUR
|la Trachée artère
|-
|''α Sge''
|mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Orteil de Patte gauche du Démon
|-
|''α Lac''
|''Kinṣu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|-
|''λ Andr''
|''Asidu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|}
'''II. La mythologie liée à la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'''''

Comme l’indiquent sans équivoque les textes classiques, U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », ou ''Nemru'' = « la Panthère » en akkadien, est l’emblème de Nergal qui possède, ans la mythologie mésopotamienne, le statut de dieu des Enfers, maître du Monde d’En-bas. Placé d’abord sous l’autorité d’Éreškigal, le Monde des morts est devenu son royaume à la suite de son mariage avec la déesse, ainsi que le raconte le mythe ''Nergal et Éreškigal''.

La personnalité de Nergal est complexe. Ainsi apparaît-il sur le monder terrestre commun dieu redoutable, maître des épidémies mortelles et des inondations. Ce pouvoir de mort explique son assimilation, effectuée à la fin du IIe millénaire, avec Erra, le dieu de la Guerre, dont il hérite l’épithète de « Vaillant ». C’est à ce titre qu’il devient d’ailleurs le patron de la planète ''Ṣabaltānu'' (= ''Mars''), dont le rougeoiement était conçu comme un phénomène funeste dans les textes astrologiques.

Il est représenté sur les kudurrus d’époque qassite par son animal emblématique, le Démon/Panthère ailé accompagné d’une masse à double tête de panthère.

Les Mésopotamiens avaient une représentation assez réaliste des figures célestes, comme cela est prouvé par la mise au point des figures de UR.GU.LA, « le Lion », ou de SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, « le Fidèle Berger d’Anu » à partir des noms d’étoiles, les figures représentations fournies par les kudurrus ou par le document astrologique dont témoignent les tablettes VAT 7847 & 7851 et AO 6448.

Or les Mésopotamiens donnèrent des noms aux étoiles de la région centrée sur ''Cygnus'' des appellations s’expliquant par la place des étoiles dans la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », qui est, selon V R 46, l. 43, UD-''mu na-i-ri'', soit « la Tempête rugissante », et dont l’équivalent akkadien est ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », lié à Nergal.

En effet, ainsi que cela ressort tant de la tablette babylonienne tardive BM 5502, l. 19, qui est une copie de la tablette médiobabylonienne HS 1897, que de la ''Table des Douze fois Trois'', CT 250, ii, l.12, ou encore du ''Texte MUL.APIN'', c’est-à-dire de la tablette BM 86378, I, i, l. 28 : U4.KA.DUḪ.A d.UGUR, soit « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante est Nergal ».

Nous apprenons par ce mêmes tablettes que U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », se présente ''a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu, « coiffé d’une couronne [et] muni d’ailes et de mains », HS 1897, l. 18 & BM 5502, l. 19. Nous possédons une représentation de la panthère/démon tempête comme symbole de Nergal sur le kudurru du roi qassite Mellishipak II, 1188-1174 av. J.-C. (voir ci-contre).

Nous possédons deux types de listes d’étoiles de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A. La première fait partie des étoiles culminantes canoniques, que nous trouvons dans divers documents, notamment dans AO 6478, dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Hermann Hunger et David Pingree, ''Astral sciences'', 86-87. La seconde est extraite du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' (K 6490), dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Johannes Koch, ''WO'', XXVI, 27-42, par ailleurs indiqué par les auteurs précédents, ''ibid.'', 105-111.

'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A à partir des identifications de J. Koch'''

Le passage des deux identifications au prisme de la localisation dans les figures reconstituées à partir des noms d’étoiles, conduit aux constatations suivantes :

1. les deux identifications induisent des formes différentes pour la figure de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A ;

2. dans les deux cas, une représentation anthropomorphique s’avère impraticable. Dans le cas A, le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / Kamaru, « l’Épaule », étant plus long que le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / ''Asidu'', « le Talon », cela entraînerait un torse complètement disproportionné puisque le rapport du premier ne saurait dépasser le quart dans un figure humaine trapue et aux jambes courtes. Dans le cas B, GABA, « la Poitrine », se trouverait exactement entre un GÌR GÙB, « Pied gauche » et un GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit », de taille différente, même si l’on admet avec Koch que le terme ''kumaru'' doit être compris non comme « épaule », mais comme « limite », et la distance entre GABA, « la Poitrine » et GÌR ZAG, « le Pied droit », serait quatre ou cinq fois plus petite que celle qui séparerait GABA, « la Poitrine », et AGA, « la Couronne ».

3. dans le cas A, nous avons un figure du Démon / Panthère complexe, soumise à une torsion assez grande entre un buste disposé de face avec une tête tournée vers la droite et une croupe quasiment de profil. Mais elle peut rester proportionnée, même en tenant faisant figurer AGA, « la Couronne », qui appartient à la seconde liste. Une seule remarque pour cette hypothèse : si le terme ''kumaru'' comme « épaule », ainsi que le pensent Hunger et Pingree, c’est ''γ Cyg'' qui conviendrait mieux dans la figure que ''β Cyg''. Si nous prenons l’acception proposée par Koch, ''β Cyg'' est parfaitement à sa place sur la représentation proposée.

4. Dans le cas B, nous ne pouvons admettre une figure de l’animal emblème de Nergal que de dos avec une tête tournée vers la gauche, ce qui obligerait à localiser GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit » sur une épaule de fait cachée par la figure. Cela paraît bien peu vraisemblable.

5. il n’est pas totalement impossible que nous soyons en présence de deux figures composée de façon indépendante impliquant donc des noms d’étoiles que le regroupement dans un figure unique rendrait incohérent. Je ferai toutefois l’hypothèse d’une figure unique. Le problème se pose alors de localiser les étoiles du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' sur cette figure en modifiant leur identification. Dans ce cas GÌR GÙB, « le Pied gauche », correspondrait à l’espace de ''Sagitta''. C’est ainsi que mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB, « la Base du Pied gauche » pourrait être identifiée à ''γ Sge'' et mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB, « le Doigt du Pied gauche », à ''γ Sge''. Le fait que la tablette V R 46 nous parle des ''bras'' de U4.KA.DUḪ.A et non ce ses ''pieds'' (GÌR) comme cela est indiqué dans la liste B, ou de ''jambe'' (''kinṣu'') et de ''talon'' (''asidu'') invite cependant à pencher pour l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de figures.

|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

UD.KA.DU8.A

2025-04-08T10:47:08Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Historical Dictionaries */ Laffitte's dictionary included

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UD.KA.DU8.A}}
[[File:Layard plate5 ukadua nimrud.PNG|alt=drawing of a Nimrud relief by Layard (1853)|thumb|Henry Austin Layard's drawing of the storm demon between to male gods in Nimrud, published in Layard (1853). [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/library/3ADD60G8/pageimg&start=11&pn=19&mode=imagepath Digital Source (MPIWG Berlin)]. ]]
A Mesopotamian constellation in the region of [[Cygnus]] and [[Cepheus]]. The Sumerian term is a compound, literally meaning "the demon with the gaping mouth" and designating a storm demon. In lexical lists it is equalled with the Akkadian term "the panther", suggesting that this demon looks like a panther. Possibly, it refers to a panther-griffin.

A relief sequence in Nimrud shows the depiction of a panther-griffin with a gaping mouth in the middle between the weather god and the god of war. Both, weather and war, can be associated with storm in the way of thunderstorm and "to be up in arms", respectively.

==Dictionary==
===Krebernik (2023)===
var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A

The sumerogram means “day/storm demon (U4) with open (DU8.A) mouth (KA)”. The Akk. reading ''nimru'' “panther” (normal logogram PIRIG.TUR) is uncertain, cf. CAD N/2, 235 s.v. ''nimru'' 2. Note, however, the equation mulKA. AN.DU8 = ''pa-ti-rù'' between mulUDU.IDIM = ''bi-i-bu'' and mulMAR.TU = ''a''-˹''mu''˺-''ru'' in a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 27’, see Arnaud 1985, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011, I 211, II 127). Gantzert transliterates mulQÀ.AN.DU8 and considers this as a variant spelling for GI.DU8 = ''paṭīru'' “altar” (AHw: “Tragaltärchen”), which would be based on GI = ''qanû'' “reed”. Alternatively, ''pati-rù'' could represent a hitherto unattested Akkadian word corresponding to Greek πάνθηρ “panther” (which is considered to be a loanword from an ancient Near Eastern language, cf. also Sanskrit ''puṇḍarīka'' “tiger”). mulU4.KA.DU8.A (EN 27l).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
var. reading: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mulkaduḫḫû, (mul)nimru, sum. "Demon with the Gaping Mouth," akk. "Panther, Leopard"; constellation in the Swan and parts of Cepheus (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234-235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|Lexical texts.

* Nabnītu Series XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' "Dem[on] with the Open Mouth = Panther," quoted in [LAS 2, 93], see also [CT 12, 48 iv 14].
|panther griffin?
|-
|Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.

* mul''Ka4-ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71].
|
|-
|EAE.

* See. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], and also [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30].
|
|-
|"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).

* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Anu, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): ''mul ša igi-šu gub kap-pi u rit-te gar-nu / mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur)'' "The constellation which stands before it (i.e. Libra), possessing wings and arms, (is) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 4].
** (2) List (3´12): [itigan] ... mul''ud.ka.du8.a šu-ut dA-nim'' "[Kislim]: ... The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — kislim, setting — simanu [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40].
* BM 82923. Kislimu, stars of Anu: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Demon with the Gaping Mouth // 60 // Mars" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:26].
* BM 34713. Month of tebet, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:10], see g27GU.LA.
* "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 "(Stars of Anu, month of Kislim), Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 60" [CT 33, 11].
* Text Nv. 10.
** Intercalation scheme: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ like the constellation of Ea — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of adar, see (Kurtik L04) Lammu.
** Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A.png|alt=UD.KA.DU.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|"Catalog of 30 stars".

* Anu 4. [MUL ša2] ˹''ana'' IGI''-it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] "[The star that] stands opposite it (i.e., . Scorpius), wearing a crown (on its head), equipped with wings and arms, (it is) the 'Demon with the Op[en] Mouth', [Nergal]" (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].
Text BM 77054. See sh17ŠU.PA.
|
|-
|MUL.APIN.

* (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš "On the 15th day of kislim, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Eagle and Pabilsag become visible" (I iii 5-6).
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets: a) (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) NUNki, b) (I iii 29), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal sunrisings: TA KUR ša2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulSIM.MAḪ "30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth. 30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow" (I iii 39-40).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a) BE-''ma zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina šer3-ti la-am'' dUTU KUR''-ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG''-ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-ka imKUR.RA ni-iš IGI-ka imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e / ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR''-ḫa'' "If you wish to observe the ziqpu-(stars) in the 20th day of nisan, you should stand in the morning before sunrise, place the west on your right, the east on your left, with your face facing south; (at that time) the shoulder of the Demon with the pPen Mouth will stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest and the Staff will rise" (I iv 10-14),
** (b) on the 1st day of Ayar, the chest of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the Star Cluster rise, cf. (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL,
** (c) on the 20th day of ayar, the knee of the Demon with the Split Mouth culminates, the Bull's Jaw rises, see (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'',
** (d) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR''-ḫa'' "On the 10th day of siman, the heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20), (for a parallel see BM 77054:1′-4′ [George 1991]),
** (e) Shupa culminates, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises (I iv 27), see sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44-45, 49, 51, 54, 59-63, 66].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021), left is Cassiopeia, below Andromeda, above Vega, right Altair]]
|-
|"Letters" and "Reports." See. [LABS, 149 r. 2-3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5].
|
|-
|"Great Star List"

* (1) List of names of Mars: mul''ud.ka.duḫ.a'' = d''min''(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226].
|
|-
|Star List VR 46,

* 1:43. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = u4-mu na-ʼi-ri "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Roaring Demon" [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162-3; AHw, 709a].
|
|-
|Uranologies

* MLC 1866. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ / ˹ṣa-lam˺ šu-u2 lu-bu-uš-tu4 la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ''˹2˺ pa-ni-šu2 pa-ni maḫ-ru-˹tu2˺ pa-ni ṣa-lam / ˹pa˺-ni ar2-ku-˹tu4 pa˺-ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin / pi-i pi-˹ti kap˺-pi ra-aš2-ši kin-ṣi 15-šu2 / ˹ki-ṣal˺-šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du 15-šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x a-si-d]u KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam''
* "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, is the first in line, it goes ahead. / Here is a description of (his) human figure: he is clothed, he carries a crown. / He has two faces. The front face is that of a human figure, / the face in the hind is that of a lion, bearded, / mouth open, has wings; his right shin (and) / his ankle (repeated) three times(?); a star on his right heel (and) lower limbs / [(these are) ... the heel] and lower limbs of a human figure" (col. i 17-23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39-40, Section B].
|
|-
|Lists of ziqpu-stars.

* See (Kurtik k25) Kumāru, (Kurtik n20) ''ni-bu-u2 ša2'' GABA-''šu''2, (Kurtik k18) ''Kinṣu'', (Kurtik a47) ''Asīdu''.
|
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* С. [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] "Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / [...2 in]ter[va]ls, interval [...]" [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[...] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? "The throat of the Demon? with the [Open?] Mouth?", according to [Koch 1995]. F. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The rig[ht] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]" (ι Cyg), see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* G. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], see (Kurtik sh02) ŠAḪ.
* H. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a maḫ-ru "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). Ra[inbow (β Cas). sta]r with great brilliance from the Old Man (θ Per). 3 stars. Loosely stained rope. [2 inter]vals, inter[val]. Right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth — first." [Walker 1995, 30-31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* I. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ [...m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš tak2-si "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). [...] PA SI of Stag (δ Cas). 3 stars. tak2-si" [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104-105]; according to [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ [...] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail of the Pig]"(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = pa-si lu.lim "Leaf(?) of the Stag".
* J. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2. ba "The toe on the right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (π Peg), the st[ar with great brilliance] of Anunitu (γ Peg), the head of the Hired Man (α Ari): 3 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57].
* §m. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
* §w. mulku-ma-ru ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ḫe-pi2 "The Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (κ Cyg? ), Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), left arm, new damage, Zababa (ζ Oph): 4 stars. Cow Pasture. Leg of the Goat, damage." [Walker 1995, 40-41; ASM, 110-111]; according to J. Koch, mulšu gub3 ḫe-pi2 eš-šu2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "Left hand [of the Bison]" (Ser d), mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63].
* §x. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti u3 mulšu ḫe-pi2 "The base of the left leg of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (μ Cyg), the star with great brilliance Anunitu (γ Peg), and the hand, damage." [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ḫe-pi2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[The left] hand [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr).
|
|-
|Text W. 22281a.

* ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša2'' dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ. AM3
* "On the 15th day of siman, during sunrise in the morning, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Field, and the Swallow are in equilibrium (= in climax). In the month of kislimu, in the evening at sunset, the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:5'-6'; ASM, 99], see also [SpTU I, 27 r.20].
|
|-
|Anaphora. А 3427:

* [... ina] itiab ina AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) "[In] the month of tebet at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. See also h12lúḪUN.GA2.
|Example
|}

===additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Nergal (see n18). Prayers and rituals. (1) At a lunar eclipse: diš ina itikan kimin-ma .... [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab uš-kin ti.la taḫ "If in the month of kislim (an eclipse occurrs)... he casts himself down (before) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (and) the Scorpius; (his) life will be prolonged" [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. (2) Calendar and mythological text BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. (3) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka / [...] ˹lu˺-ter a-na la DUG3-˹ub? lib ? bi?˺ "[The Demon with the Op]en [Mouth], Nergal, may he strengthen your foundation, all your enemies / [...] may he throw you into discontent!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′-10′].

==== III. Symbol. ====
For a description of the figure of the constellation see. MLC 1866 (col. i 17-24). The figure resembles that of a monster-like creature with features resembling a panther, a lion, and a bird; it has arms, wings, and two faces — one apparently that of a human and the other like a lion. The presence of a crown indicates the figure's divine status. Mesopotamian glyptics contain many images of different kinds of bird-lions, lion-griffins, but we do not know an image that exactly corresponds to the description given above. Thus, on kudurru and in glyptics there are images of a "dragon-lion" or "lion-griffin", whose front part of the body is like a lion (head, paws, and the trunk), and the hind part is bird-like (legs with claws and a tail), it also has wings, and the mouth is always viciously open [Seidl 1968, 181ff. ; 1969, 489a; Black-Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. There is no evidence, however, that these images were actually associated with the constellation mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Cygnus + nearby constellations: Cepheus, Lacerta; + parts of Pegasus and Andromeda(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + part of Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957-59, 75a].

= Swan (Cygnus) and part of Cepheus (Cepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Swan, Lizard, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Swan (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

(1) Crown (α Cep), see dbn text (§§C, m, w).

(2) Throat(?), see dbn-text (§C).

(3) Shoulder (= ziqpu VIII), see k25Kumāru.

(4) Chest (= ziqpu IX), see n20ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2

(5) Arms, see Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 stars."

(6) Wings, see MLC 1866, Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars."

(7) Right leg (ι Cyg), see dbn text (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) The base of the left foot (μ Cyg), see dbn-text (§x).

(9) Toe on the right foot (π Peg), see dbn-text (§ J).

(10) Knee (= ziqpu X), see k18Kinṣu.

(11) Heel (= ziqpu XI), see a47Asīdu.

==== VI. Astrology. ====
Identifications:

(1) = Mars; see above BM 82923, "Great Star List," and also predictions (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = Nergal; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ša2 [...] "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is) Nergal, who [...]" [ARAK, 282:2], see also Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars," MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = Šimut; see sh12dŠimut, II 1-2, and also prediction (14).

(4) = Jupiter(?); see prediction (11).

Predictions:

(5) Rising in its own time and not in its own time; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ina itiŠU ŠU2 ina ITI […] IGI-mar BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI LUGAL KUR2-šu2 GAR-an / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-šu2 KUR2-šu2 GAR-an IDIM.ME KUR-ad2 "The [D]emon with the Open Mouth sets in the month of duuzu, it rises in the month of [...]; if the star rises early: the king of the country will smite his enemy; if the star [rises] late: [the king of the country] will be smitten by his enemy (and) will gain knowledge?" [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) Risings in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ina KA dIr3-ra BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ana MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (= Mars?) rises heliacally in the month of nisan: (within) 5 years, there will be a plague in Akkad at the command of Erra, but it will not affect livestock." [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) approaches the Fish (=Mercury); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A a-na mulKU6 TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana dGU4.UD TE-ma [...] "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth approaches the Fish, (it means): Mars appraoches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:15], see also [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) The Wolf approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; see u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in Scorpius, when the Shoulder culminates; see g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Stag; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ir-ḫi RI.RI (check) bu-lim GALGA KUR SAR-aḫ "If the Demon with the Op[en] Mouth 'waters'(?) the right leg of the Stag: cattle will fall; council in the country will shine forth" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ) MAN MA[R.TU...] / dSAG.ME.GAR ma-diš [...] ... "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu: the king of Amur[ru (will die) ...], (it means): Jupiter is very [....]..." [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; this prediction allows for the identity, "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Jupiter," but we cannot assert this with complete certainty..

(12) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth darkens; múlUD.KA.DU8.A a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-ma "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth becomes dark: an eclipse of the Moon will occur during the evening watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) is very white or very red when it appears; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ina GU4.UD-šu2 AN-e sip2-du(?) u4-mu dṢal-bat-a-nu […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 si-nu-tu u3 […] / [ina IGI.D]U8.A-šu2 ma-gal SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN lip3-lip3-ši-na UŠ2.MEŠ aš2-šu2 … "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is observed) durings its appearance in the sky: sorrow, Mars' day [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very white: horses will die because of si-nu-tu and [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very red: pregnant women and their intrauterine babies will die because of ..." [ACh Ištar, 30:8-10], see also [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) The colors of Shemut (= the Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars); DIŠ dSi-mu-ut MUL.BI MI (var.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) ... "If Shemut, its star is black (var.: white, green, red) ..." [ACh Ištar, 24:4-5].

See also: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI ...[...] "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth appears...[...]" [ARAK, 415 r. 1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, u06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
!Laffitte (2009)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mul''kaduḫḫû'', (mul)''nimru'', шум. «Демон с Разинутой Пастью», акк. «Пантера, Леопард»; созвездие в Лебеде и части Цефея (Cygnus + Cepheus) [G. 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234–235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].||Example
|U4.KA.DUḪ.A
« le Démon Tempête à la Gueule béante »

= ''Nemru'', « la Panthère »
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты''.''' Серия ''Nabnītu'' XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' «Дем[он] с Разинутой Пастью = Пантера», цит. по [LAS 2, 93], см. также [CT 12, 48 iv 14]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. mul''Ka''4-''ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' igi-''šu'' gub ''kap-pi u rit-te'' gar-''nu'' / mulud.ka.du8.a d''Nergal''(u.gur) «Созвездие, которое перед ними (т.е. Весами) стоит, обладающее крыльями и руками, (это) Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 4]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … mulud.ka.du8.a ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[Кислиму]: … Демон с Разинутой Пастью (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]. BM 82923. Кислиму, звезды Ану: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью // 60 // Марс» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:26]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 «(Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 60» [CT 33, 11]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 4. [MUL ''ša''2] ˹''ana'' IGI-''it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-''nu'' múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] «[Звезда, которая] напротив него (т.е. Скорпиона) стоит, несущая корону (на своей голове), снабженная крыльями и руками, (это) “Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью”, [Нергал]» (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš «15-го кислиму Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Орел и Пабилсаг становятся видны» (I iii 5–6). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 20), см. n50NUNki, b) (I iii 29), см. a04A2mušen. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ «30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью. 30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки» (I iii 39–40). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' BE-''ma'' ''zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka'' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina'' ''šer''3-''ti la-am'' dUTU KUR-''ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG-''ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-''ka'' imKUR.RA ''ni-iš'' IGI-''ka'' imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' «Если ты хочешь наблюдать ''ziqpu''-(звезды) 20-го нисану, ты должен стать утром перед восходом Солнца, запад справа от тебя, восток слева от тебя, лицо твое обращено к югу; (в это время) плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Посох восходит» (I iv 10–14), '''b)''' 1-го айяру грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Звезды восходят, см. m35MUL.MUL, '''c)''' 20-го айяру колено Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Челюсть Быка восходит, см. i15''Is lê'', '''d)''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du'' ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa'' «10-го симану пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), (параллель см. BM 77054:1′–4′ [George 1991]), '''e)''' Шупа кульминирует, Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит (I iv 27), см. sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44–45, 49, 51, 54, 59–63, 66]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 149 r. 2–3; ARAK, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulud.ka.duḫ.a = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:43'''''. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = ''u''4-''mu'' ''na''-ʼ''i-ri'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Ревущий демон» [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162–3; AHw, 709a]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺ / ˹''ṣa-lam''˺ ''šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ˹2˺ ''pa-ni''-''šu2'' ''pa-ni maḫ-ru''-˹''tu''2˺ ''pa-ni ṣa-lam'' / ˹''pa''˺''-ni ar''2-''ku-''˹''tu''4 ''pa''˺-''ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin'' / ''pi-i'' ''pi-''˹''ti'' ''kap''˺''-pi ra''-''aš''2-''ši kin-ṣi'' 15-''šu2'' / ˹''ki-ṣal''˺-''šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du'' 15-''šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x ''a-si-d'']''u'' KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, самый первый, идущий впереди. / Вот (его) человеческая фигура: он в одеянии, он несет корону. / У него два лица. Переднее лицо — лицо человеческой фигуры, / заднее лицо — лицо льва, бородат, / рот открыт, имеет крылья; его правая голень (и) / его лодыжка (повторены) трижды(?); звезда на его правой пятке (и) нижних конечностях / [(это) … пятк]а и нижние конечности человеческой фигуры» (col. i 17–23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39–40, Section B]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. См. k25''Kumāru'', n20''ni''-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, k18''Kinṣu'', a47''Asīdu''. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''С.''' [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] «Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), Демон с Разинутой Пастью (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / […2 ин]тер[ва]ла, интервал […]» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? «Горло Демона? с [Разинутой?] Пастью?», согласно [Koch 1995]. '''F'''. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]» (ι Cyg), см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''G'''. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''H'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). Ра[дуга (β Cas). Звез]да с большим блеском Старика (θ Per). 3 звезды. Слабо натянутая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интер[вал]. Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью — первая.» [Walker 1995, 30–31; ASM, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ […m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš ''tak''2-''si'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). […] PA SI Оленя (δ Cas). 3 звезды. ''tak''2-''si''» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 104–105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ […] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост Свиньи]»(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim «Лист(?) Оленя». '''J'''. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Носок правой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (π Peg), зве[зда с большим блеском] Ануниту (γ Peg), голова Наемника (α Ari): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''§m'''. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), см. u31UZ3. '''§w'''. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2 «Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (κ Cyg?), Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), левая рука, новое повреждение, Забаба (ζ Oph): 4 звезды. Коровье пастбище. Нога Козы, повреждение» [Walker 1995, 40–41; ASM, 110–111]; согласно Й. Коху, mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser ''d''), mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63]. '''§x'''. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 «Основание левой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (μ Cyg), звезда с большим блеском Ануниту (γ Peg) и рука, повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 41; ASM, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr). '''''Текст Nv. 10.''''' Схема интеркаляции: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04''Lammu''. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го симану при восходе Солнца утром Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Поле и Ласточка в равновесии (= в кульминации). В месяце кислиму вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:5'–6'; ASM, 99], см. также [SpTU I, 27 r.20]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: [… ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «[В] месяце тебету в полдень(?) 29-го дня Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. См. также h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Нергал (см. n18). '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' При лунном затмении: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin-''ma'' …. [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ «Если в месяце кислиму (затмение произошло)… он повергает себя ниц (перед) Демоном с Разинутой Пастью (и) Скорпионом; (его) жизнь продлится» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. '''(2)''' Календарно-мифологический текст BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. '''(3)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / […] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''?-''bi''?˺ «[Демон с Рази]нутой [Пастью], Нергал, да укрепит твои основания, всех врагов твоих / […] да ввергнет в недовольство!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′–10′].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия см. MLC 1866 (col. i 17–24). Это монстрообразное существо, имеющее черты сходства с пантерой, но также со львом и птицей, у него есть руки, крылья и два лица, одно, по-видимому, человеческое, а второе — львиное. Наличие короны указывает на божественный статус фигуры. Месопотамская глиптика содержит немало изображений различного рода птице-львов, львов-грифонов, однако нам неизвестно изображение, точно соответствующее приведенному описанию. Так, на кудурру и в глиптике встречаются изображения «льва-дракона», или «льва-грифона», у которого передняя часть тела — львиная (голова, лапы и туловище), а задняя часть — птичья (ноги с когтями и хвост), у него имеются также крылья, и пасть всегда злобно разинута [Seidl 1968, 181ff.; 1969, 489a; Black–Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Нет, однако, доказательств того, что эти изображения были на самом деле связаны с созвездием mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

IV. Отождествление.

= Сygnus + близлежащие созвездия: Cepheus, Lacerta; + части Пегаса и Андромеды(?) [G. 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + часть Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) и часть Цефея (Сepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Лебедь, Ящерица и части Кассиопеи и Цефея [MA, 138; ASM, 274].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Корона (α Cep), см. dbn-текст (§§С, m, w).

(2) Горло(?), см dbn-текст (§С).

(3) Плечо (= ''ziqpu'' VIII), см. k25''Kumāru''.

(4) Грудь (= ''ziqpu'' IX), см. n20''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2

(5) Руки, см. Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(6) Крылья, см. MLC 1866, Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(7) Правая нога (ι Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) Основание левой ноги (μ Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§x).

(9) Носок правой ноги (π Peg), см. dbn-текст (§ J).

(10) Колено (= ''ziqpu'' X), см. k18''Kinṣu''.

(11) Пятка (= ''ziqpu'' XI), см. a47''Asīdu''.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''; см. выше ''BM 82923'', «''Большой список звезд»'', а также предсказания (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = ''Нергал''; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 […] «Демон с Разинутой Пастью (есть) Нергал, который […]» [ARAK, 282:2], см. также Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''», MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Шимут''; см. sh12d''Šimut'', II 1–2, а также предсказание (14).

(4) = ''Юпитер''(?); см. предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(5) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 «[Д]емон с Разинутой Пастью заходит в месяце дуузу, он восходит в месяце […]; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь страны поразит своего врага; еcли эта звезда [восходит] поздно: [царя той страны] поразит его враг (и) захватит знать?» [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) ''Восход в месяце нисану''; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (= Марс?) восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану: (в течение) 5 лет в Аккаде по велению Эрры будет чума, но она не коснется скота» [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''приближается к Рыбе'' (=''Меркурий''); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью к Рыбе приближается, (это означает): Марс к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:15], см. также [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) ''Волк к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) ''Затмение Луны в Скорпионе, когда Плечо кульминирует''; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Олень''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI (проверить) ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-''aḫ'' «Если Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью «поливает»(?) правую ногу Оленя: падеж скота; совет в стране воссияет» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU…] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' […] … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'': царь Амур[ру (умрет) …], (это означает): Юпитер очень [….]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; данное предсказание допускает тождество: “Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Юпитер”, однако полной уверенности быть не может.

(12) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью потемнел''; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью стал темным: затмение Луны в вечернюю стражу произойдет» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''при своем появлении очень белый или'' ''очень красный''; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-e ''sip''2''-du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (наблюдается) при своем появлении на небе: печаль, день Марса […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень белый: лошади будут умирать из-за ''si-nu-tu'' и […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень красный: беременные женщины и их внутриутробные младенцы будут умирать из-за …» [ACh Ištar, 30:8–10], см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) ''Цвета Шимута'' (= ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс''); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (вар.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) … «Если Шимут, звезда его черная (вар.: белая, зеленая, красная) …» [ACh Ištar, 24:4–5].

См. также: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI … […] «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью появляется … […]» [ARAK, 415 r. 1–2]
|Example
|* Le nom de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », est attesté dans les ''Tables calendaires'' dites « astrolabes » datées de la fin du 1er millénaire av. J.-C. o il correspond à ''α Cyg''.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> On trouve ce nom pour une constellation désormais développée tant plusieurs documents datés entre l’an mil et 650 av. J.-C., notamment les ''Listes d’étoiles culminantes'' et le ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'', de même époque, soit ver où elle apparaît comme un des plus riches d’étoiles de la voûte céleste mésopotamienne.

Neuf étoiles apparaissent dans ces documents pour la constellation U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », que l’on nomme ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », en akkadien. Le tableau ci-dessous découle d’une série d’hypothèses qui ont conduit à modifier les identifications faites pour les rendre cohérente avec la figure la plus plausible, le changement le plus substantiel consistant à faire passer le « Pied gauche » du segment ''μ Cyg''‒''π Peg'' à ''γ Sge''‒''α Sge''. Il n’est cependant pas certain que les Mésopotamiens n’avaient pas, en des lieux différents, imaginé des iconographies différentes pour cette figure qui se présente de toute façon sans doute possible comme un démon/panthère ailé.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nom'''
|'''Transcription'''
|'''Traduction'''
|-
|''α Cep''
|mul.AGA U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Couronne du Démon tempête
|-
|''α Cyg''
|mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A

mul.GABA U4.KA.DUḪ.A

MUL ''nibu šá'' mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Démon tempête

la Poitrine du Démon Tempête

(l’étoile) brillante (de la Poitrine) du Démon…°
|-
|''δ Cyg''
|mul.GÌR ZAG U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Patte droite du Démon tempête
|-
|''β Cyg''
|mul.''kumaru'' (''šá'') U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Épaule du Démon tempête
|-
|''γ Sge''
|mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Hanche gauche du Démon tempête
|-
|''ο2 Cyg''
|mul.GÚ.MUR
|la Trachée artère
|-
|''α Sge''
|mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Orteil de Patte gauche du Démon
|-
|''α Lac''
|''Kinṣu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|-
|''λ Andr''
|''Asidu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|}
'''II. La mythologie liée à la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'''''

Comme l’indiquent sans équivoque les textes classiques, U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », ou ''Nemru'' = « la Panthère » en akkadien, est l’emblème de Nergal qui possède, ans la mythologie mésopotamienne, le statut de dieu des Enfers, maître du Monde d’En-bas. Placé d’abord sous l’autorité d’Éreškigal, le Monde des morts est devenu son royaume à la suite de son mariage avec la déesse, ainsi que le raconte le mythe ''Nergal et Éreškigal''.

La personnalité de Nergal est complexe. Ainsi apparaît-il sur le monder terrestre commun dieu redoutable, maître des épidémies mortelles et des inondations. Ce pouvoir de mort explique son assimilation, effectuée à la fin du IIe millénaire, avec Erra, le dieu de la Guerre, dont il hérite l’épithète de « Vaillant ». C’est à ce titre qu’il devient d’ailleurs le patron de la planète ''Ṣabaltānu'' (= ''Mars''), dont le rougeoiement était conçu comme un phénomène funeste dans les textes astrologiques.

Il est représenté sur les kudurrus d’époque qassite par son animal emblématique, le Démon/Panthère ailé accompagné d’une masse à double tête de panthère.

Les Mésopotamiens avaient une représentation assez réaliste des figures célestes, comme cela est prouvé par la mise au point des figures de UR.GU.LA, « le Lion », ou de SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, « le Fidèle Berger d’Anu » à partir des noms d’étoiles, les figures représentations fournies par les kudurrus ou par le document astrologique dont témoignent les tablettes VAT 7847 & 7851 et AO 6448.

Or les Mésopotamiens donnèrent des noms aux étoiles de la région centrée sur ''Cygnus'' des appellations s’expliquant par la place des étoiles dans la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », qui est, selon V R 46, l. 43, UD-''mu na-i-ri'', soit « la Tempête rugissante », et dont l’équivalent akkadien est ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », lié à Nergal.

En effet, ainsi que cela ressort tant de la tablette babylonienne tardive BM 5502, l. 19, qui est une copie de la tablette médiobabylonienne HS 1897, que de la ''Table des Douze fois Trois'', CT 250, ii, l.12, ou encore du ''Texte MUL.APIN'', c’est-à-dire de la tablette BM 86378, I, i, l. 28 : U4.KA.DUḪ.A d.UGUR, soit « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante est Nergal ».

Nous apprenons par ce mêmes tablettes que U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », se présente ''a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu, « coiffé d’une couronne [et] muni d’ailes et de mains », HS 1897, l. 18 & BM 5502, l. 19. Nous possédons une représentation de la panthère/démon tempête comme symbole de Nergal sur le kudurru du roi qassite Mellishipak II, 1188-1174 av. J.-C. (voir ci-contre).

Nous possédons deux types de listes d’étoiles de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A. La première fait partie des étoiles culminantes canoniques, que nous trouvons dans divers documents, notamment dans AO 6478, dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Hermann Hunger et David Pingree, ''Astral sciences'', 86-87. La seconde est extraite du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' (K 6490), dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Johannes Koch, ''WO'', XXVI, 27-42, par ailleurs indiqué par les auteurs précédents, ''ibid.'', 105-111.

'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A'''

'''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A à partir des identifications de J. Koch'''

Le passage des deux identifications au prisme de la localisation dans les figures reconstituées à partir des noms d’étoiles, conduit aux constatations suivantes :

1. les deux identifications induisent des formes différentes pour la figure de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A ;

2. dans les deux cas, une représentation anthropomorphique s’avère impraticable. Dans le cas A, le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / Kamaru, « l’Épaule », étant plus long que le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / ''Asidu'', « le Talon », cela entraînerait un torse complètement disproportionné puisque le rapport du premier ne saurait dépasser le quart dans un figure humaine trapue et aux jambes courtes. Dans le cas B, GABA, « la Poitrine », se trouverait exactement entre un GÌR GÙB, « Pied gauche » et un GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit », de taille différente, même si l’on admet avec Koch que le terme ''kumaru'' doit être compris non comme « épaule », mais comme « limite », et la distance entre GABA, « la Poitrine » et GÌR ZAG, « le Pied droit », serait quatre ou cinq fois plus petite que celle qui séparerait GABA, « la Poitrine », et AGA, « la Couronne ».

3. dans le cas A, nous avons un figure du Démon / Panthère complexe, soumise à une torsion assez grande entre un buste disposé de face avec une tête tournée vers la droite et une croupe quasiment de profil. Mais elle peut rester proportionnée, même en tenant faisant figurer AGA, « la Couronne », qui appartient à la seconde liste. Une seule remarque pour cette hypothèse : si le terme ''kumaru'' comme « épaule », ainsi que le pensent Hunger et Pingree, c’est ''γ Cyg'' qui conviendrait mieux dans la figure que ''β Cyg''. Si nous prenons l’acception proposée par Koch, ''β Cyg'' est parfaitement à sa place sur la représentation proposée.

4. Dans le cas B, nous ne pouvons admettre une figure de l’animal emblème de Nergal que de dos avec une tête tournée vers la gauche, ce qui obligerait à localiser GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit » sur une épaule de fait cachée par la figure. Cela paraît bien peu vraisemblable.

5. il n’est pas totalement impossible que nous soyons en présence de deux figures composée de façon indépendante impliquant donc des noms d’étoiles que le regroupement dans un figure unique rendrait incohérent. Je ferai toutefois l’hypothèse d’une figure unique. Le problème se pose alors de localiser les étoiles du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' sur cette figure en modifiant leur identification. Dans ce cas GÌR GÙB, « le Pied gauche », correspondrait à l’espace de ''Sagitta''. C’est ainsi que mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB, « la Base du Pied gauche » pourrait être identifiée à ''γ Sge'' et mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB, « le Doigt du Pied gauche », à ''γ Sge''. Le fait que la tablette V R 46 nous parle des ''bras'' de U4.KA.DUḪ.A et non ce ses ''pieds'' (GÌR) comme cela est indiqué dans la liste B, ou de ''jambe'' (''kinṣu'') et de ''talon'' (''asidu'') invite cependant à pencher pour l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de figures.

|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Kaffalmusalsala

2025-04-07T11:34:00Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Etymology and History */ added provenience of the term and corrected the spelling

E. B. Knobel (1895, MNRAS, 55, 429) "On a Catalogue of Stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket" (17th century, Arabic, from Cairo) has "Keff al Salsalat" (Latin transliteration "Manus Catenatae") for iota Andromedae (ι And).

==Etymology and History==
[[Andromeda]]'s right arm has always been drawn in this area of the sky. The star ι And is described as ''Τῶν ἐπἰ τοῦ δεξιοῦ άκρόχειρον'' (Halma, II, 48-49), ''i.e.'' "at the end of the right hand" together with ''κ'' and ''λ'' And. In Arabic, al-Ḥağğāğ translates as ''clā ṭaraf al-kaff'', “at the tip of the right palm” and Isḥāq as ''clā ’l-kaff'', “on the palm”. Al-Battānī does not mention these stars. As for al-Ṣūfī, he uses also the word ''al-Kaff'' in their description, and al-Bīrūnī does the same after him.

Then the following identifications appear chronologically:
{| class="wikitable"
|''κ And''
|''al-Awsaṭ min Kaff al-Musalsala''
|the Median of the Palm of the Chained One
|Marrākušī (13th c)
|-
|
|''Wasaṭ Kaff al-Musalsala''
|the Median of the Palm of the Chained One
|Miṣrī (14th c.)
|-
|
|''idem''
|''Idem''
|Tīzīnī (16th c.)
|-
|''λ And''
|''Šamālī Kaff al-Musalsala''
|The Northern of the Palm of the Chained One
|Miṣrī(14th c.)
|}
Only this one can be taken as a true proper name:
{| class="wikitable"
|''ι And''
|''Kaff al-(Mu)salsala''
|the Palm of the Chain One
|Aḫsāsī (17th)
|}
'''3 remarks.'''

# al-Aḫsāsī reads ''al-salasa'' in the manuscript, which is, as he quotes it (p. 436, n. 31), a scribal error for ''al-musalsala'', "the Chained One." It seems reasonable to reintroduce the exact word.
# In the transcription currently used, we write ''kaff'' and no longer ''Keff'', and the final /''t''/ of ''Salsalat'' is not justified. The name would therefore be ''Kaff al-Musalsala'', which is roughly the spelling used by Mustafa Pular in his catalog for ''κ And''.
# The stars ''ι'', ''κ'' and ''λ And'' all three deserve the name ''Kaff al-musalsala'', but their magnitudes are respectively: 4.29, 4.15, and 3.81. As we can see, ''λ And'' is the largest.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2023 due to its appearance in modern literature (Knobel 1895). The name is not in Simbad or anyhow known in the public. From the group of three lambda would be the brightest, but has an older name ([[Asidu]]); so we would suggest kappa And to be named with the Arabic term. However, we suggest to correct Knobel's spelling from the 19th century and name the star ''Kaffalmusalala'' (adapted to the IAU-Style Guide, simplified to pre-Unicode ASCII).

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Arabic‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T15:17:08Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Ptolemäus nicht angeführt hat.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Lyncis hinzunimmt. Nur die Lteztezrebn drei stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Lynis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', or "Tables of right ascensions of the stars and their declinations", accompanied by their signs [+ or -] is one of the tables in the book ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' by Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, between 1325 and 1340. It is edited and partially translated by ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T15:03:18Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* IAU Working Group Star Names */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', or "Tables of right ascensions of the stars and their declinations", accompanied by their signs [+ or -] is one of the tables in the book ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' by Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, between 1325 and 1340. It is edited and partially translated by ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:57:18Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:56:47Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''English:''‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:56:08Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Names of the Stars in Jordanus */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:'''''the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘'' “stars arranged lengthwise below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”'' [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies ''aẓ-ẓibā''' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:51:51Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Roland Laffitte, Le ciel des Arabes, p. 112-113. */ added English translation

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between ''aẓ-ẓibā”'' [no. 329] and ''al-qafazāt'' [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘'' “stars arranged lengthwise below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”'' [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies ''aẓ-ẓibā''' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:47:44Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Roland Laffitte, Le ciel des Arabes, p. 112-113. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between ''aẓ-ẓibā”'' [no. 329] and ''al-qafazāt'' [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘'' “stars arranged lengthwise below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”'' [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies ''aẓ-ẓibā''' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’. </blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:32:06Z

Rolandlaffitte:

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen aẓ-ẓibā’ [nr. 329] und al-qafazāt [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120 :<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’ [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the anwā‘ definition “below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”’. </blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |

''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="4" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="4" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:28:24Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* IAU Working Group Star Names */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961.''' ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen aẓ-ẓibā’ [nr. 329] und al-qafazāt [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120 :<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’ [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the anwā‘ definition “below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”’. </blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113.''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |

''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="4" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="4" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:25:09Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961.''' ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen aẓ-ẓibā’ [nr. 329] und al-qafazāt [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120 :<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’ [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the anwā‘ definition “below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”’. </blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113.''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |

''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="4" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="4" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:21:47Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961.''' ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen aẓ-ẓibā’ [nr. 329] und al-qafazāt [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120 :<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’ [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’” überein. </blockquote>. <blockquote>'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the anwā‘ definition “below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”’. </blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113.''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |

''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="4" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="4" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:20:34Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961.''' ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen aẓ-ẓibā’ [nr. 329] und al-qafazāt [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.

'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120 :<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’ [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’” überein.

'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the anwā‘ definition “below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”’. </blockquote>
[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113.''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |

''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="4" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="4" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:20:17Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961.''' ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen aẓ-ẓibā’ [nr. 329] und al-qafazāt [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.

'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120 :<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’ [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’” überein.

'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the anwā‘ definition “below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”’. </blockquote>
[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113.''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |

''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="4" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="4" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-16T14:19:50Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961.''' ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen) : ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen aẓ-ẓibā’ [nr. 329] und al-qafazāt [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Prolemäus nicht angeführt habe.

'''English:''' the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120 :<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’ [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. Und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. Externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Luncis hinzunimmt. Nur dies Lteztezrebn drei Stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’” überein.

'''English:''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā' with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Luncis. Only these three Lteztezrebn agree with the anwā‘ definition “below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā”’. </blockquote>
[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’'' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113.''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |

''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="4" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="4" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', soit « Table des ascensions droites des étoiles et de leurs déclinaisons accompagnées de leurs signes [+ ou ‒], est l’un des tables figurant dans le ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' de Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, entre 1325 et 1340. Elle vient d’être éditée et traduite à partir du ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

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==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]