All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

LUGAL

2026-01-09T17:34:35Z

JanSafford:

[[File:Sharru King.png|thumb|Babylonian single star-asterism Sharru, LUGAL, the King, in Stellarium.]]
mul / dLUGAL (𒀯𒈗) = ''šarru'', 'The King' is an asterism in [[Leo]]. It is identified in MUL.APIN I i 9 as part of the Mesopotamian constellation [[UR.GU.LA|mulUR.GU.LA]] (Leo).

Kurtik (2007) has two lemmas, LUGAL, The King, and mulLUGAL.E2.GAL (𒀯𒈗𒂍𒃲), The King of the Palace, but the latter has only one occurance in an extispicy text where it can equally be read as two words (king, palace). We adopt the latter and merge his separate lemma to here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''šarru'' "king"; = [[Regulus]] (α Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 240]. See also (Kurtik L15) [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]].

The name of the star can also be read ''kakkab šarri'' if MUL is taken as a logogram (and not as a determinative). mulLUGAL (EN 11r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe P. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea, 35 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (3´12): [itiapin] ... mullugal ''šu''-[''ut'' d''En''-''lil''2] "Month of Arahsamnu: King (on the way) of Enlil (rising)" (C iii 8).
* (2) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is ''arahsamnu'', setting is ''ayyar'' [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
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|'''BM 82923.'''
* Arahsamnu month, stars of Enlil: mulLUGAL // 35 // LUGAL EN d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "King // 35 // King, Lord of the Igigs" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:24].
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|'''BM 34713.'''
* Kislimu month, stars of Enlil [LBAT, 1499:9], see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.
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|'''"Round astrolabes".'''
* K.14943+: mullugal "(Stars of Enlil, month of arahsamnu), King, [35]" [CT 33, 12]. See also mullugal [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:3].
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|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* 12 stars of Enlil (no. 8): mullugal [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
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|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, XVI 16, XIX 5; BPO 3, 283; Largement 1957, 244:37].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 9): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' mulLUGAL "The star that stands on the breast of the Lion, the King" (I i 9).
* (2) The dates of the heliacal ascents are "on the 5th of Abu" (I ii 44), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: mulBAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi'' "The Bow and the King rise, the Goat sets" (I iii 19) [MA, 20, 42, 49].
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|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352b].
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|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) 12 Amurru stars: mullugal;
* (2) 7 tikpi stars: mullugal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:218, 222].
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|-
|'''List of stars V R, 46, 1:8.'''
* mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
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|-
|'''List of the 12 names of Marduk (III R, 53,2).'''
* ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu "In the month of tebet, the King = Marduk (=Jupiter)", see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]].
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|-
|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
* Sector 5: lugal (four times) [Koch 1989, 56, Abb. 2; 59].
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|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §P. mullugal mulgaba mu[š? ... mul x]-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 3 mul.meš gan2 gim ˹''u''2˺ [...] ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "King(α Leo), chest of Serpent[s] (30 Mon, 1,2 Hya), [...mul x]-ḫi-it Arrows" (18 Mon): 3 stars. Field ... [...]. Equal." [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106]; according to J. Koch: [mul x]-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 = [mul ''a'']-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 "[Star], sides of the Arrow" (18 Mon) [Koch 1995, 46, 59].
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|-
|'''Text of Nv. 10.'''
* (mul)lugal is the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month of siman, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]]; lugal = "King" (Regulus), according to [ASM, 56], lugal = d''Ḫaniš''(α Cen), according to [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 70, Anm. 16].
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|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...múlLU]GAL is the asterism Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
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|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
* (1) The Lunarii. BRM IV, 20: ki 5 UŠ ''ina maḫar'' mul[lugal(?)] "The region (located) 50 in front of [the King]" (astrological meaning): "the king in the palace, his name is favorably remembered", ki mullugal "The area of the (star) King" (astrological meaning): "return of the lost" [Ungnad 1941-44, 259:14, 20].
* (2) Extispicy involving correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]] that Kurtik reads as mulLUGAL.E2.GAL (the king of the palace) but we interpret as mulLUGAL E2.GAL (the King, the palace):
** ME.NI d''Nin-e''2-''gal'' itiNE mulLUGAL E2.GAL / mulPAN ''it-ti'' mulLUGAL
** "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu - King, Palace; the Bow with the King" [SpTU IV, 159:10-11; Reiner 1995, 78].
* (3) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
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|'''BM 36746+.'''
* mulLUGAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:6′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
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|}
See in the Namburbi rituals [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7], and also [SpTU V, 268:16].

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The name reflects the star's apparently central position on the figure of the constellation Leo ("on the breast of the Lion") and the great brilliance of α Leonis.

==== III. Identification. ====
= Regulus (α Leonis) [Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 70; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Koch 1989, 77-79, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 247].

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter in the month of tebet; see texts III R, 53,2, V R, 46, 1:8.

See also (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(2) Regulus is dark, Mercury stands near Regulus; DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 GAL.UKKIN E2.GAL UŠ2 / ˹mulUDU.IDIM.GUD˺.UD ''it-ti'' mulLUGAL GUB-''ma'' "If Regulus is dark: the steward of the palace will die. (It means): Mercury stands with Regulus." [SAA 8, 245:1-2], see also [SAA 8, 146:5-6; BPO 2, XVI 16 + Parallels, XIX 5], see also (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]], VI 5.

(3) Regulus is dark, Saturn stands ahead of Regulus; DIŠ mulLUGAL ''a-dir'' LUGAL ḪUŠ-''ma'' IDIM.MEŠ-''šu''2 / [''ana'' GAZ] ˹E3˺-''ma'' GUR-''ma'' NU GAZ-''ak'' /.../ [mulUDU.IDIM.S]AG.UŠ ''ina'' IGI mulLUGAL [GUB-''iz''...] "If Regulus is dark: the king becomes angry and takes his nobles out for execution, but returns and does not execute (them) ...[Satu]rn [stands] ahead of Regulus..." [SAA 8, 40 r. 3-6].

(4) Venus, Jupiter, and Regulus; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU].ŠU2.A ''ana'' ŠA3 mulLUGAL TU-''ub'' SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "[If Venus on the we]st approaches Regulus: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23], for a parallel see. [ibid. 217, K.3601 +: r. 17]; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR d''Šul-pa-e''3 dLUGAL [...] / IGI.MEŠ-''ma'' EŠ4.DAR d''Sin'' ''u'' dLUGAL ''ana'' KUR [MAN dUD.AL.TAR] / ''ana'' ŠU2 MAN DIB-''šu''2-''nu-ti'' SILIM-''im'' SIG5.ME K[I.LAM SIG5 GAL2] "If Ishtar (= Venus), Shulpae (= Jupiter), the King (= Regulus) [...] become visible, and Ishtar, the Moon and the King (stand) towards the rising [Sun], (and) [Jupiter] passes them towards the setting Sun: there will be secure peace, [good prices]" [BPO 3, 173, K.229+:32], see also [ibid. 186, K.3191:3′-5′].

(5) Jupiter passes Regulus; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 27.

(6) Regulus bears radiation; DIŠ mulLUGAL ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / LUGAL URIki ''ga-me-ru-tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If Regulus bears radiation: the king of Akkad will achieve complete domination" [SAA 8, 170 r. 3-4], for parallels see. [ibid., 29:1-2, 318:6-8]; see also mulLUGAL BU "Regulus has great brilliance" [SAA 10, 160:23].

(7) The moon is surrounded by a halo and Regulus stands in it; DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulLUGAL / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz ina'' MU BI MI2.PEŠ4.MEŠ (gloss: ''e-ra-a-ti'') / NITA.M[EŠ U3].TU.MEŠ (gloss: ''zak-ka''-˹''ri''!˺ [''ul'']-''la-da'') "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and Regulus stands in it: pregnant women will give birth to male babies this year" [SAA 8, 41 r. 1-3], see also [ibid., 181:5-6, 205:5-6, 278:1-4, 299:5-6, 301:6-8, 302 r. 8-9, 494: 3-6].

(8) A planet approaches Regulus; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulLUGAL TE ... "If a planet (= Mercury) approaches close to Regulus (= Jupiter?): the son of the king who lives in the city on my border will raise a rebellion against his father, but will not seize the throne; another son of the king will rise and seize the throne; he will rebuild the temples and establish sacrifices to the gods; he will take care of the sustenance of all the temples." [SAA 8, 245: 5- r. 4], see also [ibid., 414:1-7; Largement 1957, 244: 37a, 37b]; variant: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ... "If a planet comes close to a planet: (the apodosis is the same)" [Largement 1957, 243:35-36].

(9) Regulus approaches the Moon; DIŠ mulLUGAL ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ / ''a-mat te-še-e''! ''ina'' KUR DU8-''ar''2 ''ana'' KUR SIG5 "If Regulus (= Jupiter?) approaches close to the front of the Moon and stands there: the king's days will (soon) be over; an embarrassing word will spread in the country; a favorable (sign) for the country" [KUR DU8-''ar''2 ''ana'' KUR SIG5] [SAA 8, 283:4-5], DIŠ mulLUGAL ''ana'' UGU 30 [TE-''m'']''a'' GUB LUGAL UD.MEŠ ''ma-a''᾽-''du-tu''2 DIN-''uṭ'' / [KUR NU SI.SA2 ...] ḪUL "If Regulus [approaches close] to the upper part of the Moon and stands there: the king will live long; [the country will not prosper ...] a bad (sign)" [SAA 8, 283: 6-7], see also [ibid., 363]. The two cited predictions in this letter are preceded by a general maxim: GIŠKIM ''ša''2 ''a-na'' LUGAL ''lem-ne''2''-ti a-na'' KUR ''dam-qat''! / GIŠKIM ''ša''2 ''a-na'' KUR ''dam-qa-ti a-na'' LUGAL ''lem-n''[''e''2-''et''] "The sign that portends evil to the king favors the country; the sign that favors the country portends evil to the king" [ibid, 283:1-2].

(10) Regulus stands to the right or left of Jupiter; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 28.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, L14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = šarru «Царь»; = Регул (α Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 240]. См. также L15LUGAL.E2.GAL.
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа, 35 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mullugal šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц арахсамну: Царь (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 8). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля: mulLUGAL // 35 // LUGAL EN dI2-gi3-gi3 «Царь // 35 // Царь, Господин Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:24]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mullugal «(Звезды Энлиля, месяц арахсамну), Царь, [35]» [CT 33, 12]. См. также mullugal [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:3]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 8): mullugal [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVI 16, XIX 5; BPO 3, 283; Largement 1957, 244:37]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 9): MUL ša2 ina GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu mulLUGAL «Звезда, которая стоит на груди Льва, Царь» (I i 9). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го абу» (I ii 44), см. b06BAN. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulBAN u mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-bi «Лук и Царь восходят, Коза заходит» (I iii 19) [MA, 20, 42, 49]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352b]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mullugal; (2) 7 tikpi-звезд: mullugal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:218, 222]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:8. mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Список 12 имен Мардука (III R, 53,2). ina itiab ullugal = damar.utu «В месяце тебету Царь = Мардук (=Юпитер)», см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Планисфера К 8538». Сектор 5: lugal (четыре раза) [Koch 1989, 56, Abb. 2; 59]. Dalbanna-текст. §P. mullugal mulgaba mu[š? … mul x]-ḫi-it kak.si.sa2 3 mul.meš gan2 gim ˹u2˺ […] mal2-ma-liš «Царь(α Leo), грудь Зме[и] (30 Mon, 1,2 Hya), […mul x]-ḫi-it Стрелы» (18 Mon): 3 звезды. Поле … […]. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106]; согласно Й. Коху: [mul x]-ḫi-it kak.si.sa2 = [mul a]-ḫi-it kak.si.sa2 «[Звезда], стороны Стрелы»(18 Mon) [Koch 1995, 46, 59]. Текст Nv. 10. (mul)lugal ― звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA; lugal = «Царь» (Регул), согласно [ASM, 56], lugal = dḪaniš(α Cen), согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 70, Anm. 16]. LBAT 1502. […múlLU]GAL — звезда Анташурра, см. sh16ŠU.GI. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki 5 UŠ ina maḫar mul[lugal(?)] «Область, (расположенная) в 50 перед [Царем]» (астрологическое значение): «царь во дворце имя свое благосклонно вспоминает», ki mullugal «Область (звезды) Царь» (астрологическое значение): «возврат потерянного» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:14, 20]. (2) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. b06BAN. (3) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulLUGAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:6′], см. s20Sîn.

См. в серии намбурби [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7], а также [SpTU V, 268:16].

II. Божество.

Название отражает, по-видимому, центральное положение звезды на фигуре созвездия Лев («на груди Льва») и большой блеск α Leonis.

III. Отождествление.

= Регул (α Leonis) [Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 70; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Koch 1989, 77–79, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 247].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер в месяце тебету; см. тексты III R, 53,2, V R, 46, 1:8.

См. также u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 3.

Предсказания:

(2) Регул темный, Меркурий стоит вблизи Регула; DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 GAL.UKKIN E2.GAL UŠ2 / ˹mulUDU.IDIM.GUD˺.UD it-ti mulLUGAL GUB-ma «Если Регул темный: управляющий дворцом умрет. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит вместе с Регулом» [SAA 8, 245:1–2], см. также [SAA 8, 146:5–6; BPO 2, XVI 16 + Parallels, XIX 5], см. также u20UR.GU.LA, VI 5.

(3) Регул темный, Сатурн стоит впереди Регула; DIŠ mulLUGAL a-dir LUGAL ḪUŠ-ma IDIM.MEŠ-šu2 / [ana GAZ] ˹E3˺-ma GUR-ma NU GAZ-ak /…/ [mulUDU.IDIM.S]AG.UŠ ina IGI mulLUGAL [GUB-iz…] «Если Регул темный: царь разгневается и своих знатных людей выведет на казнь, но возвратится и не казнит (их) …[Сату]рн впереди Регула [стоит…]» [SAA 8, 40 r. 3–6].

(4) Венера, Юпитер и Регул; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU].ŠU2.A ana ŠA3 mulLUGAL TU-ub SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ši «[Если Венера на за]паде к Регулу подошла: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23], параллель см. [ibid. 217, K.3601+: r. 17]; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dŠul-pa-e3 dLUGAL […] / IGI.MEŠ-ma EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLUGAL ana KUR [MAN dUD.AL.TAR] / ana ŠU2 MAN DIB-šu2-nu-ti SILIM-im SIG5.ME K[I.LAM SIG5 GAL2] «Если Иштар (= Венера), Шульпаэ (= Юпитер), Царь (= Регул) […] становятся видны, и Иштар, Луна и Царь (стоят) по направлению к восходу [Солнца], (и) [Юпитер] проходит их по направлению к заходу Солнца: будет надежный мир, [хорошие цены]» [BPO 3, 173, K.229+:32], см. также [ibid. 186, K.3191:3′–5′].

(5) Юпитер проходит Регул; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 27.

(6) Регул несет излучение; DIŠ mulLUGAL ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / LUGAL URIki ga-me-ru-tu2 DU3-uš «Если Регул несет излучение: царь Аккада добьется полного господства» [SAA 8, 170 r. 3–4], параллели см. [ibid., 29:1–2, 318:6–8]; см. также mulLUGAL BU «Регул имеет большой блеск» [SAA 10, 160:23].

(7) Луна окружена гало и Регул стоит в нем; DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulLUGAL / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz ina MU BI MI2.PEŠ4.MEŠ (глосса: e-ra-a-ti) / NITA.M[EŠ U3].TU.MEŠ (глосса: zak-ka-˹ri!˺ [ul]-la-da) «Если Луна окружена гало и Регул стоит в нем: в этом году беременные женщины будут рожать младенцев мужского пола» [SAA 8, 41 r. 1–3], см. также [ibid., 181:5–6, 205:5–6, 278:1–4, 299:5–6, 301:6–8, 302 r. 8–9, 494: 3–6].

(8) Планета подходит к Регулу; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulLUGAL TE … «Если планета (= Меркурий) подходит близко к Регулу (= Юпитер?): сын царя, который в городе на границе моей живет, поднимет мятеж против своего отца, но не захватит трон; другой сын царя поднимется и завладеет троном; он восстановит храмы и установит жертвоприношения богам; он будет заботиться об обеспечении средствами к существованию всех храмов» [SAA 8, 245: 5– r. 4], см. также [ibid., 414:1–7; Largement 1957, 244: 37a, 37b]; вариант: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulUDU.IDIM TE … «Если планета подходит близко к планете: (аподосис тот же)» [Largement 1957, 243:35–36].

(9) Регул подходит к Луне; DIŠ mulLUGAL ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ / a-mat te-še-e! ina KUR DU8-ar2 ana KUR SIG5 «Если Регул (= Юпитер?) подходит близко к передней части Луны и стоит там: дни царя (скоро) закончатся; смущающее слово распространится в стране; для страны благоприятный (знак)» [SAA 8, 283:4–5], DIŠ mulLUGAL ana UGU 30 [TE-m]a GUB LUGAL UD.MEŠ ma-a᾽-du-tu2 DIN-uṭ / [KUR NU SI.SA2 …] ḪUL «Если Регул [подходит близко] к верхней части Луны и стоит там: царь будет жить долго; [страна не будет процветать …] плохой (знак)» [SAA 8, 283: 6–7], см. также [ibid., 363]. Двум приведенным предсказаниям в этом письме предшествует сентенция общего характера: GIŠKIM ša2 a-na LUGAL lem-ne2-ti a-na KUR dam-qat! / GIŠKIM ša2 a-na KUR dam-qa-ti a-na LUGAL lem-n[e2-et] «Знак, который предвещает зло царю, благоприятствует стране; знак, который благоприятствует стране, предвещает з[ло] царю» [ibid., 283:1–2].

(10) Регул стоит справа или слева от Юпитера; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 28.
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, L15)
|
|-
|= «Царь Дворца»; в тексте экстиспиции как обозначение знака зодиака Лев [SpTU IV, 159:10], см. b06BAN.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Leo]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

LUGAL.GIR3.RA

2026-01-09T17:32:41Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:LUGAL.GIR3.RA}}
[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|Lugalirra and Meslamtaea as "Great Twins" in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY). ]]
dLUGAL.GIR3.RA (𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏) is an ancient Mesopotamian name for Nergal, the King of the Underworld. In astronomy, the pair Lugalgirra and Meslamtaea are equated with 'The Great Twins' [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]. See also BM 46518: 5-7

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Lugalirra & Meslamta’ea. A pair of netherworld gods. The second name is widely attested alone as a name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. dLugal-ir9-ra ''ù'' d''Mes-lam-ta-è-a'' (EN 5–6r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

'''Var. reading:'''

* = dLugal-GIR3-ra,
* dLugal-gir3-ra,
* dLugal-ir9-ra;

lit. "Mighty Lord";

'''Var. designations:'''

*1) a twin deity, paired with Meslamtaea, who formed the constellation Great Twins (= α + β Geminorum),
* 2) Sin, deity of the Moon,
*3) Jupiter,
*4) Mercury [Gössmann 1950, 241; Lambert 1987b].

For sources, deity, and astrology, see (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]].

See also BM 46518: 5-7
===Additional===

====Symbol.====
An anthropomorphic, male, bearded figure wearing a hat with horns and a long robe, carrying, according to texts of the Neo-Assyrian periods, a bow in his right hand and an arrow in his left hand [Wiggermann 1992, 10-11:101, 38; 47], see in this connection also (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]], III. For a different in detail description of the twin figures in the constellation [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]] "Great Twins" see Kurtk m17, III.

====Previous Identifications.====
(1) = twin deity in the constellation Great Twins (= α or β Geminorum), see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI.

(2) = ''Sin'' [V R, 46, 1:4; TU, 47:8-9], see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], I).

(3) = Jupiter, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

(4) = Mercury; dLugal-ir9-ra ''u'' d''Mes-lam-ta-''[''e''3-''a''] / dGUD.UD ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat''-˹''a''˺-[''nu''] "Lugalirra and Meslamta[ea] = Mercury and Mars" [BPO 3, 194, K.42+:7'-8'], see also (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, L16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: = dLugal-GIR3-ra, dLugal-gir3-ra, dLugal-ir9-ra; букв. «Могущественный Владыка»; 1) божество-близнец, в паре с Месламтаэа составлявшее созвездие Большие Близнецы (= α + β Geminorum), 2) Син, божество Луны, 3) Юпитер, 4) Меркурий [Gössmann 1950, 241; Lambert 1987b].
Источники, божество и астрология см. m24dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A.

I. Символ.

Антропоморфная мужская бородатая фигура в шапке с рогами и длинном одеянии, несущая, согласно текстам новоассирийского времени, в правой руке лук, в левой руке стрелу [Wiggermann 1992, 10–11:101, 38; 47], см. в связи c этим также m24, III. Отличающееся в деталях описание фигур близнецов в составе созвездия mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL «Большие Близнецы» см. m17, III.

II. Отождествления.

(1) = божество-близнец в созвездии Большие Близнецы (= α или β Geminorum), см. m17, VI.

(2) = Син [V R, 46, 1:4; TU, 47:8–9], см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, I).

(3) = Юпитер, см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 1.

(4) = Меркурий; dLugal-ir9-ra u dMes-lam-ta-[e3-a] / dGUD.UD u dṢal-bat-˹a˺-[nu] «Лугальирра и Месламта[эа] = Меркурий и Марс» [BPO 3, 194, K.42+:7'-8'], см. также m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 1.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

MA2.GUR8

2026-01-09T17:30:20Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MA2.GUR8}}

mulMA2.GUR8 (𒀯𒈣𒋽) = ''makurru,''<nowiki/>'the Barge' is a Mesopotamian asterism that is shaped like a river-barge in the area of [[Sagittarius]] and [[Corona Australis]] in the southern part of the Mesopotamian sky. Its shape can be verified by depictions of such barges in artwork, which show that both the prow and the bow of the barge are pointed upwards at both ends????. The term is also used in astronomy for the gibbous Moon (CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> MI 142 or '''''Steinkeller from below???).'''''

'''''How to translate'''''

Need examples of ancient mes pictures???
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
MÁ.GUR8 = ''makurru'' “The Barge”. mulMÁ.GUR8 ''u'' mulSUḪUR.MÁŠ '''(EA 15l)'''<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:
* 1) = mul''Makurru'' "Barge, Ship, Vessel"; constellation or star in Sagittarius or Sacerdotal (Sagittarius or Ara) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 254];
* 2) epithet of the lunar deity Nanna [Steinkeller 2016<ref>Steinkeller, P. (2010). Nanna/Suen, the Shining Bowl. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament: Veröffentlichungen Zur Kultur Und Geschichte Des Alten Orients Und Des Alten Testaments.</ref>, 620-621; Laursen 2021<ref>Laursen, S. (2021). Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna? Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 32(S1), 291-300.</ref>]'''''.''''' '''and cf. Laursen 2021 for sea-faring ships suggestive of the shape of the waxing Moon.'''
Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna?
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
! Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of the stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15):

* mulMA2.GUR8 ''u'' mulSUḪUR. MAŠ2ku6 "River Barge and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34) [MA<ref name=":1">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 39].
|[[File:Bab RiverBarge+GoatFish.png|thumb|Babylonian constellations River Barge and Goat-Fish interpreted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (CC BY). ]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R, 46, 1:38.'''
* mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = d''Nabû''(pa) ''u'' d''Taš-me-tu''4 "Ship (and) Goat-Fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:38; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
| '''GU text.'''
*(Q) mul [''ša''2 ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 ''šu šumēlû''(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ''ina'' ugu / ban ''u'' [mulm]a2.gur8 gu
**"The Star of Gemini (ziqpu IV: β Her) or the middle of Zababa (ν Oph),
**the left hand of Pabilsag, which is on the bow (δ Sag),
**and the River-Barge (ε Sag), the rope"
**[Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:27-28; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 93];
*(S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' ugu ma2.˹gur8˺
*"(Asterism) Pabilsag, which is over the River-Barge" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, BM 78161:30-31], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Pabilsag-over-MA2GUR8.png|thumb|Babylonian constellations Pabilsag over the River Barge (CC BY Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium).]]
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Deity.====
The boat-deity or ship was among the sacred attributes of many gods [Salonen-Opificius 1969<ref>''Salonen A'', ''Opificius R.'' Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.</ref>; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 360; Kurtik 1998, 34-35]. Festivals dedicated to them were already celebrated in the epoch of the III dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 216-219]. To which exact deity the River-Barge constellation refers to, from the list of MUL.APIN, remains unclear.

====III. Symbol.====
The River Barge. Numerous depictions of this type of vessel are present on seals, reliefs, and in pottery from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE and later [Salonen-Opificius 1969<ref>''Salonen A'', ''Opificius R.'' Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.</ref>; Kurtik 1998, 34-37; Kurtik 2023]. '''''The outlines and the figure of the Ship constellation is not known.'''''

==== IV. Identification.====
according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59:27-28] in the GU-text: mul [''ša''2 ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ — β Her, murub4 mul''Za-ba''4''-ba''4 — η Oph, ''šu šumēlû''(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ''ina'' ugu ban — θ Oph and [mulm]a2.gur8 — θ Arae.

= α, β Capricorni [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 254].

= ε Sagittarii [MA<ref name=":1" />, 138; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 321, Q4; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3" />, 271].

= θ Arae [Koch 1992<ref name=":4" />, 59].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) = mulMakurru «Корабль, Судно»; созвездие или звезда в Стрельце или Жертвеннике (Sagittarius или Ara) [Gössmann 1950, 254]; 2) эпитет лунного божества Нанна [Steinkeller 2016, 620‒621].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 u mulSUḪUR. MAŠ2ku6 «Корабль и Коза-Рыба» (I ii 34) [MA, 39]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:38. mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(pa) u dTaš-me-tu4 «Корабль (и) Коза-рыба = Набу и Ташмету» [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (Q) mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 šu šumēlû(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu / ban u [mulm]a2.gur8 gu «Звезда Близнецов (ziqpu IV: β Her) или середина Забабы (ν Oph), левая рука Пабилсага, которая на луке (δ Sag), и Корабль (ε Sag) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:27–28; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 93]; согласно [Koch 1992, 59:27–28], mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ — β Her, murub4 mulZa-ba4-ba4 — η Oph, šu šumēlû(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu ban — θ Oph и [mulm]a2.gur8 — θ Arae. (S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹ša2˺ ina ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ «(Звезда) Пабилсага, которая над Кораблем» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30–31], см. также u31UZ3.

II. Божество.

Лодка-божество или корабль входили в число священных атрибутов многих богов [Salonen–Opificius 1969; Tallqvist 1938, 360; Куртик 1998, 34–35]. Посвященные им праздники отмечались уже в эпоху III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 216–219]. К какому именно божеству относится созвездие Корабль из списка MUL.APIN, остается невыясненным. Возможно, это корабль Энки, название которого присутствует в старовавилонском списке (см. m02), однако никаких твердых доказательств не существует.

III. Символ.

Корабль или лодка. Многочисленные изображения священной лодки представлены на печатях, рельефах и в керамике второй половины III тыс. до н.э. и более поздних [Salonen–Opificius 1969; Куртик 1998, 34–37; Куртик 2023]. Неизвестно, какие очертания имела фигура созвездия Корабль.

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Capricorni [Gössmann 1950, 254].

= ε Sagittarii [MA, 138; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321, Q4; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

= θ Arae [Koch 1992, 59].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:CrA]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Makrû

2026-01-09T17:28:30Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}
mul / d''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA5 - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0">Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of mulSA5 (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of mul / dSA5 are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mulSA5 "Red, Fiery Red";

the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0" /> and earlier Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 255; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 590b; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

*(a) mulsa5 = ''ma-ak-ru-u''2 = d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red = Mars,"
*(b) mulsa5 = ''mi''3''-qit i-šat'' = [min] "Red Star = Falling Fire = [ditto] (= Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:28, 29].
| Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 254:112].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
*(1) List of Mars’ names: mul''ma-ak-ru-u'' = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red star = Mars";
*(2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim "Red star = planet";
*(3) ulsa5 = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red star = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:85, 170, 172].
|
|-
|'''Astrol. Commentaries'''
*mul''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' d''Girru''(GIŠ.BAR) "Red star = likeness of Girru (= Fire)," quoted in [CAD<ref name=":1" /> M, 139a; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2" />, 349]. III R, 53,2:6.
|
|-
|'''List of the 12 names of Marduk:'''
*itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 damar.utu "Month Abu, Red (star) = Marduk"; parallel: [itine] d''Ma-ak-ru-u'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[Month Abu], Red (star) = Mars" (S.777:6) [CT<ref name=":6">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49]. See also [CT<ref name=":6" /> 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 22].
|
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god Girra, see above, and also (Kurtik g21) [[GIŠ.BAR]].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 4.'''''????-check???'''''

(2) Colors of the planets:

* mulBABBAR mulSAG.ME.[G]AR mulSA5 Ṣal-bat-a-nu mulSIG7 dDil-bat mulMI dSAG.UŠ: dGUD.UD
* "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

=====Predictions:=====
(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''2 [mul''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 ''ana'' ŠA3]-''ša''2 TU-''ma E''3-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''3-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E2 AD-''šu''2 T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].

(4) Moon and Red Star; DIŠ ''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 ''ana'' ŠA3 d30 TU NU E3 DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-''bat'' "If the Red Star inside the Moon enters and does not appear: the king's son will seize the throne" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 254:112; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 51], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":7">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 20:98]; [... d''Ma-a'']''k-ru-u''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki [...] "[If... the Re]d star stadns on its (the moon's) side: within 3 years Elam [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 19: 12].

(5) The red star in the path of (the star of) Ea; ul''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 ''ina šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' DU [...] "The red star stands in the path of (the star of) Ea [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 82, K.800:11].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulSA5 «Красный, Огненно Красный»; название Марса, фиксирующее красноватый цвет этой планеты [Gössmann 1950, 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], см. также s04SA5.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: a) mulsa5 = ma-ak-ru-u2 = dṣal-[bat-a-nu] «Красный = Марс», b) mulDIRI = mi3-qit i-šat = [min] «Красная звезда = Падение Огня = [ditto] (= Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:28, 29]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3, 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957, 254:112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulma-ak-ru-u = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Красная звезда = Марс»; (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim «Красная звезда = планета»; (3) ulsa5 = šub-tim izi «Красная звезда = Падение огня» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:85, 170, 172]. Астрол. комм. mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGirru(GIŠ.BAR) «Красная звезда = подобие Гирры (= Огонь)», цит. по [CAD M, 139a; Reynolds 1998, 349]. III R, 53,2:6. Список 12 имен Мардука: itine dMa-ak-ru-u2 damar.utu «Месяц абу, Красная (звезда) = Мардук»; параллель: [itine] dMa-ak-ru-u dṢal-bat-a-nu «[Месяц абу], Красная (звезда) = Марс» (S.777:6) [CT 26, 49]. См. также [CT 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA, 22].

II. Божество.

Марс как Красная звезда был связан с богом огня Гиррой, см. выше «Астрол. комм.», а также g21GIŠ.BAR.

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Рыба, см. k24KU6, V 4.

(2) Цвета планет; mulBABBAR mulSAG.ME.[G]AR mulSA5 Ṣal-bat-a-nu mulSIG7 dDil-bat mulMI dSAG.UŠ : dGUD.UD «Белая звезда = Юпит[е]р, Красная звезда = Марс, Зелено-желтая звезда = Венера, Черная звезда = Сатурн, вар.: Меркурий» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

(3) Венера и Красная звезда; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina SAR-ša2 [mulMa-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3]-ša2 TU-ma E3-a (вар. чтения: NU E3-a) DUMU LUGAL ana E2 AD-šu2 T[U-ma AŠ.TE DIB-bat] «Если при восходе Венеры [Красная звезда входит] в нее и идет дальше (вар.: не появляется): царский сын в дом своего отца во[йдет и захватит трон]» [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5–5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].

(4) Луна и Красная звезда; DIŠ Ma-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3 d30 TU NU E3 DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-bat «Если Красная звезда внутрь Луны входит и не появляется: царский сын захватит трон» [Largement 1957, 254:112; TU, 16 r. 51], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:98]; [… dMa-a]k-ru-u2 ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki […] «[Если… Крас]ная звезда на ее (Луны) стороне стоит: в течение 3 лет Элам […]» [ACh Suppl., 19: 12].

(5) Красная звезда на пути (звезды) Эа; ulMa-ak-ru-u2 ina šu-ut dE2-a DU […] «Красная звезда на пути (звезды) Эа стоит […]» [BPO 3, 82, K.800:11].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

<references />

MAN

2026-01-09T17:27:27Z

JanSafford:

(d)MAN (𒀭𒌋𒌋, d20) is a writing for the Mesopotamian Sun-god, Sumerian Utu = Akkadian ''[[Šamaš]].'' The sign MAN is the cuneiform numeral 20 (𒌋𒌋, i.e. 2 x 10), the Sun-god's number, as the Moon-god's is 30 (𒌋𒌋𒌋). In this, the Moon-god's number reflects the number of days in the lunar month, and the Sun-god's a special relationship with the 20th of each month (Horowitz 2012<ref>Horowitz, W. (2012). “Sundayin Mesopotamia,” in W. Horowitz,John Steele, and Jonathan Ben- Dov eds., Living the Lunar Calendar, Oxbow Publishers, Oxford: 9-18.</ref>). For numerology and the great-gods of the Ancient Mesopotamian Pantheon see Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>: 30-33.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* (d)20;
* = d''Šamaš,''
* ''šamšu'';
* "solar god Šamash, the Sun";

designation of the Sun in astrological and astronomical texts [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1158b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Š/1, 335f.; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 373].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, passim; Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 87:17, note 1; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 18′, 23′, 28′; Van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, passim;].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352a; SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 380b].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
See. [AD I-III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim].
|
|-
|'''Horoscopes.'''
See. [BH, 28, passim].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
See. [ACT; LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
See. [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:16, 20]
|
|}

See also (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: (d)20; = dŠamaš, šamšu; «солнечный бог Шамаш, Солнце»; обозначение Солнца в астрологических и астрономических текстах [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 335f.; Gössmann 1950, 373].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, passim; Rochberg-Halton 1988, 87:17, note 1; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 18′, 23′, 28′; Van Soldt 1995, passim;]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 352a; SAA 10, 380b]. «Дневники наблюдений». См. [AD I–III, passim]. Гороскопы. См. [BH, 28, passim]. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология. См. [SpTU I, 94:16, 20].

См. также u30dUTU.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Sun]]

MAN-ma

2026-01-09T17:25:53Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MAN-''ma''}}
mulMAN-''ma'' (𒀯𒌋𒌋𒈠) to be read as Akkadian [[Šanûmma|mul''Šanûmma'']], the strange star: another name for Mars, but also Mercury in the Great Star List and SAA 8<ref name=":0">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref> 503: 6. MAN is for the Akkadian root ''šanû'', 'to be strange, evil,' with ''ma'' as a phonetic complement.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulMIN3-''ma'' (MIN3 and MAN are the same sign, which has numerous readings.

Cf. A gloss ni-iš for MAN in the ''šanû'' B entry, 'to become different, strange,' in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> ŠI 403.

* = mul''Šanûmma'' "strange star"; the name of Mars [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 374; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1165a]. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> MI 397 reads MAN.
*d''Šanûmma'' (𒀭𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠) is the Akkadian equivalent

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Ḫg series. B VI:

* ''m''ul lú[[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]] = ša2-nu-um-ma = MIN (= d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']) "Hostile star = Strange (star) = Mars" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:35 (Urgud)].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 12a, 13b; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 46, VAT 10218:63; 94, K.2226+:33; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 10′-11′; Largement 1957<ref name=":3">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:51b; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:7].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 380b; ARAK<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352a].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) List of names for Mars: [mu]l''man-ma'' = dmin(= d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Strange star = Mars";
* (2) 7 names for Mars: ul''man-ma'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:88, 237].
* Name for Mercury in GSL in the gap following line 55: MUL MAN-/ma/ = MUL.UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD and SAA VIII<ref name=":0" /> 503: 6 - rev. 3: mul MAN-''ma'' identified with mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UTU in commentary to an omen.
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Strange Star and Jupiter; DIŠ mulMAN-''ma ana'' dSAG.ME.GAR TE LUGAL URIki BE-''ma'' EBUR KUR SI.SA2 "If the Strange Star approaches Jupiter: the king of Akkad will die, the country's crops will be in abundance" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 13b + Parallels]; the parallel in [ARAK<ref name=":0" />, 288 r. 5-6] contains the recommendation: GISKIM ''an-ni-ti'' ḪUL ''ša'' KUR.MEŠ ''ši-i'' / NAM.BUR2.BI LUGAL ''be-li''2 ''li-pu-uš-ma'' / ḪUL-''šu''2 ''lu-u''2-''še-ti-iq'' "This is a bad omen for all countries. Let the king, my lord, perform the namburbi ritual, let his evil pass by." [ibid.<ref name=":0" />, 288 r. 7-9].

(2) The Strange Star and Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' mulMAN-''ma'' TE-''ši ana'' ITI.6.KAM LUGAL ŠU2 BE-''ma'' KUR''-su'' KI.LAM ''nap-ša''2 KU2 / mulMAN-''ma'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "If the Strange Star comes close to Venus: within 6 months the despot king? will die, his country will enjoy abundant business activity; Strange Star = Mars" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 46, VAT 10218:63], parallel [ibid.<ref name=":2" /> 94, K.2226+:33].

(3) Strange Star and Saturn; [DIŠ mulMIN3-''m'']''a''! ''a-na'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ZAḪ2 M[AŠ2.ANŠE] / [mul''Ṣal'']-''bat-a-nu a-na'' dUDU.IDIM.SAG. UŠ TE-''ma'' "[If the Strange Star] comes close to a planet: loss of c[attle; (this means): Ma]rs comes close to Saturn" [ARAK<ref name=":0" />, 327 r. 1-2]; parallel [ibid.<ref name=":0" />, 125:1].

(4) The Strange Star and Gemini; DIŠ mulMAN-''ma ana'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA TE NUN BE "If the Strange Star comes close to Gemini: the Crown Prince will die" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 12a + Parallels]; for a parallel see. [ARAK<ref name=":0" />, 64 r. 7, 341:5-6].

(5) The Strange Star and the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š] "If the Strange Star comes close to the Crab: the ruler will die" [ARAK<ref name=":0" />, 101:7]; parallel [ARAK<ref name=":0" />, 452:6-7; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 101:7].

(6) Strange Star and Enmesharrah; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA TE / UN.MEŠ DAGAL.MEŠ ŠA3 KUR DUG3-''ab'' "If the Strange Star comes close to Enmesharrah: people will expand; the country will become happy" [ARAK<ref name=":0" />, 503:6-7]; parallel [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 100:16-17].

(7) Strange Star and Field; DIŠ mulMAN-''ma ana'' mulAŠ.GAN2 TE a.ab.ba ''ḫi-ṣib-ša''2 zaḫ2: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu lu'' mulsim.˹maḫ˺ [lu mulA.EDIN ''kur-ma''] "If the Strange Star approaches the Field: income from the sea will disappear; (this will happen) if Mars approaches either the Swallow [or Erua]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":5">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41:11′], see also [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>., 50:13].

(8) The Strange Star and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulMAN-''ma ana'' mul.mul te | zaḫ2 kur ''bir-aḫ'' un.meš | m[ulMAN''-ma'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] "If the Strange Star approaches the Star Cluster: the country will perish, the people will be scattered. [Strange Star = Mars]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":5" />, 41:10′].

(9) The Planet and the Strange Star; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM <''ana''> mulMAN-''ma'' TE''-šu'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ3] "If a planet to approaches the Strange Star: the due date of the catt[le]" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:51; Largement 1957<ref name=":3" />, 246: 51b].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulMIN3-ma; = mulŠanûmma «Странная звезда»; название Марса [Gössmann 1950, 374; AHw, 1165a].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul lúKUR2.RA = ša2-nu-um-ma = MIN (= dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Враждебная звезда = Странная (звезда) = Марс» [MSL XI, 40:35]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 12a, 13b; BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:63; 94, K.2226+:33; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 10′–11′; Largement 1957, 246:51b; SpTU III, 101:7]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; ARAK, 352a]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: [mu]lman-ma = dmin(= dṢal-bat-a-nu) «Странная звезда = Марс»; (2) 7 имен Марса: ulman-ma [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:88, 237].

II. Астрология.

(1) Странная звезда и Юпитер; DIŠ mulMAN-ma ana dSAG.ME.GAR TE LUGAL URIki BE-ma EBUR KUR SI.SA2 «Если Странная звезда приближается к Юпитеру: царь Аккада умрет, урожай страны будет изобильным» [BPO 2, III 13b + Parallels]; параллель в [ARAK, 288 r. 5–6] содержит рекомендацию: GISKIM an-ni-ti ḪUL ša KUR.MEŠ ši-i / NAM.BUR2.BI LUGAL be-li2 li-pu-uš-ma / ḪUL-šu2 lu-u2-še-ti-iq «Это плохой знак для всех стран. Пусть царь, мой господин, совершит намбурби-ритуал, пусть зло его пройдет мимо» [ibid., 288 r. 7–9].

(2) Странная звезда и Венера; DIŠ mulDil-bat mulMAN-ma TE-ši ana ITI.6.KAM LUGAL ŠU2 BE-ma KUR-su KI.LAM nap-ša2 KU2 / mulMAN-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu «Если Странная звезда подходит близко к Венере: в пределах 6 месяцев царь-деспот? умрет, его страна будет наслаждаться обильной деловой активностью; Странная звезда = Марс» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:63], параллель [ibid. 94, K.2226+:33].

(3) Странная звезда и Сатурн; [DIŠ mulMIN3-m]a! a-na mulUDU.IDIM TE ZAḪ2 M[AŠ2.ANŠE] / [mulṢal]-bat-a-nu a-na dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ TE-ma «[Если Странная звезда] подходит близко к планете: потери с[кота; (это означает): Ма]рс подходит близко к Сатурну» [ARAK, 327 r. 1–2]; параллель [ibid., 125:1].

(4) Странная звезда и Близнецы; DIŠ mulMAN-ma ana mulMAŠ.TAB.BA TE NUN BE «Если Странная звезда подходит близко к Близнецам: наследный принц умрет» [BPO 2, III 12a + Parallels]; параллель см. [ARAK, 64 r. 7, 341:5–6].

(5) Странная звезда и Краб; DIŠ mulMIN3-ma ana mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š] «Если Странная звезда подходит близко к Крабу: правитель умрет» [ARAK, 101:7]; параллель [ARAK, 452:6–7; SpTU III, 101:7].

(6) Странная звезда и Энмешарра; DIŠ mulMIN3-ma ana mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA TE / UN.MEŠ DAGAL.MEŠ ŠA3 KUR DUG3-ab «Если странная звезда подходит близко к Энмешарре: люди распространятся; страна станет счастливой» [ARAK, 503:6–7]; параллель [SAA 10, 100:16–17].

(7) Странная звезда и Поле; DIŠ mulMAN-ma ana mulAŠ.GAN2 TE a.ab.ba ḫi-ṣib-ša2 zaḫ2: mulṢal-bat-a-nu lu mulsim.˹maḫ˺ [lu mulA.EDIN kur-ma] «Если Странная звезда к Полю приближается: доход от моря исчезнет; (это произойдет), если Марс либо к Ласточке, [либо к Эруа приблизится]» [Borger 1973, 41:11′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:13].

(8) Странная звезда и Звезды; DIŠ mulMAN-ma ana mul.mul te | zaḫ2 kur bir-aḫ un.meš | m[ulMAN-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu] «Если Странная звезда к Звездам приближается: страна погибнет, люди рассеются. [Странная звезда = Марс]» [Borger 1973, 41:10′].

(9) Планета и Странная звезда; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM <ana> mulMAN-ma TE-šu MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ3] «Если планета к Странной звезде приближается: падеж ско[та]» [TU, 16:51; Largement 1957, 246: 51b].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, sh04)
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulMAN-ma «Странная (звезда)», эпитет Марса в лексических текстах, см. m05MAN-ma, k29lúKUR2.RA.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

MAR.GID2.DA

2026-01-09T17:23:43Z

JanSafford:

{{distinguish|MAR.GID2.DA_AN.NA}}

[[File:Wagon+WagonH Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wagon and Wagon of Heaven in the Babylonian uranography around 1250 BCE, produced with Stellarium, paintings by Jessica GullberGössmann 1950, ]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA, ''eriqqu''}}
mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA (𒀯𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕), ''eriqqu'', The Wagon, is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Ursa Major]]. Both 'The Wagon' and 'The Wagon of Heaven' (the Little Dipper) are identified with goddesses, in part at least due to the feminine grammatical status of Akkadian ''eriqqu'' (pl. ''eriqqātu''). mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA has two asterisms at its flanks, [[KA5.A|KA5.A]], The Fox, and [[U8|U8]], The Ewe. 'The Wagon' is identified with the Queen of the Gods, the goddess [[Ninlil]]. (see Horowitz 2014: 116).

The Mesopotamian Wagon is found in the Book of Job in the Bible. It is unknown if Christian missionaries brought the Wagon in these stars in the Norse culture or is Indigenous to European cultures north of the Arctic Circle (see [[Charles's Wain]]).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variants etc.
* = mul''eriqqu'', "Wagon" (Kurtik e19, below with variant ''iriqqu'')

* mulMAR (𒀯𒈥) is an abbreviation for mulMAR.GID2.DA

The Big Dipper asterism in [[Ursa Major]]. See the Uranology texts below, which give explicit mention of the 7 stars of the asterism.

(Ursa Majoris) [Gössmann 1950, 258], see also (Kurtik m07) [[MAR]].

In MUL.APIN's explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> of deities, three asterisms are related mulMAR.GÍD.DA (EN 16l, 17l, 18l):
* SAĜ.KI ''šá'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA “front of the wagon” (EN 18l).
* ''ina ṭur-ri-šú'' (of mulMAR.GÍD.DA) “in its bond” (EN 21l).
* ''za-ri-i šá'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA “cart pole of the wagon” (EN 17l).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Old Babylonian monolingual Sumerian lists: mul (giš)mar.gid2.da [MSL 11, 108:387; 134 col. ix 8; 137, Forerunner 3, rev. ii 1].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulmar.gid2.da A / mul gišmar.gid2.da B = ''i-ri-iq-qu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:165],
** mulmar.gid2.da = ''e-req-qu''/''qa'' [SpTU III, 114A v 42; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:299ʹ].
* (3) Antagal series (Tabl. G 311): [mulmar].gid2.da = EN.LIL2ki "wagon = Nippur" [MSL XVII, 229:311].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: gišMAR.GID2.DA [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:19], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** (b) AO 6769: MAR.GID2.DA [Dossin 1935, 181-182:18].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, I 1, III 1, 28c, subscript; BPO 3, 284; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; Largement 1957, 246:52; verderame 2002, 247; Von Soldt, Tablet 27, Ca 8; Stev. O.T., 232-234:12, 18-29, Pl. XVII 14, 20-32], see also mul gišmar.gid2.da in astrological predictions from Emar [Emar VI/4, 655:40, 43; 660:2-8; Horowitz 1990].

'''Abbreviation MAR in EAE.'''

[BPO 2, IV 4a, V 2a, VI 2a, VII 3a; Stev. O.T., Pl. XVII:23; ACh Suppl. 2, 84:3].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Abu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 574].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša ina'' dal.ba.an im [xx] / u im.kur.ra gib mul.b[i]? / mulmar.gid2.da d''Nin''-[''lil''2] "The star which (lies) across and between the nor[th] and the east, this star is the Wagon, Ninlil" (B iii 8-10); see also (Kurtik a43) [[APIN]].
* (2) List (3´12): itine ... mulmar.gid2.da ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] "The month of Abu: ... The Wagon (in the path of) [Enlil] (rises?)" (C iii 5). (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is abu, setting is sabbat [KAV 218, C 21, 34; Horowitz 2014, 39-40]; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''

* Month of abu, stars of Enlil: mul[MAR.GID2.DA] // 50 // ''be-el-tum'' "[Wagon] // 50 // Lady" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 29-30:15].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* Month of ''ululu'', stars of Enlil [LBAT, 1499:7], see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]]. Stars of Enlil, month of ''ululu'': ... 45 // [múlMA]R.GID2.DA.
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 5): mulmar.gid2.da [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of stars of Enlil (nos. 15, 16, 17):
** a) mulMAR.GID2.DA d''Nin-lil''2 "Wagon, Ninlil" (I i 15),
** b) "Star on the drawbar of the Wagon" (I i 16-17), see (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]],
** c) "Star on the front of the Wagon" (I i 18), see (Kurtik u04) [[U8|U8]]; for parallels see [Horowitz 1989-90, 116; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:4'-6'].
* (2) Scheme for determining wind directions by stars: mulMAR.GID2.DA - north (II i 68-71), see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]] [MA, 22, 23, 87].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* MUL.MAR.GÍD.D[A |] MUL.[e-ri]-qu GSL 45 (collated??)

* (1) mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min] (=mulab.sin2) "Wagon = [Furrow]," parallel [TU, 18 r. 5];
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: mulmar.gid2.da [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:45, 210].
*
*
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
'''MLC 1866.'''
* mulMAR.GID2.DA ''e-re-eq''-[''qu'' d''Nin-lil''2] / gišGIGIR d''a-nu-um ap''2''-sa''3-''am''-[''ma-ku'' 4 MUL.MEŠ] / ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ 3 MU[L.MEŠ ''ina'' SAG.KI-''šu''2] / ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ … 2 MUL.MEŠ ''un-nu-tu-tu'' A2 ''ana'' ˹A2˺ [IGI''-šu''2 ''ina ma-šad-di''] / ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ MUL ''ša''2 ''it-ti za-r''[''u'' mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-''zu'' mulKA5.A d''Er''3''-ra'' ''gaš''!(BE)-''ri'' D[INGIR.MEŠ] / MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA DIŠ x […] / mul''im-mer-tu''4 d˹''e''?˺-''a'' […] "Wagon = wag[on of Ninlil] / Anu's chariot (has the shape of) apsam[akku, 4 stars] / on its sides are depicted; 3 stars[on its front] / are depicted. ... 2 faint stars one after the other [in front of her on the drawbar] / are depicted. The star which on the drawbar of the cart / stands, Fox, the god Erra, mighty among [the gods]. / The star that (stands) on the front of the Wagon / A sheep [...]" (col. iii 13-21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41], for comments see. [ibid., 54-56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §V. mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ (UMa), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1564:13.'''
* The name of Venus as the morning star: [DIŠ mulMAR.]GID2.DA // mul''Dil-bat'' // ''ina'' d[UTU.E3.]A "[Wa]gon is Venus at [sunrise]," see also [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV; Reiner 1995, 58, note 239].
'''''See also the invocation of the Wagon in the spell: EN2 mul[MAR.GID2.DA gi]šMAR.GID2.DA ša2-ma-mi'''''.??check at the university???
|
|-
|'''"Spell: O [Constellation Wagon], Celestial Wagon."'''
[CT 13, 38:17; CAD E, 297b; Horowitz 1989, 243]. See also [SpTU I, 28:10']..??check at the university???
|
|}
[[File:MARGIDDA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 152439.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MAR.GID2.DA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alioth]]
|HIP 62956
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.77
|-
|2
|Dubhe
|HIP 54061
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.79
|-
|3
|[[Alkaid]]
|HIP 67301
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.86
|-
|4
|* alf UMa A
|HIP 54061
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.87
|-
|5
|[[Mizar]]
|HIP 65378
|Constellation lines
|2.22
|-
|6
|[[Merak]]
| HIP 53910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.37
|-
| 7
| [[Phecda]]
|HIP 58001
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.44
|-
|8
|[[Megrez]]
|HIP 59774
|Constellation lines
|3.32
|-
|9
| * alf UMa B
|HIP 54061
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.86
|-
|10
| -
|HIP 57477
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 56510
|Inside the Hull
|5.628
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 55797
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
|13
|73 UMa
| HIP 60795
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59920
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|15
|71 UMa
|HIP 60584
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|16
|66 UMa
|HIP 58181
|Inside the Hull
| 5.824
|-
|17
| -
|HR 4917
|Inside the Hull
|6.02
|-
|18
|1 CVn
|HIP 59708
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 58225
| Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 61053
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 57045
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 56083
|Inside the Hull
|6.278
|-
|23
|68 UMa
|HIP 59458
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 56944
|Inside the Hull
|6.335
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 65754
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|26
| -
| HIP 65698
| Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 55485
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The constellation MAR.GID2.DA, associated with d''Nin-lil''2, is one of the most honored astral deities of ancient Mesopotamia (see Kurtik n34 [[NIN.LIL2|dNIN.LIL2]]). Among her s epithets are ulMAR.GID2.DA ''rabītu''(GAL) "the Great Wagon" [Stev. O.T., 231:4], ''ummu'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Mother of the gods" [Horowitz 1989, 243, note 4]. Its popularity is attributed to its identification with the Big Dipper, a large, bright, circumpolar constellation.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above; in the Neo-Assyrian version of the prayer, the name of the constellation is missing, but it was probably present in the original [Oppenheim 1959, 282-283; Reiner 1995, 67].
* (2) The purificatory ritual "Laying of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam), cf. [Mayer 1976, 429; Reiner 1995, 17].
* (3) The ritual of "namburbi" (nam.bur2.bi): ''ina'' IGI MUL.[...u MUL.]MAR.GID2 ''tašakkan'' "Before the asterism [...and] the Wagon you offer (sacrifice)" [Ebeling 1955, 38-39:24-25; Reiner 1995, 85; CAD E, 297b].
* (4) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" a deity statue, see (Kurtik z04) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], II.
* (5) An incantation against the plague [TuL, 163, 34:14].
* (6) New Year's ritual in Babylon: prayer to múlMAR.GID2.DA ''mar-kas'' AN-''e'' "Wagon, the link (perhaps center) of heaven" [RAcc. 139:330; Linssen 2004, 221, 230], as to the stellar incarnation of Venus [Reiner 1995 139].
* (7) Magical acts before mulMAR.GID2.DA were also performed by sorcerers [Reiner 1995, 107]. See also [AHw, 238; CAD M/1, 297; CT 13, 38:18; Horowitz 1989; 1990; Mayer 1976, 429-430; Reiner 1960].

==== Symbol. ====
Wagon. Described in VAT 9428 r. 4-7: mulMAR.GID2.DA ''ap''2''-sa''3-''ma-ak-ku'' [4 M]UL.MEŠ ''ina pu-ut-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''ma-šad-da-ša''2 ''ana ša''2-''šal-li ša''2 mul˹''E''4˺-''ru''6 3 MUL.MEŠ / ''ina'' IGI-''at ma-šad-di-ša''2 1 MUL ''na-bu-u ina'' <<SAG>> ''ma-šad-di'' / ''u''3 2 MUL.MEŠ ''šap-lu-tu''4 A2 ''ana'' A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SAG ''ma-šad-di eṣ-ru'' "The wagon (is shaped like) apsamakku (= "a regular quadrilateral with concave sides" [CAD A/2, 192]). [4 s]tars are shown on its front. / Her drawbar is (pointed) at the heel of Erua. 3 stars / on her drawbar - 1 star with great brilliance at the beginning of the drawbar, / and 2 stars below one after the other in front on the drawbar are depicted" [Weidner 1927, 75-78; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25]. See also the description in the Uranology text MLC 1866.

The wagon was considered as a circumpolar <s>non-setting</s> constellation. mulMAR.GID2.DA ''kal'' MU GUB-''uz ma-a i-lam-ma-a'' "The wagon stands all year long, while rotating" [BPO 2, III 28c]. Its special position in the sky is also recorded in a Neo-Assyrian inscription: ''ša Sin-aḫḫḫe-erība itti man-zal-ti e-riq-qi kinni palâšu'' "Make the reign of Sennacherib as stable as the position of (the constellation) Wagon", quoted in [CAD E, 297; M/1 229].

==== Identification. ====
= Ursa Major [Gössmann 1950, 258 I; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73; Weidner 1957-59, 79a; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].

= α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η Ursae Majoris [Koch 1989, 111].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ''mašaddu'' "drawbar," see above.

(2) ''zarû'' "drawbar," see (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]], (Kurtik z05) ''[[Zarû]]''.

(3) SAG.KI = ''pūtu'' "front," lit. "forehead" of the Wagon, see above.

==== Astrology. ====

==== Abbreviation MAR ====
(1) The Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together; MUL.MUL ''u'' mulMAR UR.BI GUB.MEŠ ŠEG3.MEŠ ''u'' A.KAL.MEŠ DU.MEŠ-''ma'' ŠE.GUN3 TUR ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ŠUB-''tim bu-lim'' "If the Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together: rain and flood will come, crops will be little, in winter there will be an epidemic amongst the cattle" [BPO 2, IV 4a, V 2a, VI 2a, VII 3a]; see also: dIMIN.BI ''ana'' KU2-''ti bu-lim'': MUL.MUL ''u'' mulMAR UR.BI GUB.MEŠ [...] "Seven gods (for predicting) the death of livestock: the Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together [...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 84:3]. Here the following identity seems to be assumed: "Wagon = Venus".

(2) The star, above the Wagon, flashes; DIŠ TA UGU-''nu'' mulMAR UL SUR-''ma'' GIM ZA.GIN3.DURU5 ''ana'' 15 NA DIB-''iq'' LU2 BI BI TI.LA ''ur-rak'' "If a star (in color) like lapis lazuli flashes above the Wagon (and) passes to the right of a person: that person will live long" [Stev. O.T., Pl. XVII:23].
===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; [...ulMAR.GID2].DA d''Dil-bat'' "[Povo]zka = Venus" [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r.1], see also below (6), (7), etc.; Venus as the morning star, see above LBAT 1564:13.

(2) = Jupiter(?); the identity is suggested in [Bezold 1920, 122:159], but there is no clear evidence.

(3) = Old Man; see below (9).

(4) = The Furrow; see above "Great Star List and Miscellenia."

===== Predictions: =====
(5) Wagon and eclipse; mulMAR.GID2.DA ''ana'' AN.MI "Wagon for (predicting) an eclipse" [BPO 2, I 1 + Parallels, III 1, subscript].

(6) Dark sky over the Wagon; [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' mu]lMAR.GID2.DA AN-''u''2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' d''Dil-bat'' dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-''ma''] "[If over] the Wagon the sky is dark: there will be an eclipse, (meaning:) Mer[cury stands] above Venus" [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r.33], for parallels see. [BPO 3, 180, K.229:7'; 253, 81-2-4,239:5; 255, K.2204:3; 257, LKU, 111:6; Stev.O.T., 232:12]; the commentary suggests identities: Wagon=Venus; Dark Sky=Mercury."

(7) The Wagon and the Black Star; DIŠ mulMAR.GID2.DA A2 IM.1 mulGE6 KUR-''ud'' ... "If the Wagon reaches the Black Star in the south: Adad will strike, var.: there will be an eclipse." [BPO 3, 92, K.2226+:16]; in LB 1321 r. 21′ added the comment: ...: ul''Dil-bat'' uludu.idim.sag.uš ˹''kur-ud''˺ [...] " ..., (meaning): Venus is approaching Saturn." [Borger 1973, 41:21′]. [DIŠ mu]lMAR.GID2.DA A2 imULU3 (var. readings: imMIR, imKUR.RA, imMAR.TU) mulGE6 [...] "If the Wagon is in the south (north, east, west) of the Black Star [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:90-93].

(8) The Wagon upside down; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''na-bal-kut'' DUMU.MEŠ EN.LIL2ki ''la'' GI.NA.MEŠ ''i-t''[''a-mu-u''2] "If the Wagon (stands) upside down: the citizens of Nippur will speak lies" [BPO 3, 219, K.3601+ r.36], see also [ibid, 232, D.T.47 r.20].

(9) Venus and the Wagon; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-''ma a-me-ru'' IGI .... d''Dil-bat ina'' IGI mulŠU.GI DU-''ma'' "If Venus flashes (flickers?) and goes towards the Wagon, and someone sees it: a storm? will rise in three days and cover the country, (it means:) Venus stands before the Old Man" [BPO 3, 100, K.T.47 r.20] [BPO 3, 100, K.35:4; 52, VAT 10218:126]; the comment suggests an identity: Wagon=Old Man.

(10) Planet and Wagon; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma'' mulMAR.GID2.DA NIGIN GAL.MEŠ TUR.MEŠ UŠ2.[MEŠ] "If the Planet flares up (i.e., dramatically increases its brilliance) and moves around? the Wagon: the great and small will di[e]." [Largement 1957, 246:52; TU, 16:52]; here apparently Planet = Mars, Wagon = Venus(?).

(11) The Wagon, the shooting star and Jupiter; DIŠ TA ŠA3 ulMAR.GID2.DA UL SUR-''ma'' ''ša''2 ulME.GAR E3 .../ DIŠ KI.MIN-''ma la'' E3 ... "If a star bursts forth from the Wagon while Jupiter rises ... var: ...if it does not rise ..." [Stev.O.T., 233:18-19, Pl. XVII:20-22]; for other predictions based on the observation of shooting stars in the Wagon or "above the Wagon," see Stev.O.T., 233:18-19, Pl. XVII:20-22. [ibid.]

(12) The Wagon and the Moon; DIŠ mulMAR.GID2.DA ''ina'' ŠA3 (var. readings: ina MAŠ.QA, ''ina'' SI 15, ''ina'' SI 150) d30 GUB ''ina'' KUR [...] "If the Wagon (=Venus) stands in the middle (var.: on the shoulder, on the right horn, on the left horn) of the Moon: in the country [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:86-89].

(13) The Wagon and the Yoke; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''ana'' mulŠUDUN ''pa-ni-ša''2 ''us-suḫ''4 [...] "[If] the Wagon (=Venus) (approaches) the Yoke and disappears(?) before it [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:94].

(14) The wagon at sunrise; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''ip-rik-ma'' ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' [...] "[If] The wagon lays across at sunrise: (the country) Umman-manda [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:95].

(15) Darkening of the Wagon; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''a-dir'' ERIN2-''man-da'' ZI''-ma'' MU 6 KAN [...] "[If] the Wagon becomes dark: (the country of) Umman-manda will attack within 6 years [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:96].

(16) The Wagon and ''mišḫu''; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ina'' KUR SU.BIR4ki ''u'' KUR [...] "[If] the Wagon gives birth to mišḫu: in the country of Subartu and the country of [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:97].

(17) The Wagon at the setting of the Sun; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB [...] ''ina'' AN.MI dUTU d[...] "If the Sun sets and the Wagon stands in its place [...] during a solar eclipse [...]" [ACh Šamaš, 16:10; Van Soldt, Table 27, Ca 8].

(18) The Pleiades and the Wagon stand together; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 11.

For other examples of predictions, see. [Gössmann 1950, 258, III].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (e19)
!
|-
|
=== mul''eriqqu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulMAR.GID2.DA «Повозка»; силлабическая запись встречается в лексических и ряде других текстах; см. m08MAR.GID2.DA.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m07)
|[Gössmann 1950, 257]
|-
|
=== MAR ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulMAR.GID2.DA «Повозка»; созвездие в пределах Большой Медведицы [Gössmann 1950, 257], см. m08.
I. Источники.

EAE. [BPO 2, IV 4a, V 2a, VI 2a, VII 3a; Stev. O.T., Pl. XVII:23; ACh Suppl. 2, 84:3].

II. Астрология.

(1) Звезды и Повозка стоят вместе; MUL.MUL u mulMAR UR.BI GUB.MEŠ ŠEG3.MEŠ u A.KAL.MEŠ DU.MEŠ-ma ŠE.GUN3 TUR ina EN.TE.NA ŠUB-tim bu-lim «Если Звезды и Повозка стоят вместе: придут дожди и наводнения, урожай будет маленьким, зимой ― эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, IV 4a, V 2a, VI 2a, VII 3a]; см. также: dIMIN.BI ana KU2-ti bu-lim : MUL.MUL u mulMAR UR.BI GUB.MEŠ […] «Семеро богов (для предсказания) гибели скота : Звезды и Повозка вместе стоят […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 84:3]. Здесь, по-видимому, предполагается тождество: «Повозка = Венера».

(2) Звезда над Повозкой вспыхивает; DIŠ TA UGU-nu mulMAR UL SUR-ma GIM ZA.GIN3.DURU5 ana 15 NA DIB-iq LU2 BI TI.LA ur-rak «Если над Повозкой вспыхивает звезда (по цвету) подобная ляпис-лазури (и) проходит справа от человека: этот человек будет долго жить» [Stev. O.T., Pl. XVII:23].
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950), [Gössmann 1950, 257]
|-
|
=== MAR.GID2.DA ===
|
|-
| = muleriqqu «Повозка»; созвездие в Большой Медведице (Ursa Majoris) [Gössmann 1950, 258], cм. также m07MAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Старовавилонские одноязычные шумерские списки: mul (giš)mar.gid2.da [MSL 11, 108:387; 134 col. ix 8; 137, Forerunner 3, rev. ii 1]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulmar.gid2.da A / mul gišmar.gid2.da B = i-ri-iq-qu [Emar VI/4, 151:165], mulmar.gid2.da = e-req-qu/qa [SpTU III, 114A v 42; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299ʹ]. (3) Cерия Antagal (Tabl. G 311): [mulmar].gid2.da = EN.LIL2ki «Повозка = Ниппур» [MSL XVII, 229:311]; см. также mulMAR.GID2.DA e-re-eq-[qu…] [MLC 1866, iii 13]. «Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Cтаровавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: gišMAR.GID.DA [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:19], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: MAR.GID2.DA [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, I 1, III 1, 28c, subscript; BPO 3, 284; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; Largement 1957, 246:52; verderame 2002, 247; Von Soldt, Tablet 27, Ca 8; Stev. O.T., 232–234:12, 18–29, Pl. XVII 14, 20–32], см. также mul gišmar.gid2.da в астрологических предсказаниях из Эмара [Emar VI/4, 655:40, 43; 660:2–8; Horowitz 1990]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц абу, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša ina dal.ba.an im [xx] / u im.kur.ra gib mul.b[i]? / mulmar.gid2.da dNin-[lil2] «Звезда которая между се[вером] и востоком поперек (лежит), звезда эта Повозка, Нинлиль» (B iii 8–10); см. также a43APIN. (2) Cписок (3´12): itine … mulmar.gid2.da šu-ut [dEn-lil2] «Месяц абу: … Повозка (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит?)» (C iii 5). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — абу, заход — шабату [KAV 218, C 21, 34; Horowitz 2014, 39–40]; см. b06BAN. BM 82923. Месяц абу, звезды Энлиля: mul[MAR.GID2.DA] // 50 // be-el-tum «[Повозка] // 50 // Госпожа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 29–30:15]. BM 34713. Месяц улулу, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:7], см. b11BIR. Звезды Энлиля, месяц улулу: … 45 // [múlMA]R.GID2.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 5): mulmar.gid2.da [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 15, 16, 17): a) mulMAR.GID2.DA dNin-lil2 «Повозка, Нинлиль» (I i 15), b) «Звезда на дышле Повозки» (I i 16–17), см. k06 KA5.A, c) «Звезда на передке Повозки» (I i 18), см. u04U8; параллели см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:4'–6']. (2) Схема определения направлений ветров по звездам: mulMAR.GID2.DA — север (II i 68–71), см. k24KU6 [MA, 22, 23, 87]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min] (=mulab.sin2) «Повозка = [Борозда]», параллель [TU, 18 r. 5]; (2) 12 звезд Аккада: mulmar.gid2.da [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:45, 210]. MLC 1866. mulMAR.GID2.DA e-re-eq-[qu dNin-lil2] / gišGIGIR da-nu-um ap2-sa3-am-[ma-ku 4 MUL.MEŠ] / ina A2.MEŠ-šu2 e-ṣir-u᾽ 3 MU[L.MEŠ ina SAG.KI-šu2] / e-ṣir-u᾽ … 2 MUL.MEŠ un-nu-tu-tu A2 ana ˹A2˺ [IGI-šu2 ina ma-šad-di] / e-ṣir-u᾽ MUL ša2 it-ti za-r[u mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-zu mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš!(BE)-ri D[INGIR.MEŠ] / MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA DIŠ x […] / mulim-mer-tu4 d˹e?˺-a […] «Повозка = повоз[ка Нинлиль] / Колесница Ану (имеет форму) apsam[akku, 4 звезды] / по его сторонам изображены; 3 звезд[ы на ее передке] / изображены. … 2 слабые звезды одна за другой [впереди нее на дышле] / изображены. Звезда, которая на ды[шле Повозки] / стоит, Лиса, бог Эрра могучий среди [богов]. / Звезда, которая на передке Повозки (стоит) / Овца […]» (col. iii 13–21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41], комментарии см. [ibid., 54–56]. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02A.EDIN. Dalbanna-текст. §V. mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ ( UMa), см. h03Ḫaniš. LBAT 1564:13. Имя Венеры как утренней звезды: [DIŠ mulMAR.]GID2.DA // mulDil-bat // ina d[UTU.E3.]A «[Пов]озка ― Венера на [восходе Солнца]», см. также [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV; Reiner 1995, 58, note 239]. Cм. также обращение к Повозке в заклинании: EN2 mul[MAR.GID2.DA gi]šMAR.GID2.DA ša2-ma-mi «Заклинание: О [Созвездие Повозка], Небесная Повозка.» [CT 13, 38:17; CAD E, 297b; Horowitz 1989, 243]. См. также [SpTU I, 28:10'].

II. Божество.

Созвездие MAR.GID2.DA, связанное с dNin-lil2, — одно из самых почитаемых астральных божеств древней Месопотамии (см. n34dNIN.LIL2). Среди его эпитетов: ulMAR.GID2.DA rabītu(GAL) «Великая Повозка» [Stev. O.T., 231:4], ummu DINGIR.MEŠ «Мать богов» [Horowitz 1989, 243, note 4]. Его популярность объясняется отождествлением с Большой Медведицей, не заходящим созвездием, наблюдавшимся на протяжении всей ночи. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Старовавилонская молитва к ночным богам, см. выше.; в новоассирийской версии молитвы имя созвездия отсутствует, однако, вероятно, оно присутствовало в оригинале [Oppenheim 1959, 282–283; Reiner 1995, 67]. (2) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевание рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam), см. [Mayer 1976, 429; Reiner 1995, 17]. (3) Ритуал «намбурби» (nam.bur2.bi): ina IGI MUL.[… u MUL.]MAR.GID2 tašakkan «Перед звездой […и] Повозкой ты приносишь (жертвоприношение)» [Ebeling 1955, 38–39:24–25; Reiner 1995, 85; САD E, 297b]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z04Zibānītu, II. (5) Заклинание против чумы [TuL, 163, 34:14]. (6) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: молитва к múlMAR.GID2.DA mar-kas AN-e «Повозка, связь (возможно, центр) небес» [RАcc. 139:330; Linssen 2004, 221, 230], как к звездному воплощению Венеры [Reiner 1995 139]. (7) Магические действия перед mulMAR.GID2.DA совершались также колдунами [Reiner 1995, 107]. См. также [AHw, 238; CAD M/1, 297; CT 13, 38:18; Horowitz 1989; 1990; Mayer 1976, 429–430; Reiner 1960].

III. Символ.

Повозка. Описание в VAT 9428 r. 4–7: mulMAR.GID2.DA ap2-sa3-ma-ak-ku [4 M]UL.MEŠ ina pu-ut-ti-ša2 eṣ-ru / ma-šad-da-ša2 ana ša2-šal-li ša2 mul˹E4˺-ru6 3 MUL.MEŠ / ina IGI-at ma-šad-di-ša2 1 MUL na-bu-u ina <<SAG>> ma-šad-di / u3 2 MUL.MEŠ šap-lu-tu4 A2 ana A2-šu2 ina SAG ma-šad-di eṣ-ru «Повозка (имеет форму) apsamakku (= «правильный четырехугольник с вогнутыми сторонами» [CAD A/2, 192]). [4 з]везды изображены на ее передке. / Ее дышло (направлено) в пятку Эруа. 3 звезды / на ее дышле – 1 звезда с большим блеском в начале дышла, / и 2 звезды ниже одна за другой впереди на дышле изображены» [Weidner 1927, 75–78; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25]. См. также описание в MLC 1866.

Повозка считалась не заходящим созвездием. mulMAR.GID2.DA kal MU GUB-uz ma-a i-lam-ma-a «Повозка стоит весь год, при этом вращается» [BPO 2, III 28c]. Ее особое положение на небе зафиксировано также в новоассирийской надписи: ša Sin-aḫḫe-erība itti man-zal-ti e-riq-qi kinni palâšu «Сделай правление Синаххериба столь же стабильным, как положение (созвездия) Повозка», цит. по [CAD E, 297; M/1 229].

IV. Отождествление.

= Ursa Major [Gössmann 1950, 258 I; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73; Weidner 1957–59, 79a; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].

= α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η Ursae Majoris [Koch 1989, 111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mašaddu «дышло», см. выше.

(2) zarû «дышло», см. k06KA5.A, z05Zarû.

(3) SAG.KI = pūtu «передок», букв. «лоб» Повозки, см. выше.

VI. Астрология

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; [… ulMAR.GID2].DA dDil-bat «[Пово]зка = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r.1], см. также ниже (6), (7) и др.; Венера как утренняя звезда, см. выше LBAT 1564:13.

(2) = Юпитер(?); тождество предполагается в [Bezold 1920, 122:159], однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(3) = Старик; см. ниже (9).

(4) = Борозда; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

Предсказания:

(5) Повозка и затмение; mulMAR.GID2.DA ana AN.MI «Повозка для (предсказания) затмения» [BPO 2, I 1 + Parallels, III 1, subscript].

(6) Темное небо над Повозкой; [DIŠ e-le-nu mu]lMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «[Если над] Повозкой небо темное: будет затмение, (это означает:) выше Венеры Мер[курий стоит]» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r.33], параллели см. [ā, 180, K.229:7'; 253, 81-2-4,239:5; 255, K.2204:3; 257, LKU, 111:6; Stev.O.T., 232:12]; комментарий предполагает тождества: Повозка=Венера; Темное небо=Меркурий».

(7) Повозка и Черная звезда; DIŠ mulMAR.GID2.DA A2 IM.1 mulGE6 KUR-ud … «Если Повозка достигает на юге Черной звезды: Адад нанесет удар, вар.: будет затмение» [BPO 3, 92, K.2226+:16]; в LB 1321 r. 21′ добавлен комментарий: …: ulDil-bat uludu.idim.sag.uš ˹kur-ud˺ […] «…, (это означает): Венера к Сатурну приближается» [Borger 1973, 41:21′]. [DIŠ mu]lMAR.GID2.DA A2 imULU3 (вар. чтения: imMIR, imKUR.RA, imMAR.TU) mulGE6 […] «Если Повозка на юге (на севере, на востоке, на западе) Черную звезду […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:90–93].

(8) Повозка вверх дном; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA na-bal-kut DUMU.MEŠ EN.LIL2ki la GI.NA.MEŠ i-t[a-mu-u2] «Если Повозка (стоит) вверх дном: граждане Ниппура будут говорить неправду» [BPO 3, 219, K.3601+ r.36], см. также [ibid, 232, D.T.47 r.20].

(9) Венера и Повозка; DIŠ mulDil-bat SUR-ma ana IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-ma a-me-ru IGI …. dDil-bat ina IGI mulŠU.GI DU-ma «Если Венера вспыхивает (мерцает?) и идет по направлению к Повозке, и некто видит ее: буря? поднимется через три дня и покроет страну, (это означает:) Венера стоит перед Стариком» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:4; 52, VAT 10218:126]; комментарий предполагает тождество: Повозка=Старик.

(10) Планета и Повозка; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM SUR-ma mulMAR.GID2.DA NIGIN GAL.MEŠ TUR.MEŠ UŠ2.[MEŠ] «Если Планета вспыхивает (т.е. резко увеличивает свой блеск) и движется вокруг? Повозки: великие и малые будут умир[ать]» [Largement 1957, 246:52; TU, 16:52]; здесь, по-видимому, Планета = Марс, Повозка = Венера(?).

(11) Повозка, падающая звезда и Юпитер; DIŠ TA ŠA3 ulMAR.GID2.DA UL SUR-ma ša2 ulME.GAR E3 …/ DIŠ KI.MIN-ma la E3… «Если из Повозки звезда вспыхивает, в то время как Юпитер восходит … вар.: …если не восходит…» [Stev.O.T., 233:18–19, Pl. XVII:20–22]; другие предсказания, основанные на наблюдении падающих звезд в Повозке или «выше Повозки», см. [ibid.].

(12) Повозка и Луна; DIŠ mulMAR.GID2.DA ina ŠA3 (вар. чтения: ina MAŠ.QA, ina SI 15, ina SI 150) d30 GUB ina KUR […] «Если Повозка (=Венера) в середине (вар.: на плече, на правом роге, на левом роге) Луны стоит: в стране […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:86–89].

(13) Повозка и Ярмо; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ana mulŠUDUN pa-ni-ša2 us-suḫ4 […] «[Если] Повозка (=Венера) к Ярму (приблизилась) и перед ним исчезла(?) […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:94].

(14) Повозка при восходе; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ip-rik-ma ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da […] «[Если] Повозка легла поперек при восходе: (страна) Умман-манда […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:95].

(15) Затемнение Повозки; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA a-dir ERIN2-man-da ZI-ma MU 6 KAN […] «[Если] Повозка стала темной: (страна) Умман-манда в течение 6 лет будет атаковать […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:96].

(16) Повозка и mišḫu; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ina KUR SU.BIR4ki u KUR […] «[Если] Повозка породила mišḫu: в стране Субарту и стране […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:97].

(17) Повозка при заходе Солнца; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB […] ina AN.MI dUTU d[…] «Если Солнце заходит и Повозка стоит на его месте […] во время солнечного затмения […]» [ACh Šamaš, 16:10; Van Soldt, Table 27, Ca 8].

(18) Плеяды и Повозка вместе стоят; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 11.

Другие примеры предсказаний см. [Gössmann 1950, 258, III].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:UMa]]
[[Category:BigDipper]]

MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA

2026-01-09T17:21:22Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul (giš)MA.GID2.DA AN.NA, ''eriqqu ša šamê''}}
{{distinguish|MAR.GID2.DA}}
[[File:Wagon+WagonH Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wagon and Wagon of Heaven in the Babylonian uranography around 1250 BCE, produced with Stellarium, paintings by Jessica Gullberg.]]
mul (giš)MA.GID2.DA AN.NA (𒀯𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾) = ''eriqqu ša šamê'', ''eriqqu šá šamāmī'' (poetic form) is a Mesopotamian name for the asterism Ursa Minor (the Little Dipper). The association with goddesses reflects in part at least the feminine grammatical status of Akkadian ''eriqqu'', pl. ''eriqqātu'' <ref>HorowitzW., 1989: “An Akkadian Name for Ursa-Minor: mar.gid2.da..an.na = eriqqi šamāmī,” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie79: 242-245.</ref> The Sumerian name can be interpreted as either 'The Wagon of Heaven' or 'The Wagon of Anu.' The sign-AN being for both the Heavens as a cosmic location and the god An, the King of the Heavens.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
“Wagon of Heaven”. mulMAR.GÍD.DA-AN.NA (EN 20l)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>.

* mul (giš)MA.GID2.DA AN.NA
* '''= eriqqu ša šamê (𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊)'''
* '''or eriqqu šá šamāmī:'''
* '''"Celestial Wagon"'''

Constellation in the Little Dipper (Ursa Minor) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 259], Horowitz 1989<ref>Horowitz, Wayne (1989): “An Akkadian Name for Ursa-Minor: mar.gid.da a.an.na = eriqqi šamami,” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 79: 242-245.</ref>.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of Enlil's stars (nos. 19, 20):
** a) mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA d''Dam-ki-an-na'' "The Wagon of Anu, Damkiana" (I i 20), for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:8'].
** b) "Star on its rope," see (Kurtik i02) [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]. Stev.O.T.<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref> mulMAR.GID2.DA<AN.NA> GAL "The wagon of [Anu] the Great" — in prediction, see (Kurtik i02) [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]. For a list of "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
'''Uranology'''

VAT 9428 r. 8-9: mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA ''ka-lak-ku a-na'' IGI ''ma-šad-di ša''2 mulMAR.GID2.D[A] / ''u''3 ''ma-šad-da-ša''2 IGI ''ka-lak-ku ša''2 mulMAR.˹GID2.DA ''i''˺-''ma-ša''2''-a''[''l''] "The Celestial Wagon — the van in front of the Wagon's drawbar, and its drawbar is in front of the Wagon's van in a similar manner" [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, Section VIII].
|
|-
|'''Spell.'''
* On receiving a favorable or unfavorable sign during sleep before beginning a journey: EN2 mulMAR.GID2.DA.A[N.N]A [MA]R.GID2.D[A ''ša''2-''ma-m'']''i ša''2 ''ni-ir-ša''2 dNIN.URTA / ''ma-šad-da-ša''2 dAMAR.U[TU ''bu'']-''ba-tu-ša''2 DUMU.MI2.<MEŠ> d''A-nim ša''2 AN-''e'' KU3.MEŠ / ''ana'' IGI ''Aš-šurki nap''-˹''ḫa''˺-[''a'']''t ana'' IGI K[A2.DINGIR.R]Aki IGI-''ša''2 ''šak-nu'' "Spell. A[na]'s wagon, the [Heavenly] [W]ago[n], whose yoke is Ninurta, whose drawbar is Mar[duk], whose axles (according to another version: sides) are the daughter of Ana (in) the pure heavens, who ris[e]s towards Assyria, whose face is turned towards B[abylo]n" [STT<ref>''Gurney O., Finkelstein J.J.'', ''Hulin P.'' The Sultantepe Tablets. Vol. I-II. London 1957, 1964.</ref>, 73 ii 61-63; Reiner 1960<ref>''Reiner E.'' Fortune-telling in Mesopotamia // JNES. 1960. Vol. 19, № 1. Р. 23-35.</ref>, 33; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 71; Horowitz 1989<ref>''Horowitz W''. The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = ''eriqqi šamê'' / ''šamāmi'' // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.</ref>, 243], parallel [UET 7, 118:8-9; Horowitz 1989<ref>''Horowitz W''. The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = ''eriqqi šamê'' / ''šamāmi'' // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.</ref>, 243].
|
|-
|'''Hemerologies.'''
* 7th of Tashrit, prohibition of sexual intercourse: ''ik-kib'' giš˹MAR˺.GID2.DA ''ša-me-e'' d''A-nim'' "Prohibition of the Wagon of Heaven, Anu" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 r. iv 62], see also [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> E, 297b; Horowitz 1989<ref>''Horowitz W''. The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = ''eriqqi šamê'' / ''šamāmi'' // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.</ref>, 244; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 116-117; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 114].
|
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Polaris]]
|HIP 11767
|within constellation lines
|2.02
|-
|2
|[[Kochab]]
|HIP 72607
|within constellation lines
|2.08
|-
|3
|[[Pherkad]]
|HIP 75097
|within constellation lines
|3.002
|-
|4
|ϵ Ursae Minoris
|HIP 82080
|within constellation lines
|4.212
|-
|5
|ζ Ursae Minoris
| HIP 77055
|within constellation lines
|4.274
|-
|6
|[[Yildun]]
|HIP 85822
|within constellation lines
|4.336
|-
|7
| -
|HIP 79822
|within constellation lines
| -
|-
|8
| -
| HIP 113116
|Inside the Hull
|4.684
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 87234
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|10
| -
|HIP 109693
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|11
|75 Dra
| HIP 100965
|Inside the Hull
|5.368
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 102599
| Inside the Hull
|5.371
|-
|13
|19 UMi
|HIP 79280
|Inside the Hull
| 5.473
|-
|14
| -
| HIP 80480
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
| 15
| -
|HIP 115746
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|16
|41 Dra
|HIP 88136
|Inside the Hull
|5.642
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 90647
|Inside the Hull
|5.644
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 84769
|Inside the Hull
|5.706
|-
|19
| -
| HIP 78661
|Inside the Hull
|5.73
|-
|20
| 76 Dra
|HIP 102208
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 112833
|Inside the Hull
|5.891
|-
|22
|40 Dra
|HIP 88127
|Inside the Hull
|5.939
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 101082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 81854
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|25
| -
| HIP 79601
|Inside the Hull
|6.016
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 95167
| Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 104756
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 90182
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|29
|VX UMi
|HIP 83317
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 101044
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 87293
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 81428
|Inside the Hull
| 6.317
|-
|33
|20 UMi
|HIP 79420
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 80850
| Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 92040
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The Celestial Wagon is identified with Damkiana, in MUL.APIN I i 20. For other identifications as a goddess in magical texts see Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>: 57, 66.

==== III. Symbol. ====
<s>Wagon. Described in VAT 9428 r. 8-9: mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA ''ka-lak-ku a-na'' IGI ''ma-šad-di ša''2 mulMAR.GID2.D[A] / ''u''3 ''ma-šad-da-ša''2 IGI ''ka-lak-ku ša''2 mulMAR.˹GID2.DA ''i''˺-''ma-ša''2''-a''[''l''] "The Celestial Wagon — the van in front of the Wagon's drawbar, and its drawbar is in front of the Wagon's van in a similar manner" [Weidner 1927</s><ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref><s>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018</s><ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref><s>, 23, 25, Section VIII].mOVED To Uranology above What do we need to do about symbol in general</s>

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Ursa Minor [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 259; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 74].

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL ''ša''2 ''ina ṭur-ri-šu''2 GUB-''zu'' "the star that stands on the knot" (= α Ursae Minoris (?)), see (Kurtik i02) [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]].

(2) ''mašaddu'' 'drawbar', see above.

(3) ''nīru'' 'yoke', see above.

(4) ''bubūtu'' 'axis', see above.

(5) ''kalakku'' "body, van", see above.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = eriq šamê «Небесная Повозка» или «Повозка Ану»; созвездие в Малой Медведице (Ursa Minor) [Gössmann 1950, 259].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 19, 20): a) mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA dDam-ki-an-na «Повозка Ану, Дамкиана» (I i 20), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:8']. b) «Звезда на ее веревке», см. i02IBILA.E2.MAḪ. Stev.O.T. mulMAR.GID2.DA<AN.NA> GAL «Повозка [Ану] Великая» ― в предсказании, см. i02IBILA.E2.MAḪ. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02A.EDIN. Заклинание. О получении благоприятного или неблагоприятного знака во время сна перед началом путешествия: EN2 mulMAR.GID2.DA.A[N.N]A [MA]R.GID2.D[A ša2-ma-m]i ša2 ni-ir-ša2 dNIN.URTA / ma-šad-da-ša2 dAMAR.U[TU bu]-ba-tu-ša2 DUMU.MI2.<MEŠ> dA-nim ša2 AN-e KU3.MEŠ / ana IGI Aš-šurki nap-˹ḫa˺-[a]t ana IGI K[A2.DINGIR.R]Aki IGI-ša2 šak-nu «Заклинание. Повозка A[на], [Небесна]я [По]возк[а], чье ярмо есть Нинурта, чье дышло ― Мар[дук], чьи оси (по другой версии: боковые стороны) ― дочери Ана (на) небесах чистых, которая восход[и]т по направлению к Ассирии, чье лицо обращено к В[авило]ну» [STT, 73 ii 61–63; Reiner 1960, 33; Reiner 1995, 71; Horowitz 1989, 243], параллель [UET 7, 118:8–9; Horowitz 1989, 243]. Гемерологии. 7-е ташриту, запрещение полового соития: ik-kib giš˹MAR˺.GID2.DA ša-me-e dA-nim «Запрещение Повозки Небесной, Ану» [KAR, 178 r. iv 62], см. также [CAD E, 297b; Horowitz 1989, 244; Labat 1939, 116–117; Reiner 1995, 114].

II. Божество.

Принятое в MUL.APIN I i 20 отождествление Небесной Повозки с Дамкианой нигде более не засвидетельствовано и имеет, по-видимому, достаточно позднее происхождение. Отождествление частей созвездия с божествами нередко встречается в текстах заклинаний [Reiner 1995].

III. Символ.

Повозка. Описание в VAT 9428 r. 8–9: mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA ka-lak-ku a-na IGI ma-šad-di ša2 mulMAR.GID2.D[A] / u3 ma-šad-da-ša2 IGI ka-lak-ku ša2 mulMAR.˹GID2.DA i˺-ma-ša2-a[l] «Небесная Повозка – это фургон перед дышлом Повозки, и ее дышло перед фургона Повозки аналогичным образом» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, Section VIII].

IV. Отождествление.

= Ursa Minor [Gössmann 1950, 259; Weidner 1957–59, 79a; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL ša2 ina ṭur-ri-šu2 GUB-zu «звезда, которая на ее веревке (вар.: связи, узле) стоит» (= α Ursae Minoris (?)), см. i02IBILA.E2.MAḪ.

(2) mašaddu «дышло», см. выше.

(3) nīru «ярмо», см. выше.

(4) bubūtu «ось», см. выше.

(5) kalakku «кузов, фургон», см. выше.

| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

MAR.TU

2026-01-09T17:19:57Z

JanSafford:

mul / dMAR.TU (𒀯𒈥𒌅) = Akkadian ''[[Amurru]],'' the asterism of the deity of this name in the constellation [[Perseus]]. The god Martu = Amurru is the titular god of the Amorites, as in the Sumerian literary work the Marriage of Martu<ref>Marriage of Martu, online at [https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr171.htm Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature] (ETCSL, University of Oxford, UK)</ref> which explains how the Amorite deity married into the Sumerian-Akkadian divine royal family, i.e. the Mesopotamian pantheon. The Amorites are western Semites who arrived in Mesopotamia from the west, the direction 'west' and west wind imMAR.TU = ''[[Amurru]]'', i.e. the Amorites are 'westerners' in Sumerian-Akkadian parlance. There is no evidence to suggest that this is in anyway connected to the sense of the star mulMAR.TU = ''[[Amurru]]'' as a more western/westerly star than any other in the sky. The sign TU can also be read DU2, with the divine name then read Mardu.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulMAR.DU2;
* = mul''amurru'',
* Martu, Amurru"; a constellation or star in [[Perseus]] [Gössmann 1950, 261].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mulmar.tu = ''a-mur''!-''t''[''a''] A / ''a-mur-ru'' B [Emar VI/4, 151:176],
* [mul]mar.tu = ''a-mur-''[''ru''] [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:11],
* mulmar.tu = [''a'']-''mur-ru'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 6],
* mulma[r].t[u] = [...] [SpTU III, 114A v 26],
* mulmar.du2 = ''a-mur-ru'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:282ʹ].
|Example
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulMAR.TU [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:17; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe B. List (12´3):

* mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu
* "Old Man = Enmesharra = Martu/Amurru" (B ii 13-14), see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
DIŠ mulMAR.TU (glossa: ''mu-lu a-mur-ru'') MIN(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'')...

"If Martu/Amurru <s>Asterism</s>-West emits mišḫu..." [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 ii 7-8], parallel [ibid., 63:11].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m10)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulMAR.DU2; = mul''amurru'', «Звезда-Запад», «Звезда Амурру»; созвездие или звезда в Персее (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 261].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulmar.tu = ''a-mur''!-''t''[''a''] A / ''a-mur-ru'' B [Emar VI/4, 151:176], [mul]mar.tu = ''a-mur''-[''ru''] [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:11], mulmar.tu = [''a'']-''mur-ru'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 6], mulma[r].t[u] = […] [SpTU III, 114A v 26], mulmar.du2 = ''a-mur-ru'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:282ʹ]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам.''''' mulMAR.TU [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:17; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe B. Cписок (12´3): mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu «Старик = Энмешарра = божество-Запад» (B ii 13–14), см. также sh16ŠU.GI. '''''EAE'''''. DIŠ mulMAR.TU (глосса: ''mu-lu a-mur-ru'') MIN(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'')… «Если Звезда-Запад испустила ''mišḫu''…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 ii 7–8], параллель [ibid., 63:11].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Per]]

Maš-a-ti

2026-01-09T17:16:43Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:(MUL ''ša''2) ''maš''-(''ša''2)-''a-ti''/''tu''4}}

(MUL ''ša''2) ''maš''-(''ša''2)-''a-ti''/''tu''4 (𒀯𒃻𒈦𒃻𒀀𒋾), <nowiki>''The Doublets,'</nowiki> is a pair of asterisms in [[Hercules]] now identified with β,γ Herculis. The feminine grammatical gender of the term suggests an identification with two female deities, and/or perhaps in some way two female figures observed in the sky perceived to represent 'female twins'.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= MUL ''ša''2 ''mašātī'' "The Doublets'," "Pair (of stars)," possibly female twins [Horowitz-al-Rawi<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 174]; = ziqpu IV, group of stars in the Dog-constellation, [[UR.GI7|mulUR.GI7]] = ''kalbu'' (Hercules) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 264; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 403a].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 2½ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 27 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI. MIN](=''ina šamê'') / TA mulGAM-''ti'' | EN MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' "2 ½ min of weight, 150 on earth, 27,000 miles in the sky / From the Ring to 'The Doublets",
** (b) 5/6 MA.NA MIN | 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 9 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' | EN MUL ''ša''2 ''taš-ka-a-ti'' "5/6 min. of weight, 50 on earth, 9000 miles in the sky / From a star from 'The Doublets to 'The Triplets' [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216: 9-12; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:9-12; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 ''ša''2 ''maš-š''a2-''a-tu''2 // 2 ''ša''2-''niš'' 3 // 18 IGI KUŠ3 "Star from 'The Doublets' // 2 or 3 (stars) // 18,000 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:21].
* (3) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' [M]UL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' "½ mile(150) to 'The Doublets<s>"</s> [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:4].
|Example
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (Q) mul [''ša''2 ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ "Star of 'The Doublets' (ziqpu IV: β Her)" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:27], see (Kurtik m01) [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* '''''[múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 u múlU6 (PROVE) MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ša maš-ša2-a-tu2 ana ziq-pi 7 [...] "[Anunit]u and Fish are the stars of Antashur. (The star of) the Twin culminates. 7 [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995'''''<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>''''', 76: i 11, ii 10ʹ]. - we need to go over this text????'''''
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
* AO 6483:
** [...] múlUTU-''a-ta e''3-''a'' uš2 tu.kur4[mušen] "[If a child is born when...], (when) UTU-''a-ta'' appears: death by wild pigeons(?)" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 30; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70;];
UTU-''a-ta'' is apparently a rebus entry for ''maš-a-ti'' [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 403a; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 219-220], i.e. Utu is the Sumerian name for the Sun-god = Akkadian Šamaš, so re-divide Šamaš-a-ta '''''-->ša maš-a-ta. <nowiki>[[is this clear???]]</nowiki>'''''. Also, tu.kur4mušen = ''sukannīnu'', most likely a turtledove according to CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 353-354.
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= β Herculis [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 264; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229].

= β + γ Herculis+ (VAT 16436) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>: 272; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 220].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= MUL ša2 mašātī «Звезды Близнецов», «Пара (звезд)», возможно, женские близнецы [Horowitz–al-Rawi 174]; = ziqpu IV, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [Gössmann 1950, 264; CAD M/1, 403a].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 2½ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN](=ina šamê) / TA mulGAM-ti | EN MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «2 ½ мины веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль на небе / От Кольца до звезды из Пары», b) 5/6 MA.NA MIN | 5 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 9 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL ša2 maš-a-ti | EN MUL ša2 taš-ka-a-ti «5/6 мины веса, 50 на земле, 9000 миль на небе / От звезды из Пары до звезды из Тройки» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216: 9–12; TU, 21:9–12; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 ša2 maš-ša2-a-tu2 // 2 ša2-niš 3 // 18 IGI KUŠ3 «Звезда из Пары» // 2 или 3 (звезды) // 18000 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:21]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana [M]UL ša2 maš-a-ti «½ мили(150) до звезд Пары» [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:4]. GU-текст. (Q) mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ «Звезда [Близ]нецов (ziqpu IV: β Her) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:27], см. m01MA2.GUR8. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 u múlU6 (ПРОВЕРИТЬ) MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ša maš-ša2-a-tu2 ana ziq-pi 7 […] «[Анунит]у и Рыба — звезды Анташурра. (Звезда из) Пары кульминирует. 7 […]» [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76: i 11, ii 10ʹ]. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […]: múlUTU-a-ta e3-a uš2 tu.kur4[mušen] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…], (когда) UTU-a-ta появляется: смерть от дикого голубя(?)» [TU, 14 r. 30; Sachs 1952, 67, 70;]; UTU-a-ta, по-видимому, ребусная запись для maš-a-ti [CAD M/1, 403a; Schaumberger 1952, 219–220], tu.kur4mušen ― «дикий голубь», согласно [AHw, 1055a], «трясогузка», согласно [Salonen 1973, 301].

II. Отождествление.

= β Herculis [Gössmann 1950, 264; Schaumberger 1952, 229].

= β + γ Herculis+ (VAT 16436) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88; Schaumberger 1952, 220].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL

2026-01-09T17:14:44Z

JanSafford:

[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲), The Great Twins, is the Sumerian for the ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Gemini]], on the one hand referring to the constellation consisting of two human figures, but on the other hand pars-pro-toto used for the ''ziqpu-''stars (α, β Geminorum).

In examples with astronomical content mul[[MAŠ.TAB.BA]], 'The Twins,' may be assumed to refer to mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL which is the most important of the 'Twins' constellations as demonstrated by the fact that this is listed first of seven of 'Twins' asterisms in both the Great Star List and the compendium KAR 142. However, the multiplicity of 'Twins' constellations allows for uncertainty in modern identifications of the stars referred to in this category in all instances. This is not solely a modern quandry. For example see the ancient comentary from BPO 2 44-45: 36: MUL ''tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ The Great Twins, it says for [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]. The Akkadian for 'twins' is attested both by the loan word from Sumerian ''māšu'' and ''tu'amu'' which is cognate to terms for 'twins' in other semitic languages including Hebrew (''te'omim'') and Arabic ''(tawaa'im'').

Below we include both [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]] and MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL). In the case of [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]], and Akkadian equivalents ''tū᾽amū, māšū,'' especially in Dictionary entries, one cannot always be sure which of the multiple 'Twins' constellations may have been intended by the writers and readers in every case.

== Concordance, History, Etymology<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

* = mul''tū᾽amū rabûtu'' (Akkadian) "Great Twins";<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
* = ''tū᾽amū, māšū'' (Akkadian)

* LB abbreviation: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀)

The term may be used in multiple meanings:

* 1) constellation in Gemini. See also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.
* 2) = ''ziqpu'' XVIII (α Gem),
*3) = ''ziqpu'' XIX (β Gem) [Gössmann 1950, 267; BPO 2, 13], see also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
==== (Kurtik m17) Sources mulMAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL) ====
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' Horowitz 2014: 247 (Star Names and Constellations)
<s>'''''Astrolabe P. Month of Ab''''', stars of Anu, 100 ''[Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. - or do we want to use the Star-catalogue at the end of the Alb book???''</s>
* (1) List (12´3): mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ''ša''2 ''ina'' igi''-it'' d''A-nim'' gub / d''Šullat''(pa) ''u''3 d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "The Great Twins that stands ahead of (the stars) Anu, Shullat and Hanish" (B ii 22-23).
* (2) List (3´12): itine ... mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "The month of Ab: ... The Great Twins (rising in the path of) Anu " (C ii 5).
* (3) List: Rising and setting is shabat [KAV 218, C 21, 34]; see PAN for these lines (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].

'''''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''''
* (a) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 6): mulmaš.tab.b[a.gal.gal] [CT 33, 9 r. 3; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* (b) List of the 12 stars of An (no. 4): mulmaš.tab.<ba>.gal.gal.gal [TCL 6 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
Month of Ab, stars of An: mulMAŠ.[TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] // 1,40 // d[''Sin u''3] d''Nergal''(U.GUR) "Grea[t Twins<s>er Gemini</s>] // 100 // [Sin and] Nergal" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 28, 30:14].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
Month of ulul, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:7], see (Kurtik b12) [[BIR]]. Text Nv. 10. [''ina''] ˹itikin maš.tab.ba.gal.gal˺ // mul.[... / ... mulAN.TA.GUB.BA] "[In] the month of ulul, the Great Twins [...] / [... — standing star above] (Rev. 41-42) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66].
|
|-
|Uranology
'''''other passages need to be added???'''''
To be included
'''MLC 1866.'''
mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dlugal-ir3-ra / ''u''3 d''mes-lam-ta-e''3 ˹''suk-kal-lum''˺ d60 "The Great Twins, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, the vizier of Anu" (iv 16-17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], see also section III. Symbol
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285; BPO 2, III 36; BPO 3, 284a; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU V, 264:14']. '''''need to be checked???'''''?
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN. ((everywhere we have to synchronize month-names???))'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 5): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dLugal-gir3-ra ''u''3 dMes-lam-ta-e3-a 'Great Twins, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea' (I i 5).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL IGIme "On the 10th day of siman the True Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins ascend" (I ii 40).
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) List of ziqpu stars: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, between mulGAM3 and mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ''u'' mulNUNki KURmeš-''ni'' "On the 15th day of ulul, the Great Twins stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and ŠU.PA and the asterism of Eridu rise" (I iv 22-24), see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 117, BM 73815:2′]; for an early parallel, see. BM 77054 [George 1991, 304-305: 13′-15′].
* (6) Stars "in the path of the moon": mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL after mulGAM3, before mulAL.LUL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA, 19, 41, 51, 59, 59, 64, 68].
Text BM 77054.

* ''ina'' itikin ud.10.ka[m…] / mulma[š.tab.ba.gal.gal…] / mu[lnunki…] "On the 10th day of ulul [...] / Gre[at Gemini...] / St[ar of Eridu...]" [George 1991, 304-305, obv. 13′-15′].
|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|"Great Twins" in Stellarium as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:4.'''
* mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = dLugal-ir9-ra ''u'' dMes-lam-ta-e3-a = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Twins = Lugalirra and Meslamtaea = Sin and Nergal" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3]; for a parallel see. [TU, 47:8-9]. '''''needs to be checked???'''''
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See (Kurtik u28) ''[[Uṣurtu]]''. '''''Go to usurtu and needs to be checked - based completely on restoration apparently??? maybe boy in the moon????'''''
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 352b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) 12 stars of Amurru: mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal;
* (2) 7 Celestial Twins: mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.gal in first place [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:217, 231]; see also [KAR, 142 i 26]. '''''See MAsh.MAsh entry if we leave it there???'''''
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ ''u''3 ˹šu˺II.meš˺ ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal igi-''u''2 "The front legs and arms of the Great Twins" (θ Gem - arm, ν Gem - leg), see also (Kurtik d04) [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]].
* (C) ˹gir3˺[II] egir-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal "The hind leg of the Great Twins" (ziqpu XIX: β Gem), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]] [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:2, 4; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
BM 38369+:

* (a) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Greater Gemi[ni]...",
* (b) 5 UŠ ''bi-rit'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.G[AL.GAL] "50 between the Greater Twin[s],"
* (c) TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum.''..] "From the Greater Twin to the Cra[b...]" [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:9-11].???what is Horowtiz 1994a ???
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §S. mulmaš.tab.ba gal.gal.la egir-u2 mu[lmaš.tab.b]a gal.gal.la egir-i mul ''ḫe-pi''2 3 mul.meš gan2 gim ''u''2 ˹2 dal˺.b[a.an.n]a dal.ba.an.na mul ''ḫe-pi''2 ''a-na ṣu-ub-bi-i ḫe-pi''2 "Back (star) of the Great Twins (χ Gem), back (star) of the Greater [Twins] (β Gem), damage (α SMa): 3 stars. Field ... 2 inter[rval]s, interval. Damage. To observe. Damage." [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 46, 60], mul ''ḫe-pi''2 = mul[gag.si.sa2]? "Arrow" (α CMa).
* §U. mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left foot of the [Greater] Twins" (μ Gem), see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Lunaries. BRM IV, 20: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal.gal, ki mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.[gal] "Region of the Great Twins" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258:10, 21], see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]].
* (2) Prediction of cereal prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations (among them múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL) and other phenomena [SpTU I, 94:8, 39].
* (3) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. See also mulx/ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Verderame 2002, Ii, col. i 21; SpTU I, 93:8′; SpTU III, 102:4; SpTU V, 263:4, 5; 264:14; 270:1'-2′].
|
|-
!
==== (Kurtik m16) Sources mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*Urra XXII series: mulmaš.tab.ba = ''tu''-᾽''u''3-''u''2-''mu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], [mul]maš.tab.ba = ''tu-a-mu'' [SpTU III, 114A v 38; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:295ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
*Neo-Assyrian prayers: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe P. Month of duuzu, stars of Anu, 110 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B.
*(1) List (12´3):**a) mul[maš.tab.ba ''ša ina igi-it''] d''A-nim'' gub / dLugal-gir3-˹ra ''u''˺ d''Mes-lam-ta-e''3 "[The twins] standing [in front of] Anu, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea" (B ii 20-21), restored according to [Oelsner-Horowitz, Anu 8-9],
**(b) (B ii 24-28), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
*(2) List (3´12): itišu ... mulmaš.tab.ba ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' 'Month of duuzu: Gemini (rising) (in the way of) Anu' (C ii 4).
* (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is duuzu, setting is tebetu [KAV 218, C 19, 32; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 28], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
*Month duuzu, stars Anu: mulM[AŠ.TAB.BA // 1.50 // xx] x [x] d50-ma "G[emini // 110 // ...] of Enlil(?)" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 28, 30:11].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
*Abu month, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:5], see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Text 82, 5-22,512.'''
*List of 12 stars of Enlil: mulMAŠ.TAB.B[A] [CT 33 9 r.3; HBA, 104].
|
|-
|'''Catalog of 30 Stars.'''
*Anu 8-9. mul˹MAŠ˺.[TAB.BA...] (A.22), mulMAŠ.TAB.[BA...] dTu-᾽a-[mu...] (A.23 ), [mulMAŠ.TAB.BA (...) d''Lugal-g'']''ir''3-''ra u'' d''Mes-l''[''am-ta-e''3-''a''] "[The twins (standing before Anu), Lugal]irra and Mesl[amtaea]" (B. 23) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178-179 + comment].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, I 14, III 12-12a, 28, IV 2, VII 2; BPO 3, 284a; Horowitz 1994b]; see also mulmaš.tab.ba in astrological predictions from Emar [Emar VI/4, 655:17′, 20′ 24′, 32′, 47′].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 64 r. 7, 84:5, 341:5].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia"'''
*12 stars of Elam: [mulmaš.tab.ba] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 202].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
*§R. mulmaš.tab.b[a ...] 3 [mul.meš ...] 2 dal.ba.an.na min "Gemi[ni ...] 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, ditto" [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107; Koch 1995, 46].
|
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) [5 MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 1 DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 54 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB. BA "[5 min of weight], 300 on earth, 54,000 miles in the sky / From Palm on Staff to Gemini",
**(b) [5/6 MA.NA MIN] | 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 9 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / ''bi-rit'' | mulMAŠ.TAB. BA "[5/6 min weight], 50 on earth, 9000 miles in the sky, between the Twins,"
**(c) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / EN mulMAŠ. TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | TA mulAL.LUL "3 [⅓ mi]nas of weight, 200 on earth, 36,000 miles in the sky / From the Rear of the Gemini to the Cancer" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:5-10; TU, 21 r. 5-10; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: [1 DANNA] ''a-na'' mul''ma-a-''[''ši''] "1 mile (300) to the Twin[s]" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:13].
*(3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]].
*(4) Sippar Planisphere:**a) ˹1˺ DANNA ''ana'' mul''ma-a-š''[''u''] "1 mile(300) to Gemini[s]" (rev. 18),
**b) ˹''ma-a''˺-''šu''2 (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:18, 176-177]; see also BM 61677: [...] ''ma-a''-[''šu''...] [ibid. 180:10'].
|
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
*''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ½ DANNA EGIR MUL RIT GAM3.A ''ziq-pi'' GUB?-''az-ma'' MU[L…] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiŠE UD 15 K[AM2] / ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "On the 15th day of ulul, at sunrise (point), which is 150 east of the Hand on the Staff, it culminates, the sta[r...], Gemini (and) the True Shepherd of Anu are in equilibrium (= culminate). On the 15th of Addaru in the evening at sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:12'-14'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
*AO 6483: [...: ''bi-rit'' múlmaš.tab.ba] ''e''3-''a'' ''uš''2 ''ki''[-''li''(?)] "(If the child is born when) [...the interval between Gemini] appears: death in pri[son](?)" [TU, 14 r. 37; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
|
|}
See also: [...] mul dmaš.tab.ba [...] (astrological commentary 81-7-27, 81 to EAE) [ACh Ištar, 39:9; Horowitz 1998, 175]; 4 UŠ ''ina'' IGI ˹MAŠ.T˺[AB.BA] [LBAT, 1502: ii 17; Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76].
[[File:MASTABBA GALGAL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172448.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Pollux]]
| HIP 37826
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.14
|-
| 2
| [[Castor]]
| HIP 36850
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.58
|-
| 3
| [[Mebsuta]]
| HIP 32246
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.98
|-
| 4
| [[Wasat]]
| HIP 35550
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.53
|-
| 5
| ι Geminorum
| HIP 36046
| Inside the Hull
| 3.79
|-
| 6
| υ Geminorum
| HIP 36962
| Inside the Hull
| 4.06
|-
| 7
| 65 Gem
| HIP 36429
| Inside the Hull
| 5.01
|-
| 8
| 57 Gem
| HIP 35846
| Inside the Hull
| 5.022
|-
| 9
| 64 Gem
| HIP 36393
| Inside the Hull
| 5.064
|-
| 10
| ω Geminorum
| HIP 33927
| Inside the Hull
| 5.181
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 36896
| Inside the Hull
| 5.347
|-
| 12
| 53 Gem
| HIP 35152
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 13
| 37 Gem
| HIP 33277
| Inside the Hull
| 5.748
|-
| 14
| 47 Gem
| HIP 34722
| Inside the Hull
| 5.75
|-
| 15
| 59 Gem
| HIP 35941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.759
|-
| 16
| 52 Gem
| HIP 35025
| Inside the Hull
| 5.82
|-
| 17
| 48 Gem
| HIP 34819
| Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
| 18
| 58 Gem
| HIP 35842
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 33595
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 36325
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 35253
| Inside the Hull
| 6.389
|-
| 22
| 40 Gem
| HIP 33650
| Inside the Hull
| 6.397
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 34367
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deities. ====
Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, see (Kurtik L16) [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|LUGAL.GIR3.RA]] and (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|MES.LAM.TA.E3.A]].

(Kurtik m16: the abbreviated term)

Gemini as a deity has been known since Old Akkadian times. In the AN:d''Anum'' list of gods (V 306): dMaš.tab.ba = DINGIR.MEŠ ''ki-la''2''-la-an'' "Gemini = two deities" [Litke 1998, 197]; in the d''A-nu-um'' list: [d]maš.tab.ba [Cavigneaux 1981, 96:207]. For Neo-Assyrian images in small plastic images with the inscription dmaš.maš maš.tab.ba see. [Green 1988; Wiggermann 1992, 38]. The earliest written evidence supporting the astral significance of Gemini is a list of stars from Emar, see above. The most common identification in astronomical texts is Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, i.e., the Great Twins; see also [Tallqvist 1938, 372]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlSIPA ''u'' MAŠ.MAŠ (Orion and Gemini) corresponds to ''a-me-lu'' "people" [SpTU II, 43:3, 21].
===== Prayers and rituals.=====*(1) Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
*(2) Spell formula: [dmaš.tab.b]a dingir 2-na-bi... "[Twins], both deities..." [Ebeling 1953a, 391:5].
==== Symbol. ====
Description in the Neo-Assyrian text: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL 2 ''ṣal-mu zi-i''[''q-na zaq-nu kur-ku-r'']''a šak-nu'' / 1-''n''[''u'']-˹''u''2˺ MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' S[AG-''šu-nu e'']''ṣ-ru'' / ''ṣal-mu'' IGI-''u''2 ''ša''2 IGI mul''Is le-e ḫ''[''i'']-''in-ši ina'' ˹ŠU˺ G[UB3]-˹''šu''2˺ ''na-ši'' / ''ṣal-mu'' EGIR-''u''2 U4.SAKAR ''pa-a-ša ina'' ŠU GUB3-''šu''2 [''n'']''a-ši'' "Great Twins, 2 human figures, with beards, (they) have [kurkurr]a. 1 star [dep]icted [on] their hea[ds]. The front figure, which (stands) in front of the Bull's Jaw, carries in his [right/left(?)] hand a ḫinšu (whip, arrow?), and the rear figure carries in his left hand a sickle-shaped axe (lit. month = axe)" [Weidner 1927, VAT, 1927, VAT = VAT]. [Weidner 1927, VAT 9428:4-7; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 21, 24, 27], see also [CAD Ḫ, 195; CAD M/1, 402; Wallenfels 1994, 154a]. The parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 1-3), the extant part is as follows: ''ḫi-''˹''in''˺-''šu''2: ''ku-ut-ta-u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šu''2 ''na-aš''2-''ši'' [''ina'' ŠUII] ˹2˺,30-''šu''2 / ''il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš''2 ''bir-qu it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit'' / ''ṣa-lam'' EGIR-''u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šu''2 ''pa-a-šu''2 ''na-aš''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 2,30-''šu''2 ''il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš''2 "(The front human figure of the Great Twin) carries a ḫinšu: a large jug(?) in his right hand; in his left hand / he carries a whip; he holds a lightning arrow together with the whip. / The rear human figure carries a sickle-shaped axe in its right hand, in its left hand (it holds) a whip"" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, Section C]. For depictions of Gemini on a Late Assyrian pendant amulet, see. [Green 1988; Black-Green 1992, 124, Fig. 104; Wiggermann 1992, 38]. For astral images on Seleucid seals, see (Kurtik m39) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-''it'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]. [Wallenfels 1994, 33-34, Nos. 144-152; Wallenfels 1993; Kurtik 2007, Figs. 17-21]. In the diagram from the Sippar Planisphere, Gemini corresponds to 2 points [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 176-177, Segment 2], see (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Castor and Pollux (α, β Geminorum) [Gössmann 1950, 267, 268].

= Gemini [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53,219; 1974, 70; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

= α + β Geminorum [Weidner 1957-59, 77a, 80b; BPO 2, 13].

= α and β Geminorum and stars north and south of them [MA, 137].

= Castor and Pollux (α, β Geminorum) [Koch 1989, 63, 111; Koch 1993; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

(Kurtik m16) - the abbreviated term

Constellation:

= α, β Geminorum, where the identity is assumed: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA = [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]] (see Kurtik m17, IV).

= Gemini [Horowitz 2014, 247].

Ziqpu XVIII, XIX:

2) = α, β Geminorum (Castor and Pollux) [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XVIII-XIX; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86]. According to VAT 16436:10, múlMAŠ.MAŠ contain 2 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 226].
==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) MAŠ.MAŠ IGI "The front (star) of the Twins" (α Geminorum).

(2) MAŠ.MAŠ ''ar''2 "The back (star) of Gemini" (β Geminorum).

(3) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ "The front star on the feet of Gemini" (η Geminorum),

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ "The back star at the feet of Gemini" (μ Geminorum).

The 4 stars above were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], nos. 8-9, 11-12.

Mentioned also:

(5) "The front legs and arms of the Great Twins," see GU-text (B),

(6) "The hind leg of the Great Twins," see GU text (C).

(7) MAŠ.QA ''ša''2 múlMAŠ EGIR-''i'' "The shoulder on the posterior side of the Gemini," see (Kurtik m13) [[MAŠ]].

See also section III.

(8) múlMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (β Geminorum), see above ziqpu-text.

==== Astrology. ====

===== (Kurtik m17) =====
(1) Correspondences “Gemini — planets"; (a) mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''aš''2''-šu''2 dSAG.ME.GAR dSAG.UŠ ''u'' dGUD.UD d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Great Twins and Lesser Gemini relate (respectively) to Jupiter, Saturn and Mercury, Mars" [BPO 3, 132, K.2907 +: II 13]; (b) mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dSAG.ME.GAR ''u'' dSAG.UŠ ... dLUGAL.GIR3.RA dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD / dMES.LAM.TA.E3.[A? d]''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "The Great Twins is Jupiter and Saturn ... Lugalirra is Mercury, Meslamtae[a] is Mars" [BPO 3, 134, K.2907+: VII 8, VIII 4].

(2) Great Twins and Lesser Gemini surround Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD MIN KUR-''ma'' ulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.GAL ''u'' ulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR / 4-''šu''2''-nu'' NIGIN.ME-''ši-ma u ši-i ad-rat'' LUGAL NIM.MAki GIG-''ma'' NU TI-uv "If Venus rises in the month of ayyar, in the same place (i.e. in the east), and the Great Twins and the Lesser Gemini, all 4 of them, surround Venus and Venus is dim: the king of Elam will fall ill and will not recover [BPO 3, 115:13].

(3) The Great Twins and Venus; (a) mul''Dil-bat ana'' EGIR-''ša''2 m[ulMAŠ.TAB.BA...] / [....] ˹mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL˺ UD.3.K[AM GUB.MEŠ ...] "If Venus — the ˹Great Twins˺ [stands] behind Venus for the duration? of 3 days: the Gutians will experience hard times for three years." [BPO 3, 118: IV 6], (b) mul''Dil-bat ina'' 2.30-''ša''2 KI.MIN [...] / [...] mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL UD.1.K[AM DU.MEŠ ...] "If Venus also (rises in the month of duuzu) (and) the Great Twins [stand] on the left side of Venus for the duration? of 1 day (var.: 2 days, 3 days)..." [BPO 3, 118: iv 7-9], (c) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 [...UD].DU mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL UGU-[...] NIGIN.MEŠ-''ši-ma'' DU.M[EŠ] "If Venus is in the east (rising), and the Great Twins surrounds Venus and stands[s] above it..." [BPO 3, 118: IV 10].

(4) Venus, Jupiter and the Great Twins in neomeny; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' dUD.AL.TAR ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''ina'' / UD.NA2.AM3 ''ša'' itiDU6 [...] / 30 d''Dil-bat'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''ana'' dUTU.E3 DU.MEŠ / dUD.AL.TAR ''ana'' dUTU.ŠU2 A D[IB-''šu''2''-nu-ti''] ... "If Venus, Jupiter, and the Great Twins, on the day when the Moon disappears in the month of tashrit [...], the Moon, Venus and the Great Twins stands to the east, (and) Jupiter pass[es] them all and goes towards the west: there will be tranquility in the dwelling places, beautiful peace, var.: pacification in the country..." [BPO 3, 124: VII 6].

(5) Venus, two crowns and the Great Twins; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 2] AGA ''ap-rat'' ... mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''ina'' A2-''šu''2: ''ina'' IGI-[''šu''2] DU.ME-[''zu-ma''] "If Venus bears two crowns: women will die with their children in their wombs; (this will happen if) the Great Twins stand near Venus, var: in front of Venus" [BPO 3, 215, K.3601+:26].

(6) Lunar eclipse in the Great Twins; DIŠ ''ina'' itiZIZ2 UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' <<''ina''>> KA´MI-''su'' TU DINGIR KU2 / ''ina'' KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL BE.MEŠ "If there is a lunar eclipse on the 14th of Shabbat, and it (Sin) sits in the eclipse: the god will devour. (If it occurs) in the region of the Great Twins: plague" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 27-28]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.LA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR GU2.DU8.Aki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Great Twins: a solution for the city of Kutu" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:41].

(7) Gemini and the lunar halo; (a) [DIŠ mu]l[MA]Š.TAB.B[A].GA[L].GA[L].L[A ''ina'' ŠA3 TUR3 d3]0 GUB.[MEŠ-''z'']''u-nu'' [...] "[If the Greater Twi]ns stands [within the halo of the Mo]on and [...]" [SAA 8, 112 r. 8]; (b) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mul''u''2''-ṣur''-[''ti ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB] / ''šaḫ-ḫu-uq-t''[''i''...] / mul''u''2-''ṣur-ti'' mulM[AŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the fig[ure stands in it]: destruction [...]. Figure (means) the Greater Tw[ins]." [SAA 8, 124:6-8]. Observations made for astrological purposes: a) [''mu'']-''šu''2 ''an-ni-u''2 d30 TUR3 NIGIN-''bi'' mulŠ[U.GI] / [mu]lMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.LA ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' GUB.[MEŠ] "This [nig]ht the Moon was surrounded by a halo, and the Old M[an] and the Great Twins were standing in it." [SAA 8, 112 r. 1-2]; (b) [MI ''an-ni-u''] 30 TUR3 NIGIN2 / [mulAL.LU]L mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL / ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' GUB.MEŠ "[This night] the Moon was surrounded by a halo; and the [Canc]er and the Great Twins stood in it" [SAA 8, 124:1-3].

(8) Mars and the Twins (observation?); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' 7 ITI.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL / [...] "Mars for 7 months [stood] in the Great Twins" [SAA 8, 469:1].

(9) For the identification of the Greater and Little Twins, see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]], V 1.

(10) Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN d''Sin'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra u'' dMES.LAM.TA.E3 ''ina bi''-[''rit'' SI mulGIR2.TAB] KI.MIN mulUZ3 IGI.LA2-''ma'' UD.3.KAM DU-''iz'' KI.MIN [...] SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.NU ''ina'' [KUR GAL2] "If Venus (rises) in the month of Arahsamnu, the Moon, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea (are seen) between [the horns of Scorpius], var: The Goat appears and stands for 3 days (there), var: [...]: there will be a scarcity of barley and straw in the country." [BPO 3, 124-125, VIII 4].

===== (Kurtik m16) =====

=====Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see below (2), (3).
=====Predictions:=====
(2) Gemini and Nergal (=Mars); mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''ana u''2-''kul-ti'' dU+GUR "Gemini to (predict) eating by Nergal" [BPO 2, III 12], for parallels see. [ibid., I 14, VII 2].

(3) Gemini (= Nergal?) and Scorpius; DIŠ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''a-na'' <mul>GIR2.TAB MU dU<+GUR> d''Ṣa''[''l-bat-a-nu.''..] / dLugal-GIR3-''ra u'' ''Mes-lam-ta''-[''e''3-''a'' ...] "If Gemini (approaches) Scorpius, viz. i.e. Nergal, which is Ma[rs...]/ Lugalirra and Mes-lamta[ea...]"" [Horowitz 1994b, 129:4].

(4) The Strange Star (=Mars) and Gemini, see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma]], II 4.

(5) Venus between the Twins; [DIŠ ''Dil-bat ina bi'']-''rit'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA GUB... "[If Venus] stands [between] the Twins: the whole earth will become hostile" [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:20], for parallels see [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:20]. [ibid., 217, K.3601 r.13; 251, Rm.2,565:6].

(6) Gemini ahead of Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiŠU KUR-''ma'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''ana'' IGI-''š''[''a''2 GUB.ME]... "If Venus rises in the month of duuzu and Gemini [stands] in front of it: the king of Akkad will die" [BPO 3, 118, EAE 59-60 iv 2].

(7) Venus stands on the right side of Gemini; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR ''ina'' ZAG-[''ša''2 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA UD.1.KAM GUB].MEŠ... "If Venus [stands] on the right side [of Gemini for 1 day]: the land of the Gutians will see misfortunes in the same year. If Venus stands there for 2 days: the land of the Gutians will see misfortunes in the course of 2 years. If Venus stands there for three days: the land of the Gutians will see misfortunes in the course of 3 years." [BPO 3, 178, K.229+7935 r. 26-28].

(8) Jupiter and the Twins; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' EGIR [mulMAŠ.TAB.BA DIB-''iq''] ... "If Jupiter [passes] behind [the Twins]: in Elam [...] desolation will come and calamity will consume (it)" [SAA 8, 84:5-7].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
=== Kurtik (2022, m16) ===
!Gössmann (1950), 267
|-
|= tū᾽amū, māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = созвездие в Близнецах, как правило, сокращение от MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL(m17), 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem), 3) = ziqpu XIX (β Gem) [Gössmann 1950, 267; BPO 2, 13], см. также m21Māšū.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mulmaš.tab.ba = tu-᾽u3-u2-mu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], [mul]maš.tab.ba = tu-a-mu [SpTU III, 114A v 38; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:295ʹ]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц дуузу, звезды Ану, 110 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul[maš.tab.ba ša ina igi-it] dA-nim gub / dLugal-gir3-˹ra u˺ dMes-lam-ta-e3 «[Близнецы, которые] стоят [перед] Ану, Лугальирра и Месламтаэа» (B ii 20–21), восстановлено согласно [Oelsner–Horowitz, Anu 8–9], b) (B ii 24–28), см. a18AL.LUL. (2) Список (3´12): itišu … mulmaš.tab.ba šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц дуузу: Близнецы (на пути) Ану (восходят)» (C ii 4). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — дуузу, заход — тебету [KAV 218, C 19, 32; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. BM 82923. Месяц дуузу, звезды Ану: mulM[AŠ.TAB.BA // 1,50 // xx] x [x] d50-ma «Б[лизнецы // 110 // …] Энлиля(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:11]. BM 34713. Месяц абу, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:5], см. b06BAN. Текст 82, 5–22,512. В списке 12 звезд Энлиля: mulMAŠ.TAB.B[A] [CT 33 9 r.3; HBA, 104]. Список 30 звезд. Anu 8–9. mul˹MAŠ˺.[TAB.BA…] (A.22), mulMAŠ.TAB.[BA…] dTu-᾽a-[mu…] (A.23), [mulMAŠ.TAB.BA (…) dLugal-g]ir3-ra u dMes-l[am-ta-e3-a] «[Близнецы, (которые стоят перед Ану), Лугаль]ирра и Месл[амтаэа]» (B. 23) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178–179 + comment.]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, I 14, III 12–12a, 28, IV 2, VII 2; BPO 3, 284a; Horowitz 1994b]; см. также mulmaš.tab.ba в астрологических предсказаниях из Эмара [Emar VI/4, 655:17′, 20′ 24′, 32′, 47′]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 64 r. 7, 84:5, 341:5]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: [mulmaš.tab.ba] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 202]. Dalbanna-текст. §R. mulmaš.tab.b[a …] 3 [mul.meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min «Близне[цы …] 3 [звезды…]. 2 интервала, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107; Koch 1995, 46]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [5 MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 1 DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 54 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «[5 мин веса], 300 на земле, 54000 миль на небе / От Ладони на Посохе до Близнецов», b) [5/6 MA.NA MIN] | 5 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 9 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / bi-rit | mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «[5/6 мины веса], 50 на земле, 9000 миль на небе, между Близнецами», с) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i | TA mulAL.LUL «3 [⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:5–10; TU, 21 r. 5–10; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: [1 DANNA] a-na mulma-a-[ši] «1 миля (300) до Близнец[ов]» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:13]. (3) VAT 16436: см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) ˹1˺ DANNA ana mulma-a-š[u] «1 миля(300) до Близнец[ов]» (rev. 18), b) ˹ma-a˺-šu2 (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:18, 176–177]; см. также BM 61677: […] ma-a-[šu…] [ibid. 180:10']. Текст W22281a. ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ½ DANNA EGIR MUL RIT GAM3.A ziq-pi GUB?-az-ma MU[L…] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA šit-qu-lu ina itiŠE UD 15 K[AM2] / ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го улулу при восходе Солнца (точка), которая находится в 150 к востоку от Руки на Посохе, кульминирует, звез[да…], Близнецы (и) Праведный Пастух Ану в равновесии (= кульминируют). 15-го аддару вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:12'–14'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […: bi-rit múlmaš.tab.ba] e3-a uš2 ki[-li(?)] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… промежуток между Близнецами] появляется: смерть в тю[рьме](?)» [TU, 14 r. 37; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также: […] mul dmaš.tab.ba […] (астрологический комментарий 81-7-27, 81 к EAE) [ACh Ištar, 39:9; Horowitz 1998, 175]; 4 UŠ ina IGI ˹MAŠ.T˺[AB.BA] [LBAT, 1502: ii 17; Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76].

II. Божество.

Близнецы, как божество, известны со староаккадского времени. В списке богов AN:dAnum (V 306): dMaš.tab.ba = DINGIR.MEŠ ki-la2-la-an «Близнецы = два божества» [Litke 1998, 197]; в списке dA-nu-um: [d]maš.tab.ba [Cavigneaux 1981, 96:207]. Новоассирийские изображения в мелкой пластике с надписью dmaš.maš maš.tab.ba см. [Green 1988; Wiggermann 1992, 38]. Самое раннее письменное свидетельство, подтверждающее астральное значение Близнецов ― список звезд из Эмара, см. выше. Наиболее часто встречающееся отождествление в астрономических текстах ― Лугальирра и Месламтаэа, т.е. Большие Близнецы; cм. также [Tallqvist 1938, 372]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlSIPA u MAŠ.MAŠ (Орион и Близнецы) соответствует a-me-lu «люди» [SpTU II, 43:3, 21]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Формула заклинания: [dmaš.tab.b]a dingir 2-na-bi… «[Близнец]ы, оба божества…» [Ebeling 1953a, 391:5].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия Большие Близнецы в новоассирийском тексте, см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, III.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= α, β Geminorum, когда предполагается тождество: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA = mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (cм. m17, IV).

= Близнецы [Horowitz 2014, 247].

Ziqpu XVIII, XIX:

2) = α, β Geminorum (Кастоp и Поллукс) [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XVIII–XIX; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86]. Cогласно VAT 16436:10, múlMAŠ.MAŠ cодержат 2 звезды [Schaumberger 1952, 226].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (β Geminorum), см. выше ziqpu-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. ниже (2), (3).

Предсказания:

(2) Близнецы и Нергал (=Марс); mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ana u2-kul-ti dU+GUR «Близнецы для (предсказания) поедания Нергалом» [BPO 2, III 12], параллели см. [ibid., I 14, VII 2].

(3) Близнецы (= Нергал?) и Скорпион; DIŠ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA a-na <mul>GIR2.TAB MU dU<+GUR> dṢa[l-bat-a-nu…] / dLugal-GIR3-ra u Mes-lam-ta-[e3-a …] «Если Близнецы (приближаются) к Скорпиону, т.е. Нергал, который есть Ма[рс…] / Лугальирра и Месламта[эа…]» [Horowitz 1994b, 129:4].

(4) Странная звезда (=Марс) и Близнецы, см. m05MAN-ma, II 4.

(5) Венера между Близнецами; [DIŠ Dil-bat ina bi]-rit mulMAŠ.TAB.BA GUB… «[Если Венера] стоит [меж]ду Близнецами: земля целиком станет враждебной» [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:20], параллели см. [ibid., 217, K.3601 r.13; 251, Rm.2,565:6].

(6) Близнецы впереди Венеры; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiŠU KUR-ma mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ana IGI-š[a2 GUB.ME]… «Если Венера восходит в месяце дуузу и Близнецы [стоят] перед н[ей]: царь Аккада умрет» [BPO 3, 118, EAE 59–60 iv 2].

(7) Венера стоит справа от Близнецов; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR ina ZAG-[ša2 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA UD.1.KAM GUB].MEŠ… «Если Венера с правой стороны [Близнецов стоит в течение 1 дня]: земля гутиев увидит несчастья в тот же год. Если Венера стоит там же в течение двух дней: земля гутиев увидит несчастья в течение двух лет. Если Венера стоит там же в течение трех дней: земля гутиев увидит несчастья в течение трех лет» [BPO 3, 178, K.229+7935 r. 26–28].

(8) Юпитер и Близнецы; DIŠ mulSAGössmann 1950,ME.GAR ana EGIR [mulMAŠ.TAB.BA DIB-iq] … «Если Юпитер [проходит] позади [Близнецов]: в Элам […] придет в запустение и бедс[твие поглотит] (его)» [SAA 8, 84:5–7].
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, m17) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950), 268
|-
| = multū᾽amū rabûtu «Большие Близнецы»; созвездие в Близнецах (α, β Geminorum) [Gössmann 1950, 268]. См. также m21māšū
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц абу, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ša2 ina igi-it dA-nim gub / dŠullat(pa) u3 dḪaniš(lugal) «Большие Близнецы, которые стоят впереди (звезд) Ану, Шуллат и Ханиш» (B ii 22–23). (2) Список (3´12): itine … mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц абу: … Большие Близнецы (на пути) Ану (восходят)» (C ii 5). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — абу, заход — шабату [KAV 218, C 21, 34; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]; см. b06BAN. BM 82923. Месяц абу, звезды Ану: mulMAŠ.[TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] // 1,40 // d[Sin u3] dNergal(U.GUR) «Боль[шие Близнецы] // 100 // [Син и] Нергал» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:14]. BM 34713. Месяц улулу, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:7], см. b12BIR. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 6): mulmaš.tab.b[a.gal.gal] [CT 33, 9 r. 3; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 4): mulmaš.tab.<ba>.gal.gal [TCL 6 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285; BPO 2, III 36; BPO 3, 284a; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU V, 264:14']. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 5): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dLugal-gir3-ra u3 dMes-lam-ta-e3-a «Большие Близнецы, Лугальирра и Месламтаэа» (I i 5). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL IGIme «10-го симану Праведный Пастух Ану и Большие Близнецы восходят» (I ii 40). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 30), см. a04A2mušen. (4) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, между mulGAM3 и mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulŠU.PA u mulNUNki KURmeš-ni «15-го улулу Большие Близнецы стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и ŠU.PA и звезда Эриду восходят» (I iv 22–24), см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815:2′]; раннюю параллель см. BM 77054 [George 1991, 304–305: 13′–15′]. (6) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL после mulGAM3, перед mulAL.LUL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 41, 51, 59, 64, 68]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:4. mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = dLugal-ir9-ra u dMes-lam-ta-e3-a = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Большие Близнецы = Лугальирра и Месламтаэа = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]; параллель см. [TU, 47:8–9]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. u28Uṣurtu. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 352b]. Текст BM 77054. ina itikin ud.10.ka[m…] / mulma[š.tab.ba.gal.gal…] / mu[lnunki…] «10-го улулу […] / Бо[льшие Близнецы…] / Зве[зда Эриду…]» [George 1991, 304–305, obv. 13′–15′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal; (2) 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal на первом месте [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:217, 231]; см. также [KAR, 142 i 26]. GU-текст. (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš˺ ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal igi-u2 «Передние ноги и руки Больших Близнецов» (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), см. также d04DAR.LUGALmušen. (C) ˹gir3˺[II] egir-u2 ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal «Задняя нога Больших Близнецов» (ziqpu XIX: β Gem), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2 [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2, 4; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. BM 38369+: a) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]», b) 5 UŠ bi-rit mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.G[AL.GAL] «50 между Большими Близн[ецами]», c) TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mula-lu-u[t-tum…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…] [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:9–11]. Dalbanna-текст. §S. mulmaš.tab.ba gal.gal.la egir-u2 mu[lmaš.tab.b]a gal.gal.la egir-i mul ḫe-pi2 3 mul.meš gan2 gim u2 ˹2 dal˺.b[a.an.n]a dal.ba.an.na mul ḫe-pi2 a-na ṣu-ub-bi-i ḫe-pi2 «Задняя (звезда) Больших Близнецов (χ Gem), задняя (звезда) Больших [Близнецов] (β Gem), повреждение (α СMa): 3 звезды. Поле … 2 инте[рвал]а, интервал. Повреждение. Для наблюдения. Повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 60], mul ḫe-pi2 = mul[gag.si.sa2]? «Стрела» (α CMa). §U. mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem), см. g06GAM3. Текст Nv. 10. [ina] ˹itikin maš.tab.ba.gal.gal˺ // mul.[… / … mulAN.TA.GUB.BA] «[В] месяце улулу Большие Близнецы […] / [… — Наверху стоящая звезда] (Rev. 41–42) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. MLC 1866. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dlugal-ir3-ra / u3 dmes-lam-ta-e3 ˹suk-kal-lum˺ d60 «Большие Близнецы, Лугальирра и Месламтаэа, визирь Ану» (iv 16–17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], см. также раздел III. Символ. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal.gal, ki mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.[gal] «Область Больших Близнецов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258:10, 21], см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ. (2) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий (среди них múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL) и других явлений [SpTU I, 94:8, 39]. (3) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn. См. также mulx/ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Verderame 2002, Ii, col. i 21; SpTU I, 93:8'; SpTU III, 102:4; SpTU V, 263:4, 5; 264:14; 270:1'–2'].

II. Божества.

Лугальирра и Месламтаэа, см. L16 и m24.

III. Символ.

Описание в новоассирийском тексте: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL 2 ṣal-mu zi-i[q-na zaq-nu kur-ku-r]a šak-nu / 1-n[u]-˹u2˺ MUL.MEŠ ina S[AG-šu-nu e]ṣ-ru / ṣal-mu IGI-u2 ša2 IGI mulIs le-e ḫ[i]-in-ši ina ˹ŠU˺ G[UB3]-˹šu2˺ na-ši / ṣal-mu EGIR-u2 U4.SAKAR pa-a-ša ina ŠU GUB3-šu2 [n]a-ši «Большие Близнецы, 2 человеческие фигуры, с бородами, (у них) имеются [kurkurr]a. По 1 звезде [на] их голо[вах изо]бражены. Передняя фигура, которая впереди Челюсти Быка (стоит), в своей [правой/левой(?)] руке несет ḫinšu (кнут, стрекало?), задняя фигура в левой руке несет серповидный топор (букв. месяц = секира)» [Weidner 1927, VAT 9428:4–7; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 21, 24, 27], см. также [CAD Ḫ, 195; CAD M/1, 402; Wallenfels 1994, 154a]. Параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 1–3), сохранившаяся часть выглядит следующим образом: ḫi-˹in˺-šu2: ku-ut-ta-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2 na-aš2-ši [ina ŠUII] ˹2˺,30-šu2 / il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš2 bir-qu it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit / ṣa-lam EGIR-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2 pa-a-šu2 na-aš2 ina ŠUII 2,30-šu2 il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš2 «(Передняя человеческая фигура Больших Близнецов) несет ḫinšu: большой кувшин(?) в своей правой руке; в своей левой руке / он несет кнут; он держит молниевидную стрелу вместе с кнутом. / Задняя человеческая фигура несет серповидный топор в своей правой руке, в своей левой руке (она держит) кнут» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, Section C]. Изображения Близнецов на позднеассирийском подвесном амулете см. [Green 1988; Black–Green 1992, 124, Fig. 104; Wiggermann 1992, 38]. Астральные изображения на селевкидских печатях см. [Wallenfels 1994, 33–34, Nos. 144–152; Wallenfels 1993; Куртик 2007, рис. 17–21]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Близнецам соответствуют 2 точки [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2], см. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

IV. Отождествление.

= Кастор и Поллукс (α, β Geminorum) [Gössmann 1950, 267, 268].

= Gemini [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53 219; 1974, 70; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

= α + β Geminorum [Weidner 1957–59, 77a, 80b; BPO 2, 13].

= α и β Geminorum и звезды к северу и к югу от них [MA, 137].

= Кастор и Поллукс (α, β Geminorum) [Koch 1989, 63, 111; Koch 1993; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MAŠ.MAŠ IGI «Передняя (звезда) Близнецов» (α Geminorum).

(2) MAŠ.MAŠ ar2 «Задняя (звезда) Близнецов» (β Geminorum).

(3) MUL2 IGI ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ «Передняя звезда на ногах Близнецов» (η Geminorum),

(4) MUL2 ar2 ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ «Задняя звезда на ногах Близнецов» (μ Geminorum).

4 указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 8–9, 11–12.

Упоминаются также:

(5) «Передние ноги и руки Больших Близнецов», см. GU-текст (B),

(6) «Задняя нога Больших Близнецов», см. GU-текст (C).

(7) MAŠ.QA ša2 múlMAŠ EGIR-i «Плечо заднего из Близнецов», см. m13MAŠ.

См. также раздел III.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Соответствие «Близнецы – планеты»; a) mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR aš2-šu2 dSAG.ME.GAR dSAG.UŠ u dGUD.UD dṢal-bat-a-nu «Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы относятся (соответственно) к Юпитеру, Сатурну и Меркурию, Марсу» [BPO 3, 132, K.2907+: II 13]; b) mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dSAG.ME.GAR u dSAG.UŠ … dLUGAL.GIR3.RA dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD / dMES.LAM.TA.E3.[A? d]Ṣal-bat-a-nu «Большие Близнецы ― Юпитер и Сатурн … Лугальирра ― Меркурий, Месламтаэ[а] ― Марс» [BPO 3, 134, K.2907+: VII 8, VIII 4].

(2) Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы окружают Венеру; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD MIN KUR-ma ulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u ulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR / 4-šu2-nu NIGIN.ME-ši-ma u ši-i ad-rat LUGAL NIM.MAki GIG-ma NU TI-uv «Если Венера в месяце айяру восходит там же (т.е. на востоке) и Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы, все 4 из них, окружают ее и она тусклая: царь Элама заболеет и не выздоровеет» [BPO 3, 115:13].

(3) Большие Близнецы и Венера; a) mulDil-bat ana EGIR-ša2 m[ulMAŠ.TAB.BA…] / [….] ˹mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL˺ UD.3.K[AM GUB.MEŠ …] «Если Венера ― ˹Большие Близнецы˺ [стоят] позади нее в течение? 3 дней: гутии испытают тяжелые времена в течение трех лет» [BPO 3, 118: IV 6], b) mulDil-bat ina 2,30-ša2 KI.MIN […] / […] mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL UD.1.K[AM DU.MEŠ …] «Если Венера также (восходит в месяце дуузу) (и) Большие Близнецы [стоят] с ее левой стороны в течение? 1 дня (вар.: 2 дней, 3 дней)…» [BPO 3, 118: IV 7–9], c) DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 [… UD].DU mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL UGU-[…] NIGIN.MEŠ-ši-ma DU.M[EŠ] «Если Венера на востоке (восходит) и Большие Близнецы окружают ее и сто[ят] выше нее…» [BPO 3, 118: IV 10].

(4) Венера, Юпитер и Большие Близнецы в неомению; DIŠ mulDil-bat dUD.AL.TAR u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ina / UD.NA2.AM3 ša itiDU6 […] / 30 dDil-bat mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ana dUTU.E3 DU.MEŠ / dUD.AL.TAR ana dUTU.ŠU2A D[IB-šu2-nu-ti] … «Если Венера, Юпитер и Большие Близнецы в день исчезновения Луны в месяце ташриту […], Луна, Венера и Большие Близнецы на востоке стоят, (и) Юпитер про[ходит их] к западу: спокойствие в жилище, прекрасный мир, вар.: умиротворение в стране…» [BPO 3, 124: VII 6].

(5) Венера, две короны и Большие Близнецы; [DIŠ mulDil-bat 2] AGA ap-rat … mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ina A2-šu2: ina IGI-[šu2] DU.ME-[zu-ma] «Если Венера несет 2 короны: женщины будут умирать со своими детьми в утробах; (это произойдет, если) Большие Близнецы стоят около нее, вар.: впереди нее» [BPO 3, 215, K.3601+:26].

(6) Лунное затмение в Больших Близнецах; DIŠ ina itiZIZ2 UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma <<ina>> KA´MI-su TU DINGIR KU2 / ina KI mulхMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL BE.MEŠ «Если в месяце шабату в 14-й день произошло лунное затмение, и он (Син) садится затмившимся: бог пожрет. (Если это произойдет) в области Больших Близнецов: чума» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 27–28]. DIŠ ina KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.LA a-dir EŠ.BAR GU2.DU8.Aki «Если (Луна) в пределах Больших Близнецов затмилась: решение для города Куту» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:41].

(7) Близнецы и лунное гало; a) [DIŠ mu]l[MA]Š.TAB.B[A].GA[L].GA[L].L[A ina ŠA3 TUR3 d3]0 GUB.[MEŠ-z]u-nu […] «[Если Большие Близ]нецы стоят [в гало Лу]ны и […]» [SAA 8, 112 r. 8]; b) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulu2-ṣur-[ti ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB] / šaḫ-ḫu-uq-t[i…] / mulu2-ṣur-ti mulM[AŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] «Если Луна окружена гало и Рису[нок стоит в нем]: разрушение […]. Рисунок (означает) Большие Б[лизнецы]» [SAA 8, 124:6–8]. Наблюдения, производившиеся в астрологических целях: a) [mu]-šu2 an-ni-u2 d30 TUR3 NIGIN-bi mulŠ[U.GI] / [mu]lMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.LA ina ŠA3-bi GUB.[MEŠ] «Этой [ноч]ью Луна была окружена гало, Ста[рик] и Большие Близнецы сто[яли] в нем» [SAA 8, 112 r. 1–2]; b) [MI an-ni-u] 30 TUR3 NIGIN2 / [mulAL.LU]L mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL / ina ŠA3-bi GUB.MEŠ «[Этой ночью] Луна была окружена гало; [Ра]к и Большие Близнецы стояли в нем» [SAA 8, 124:1–3].

(8) Марс и Близнецы (наблюдение?); mulṢal-bat-a-nu 7 ITI.MEŠ ina ŠA3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL / […] «Марс в течение 7 месяцев [стоял] в Больших Близнецах» [SAA 8, 469:1].

(9) Отождествление Больших и Малых Близнецов, см. m18, V 1.

(10) Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN dSin dLugal-GIR3-ra u dMES.LAM.TA.E3 ina bi-[rit SI mulGIR2.TAB] KI.MIN mulUZ3 IGI.LA2-ma UD.3.KAM DU-iz KI.MIN […] SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina [KUR GAL2] «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце арахсамну, Луна, Лугальирра и Месламтаэа (видны) меж[ду рогами Скорпиона], вар.: Коза появляется и стоит в течение 3 дней (там), вар.: […]: будет недостаток ячменя и соломы в стране» [BPO 3, 124–125, VIII 4].
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== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

[[Category:Gem]]

MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR

2026-01-09T17:11:04Z

JanSafford:

mul / dMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''tū’amū ṣeḫ(ḫe)rūtu'' “small twins”. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA TUR.TUR (EN 7–8l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

= mul''tū᾽amū ṣeḫrūtu''; "Little Twins";

constellation in [[Gemini]] (ζ, λ Geminorum?) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 269] or/and [[Canis Minor]]. See also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 36; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 284a].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 6): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dLAL3 ''u'' d''Nin''-EZEN´GUD "Little Twins: Alammush and ''Nin''-EZEN´GUD" (I i 6).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 5th duuzu' (I ii 41), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]] [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 41, 51].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
7 Celestial Twins:

* mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:231]; for a parallel see. [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 27].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:5-6.'''
* mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur.tur = dMUŠ3.LAL3 ''u'' dnin.EZEN´GUD = dIGI.DU ''u'' dnin.EZEN´GUD, see also [MA<ref name=":3" />, 125].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (C) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur "Little Twins" (λ Gem) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:4; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 91], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §N. mul maš.tab.ba.˹tur.tur˺ igi-''u''2 mu[l ... ... ... ... mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba [2 dal.ba.an.na d]al.ba.an. na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "The star in the front is the Canis Minor (β, γ CMi), [...] (ζ Hya), [star] in the upper part of Leo (μ Leo): 3 stars. Straight, tight rope. [2 intervals, i]nterval. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 106]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 46, 58], mu[l ...] = mu[l murub4 muš]? "The middle part of the Serpent" (ζ Hya), [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] "The upper section of the stars of the Lion's head" (μ Leo).
* §O. mulmaš.tab.ba.ba.tur.tur ˹egir-''u''2˺ [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' mulal.lul ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu'' [...m]ul.˹meš˺ ''ḫe-pi''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur igu-''u''2 [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] mulal.lul ''u'' mulsag muš ḫu ''ḫe-pi''2 "Rear (star) of Canis Minor (α CMi), lower [star of ...] Leo (ε Leo), Crab (δ Cnc), new damage: [ ...4] stars. Star in the front of Canis Minor (= β CMi), [Mai]n of the Li[on] (λ Leo), Crab (θ Cnc) and the head of the Snake (ε Hya), Bird(?). Damage." [Walker 1995, 32-33; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 106]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 46, 58], [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum "Lower (star) of the Lion's head" (ε Leo), ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu'' = [...giš.kun ur.gu.la]? "[...the thigh of the Lion]" (θ Leo).
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ d''tu-ma-mu''meš / ''ša''2 ''ina pa-na-at'' GUB-''zu'' "Canis Minor, Gemini, Gemini that stands ahead" (sol. iv 18'-19') [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42].
|
|}
[[File:Mashtabba-turtur Screenshot 2025-11-16 202516.png|thumb|Mashtabba-turtur in Pingree's identification (CC BY Jessica Gullberg in Stellarium).]]
[[File:MASTABBA TURTUR CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172728.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alhena
| HIP 31681
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.92
|-
| 2
| Alzirr
| HIP 32362
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.36
|-
| 3
| λ Geminorum
| HIP 35350
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.559
|-
| 4
| Mekbuda
| HIP 34088
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.79
|-
| 5
| 51 Gem
| HIP 34909
| Inside the Hull
| 5
|-
| 6
| 45 Gem
| HIP 34440
| Inside the Hull
| 5.476
|-
| 7
| 41 Gem
| HIP 33715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 8
| -
| HIP 33914
| Inside the Hull
| 5.75
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 33937
| Inside the Hull
| 5.848
|-
| 10
| 33 Gem
| HIP 32753
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 11
| NP Gem
| HIP 33929
| Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 32020
| Inside the Hull
| 6.272
|-
| 13
| -
| HIP 34763
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deities. ====
Two male deities, dLAL3 = d''Alammuš'' and d''Nin''-EZEN´GUD (= d''Nin-gublaga'', the deity of cattle), were associated with Sin. In the AN:d''Anum'' list of gods (III 30, 37) the following identities are given:

* (1) dNin.EZEN´˹GUD˺ = dumu den.zu.na.ke4 "Ningublaga = son of Zuen",
* (2) d(a.la.˹xx˺)LAL3 = sukkal den.zu.na.ke4 "Alamush = messenger of Zuen" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 120-121]. Their names are given side by side in the lists of gods from the Old Babylonian periods [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:13-14]; see also the list of d''Anum'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 82:13-14]. The twin status of these gods is attested only in astronomical texts. For the spell associated with dmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, see. [Ebeling 1953a<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 1953. Bd. 21. S. 357-423.</ref>, 391:1].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Description in the Neo-Assyrian text of VAT 9428:8-12: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.T[UR.TUR] ˹2˺ ''ṣal-mu lu''-[''b'']''u-uš-tum ziq-na zaq-n''˹''u''˺ (C: ''ku-ur-ku-ra ša''2''-a''[''k-nu''] ...) / ˹2 MUL.MEŠ ''ina''˺ [SAG''-šu-nu''] ''eṣ-ru ṣal-mu'' IGI-''u''2 ''ina'' ŠU ZAG-''šu''2 ''il-tuḫ-a na-ši'' / x x x x ''d''[''ir-rat it-t'']''i il-tuḫ-a ṣa-bit'' / ''ṣal-m''[''u''] EGIR-[''u''2 ''ina'' ŠU ZAG-''šu''2] ''ana'' IGI-''šu''2 ''bir-qa na-šat'' / ŠU G[UB3-''šu''2 ''bir-qu ana ša''2-''ša'']''l-li'' [''ṣa'']''l-mi ši-i u''2-''kal'' "Canis Minor, 2 bearded figures in robes, (standing with kurkurru). / 2 stars are depicted [on their heads]. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand; / he holds [...a strap(?) with] a whip. / The rear figure carries an arrow in the form of a lightning bolt [in his right hand] in front of him. / [His] left [hand] holds the arrow in the form of a lightning bolt, held by its back part." [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 22, 24, Section III].

Parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 4-9): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ TUR.MEŠ d''tu-ma-mu''meš TUR.MEŠ / ''ša''2 ''ina pa-na-at'' d60 GUB-''zu-u''᾽ 2 ''ṣa-lam lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''lab-šu-u''᾽ / ''ziq-nu zaq-na-a''᾽ ''ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-a''᾽ ''ina'' SAG.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu'' 2 / MUL.MEŠ ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ ''ṣa-lam'' IGI-''u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šu''2 ''il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš''2 / ''dir-rat it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit ṣa-lam'' EGIR-''u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII / 15-''šu''2 ''bir-qu na-aš''2 ''ar''2-''ku'' mulSIPA. ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' "The Canis Minor, the Canis Minor deities, the Little Twins, / who stands in front of Anu. Two clothed human figures, / bearded, standing with kurkurru; on their heads 2 / stars are depicted. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand, / (and) holds a strap(?) along with the whip. The rear figure carries / an arrow in the form of lightning in his right hand; she stands behind the True Shepherd of Anu." [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 36, 40, Section D].

==== IV. Identification. ====
= ζ, λ or ζ, δ Geminorum; inference: contains stars from the constellation Gemini south of the ecliptic (except γ + ξ Gem), and possibly some stars from the constellations of the Lesser Dog (except Procyon) and Unicorn [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 269].

= ι + ν Geminorum(?) [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 15; 1974, 76].

= ι + ν or ζ + λ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 77a, 80b].

= probably ζ, λ Geminorum [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13].

= ζ and λ Geminorum and the stars to the north, south, and west of them [MA<ref name=":3" />, 137].

= δ + ζ Geminorum [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 63, 111].

= Procyon and β of the Lesser Dog (+ neighboring stars γ, ε Canis Minoris) [Koch 1993<ref>''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.</ref>, 194].

= ζ, λ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 74, note 10].

= Gemini [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 247].

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) Front (star) of Canis Minor (β, γ CMi), see dbn text (§ N, O).

(2) Rear (star) of the Little Twins (α CMi), see dbn-text (§ O).

==== VI. Astrology. ====
(1) Identification of the Greater and Lesser Gemini; MUL ''Tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ ''a-na'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''i-qab-bi'' "The Great Twins are so said to (describe) the Lesser Gemini" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 36].

(2) The Greater and Lesser Gemini surround Venus, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 2.

(3) The identification of the Lesser Gemini with Mercury and Mars, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

(4) Venus, the two crowns and Canis Minor; [DIŠ ''Dil-bat'' 2] AGA ''ap-rat'' SAL.MEŠ ''ga-du ša''3 ŠA3-''ši-na'' BE.MEŠ [mulMAŠ.T]AB.BA.TUR.TUR ''ina'' A2-''ša''2: ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU.MEŠ-''ni'' "[If Venus] bears [two] crowns: women will die with their children in their wombs; (this will happen if) the Lesser Gemini stands on its sides, var: in front" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 236, ND 4362:10].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m18)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = multū᾽amū ṣeḫrūtu; «Малые Близнецы»; созвездие в Близнецах (ζ, λ Geminorum?) [Gössmann 1950, 269]. См. также m21Māšū.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 36; BPO 3, 284a]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 6): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dLAL3 u dNin-EZEN´GUD «Малые Близнецы: Аламмуш и Nin-EZEN´GUD» (I i 6). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го дуузу» (I ii 41), см. a18AL.LUL. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 30), см. a04A2mušen [MA, 19, 41, 51]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:231]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 27]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:5–6. mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur = dMUŠ3.LAL3 u dnin.EZEN´GUD = dIGI.DU u dnin.EZEN´GUD, см. также [MA, 125]. GU-текст. (C) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur «Малые Близнецы» (λ Gem) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:4; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Dalbanna-текст. §N. mul maš.tab.ba.˹tur.tur˺ igi-u2 mu[l … … …mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba [2 dal.ba.an.na d]al.ba.an.na mal2-ma-liš «Передняя звезда Малых Близнецов (β, γ CMi), […] (ζ Hya), [звезда] в верхней части Льва (μ Leo): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. [2 интервала, и]нтервал. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 32; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], mu[l …] = mu[l murub4 muš]? «Средняя часть Змея» (ζ Hya), [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхняя из звезд головы Льва» (μ Leo). §O. mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur ˹egir-u2˺ [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum mulal.lul ḫe-pi2 eš-šu […m]ul.˹meš˺ ḫe-pi2 mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur igu-u2 [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] mulal.lul u mulsag muš ḫu ḫe-pi2 «Задняя (звезда) Малых Близнецов (α CMi), нижняя [звезда …] Льва (ε Leo), Краб (δ Cnc), новое повреждение: [ …4] звезды. Передняя звезда Малых Близнецов (= β CMi), [боро]да Ль[ва] (λ Leo), Краб (θ Cnc) и голова Змеи (ε Hya), Птица(?). Повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 32–33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum «Нижняя (звезда) головы Льва» (ε Leo), ḫe-pi2 eš-šu = […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo). MLC 1866. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu «Малые Близнецы, Близнецы, Близнецы, которые впереди стоят» (сol. iv 18'–19') [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42].

II. Божества.

Два мужских божества: dLAL3 = dAlammuš и dNin-EZEN´GUD (= dNin-gublaga, божество крупного рогатого скота), были связаны с Сином. В списке богов AN:dAnum (III 30, 37) приводятся тождества: (1) dNin.EZEN´˹GUD˺ = dumu den.zu.na.ke4 «Нингублага = сын Зуэна», (2) d(a.la.˹xx˺)LAL3 = sukkal den.zu.na.ke4 «Аламуш = посланник Зуэна» [Litke 1998, 120–121]. Их имена приведены рядом в списках богов старовавилонского времени [Weidner 1924–25, 10:13–14]; см. также список dAnum [Cavigneaux 1981, 82:13–14]. Близнечный статус этих богов засвидетельствован только в астрономических текстах. Заклинание, связанное с dmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, см. [Ebeling 1953a, 391:1].

III. Символ.

Описание в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428:8–12: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.T[UR.TUR] ˹2˺ ṣal-mu lu-[b]u-uš-tum ziq-na zaq-n˹u˺ (C: ku-ur-ku-ra ša2-a[k-nu] …) / ˹2 MUL.MEŠ ina˺ [SAG-šu-nu] eṣ-ru ṣal-mu IGI-u2 ina ŠU ZAG-šu2 il-tuḫ-a na-ši / x x x d[ir-rat it-t]i il-tuḫ-a ṣa-bit / ṣal-m[u] EGIR-[u2 ina ŠU ZAG-šu2] ana IGI-šu2 bir-qa na-šat / ŠU G[UB3-šu2 bir-qu ana ša2-ša]l-li [ṣa]l-mi ši-i u2-kal «Малые Близнецы, 2 бородатые фигуры в одеянии, (стоящие с kurkurru). / 2 звезды [на их головах] изображены. Передняя фигура в правой руке несет кнут; / […ремешок(?) с] кнутом он держит. / Задняя фигура [в правой руке] перед собой стрелу в виде молнии несет. / [Его] л[евая] рука стрелу в виде молнии держит за ее заднюю часть» [Weidner 1927, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 24, Section III]. Параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 4–9): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ TUR.MEŠ dtu-ma-mumeš TUR.MEŠ / ša2 ina pa-na-at d60 GUB-zu-u᾽ 2 ṣa-lam lu-bu-uš-tu4 lab-šu-u᾽ / ziq-nu zaq-na-a᾽ ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-a᾽ ina SAG.MEŠ-šu2-nu 2 / MUL.MEŠ e-ṣir-u᾽ ṣa-lam IGI-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2 il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš2 / dir-rat it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit ṣa-lam EGIR-u2 ina ŠUII / 15-šu2 bir-qu na-aš2 ar2-ku mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu «Малые Близнецы, божества Малые Близнецы, Малые Близнецы, / которые стоят впереди Ану. Две одетые человеческие фигуры, / бородатые, стоящие с kurkurru; на их головах 2 / звезды изображены. Передняя фигура несет кнут в своей правой руке, / (и) держит ремешок(?) вместе с кнутом. Задняя фигура несет / стрелу в виде молнии в своей правой руке; она стоит позади Праведного Пастуха Ану» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, Section D].

IV. Отождествление.

= ζ, λ или ζ, δ Geminorum; вывод: содержит звезды из созвездия Близнецов к югу от эклиптики (за исключением γ + ξ Gem), а также, возможно, часть звезд из созвездий Малый Пес (за исключением Проциона) и Единорога [Gössmann 1950, 269].

= ι + ν Geminorum(?) [Waerden 1949, 15; 1974, 76].

= ι + ν или ζ + λ Geminorum [Weidner 1957–59, 77a, 80b].

= вероятно, ζ, λ Geminorum [BPO 2, 13].

= ζ и λ Geminorum и звезды к северу, югу и западу от них [MA, 137].

= δ + ζ Geminorum [Koch 1989, 63, 111].

= Процион и β Малого Пса (+ соседние звезды γ, ε Canis Minoris) [Koch 1993, 194].

= ζ, λ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74, note 10].

= Близнецы [Horowitz 2014, 247].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Передняя (звезда) Малых Близнецов (β, γ CMi), см. dbn-текст (§ N, O).

(2) Задняя (звезда) Малых Близнецов (α CMi), см. dbn-текст (§ O).

V. Астрология.

(1) Отождествление Больших и Малых Близнецов; MUL Tu-a-mu GAL.MEŠ a-na mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR i-qab-bi «Большие Близнецы ― так говорят для (описания) Малых Близнецов» [BPO 2, III 36].

(2) Большие и Малые Близнецы окружают Венеру, см. m17, VI 2.

(3) Отождествление Малых Близнецов с Меркурием и Марсом, см. m17, VI 1.

(4) Венера, две короны и Малые Близнецы; [DIŠ Dil-bat 2] AGA ap-rat SAL.MEŠ ga-du ša3 ŠA3-ši-na BE.MEŠ [mulMAŠ.T]AB.BA.TUR.TUR ina A2-ša2: ina IGI-ša2 DU.MEŠ-ni «[Если Венера] несет [две] короны: женщины будут умирать со своими детьми в утробах; (это случится, если) Малые Близнецы стоят по ее сторонам, вар.: впереди» [BPO 3, 236, ND 4362:10].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Gem]][[Category:CMi]]

MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA

2026-01-09T17:09:44Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA}}
[[File:OrionDawn 20250821 045442 300dpi.jpg|thumb|Orion at dawn, above clouds. In the upper middle of the image, west of Orion (in front of him), we see a "pair" (twins) of stars. (CC BY SMH 2025)]]
mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism of two stars. It is likely to be identified with the stars π3 and π4 Orionis in the western part of [[Orion]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu";

An asterism in the western part of [[Orion]] or the constellation of [[Gemini]] (The Twins),

see also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of the stars of Anu (no. 9):

* mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 ''ina'' IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / GUBmeš-''zu'' dLU2.LAL3 ''u'' d''La-ta-ra-ak''
* "The twins standing opposite the True Shepherd of Anu: Lulal and Latarak" (MUL.APIN<ref name=":0">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> I ii 3-4),
* for a parallel see. [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 16].
|Example
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia”.'''
7 Celestial Twins (7 ''ma-a-šu''2):

* mulmaš.tab.ba ša2 ''ina'' igi-''it'' mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-''zu'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:202, 232];
* Parallel: mulmaš.tab.ba ''ša ina'' igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> "The twins who are ahead of Papsukal, the True Shepherd of Anu (stand)" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 28-29].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 ''ina'' ˹''pa''˺-''ni'' / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' dLU2.LAL3 ''u'' d˹''La-ta''˺-''ra-ak-a'' / ''ša''2 ˹KA2˺-''a-ni''
* "The twins stand ahead of the True Shepherd of Anu, Lulal and Latarak, the gate (outer)" (col. ii 12-14) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40, 49-50, Section E] .
|
|-
|'''Planisphere K 8538.'''
In Sector 4, inscription:

* ˹mul˺MAŠ.TA.BA ''ša''2 ''ina maḫrat''(IGI)at / ˹mul˺SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''izzazzū''(DU)zu / LU2.LAL3 d''La-ta-rak'' [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''2 SIPA "(Asterism of) Gemini near the Shepherd"; was among the "normal stars" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 17, passim], see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 10.
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deities. ====
See (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]], (Kurtik L05) [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']].

==== Symbol. ====
Described in MLC 1866 (col. ii 14-16): 2 ''ṣa-lam lu-bu-u''[''š-tu''4 ''l'']''ab-šu-u''᾽ ''ṣa-lam'' IGI-''u''2 / ''ziq''-''nu za-qin ṣa''-[''lam ar''2]-''ku-u pa-n''[''i'' d]''la-ta-ra-ak-a'' / ''ku-ut-ta-u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šu''2-''nu na-šu-u''2 "Two clothed human figures. The front figure is bearded. The rear figure has the face of Latarak. They each carry a large jug(?) in their right hands." [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 36, 40, 49-50, Section E].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= ε, γ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76a];

= γ + ξ Geminorum (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 8];

= π3, π4 Orionis (?) [MUL.APIN<ref name=":0" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273-274];

= γ + ε Geminorum [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 63, 111; Koch 1993<ref>''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.</ref>, 194];

= γ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 74, note 11].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''2 SIPA "(Asterism of) Gemini near the Shepherd" (γ Gem), cf. "Diaries".

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m19)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Близнецы, которые напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану (стоят)»; созвездие или звезда в Близнецах (Gemini), cм. также m21Māšū.
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Ану (№ 9): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 ina IGI-it mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / GUBmeš-zu dLU2.LAL3 u dLa-ta-ra-ak «Близнецы, которые стоят напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану: Лулал и Латарак» (I ii 3–4) [MA, 31], параллель см. [SpTU I, 27 r. 16]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов (7 ma-a-šu2): mulmaš.tab.ba ša2 ina igi-it mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-zu [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:202, 232]; параллель: mulmaš.tab.ba ša ina igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> «Близнецы, которые впереди Папсукаля, Праведного Пастуха Ану (стоят)» [KAR, 142 i 28–29]. MLC 1866. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 ina ˹pa˺-ni / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu dLU2.LAL3 u d˹La-ta˺-ra-ak-a / ša2 ˹KA2˺-a-ni «Близнецы, которые впереди Праведного Пастуха Ану стоят, Лулал и Латарак, ворот (внешние)» (col. ii 12–14) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, 49–50, Section E] . Планисфера K 8538. В секторе 4 надпись: ˹mul˺MAŠ.TA.BA ša2 ina maḫrat(IGI)at / ˹mul˺SIPA.ZI.AN.NA izzazzū(DU)zu / LU2.LAL3 dLa-ta-rak [CT 33, 12; Koch 1989, 56; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. «Дневники наблюдений». MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов около Пастуха»; входила в число «нормальных звезд» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 17, passim], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 10.

II. Божества.

См. L12dLU2.LAL3, L05dLātarāk.

III. Символ.

Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 14–16): 2 ṣa-lam lu-bu-u[š-tu4 l]ab-šu-u᾽ ṣa-lam IGI-u2 / ziq-nu za-qin ṣa-[lam ar2]-ku-u pa-n[i d]la-ta-ra-ak-a / ku-ut-ta-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2-nu na-šu-u2 «Две одетые человеческие фигуры. Передняя фигура бородатая. Задняя фигура с лицом Латарака. Они несут по большому кувшину(?) в своих правых руках» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, 49–50, Section E].

IV. Отождествление.

= ε, γ Geminorum [Weidner 1957–59, 76a];

= γ + ξ Geminorum (?) [BPO 2, 8];

= π3, π4 Orionis (?) [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273–274];

= γ + ε Geminorum [Koch 1989, 63, 111; Koch 1993, 194];

= γ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74, note 11].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов около Пастуха» (γ Gem), см. «Дневники».
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Ori]]

GAN2.UR3

2026-01-09T17:08:00Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN2.UR3}}

mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* mulGAN2.UR3
* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 44; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:301ʹ].
|Example
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e-f; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:27].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

*MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ''ša''2 d''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E2) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], dA.MAL) / ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''2
*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36-37].
List of stars VR 46, 1:25.
*mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2 ABZU igi.kar2
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List (Appendix)'''
*(Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)
|
|}
See also: mul gišGAN2.ur3 ''u'' mulAPIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Miaplacidus]]
|HIP 45238
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.69
|-
|2
|γ 2 Velorum
| HIP 39953
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.83
|-
|3
|ϵ Carinae
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|1.86
|-
|4
|[[Avior]] A
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
|5
| [[Suhail]]
|HIP 44816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.21
|-
|6
|[[Aspidiske]]
| HIP 45556
|Inside the Hull
|2.26
|-
|7
|[[Markeb]]
|HIP 45941
|Inside the Hull
|2.473
|-
|8
|μ Velorum
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|9
|θ Carinae
|HIP 52419
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.76
|-
|10
| υ Carinae
|HIP 48002
|Inside the Hull
|2.99
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 46701
|Inside the Hull
|3.139
|-
|12
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|13
|p Car
|HIP 51576
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|14
|V337 Car
|HIP 50371
| Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
|15
|a Car
|HIP 45080
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|16
|ϕ Velorum
| HIP 48774
|Inside the Hull
|3.45
|-
|17
|ο Velorum
|HIP 42536
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 44511
|Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|19
|l Car
|HIP 47854
| Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 43783
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 42570
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 51232
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|23
|Avior B
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|3.85
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 43023
|Inside the Hull
|3.91
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 45101
|Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
|26
|α Volantis
|HIP 44382
|Inside the Hull
|3.99
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 46974
| Inside the Hull
|4.09
|-
|28
| NGC 3114
|NGC 3114
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 52154
|Inside the Hull
|4.267
|-
|30
|IC 2581
|IC 2581
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|31
|V343 Car
|HIP 42568
|Inside the Hull
|4.313
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 45496
|Inside the Hull
|4.318
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 47175
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 51849
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|35
|V344 Car
|HIP 43105
| Inside the Hull
| 4.49
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 47391
|Inside the Hull
|4.498
|-
|37
|MV Vel
|HIP 50676
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|38
|GZ Vel
|HIP 50555
|Inside the Hull
|4.543
|-
|39
|V520 Car
|HIP 52468
|Inside the Hull
|4.545
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 48374
| Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|41
|IC 2395
|IC 2395
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|42
|V399 Car
|HIP 51192
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
| 43
|H Vel
|HIP 43878
|Inside the Hull
|4.723
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 42624
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 45856
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|46
|HY Vel
| HIP 42726
|Inside the Hull
|4.815
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 49712
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|49
| -
| HIP 42134
|Inside the Hull
|4.847
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 52102
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 51523
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|52
|V376 Car
|HIP 43937
|Inside the Hull
|4.895
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 43347
|Inside the Hull
|4.935
|-
|54
|GX Vel
|HIP 45085
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 42088
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 46950
| Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|57
| GU Vel
|HIP 41483
|Inside the Hull
|5.073
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 51912
|Inside the Hull
|5.088
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 46283
|Inside the Hull
|5.089
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 45505
| Inside the Hull
|5.094
|-
|61
|KX Vel
|HIP 43413
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46914
|Inside the Hull
|5.12
|-
|63
|FZ Vel
| HIP 44093
|Inside the Hull
|5.146
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 42834
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 44143
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|66
|* B Vel A
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 41296
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|NZ Vel
|HIP 42504
|Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
| 69
| -
|HR 3976
| Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|70
|LN Vel
|HIP 42679
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 42129
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 45328
|Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 45631
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 49698
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|75
|LW Vel
|HIP 50070
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 51313
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 43671
| Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|78
| -
| HIP 47479
|Inside the Hull
|5.307
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 45571
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 42459
|Inside the Hull
| 5.439
|-
| 81
| -
|HIP 52004
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|82
| OP Vel
|HIP 43082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.459
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 46594
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 47204
|Inside the Hull
|5.467
|-
|85
|HX Vel
|HIP 42712
|Inside the Hull
|5.468
|-
| 86
|KT Vel
|HIP 42715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.474
|-
|87
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 52405
| Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 40282
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 45219
|Inside the Hull
|5.532
|-
|91
| * 33 Vel A
|HIP 41616
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
|92
| -
| HIP 47717
|Inside the Hull
|5.544
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 51140
|Inside the Hull
|5.546
|-
|94
| -
| HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 48310
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|96
| -
|HR 3605
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|97
|* mu. Vel B
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.58
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 43499
| Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 45920
|Inside the Hull
|5.608
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 42535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.61
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 48348
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 43797
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 48613
|Inside the Hull
|5.705
|-
|105
|S Car
|HIP 49751
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 48287
|Inside the Hull
|5.711
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 45962
| Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 43148
|Inside the Hull
|5.748
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 49934
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 43669
| Inside the Hull
| 5.768
|-
|111
| -
| HIP 45122
| Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
| 112
| -
|HIP 46225
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 48339
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 44256
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 42177
|Inside the Hull
|5.782
|-
|116
| -
| HIP 47498
|Inside the Hull
|5.794
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 50493
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
| 118
| -
|HIP 40077
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|119
| -
| HIP 45314
|Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 44024
|Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
| 121
|V514 Car
|HIP 52043
| Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 42614
|Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
| 123
| -
|HR 4020
|Inside the Hull
| 5.88
|-
| 124
| -
|HIP 46460
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 41081
|Inside the Hull
|5.887
|-
|126
|V482 Car
|HIP 46620
|Inside the Hull
|5.888
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 43589
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 46482
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 50078
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 45270
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 49164
|Inside the Hull
|5.928
|-
|132
|LR Vel
|HIP 45675
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 50993
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|134
|V335 Vel
|HIP 48527
|Inside the Hull
|5.932
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 40932
|Inside the Hull
|5.954
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 41674
|Inside the Hull
|5.969
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 52127
| Inside the Hull
|5.979
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 47559
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 46101
|Inside the Hull
|5.988
|-
|140
|* ups Car B
|HR 3891
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 45418
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 43620
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 51623
|Inside the Hull
|6.006
|-
|144
| -
|HIP 41861
|Inside the Hull
|6.021
|-
|145
| -
|HR 3386
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 46328
|Inside the Hull
|6.039
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 45481
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 41373
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 48119
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 48835
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|151
| -
|HD 92463
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 44708
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 46093
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 51245
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
| 155
| -
| HIP 50044
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
|156
|* B Vel B
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|157
|NGC 2669
|NGC 2669
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|158
| R Car
|HIP 46806
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|159
| -
| HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
|160
|IV Vel
| HIP 48799
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
| 161
| -
|HIP 50232
|Inside the Hull
|6.134
|-
|162
|V478 Car
|HIP 45615
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 49994
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|164
|IP Vel
| HIP 47694
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 47172
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 49137
| Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 46067
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 49233
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 49160
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|170
|Cl Bochum 10
|Cl Bochum 10
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|171
| -
|HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 47913
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
| 173
| -
|HIP 45002
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 174
| -
|HIP 50287
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 41986
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 47145
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 51732
|Inside the Hull
|6.238
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 49394
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 42717
|Inside the Hull
|6.243
|-
|180
| -
|HR 4065
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 46737
|Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 43807
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|183
| -
|HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 51676
| Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 46045
|Inside the Hull
|6.264
|-
| 186
| -
|HIP 46049
|Inside the Hull
|6.265
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 43195
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|188
| -
| HIP 45742
|Inside the Hull
|6.268
|-
|189
|GY Vel
|HIP 50332
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 50562
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|191
|C 1033-598
|C 1033-598
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 45437
|Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 52160
|Inside the Hull
|6.314
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 45603
|Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
|195
|V486 Car
|HIP 47591
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|196
| -
| HIP 50916
|Inside the Hull
|6.325
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 41813
|Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 41653
|Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 199
| -
|HR 3971
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 50785
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|201
|V473 Car
|HIP 43763
|Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 44665
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 45214
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|204
| -
|HIP 49223
|Inside the Hull
|6.371
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 41781
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 44423
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 48730
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|208
| -
| HIP 49619
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|209
|V368 Car
|HIP 49926
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 210
| -
| HIP 51461
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 47422
|Inside the Hull
|6.403
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 50067
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|213
| -
| HIP 49092
|Inside the Hull
|6.412
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 51984
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 40433
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|216
| -
|HIP 51327
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|217
|WR 22
|HIP 52308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|218
|V507 Car
|HIP 51265
| Inside the Hull
|6.426
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 51866
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 42400
|Inside the Hull
|6.431
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 44509
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|222
| -
| HIP 40749
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|223
|V469 Car
|HIP 41644
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|224
| -
|HIP 44565
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|225
|V495 Car
|HIP 49642
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 50069
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|228
|V487 Car
|HIP 47893
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 44979
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 42440
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 52103
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|232
|WR 24
|HIP 52488
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 41905
|Inside the Hull
|6.481
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 41426
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|235
|QZ Vel
|HIP 48469
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 49477
|Inside the Hull
|6.492
|}
===Additional ===

====Deity. ====
The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Nirah'' (d''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''2 ''mār bīti ša''2 uru''De-e-erki'' "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].

====Symbol.====
Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].

====Previous Identification. ====
= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

====Parts of the constellation.====
''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

====Astrology.*====
Identifications:

(1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Predictions:

(2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101: 27].

(3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the south; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 54:6-7].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [Gössmann 1950, 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2 «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [Gössmann 1950, 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)''Maškakātu''
|
|-
|
===(mul)''Maškakātu''===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

MAŠ.MAŠ

2026-01-09T17:06:17Z

JanSafford:

mul / dMAŠ.MAŠ (𒀯𒈦𒈦) is Sumerian with the Akkadian equivalent ''māšū'', The Twins. In lexical lists both one MAŠ-sign as well as a repeated MAŠ.MAŠ = ''māšū'' itself is originally a loan word from the Sumerian, corresponding to Semitic-Akkadian ''tu'āmu,'' cognate to other Semitic languages for 'twins.'

In general, MAŠ, MAŠ.MAŠ and their Akkadian equivalents are used to designate several ancient Mesopotamian asterisms where two stars or sets of stars of similar brightness seem to form a pair in the sky, among them parts of the constellation that survives today as classical [[Gemini]], The Twins. The most important of the ancient Mesopotamian twins-asterisms are The Great Twins ([[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL]]) followed by the Lesser Twins [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]] , which are listed first and second in two parallel lists of 'Twins' asterisms. In any case, repetition of nouns and adjectives in Sumerian indicates either plurality or emphasis. So for [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], 'The Great Twins,' or even perhaps 'The Greatest Twins.'
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''māšū'' (Akkadian) or mul / d''Māšū'' (𒀯𒈠𒀀𒋗), The Twins [[Gemini|(Gemini)]].

mul / dMAŠ (𒀯𒈦) is a short writing.

'''Var. designations:'''

* 1) = zodiac sign and constellation in later astronomical and astrological texts,
* 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 266].
* 3) abbreviation of MAŠ.MAŠ Gemini, a zodiac sign or constellation in late astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 266];
* 4) a nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (= Aries) in late calendar-ritual texts [SpTU III<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 115, note 522];
*5) dMAŠ = d''Ninurta'', the deity Ninurta, identified in MUL.APIN I ii 16 with Mercury [MA, 34, 80], see (Kurtik n45) [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]. In this case, the use of the MAŠ sign derives from a separate history than that of the Twin-stars asterisms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources (Kurtik m13, m15)
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series (MAŠ):
*(1) mulmaš =[''tu'']-''a-ma'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ], parallel in [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 114A v 36].
*(2) maš = [...] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15].
Urra XXII series (MAŠ.MAŠ):

* (1) Urra XXII series: [mul]maš.maš = ''ma-šu-u'' "Gemini" [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 114A v 37; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:294ʹ].

*(2) Series A I/6, 111-114: ''ma-áš-ma-áš'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ''ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu'', d''lugal-gir''3-''ra'', d''mes-lam-ta-e''3-''a'' [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 227–228].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
VAT 16436:

* múlMAŠ.MAŠ dAG ''u'' dU.GUR // 2 // 10 IGI 8 ME KUŠ3
* "Gemini, Nabu and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-7:10].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
BM 36609+:
* TA? 5? UŠ ˹''kin''??˺-''ṣa'' NU KUR / EN ''a-si-du'' / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
* "(When the stars culminate) from 5?0, not reaching (i.e., in front of) the Knee, / to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth). / (in this interval) the Twins, from their beginning to their end, ascend." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20-22]; time of rising: 200 [ibid.<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref> 549].
MLC 1866 iv 18-19:
* dMAŠ.MAŠ d''tu-ma-mu''meš / ''ša''2 ''ina pa-na-at'' GUB-''zu''
* "The Gemini, the twins who stand ahead" [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* 1) MAŠ.MAŠ — the sign of the zodiac Gemini [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":2">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim], the earliest example in the diary, -418 [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 62, no.-418:5, 12];
* 2) the designation MAŠ.MAŠ was part of the names of the five "normal stars" (nos. s8-12 in Kurtik m39 [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]).
|
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
MAŠ is a esignation of the zodiac sign Gemini '''''in [ACT I-III'''''; LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used already in lunar tables of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989].

MAŠ.MAŠ is the sign of the zodiac Ge'''''mini [ACT II''''', 482; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Horoscopes". MAŠ.MAŠ is the zodiac sign Gemini [BH, passim], [BH, 16 r. 5].
* (2) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV 20: ki mulmaš.maš "Region of Gemini" (in the same text: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal. gal "Region of the Great Twins"), it corresponds to the following activities: magic ritual against threat to life, (ritual against disease) fatigue, (ritual against) "female spirit" (it seems to refer also to disease), the noble does not heed slander [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":4">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 256, 268-269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108-109; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5">''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — the designation for the zodiac sign Gemini in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":4" />, 274-275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
* (3) "Microzodiac."
** The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: [3-tu]m ḫa.la múlmaš.maš ''šum''3-''šu''2 "[3]-th part, its name is Gemini" [TU<ref name=":6">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:15; Sachs 1952<ref name=":7">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
* (4) Text W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulMAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U3.T[U...] "If he, [when the Gem]ini (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V<ref name=":8">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:2'].
* (5) W22554/2:
** ''ki-i'' múlMAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] / múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [...]
** "If the Gemini culmin[ates and the (lunar) eclipse should begin], / The Great Gemini, the True Shepherd of Anu. / Until the Sun of the True Shepherd of Anu [reaches...] " [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 102:3-5].
* (6) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI múlSIPA ''u'' MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ2 ''ki-li'' "Region of the Gemini: death in captivity" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:21]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref name=":6" />, 14: 22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":7" />, 66, 68; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1600 obv. 5'], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5" />, 192].
** (b) Mars in Gemini, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.
* (7) Calendar and ritual texts ['''single sign MAŠ'''].
** a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13 // ''Sin ina'' MAŠ.QA ''ša''2 múlMAŠ EGIR-''i'' / GUB GU2.DU8.Aki "Simanu 1 // simanu 13 // The moon on the posterior position, the shoulder of the Gemini. / Kutu's place." [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41: rev. 5-6].
**(b) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment? + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // ''dām''(UŠ2) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA2) ''šaman''(I3.GIŠ) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA2) ''u šārat''(SIG2ḫi.a) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA2) MIN(=''tapaššaš'') MIN(=''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 14 // Aries 80 // You smear ram's blood, ram's fat, and ram's wool" [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 104:14, as well as 104:1, 27]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 105:11, 24]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 98:VIII; TU<ref name=":6" />, 22:3, 15].
|
|-
!Sources (Kurtik m21) ''Māšū''
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:73; BPO 2<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 33; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 403a].
|
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":3" />, 8 r. 5].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Kurtik
!KAR 142 (VAT 9418)
(Pongratz-Leisten, ina šulmi īrub, 221-227 text 7)

(collated)
|-
|List of the 7 Celestial Twins:
* (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal,
*(2) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur,
*(3) mulmaš.tab.ba ''ša''2 ''ina'' igi''-it'' mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-''zu'',
*(4) mulnin.mu2 mulir3.ra.gal,
*(5) mul d''Šullat''(pa) mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal),
* (6) mulšar2.ur mulšar2.gaz,
*(7) mulzi.ba.an. na: 7 ''ma-a-šu''2
|7 names of Marduk;

7 Adad-(name)s,

7 MUL.MAŠ.ME (7 twins), then:
#obv. i 26 MUL.MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL

#obv. i 27 MUL.MA[Š.TA]B.BA.TUR.TUR
#obv. i 28 MUL.MAŠ.TA[B.B]A ''ša ina'' IGI dPAP.SUKKAL
#obv. i 29 MUL.PA [0] ⌈''u''⌉ dLUGAL
#obv. i 30 MUL.ŠÁR.⌈UR4 ''u''⌉ dŠÁR.GAZ
#obv. i 31 MUL.KU.AN.NA229
#obv. i 32 MUL.KU.KI.[S]IKIL (erasure)
#obv. i 33 MUL.NIN.SAR d[''è'']''r-ra''-GAL
#obv. i 34 7 MU⌈L⌉.MAŠ-⌈''ši''⌉
|}
|
|-
|'''"Great Twins, Lesser Gemini, the Twins that stands opposite the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninmu (and) Erragal, Shullat (and) Hanish, Sharur (and) Shargaz, Libra: 7 (Heavenly) Twins"'''
[Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:231-236].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
See (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
|
|-
|'''Text VAT 9418.'''
* mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal / mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur / mulmaš.tab.ba ''ša ina'' igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> <dpa> dlugal / mulšar2.ur4 mulšar2.gaz / mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la / mulnin.mu2 m[uli]r3.ra.gal: 7 mul ''maš''-[''š'']''i'' [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 26–34]; here mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la refer apparently to the two parts of Libra [Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].
|
|} See also MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], mulMAŠ.MAŠ mul lúḪUN.GA2 TAG-''su'', muSAA 10IN(KI.DIDLI) mulMAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-''su''] [SpTU I<ref name=":9" />, 96:4, 6]; múlMAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] "When the Gemini culminate[s]" [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 102:3]; also [SpTU V<ref name=":8" />, 268:16].
===Additional===
====Astrology.====
(1) The sideways motion of Mars relative to Leo, Cancer and Gemini; ''ki-ma'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA ''is-su-ḫur'' / mulAL.LUL d''Ma-a-ši ul-tap-pit'' ... "When Mars returns from the Lion's Head, touches the Crab and Gemini, its meaning is: the end of the reign of the king of the western country" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 8 r. 3-7].

(2) Gemini stands ahead of (star) Anu (=Crab); MUL ''Ma-a-šu ša''2 ''ina'' IGI d''A-nim'' GUB-''zu'' / d''A-nim'' mulAL.LUL "The Twins standing ahead of Anu. Anu is the Crab" [BPO 2<ref name=":10" />, III 33-33a + Parallels]; see also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], I
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m13) MAŠ
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) сокращение от MAŠ.MAŠ «Близнецы» (Gemini) — знак зодиака или созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 266]; 2) нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (= Овен) в поздних календарно-ритуальных текстах [SpTU III, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995, 115, note 522]; 3) dMAŠ = dNinurta — божество Нинурта, отождествляемое в MUL.APIN I ii 16 c Меркурием [MA, 34, 80], см. n45dNIN.URTA.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: (1) [mul]maš = […]-a-x [SpTU III, 114A v 36]. (2) mulmaš = […] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15]. (3) mulmaš =[tu]-a-ma [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ]. Математическая астрономия. Обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 16 r. 5]. (2) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13 // Sin ina MAŠ.QA ša2 múlMAŠ EGIR-i / GUB GU2.DU8.Aki «Симану 1 // симану 13 // Луна на плече заднего из Близнецов. / Место Куту» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 5–6]. b) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази? + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // dām(UŠ2) immeri(UDU.NITA2) šaman(I3.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA2) u šārat(SIG2ḫi.a) immeri(UDU.NITA2) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Дуузу 14 // Овен 80 // Кровь барана, жир барана и шерсть барана ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:14, а также 104:1, 27]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. [SpTU III, 105:11, 24]. См. также [SpTU I, 98:VIII; TU, 22:3, 15].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m15) MAŠ. MAŠ
|
|-
|= māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = знак зодиака и созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [Gössmann 1950, 266].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: [mul]maš.maš = ma-šu-u «Близнецы» [SpTU III, 114A v 37; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:294ʹ]. (2) Серия A I/6, 111–114: ma-áš-ma-áš ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu, dlugal-gir3-ra, dmes-lam-ta-e3-a [MSL XIV, 227–228]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlMAŠ.MAŠ dAG u dU.GUR // 2 // 10 IGI 8 ME KUŠ3 «Близнецы, Набу и Нергал // 2 (звезды) // 10800 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:10]. Анафора. BM 36609+: TA? 5? UŠ ˹kin??˺-ṣa NU KUR / EN a-si-du / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «(Когда кульминируют звезды) от 5?0, не достигая (т.е. впереди) Колена, / до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью). / (в этот промежуток) Близнецы, от их начала до их конца, восходят» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20–22]; время восхода: 200 [ibid. 549]. MLC 1866 iv 18–19: dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu «Близнецы, близнецы, которые впереди стоят» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42]. «Дневники наблюдений». 1) MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], самый ранний пример в дневнике за -418 год [ibid., 62, No.-418:5, 12]; 2) обозначение MAŠ.MAŠ входило в названия пяти «нормальных звезд» (№ 8–12 в m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ). Математическая астрономия. MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [ACT II, 482; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV 20: ki mulmaš.maš «Область Близнецов» (в этом же тексте: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal.gal «Область Больших Близнецов»), ей соответствуют следующие виды деятельности: магический ритуал против угрозы для жизни, (ритуал против болезни) головокружения, (ритуал против) «женского духа» (речь, по-видимому, идет также о болезни), знатный клевете не внемлет [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, 268–269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995, 108–109; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: [3-tu]m ḫa.la múlmaš.maš šum3-šu2 «[3]-я часть, ее имя Близнецы» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (4) Текст W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulMAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U3.T[U…] «Если он, [когда Близ]нецы (кульминируют), роди[лся]…» [SpTU V, 265:2']. (5) W22554/2: ki-i múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] / múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / a-di-i dŠamaš múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA […] «Если Близнецы кульмин[ируют и (лунное) затмение должно начаться], / Большие Близнецы, Праведный Пастух Ану. / До тех пор пока Солнце Праведного Пастуха Ану [не достигнет…] « [SpTU III, 102:3–5]. (6) Зодиакальная астрология. а) KI múlSIPA u MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ2 ki-li «Область Близнецов: смерть в плену» [SpTU II, 43:21]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) Марс в Близнецах, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu.

См. также MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], mulMAŠ.MAŠ mul lúḪUN.GA2 TAG-su, muSAA 10IN(KI.DIDLI) mulMAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] «Когда Близнецы кульминиру[ют]» [SpTU III, 102:3]; а также [SpTU V, 268:16].
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) mul / d''Māšū''
|[Gössmann 1950, 265] mul / d''Māšū''
|-
|= mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «Близнецы»; редко используемое обозначение созвездия Близнецов в астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 265].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [ACh Ištar, 25:73; BPO 2, III 33; CAD M/1, 403a]. «Письма». См. [SAA 10, 8 r. 5]. «Большой список звезд». Список 7 Небесных Близнецов: (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal, (2) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, (3) mulmaš.tab.ba ša2 ina igi-it mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-zu, (4) mulnin.mu2 mulir3.ra.gal, (5) mul dŠullat(pa) mulḪaniš(lugal), (6) mulšar2.ur mulšar2.gaz, (7) mulzi.ba.an.na : 7 ma-a-šu2 «Большие Близнецы, Малые Близнецы, Близнецы, что напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану стоят, Нинму (и) Эррагаль, Шуллат (и) Ханиш, Шарур (и) Шаргаз, Весы: 7 (Небесных) Близнецов» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:231–236]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. См. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA. Текст VAT 9418. mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal / mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur / mulmaš.tab.ba ša ina igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> <dpa> dlugal / mulšar2.ur4 mulšar2.gaz / mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la / mulnin.mu2 m[uli]r3.ra.gal : 7 mul maš-[š]i [KAR, 142 i 26–34]; здесь mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la относятся, по-видимому, к двум частям Весов [Weidner 1957–1959, 80b].

II. Астрология.

(1) Попятное движение Марса относительно Льва, Рака и Близнецов; ki-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra TA ŠA3-bi / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA is-su-ḫur / mulAL.LUL dMa-a-ši ul-tap-pit … «Когда Марс опять от Головы Льва возвращается, касается Краба и Близнецов, его значение таково: конец правления царя западной страны» [SAA 10, 8 r. 3–7].

(2) Близнецы впереди (звезды) Ану (=Краб); MUL Ma-a-šu ša2 ina IGI dA-nim GUB-zu / dA-nim mulAL.LUL «Близнецы, которые стоят впереди Ану. Ану — Краб» [BPO 2, III 33–33a + Parallels]; см. также a18AL.LUL, I
|
|}
== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Gem]]

MAŠ2

2026-01-09T17:04:19Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MAŠ2}}

mulMAŠ2 (𒀯𒈧) is an abbreviation for mul[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]ku6 "Goat-Fish" ([[Capricornus]]). The abbreviation becomes the standard name for the asterism in the later periods.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Abbreviation of mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Goat-Fish"; the name of the zodiac sign and constellation Capricorn (Capricornus) in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 263].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulMAŠ2 [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:46].
|
|-
|'''Miscellenia'''Text BM 55466+.
See. [Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371, 373].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
*1) MAŠ2 — a designation for the zodiac sign Capricorn [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; first in the diary for -453, Upper edge 3 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0" />, 58].
*2) Included in the name "normal star": SI MAŠ2 "Horn of the Goat-Fish" (β Sarricorni) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0" />, 18] (see Kurtik m39 [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 33); first in the "diary" for -567: MULx MURUB4 ''ša''2 SI MAŠ2 "Middle star of the horn of the Goat-Fish" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0" />, 48, no, -567 Rev. 5'], in the same text: SUḪUR ''ša''2 MAŠ2 as designating the constellation Goat-Fish" [ibid.<ref name=":0" />, 50:10'].
|
|-
| '''Mathematical astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, passim]; used already in lunar tablets of the Achaemenid times [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [... múlM]AŠ2 is the star of Antagubba, see (Kurtik n20) [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
*(1) "Horoscopes." See. [BH, 29, passim; Beaulieu-Rochberg 1996<ref>''Beaulieu P.-A., Rochberg F. '' The Horoscope of Anu-Bēlšunu // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 89-94.</ref>, 90:3, 7].
*(2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: MAŠ2 is the designation for the zodiac sign Capricorn in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275: l, 9, 19, 40; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
* (3) "Microzodiac." Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man(Aries) into 12 parts:
**(a) AO 6483: 10-''i-tum zittu''(ḫa.la) múlmaš2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "the 10th part, its name is Goat-Fish" [TU<ref name=":1">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:18; Sachs 1952<ref name=":2">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
**(b) Sp II 202+: 10-''tu''2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlmaš2 ''ša''2 múllu "the 10th part of Aries is the Goat-Fish of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 245:22]. See also KI múlMAŠ2 in a later magical text [SpTU II<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:26].
*(4) "Gypsoma." Capricorn is the hypsoma of Mars," see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.
*(5) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlMAŠ2 LAL2.<DU>-''in'' ... "Capricorn's area: he will be poor ..." [SpTU II<ref name=":3" />, 43: 26]; for a partial parallel see. [TU<ref name=":1" />, 14: 25; Sachs 1952<ref name=":2" />, 66, 68; LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1600 obv. 12'].
* (6) Predictions of izbu: BE-''ma'' ''ina'' SAG múlMAŠ2 1-''en ina'' ŠA3 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ IGI.LA2 / ''lu-u''2 ''in-ni-mi-du lu-u''2 NIM MAN ''ina'' ŠA3 ''iz-ziz'' / SAL.MEŠ MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU. MEŠ "If at the beginning phases of the Capricorn, a planet reaches first sight or reaches a stationary point or (appears) early(?), (and) the other (planet) stands in the middle: women will give birth to twins" [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53-54:8-10], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|}
See also: KI múlMAŠ2 [SpTU II<ref name=":3" />, 43:26].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m22)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|сокращение от mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Коза-Рыба»; название знака зодиака и созвездия Козерог (Capricornus) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 263].
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulMAŠ2 [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46]. Текст BM 55466+. См. [Reynolds 1999, 370–371, 373]. «Дневники наблюдений». 1) MAŠ2 — обозначение знака зодиака Козерог [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в дневнике за –453, Upper edge 3 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 58]. 2) Входило в название «нормальной звезды»: SI MAŠ2 «Рог Козы-Рыбы» (β Сapricorni) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18] (см. m39[[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], № 33); впервые в «дневнике» за –567 год: MULx MURUB4 ša2 SI MAŠ2 «Средняя звезда рога Козы-Рыбы» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 48, No, -567 Rev. 5'], в том же тексте: SUḪUR ša2 MAŠ2 как обозначение созвездия Коза-Рыба» [ibid., 50:10']. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах ахеменидского времени [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. LBAT 1502. [… múlM]AŠ2 — звезда Антагубба, см. n20ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 29, passim; Beaulieu–Rochberg 1996, 90:3, 7]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: MAŠ2 — обозначение знака зодиака Козерог в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: l, 9, 19, 40; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник(Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 10-i-tum zittu(ḫa.la) múlmaš2 šum3-šu2 «10-я часть, ее имя Коза-Рыба» [TU, 14:18; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 10-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlmaš2 ša2 múllu «10-я часть Овна — Коза-Рыба Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:22]. См. также KI múlMAŠ2 в позднем магическом тексте [SpTU II, 43:26]. (4) «Гипсома». Козерог — гипсома Марса», см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlMAŠ2 LAL2.<DU>-in … «Область Козерога: он будет беден …» [SpTU II, 43: 26]; частичная параллель см. [TU, 14: 25; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 12']. (6) Предсказания izbu: BE-ma ina SAG múlMAŠ2 1-en ina ŠA3 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ IGI.LA2 / lu-u2 in-ni-mi-du lu-u2 NIM MAN ina ŠA3 iz-ziz / SAL.MEŠ MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU.MEŠ «Если в начале Козерога одна из планет достигает первой видимости или достигает стационарной точки или рано (появляется)(?), (а) другая (планета) в середине стоит: женщины будут рожать близнецов» [Biggs 1968, 53–54:8–10], см. также u31UZ3.

См. также: KI múlMAŠ2 [SpTU II, 43:26].
|Example
|}

==References==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Cap]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Mišḫu

2026-01-09T16:19:02Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Mišḫu''}}
''Mišḫu'' (𒈨𒋚) is an Akkadian term for a variety of notably bright luminaries in the sky. Individual observed objects can be ''mišḫu'' such as metors and comets, but asterisms, including planets, constellations, and constellation parts can have or emit a ''mišḫu'' when particularly bright. Of particular note is the ''mišḫu'' of [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|mul]][[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|pa.bil2.sag]] where the constellation Saggitarius intersects the Milky Way.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Lit. "radiance, luminosity"; a term used for a phenomena associated with the peculiar glow of various kinds of celestial objects. These included:

* 1) meteors, meteorites, bolides;
* 2) comets; sometimes more specifically mišḫu is a meteor or comet trail;
* 3) planets;
* 4) constellations;
* 5) particular parts of constellations;
* 6) the moon;
* 7) auroras not associated with any luminaries; in the last case, it seems to refer to mirages [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 660b; CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/2, 120-121; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 19; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 14; Bjorkman 1973<ref>''Bjorkman J.'' Meteors and Meteorites in the Ancient Near East // Meteoritics. 1973. Nr. 8.</ref>; Chadwick 1993<ref name=":3">''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>].

In modern literature the word is often transcribed as ''me-šiḫ'', ''meš-ḫu''/''a'', ''me-eš-ḫu'', cf. [CAD<ref name=":0" /> M/2, 120-121], as well as numerous articles in the present edition.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: mul''mi-si-iḫ'' dpa.bil2.sag [MSL XI<ref name=":4">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:408],
** Old Babylonian Sumerian list: mul''mi-še-eḫ'' dpa.bil2.sag.ga2 [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 24].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulin.dub.an.na = ''mi-ši-iḫ'' d''Pa-bil-sag'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 55]; for a parallel see. [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134:18]; see also mul''in-um an-na'' = ''mi-ši-iḫ'' d''Pa-bil-sag'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:312ʹ].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 92-93, 283; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVIII 10; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 14, 284a; Largement 1957<ref name=":6">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 248:65, 67-68].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":7">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 329a; SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 348a].
|
|-
|'''"AstroSAA 10"'''

LBAT 1499, (Sections 2-4) e.g. obv. ii 14 [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 127, with discussion 135-138]
* DIŠ ''ina i''tuGU4 ''še-rim'' MUL2.MUL2 3,40 ''meš-hu im-šuh'' GU7-''ti'' DINGIR MU.3.KAM 3 ITU <''ina''> KUR GAL2
** If in Iyar during the morning-watch, The Star Cluster - 3,40 - produced a glow; (the disease) 'consumption by a god' for three years and three months will be <in> the land.
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' mul "Antasurra = shining star";
* (2) mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag "Antasurra = Shining Pabilsag";
* (3) mul''ur-um'' an. na = dmin (=''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag);
* (4) mul''bur-ru-um'' an.na = dmin (=''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil. sag);
* (5) diš ul ''ša''2 ''ina'' igi-''šu''2 ''ṣip-ru ina'' egir-''šu''2 kun ''gar-nu'' / igi-''ma'' an''-e'' zalag2-''ir ki-ma ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 / ''ki-ma me-šiḫ'' mul.meš "If a star, which has a mane in front and a tail behind, appears, and lights up the sky like a meteor, (viz. ) like a flash of stars";
* (6) ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 = ''meš-ḫu ša''2 mul ''ki-šu''2 ''ia-aʼ-nu'' "comet = shining without a star";
* (7) ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 = ''mi-šiḫ'' mul.meš "comet = shining stars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:141, 142-144, 174-178], see also [CAD<ref name=":0" /> Ṭ, 75a; Chadwick 1993, 171]).
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
See. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* (1) A 3427,
* (2) Sp II 202+, see. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239, 245-246].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Examples. ====
(1) Meteors, bolides; DIŠ ''mi-ši-iḫ'' MUL TA IM.KUR.RA / ''a-na'' IM.MAR.TU ''im-šu-uḫ'' ... "If the trail of a meteor extends from the east to the west: defeat; the enemy will smite me and take the country." [SAA 8, 396 r. 1-4]. [DIŠ] ''mi-ši-iḫ'' MUL ''ana'' dUTU.Š[U2.A ''im-šuḫ''] ... "[If] the trail of the meteor [extends] towards the west: the king of the western country [will rule the land]" [SAA 8<ref name=":7" />, 544 r. 1-2]. See also (Kurtik m32) [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]].

(2) Comets; see (Kurtik ts03) [[ṣallummû|''ṣallummû'']].

(3) Planets; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''me-eš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ'' ... "If the star of Marduk (in this case = Mercury) gives rise to mišḫu: the country will eat abundant bread" [SAA 8<ref name=":7" />, 93 r. 1-2]. DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' IGI-''ša''2 ... ''meš-ḫ''[''u''] TA ŠA3-''ša''2 SUR-''ma'' ... "If Venus at its appearance ... mišḫu radiates from its middle ... " [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 56, K.148+:8]. DIŠ ''ina'' AN-''e mi-i''[''š-ḫu ša'' mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI] ... "If miš[ḫu of Mars is visible in the sky]: there will be an epidemic, variant: [an epidemic among the cattle in the country]" [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 104 r. 12-13]; for parallels see. [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 20:85, Suppl. 64 i 10]. DIŠ ''ina'' AN-''e mi-iš-ḫu'' mulUDU.IDIM [...] "If the mišḫu of a planet [appears] in the sky...[ACh Suppl.<ref name=":9" /> 2, 76:19; CAD<ref name=":0" /> M/2, 120b], see also [Langement <ref name=":6" />1957, 248:67-68]. DIŠ ''ina'' AN-''e meš-ḫa ša''2 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI ... mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma'' "If a mišḫu is observed in the sky at Mars ... (it means that) Mars has great brilliance" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":9" /> 2, 64:10f; CAD<ref name=":0" /> M/2, 121a].

(4) Meteors and constellations; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'' ... "If the True Shepherd of Anu gives rise to mišḫu: the king, the lord of the dynasty, because of his misdeeds, will be covered with boils and die" [BPO Suppl., XVIII 10:10f; CAD<ref name=":0" /> M/2, 121a] [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVIII 10 + Parallels]. DIŠ mulUZ3 ''meš-ḫa im-šu''[''ḫ''] (glossa: ''mu-ul u''2-''za im-šu-''[''uḫ'']) ... "If the Goat emi[ts] mišḫu: the gods will forgive the country, [they will be] favorable to the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":7" />, 74:1-3]. DIŠ mulSIM.MAḪ [xxxx] (glossa: ''mu-ul ši-im-ma-a''[''ḫ''] ) / ''meš-ḫa'' [''im-šu-uḫ''] ... "If the Swallow [emits] mišḫu: an attack by troops..." [SAA 8<ref name=":7" />, 77:1-3]. For other examples concerning mišḫu and MUL.MUL, mulA2mušen, mulŠU.PA, see. [CAD<ref name=":0" /> M/2, 120b; Chadwick 1993<ref name=":3" />, 167-167], see also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 7, (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 16. It is generally unclear whether such predictions refer to meteors appearing within the constellations in question or to some other luminary phenomena observed within them.

(5) Mišḫu Pabilsaga, see (Kurtik m26) [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]].

(6) The moon; DIŠ ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.15.KAM AN.MI GAR-''ma mi-šiḫ-šu''2 BABBAR ... "If on the 15th day of siman, there is an eclipse (of the moon) and its mišḫu is white: the king will send to another king messages of reconciliation" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":5" />, 92:19 + note 6, 283]. DIŠ MUL.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ... "If the Heavenly Star (=Moon) gives rise to mišḫu...", see (Kurtik m31) [[MUL.AN.NA]].

(7) Mišḫu, not connected with the luminaries; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' GUB3?-''ša''2] ''meš''-˹Ca˺ KI.MIN. ''ša''2-''bi-ḫu'' DU ... "[If to the left(?) of Venus] stands mišḫu, var.: šabiḫu: the country that has undergone evil will experience abundance" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 48, VAT 10218:84]. DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' MIN-''m''[''a''] ''meš-ḫu'' BI SA5 (in the two immediately following predictions: BI BABBAR, BI SIG7 respectively)... "If Venus is ditto (= to her left is mišḫu) and mišḫu is red (var.: white, green)..." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 48, VAT 10218:85-87]. [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' MU]RUB4-''ša''2 KI.MIN ''ina'' EGIR-''ša''2 ''meš-ḫu'' GIL... "[If Venus, in its cen]ter ditto (= contains ''mišḫu''), var.: mišḫu lies across and behind Venus: the country that has experienced evil will enjoy abundant bread" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 48, VAT 10218:88]; for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 72, BM 40111:9-13]. DIŠ ''mi-iš''! ''ḫu'' IM.U18. LU ''iš-kun iš-kun-ma'' / ''im-ṣur im-ṣur-ma'' GUB-''iz'' GUB-''iz-ma'' / ''ip-ru-uṭ ip-ru-uṭ-ma'' UD ''sa-pi-iḫ'' ... "If mišḫu appears in the south repeatedly, forming a circle again and again, and stands there again and again, and flickers again and again, and then dissipates: The ruler shall seize property and possessions during his expedition." [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 111:5-8]; apparently a mirage is involved here. For other examples see. [CAD<ref name=":0" /> M/2, 120].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «сияние, свечение»; термин, употреблявшийся для обозначения явлений, связанных с особым свечением различного рода небесных объектов. В том числе: 1) метеоров, метеоритов, болидов; 2) комет; иногда более конкретно mišḫu — это метеорный или кометный след; 3) планет; 4) созвездий; 5) отдельных частей созвездий; 6) Луны; 7) сияний, не связанных с какими-либо светилами; в последнем случае речь идет, по-видимому, о миражах [AHw, 660b; CAD M/2, 120–121; BPO 2, 19; BPO 3, 14; Bjorkman 1973; Chadwick 1993]. В современной литературе слово нередко транскрибируется как me-šiḫ, meš-ḫu/a, me-eš-ḫu, см. [CAD M/2, 120–121], а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulmi-si-iḫ dpa.bil2.sag [MSL XI, 108:408], старовавилонский шумерский список: mulmi-še-eḫ dpa.bil2.sag.ga2 [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 24]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulin.dub.an.na = mi-ši-iḫ dPa-bil-sag [SpTU III, 114A v 55]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 134:18]; см. также mulin-um an-na = mi-ši-iḫ dPa-bil-sag [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:312ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 92–93, 283; BPO 2, XVIII 10; BPO 3, 14, 284a; Largement 1957, 248:65, 67–68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 329a; SAA 10, 348a]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = me-šiḫ mul «Антасурра = сияние звезды»; (2) mulan.ta.sur.ra = me-šiḫ dpa.bil.sag «Антасурра = Сияние Пабилсага»; (3) mulur-um an.na = dmin (=me-šiḫ dpa.bil.sag); (4) mulbur-ru-um an.na = dmin (=me-šiḫ dpa.bil.sag); (5) diš ul ša2 ina igi-šu2 ṣip-ru ina egir-šu2 kun gar-nu / igi-ma an-e zalag2-ir ki-ma ṣal-lum-mu-u2 / ki-ma me-šiḫ mul.meš «Если звезда, у которой грива впереди и хвост позади, появляется, и освещает небо подобно метеору, (т.е.) подобно вспышке звезд»; (6) ṣal-lum-mu-u2 = meš-ḫu ša2 mul ki-šu2 ia-aʼ-nu «комета = сияние без звезды»; (7) ṣal-lum-mu-u2 = mi-šiḫ mul.meš «комета = сияние звезд» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:141, 142–144, 174–178], см. также [CAD Ṭ, 75a; Chadwick 1993, 171]). «Дневники наблюдений». См. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]. Анафора. (1) A 3427, (2) Sp II 202+, см. [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, 245–246].

II. Примеры.

(1) Метеоры, болиды; DIŠ mi-ši-iḫ MUL TA IM.KUR.RA / a-na IM.MAR.TU im-šu-uḫ … «Если след метеора от востока к западу протянется: поражение; враг поразит меня и возьмет страну» [SAA 8, 396 r. 1–4]. [DIŠ] mi-ši-iḫ MUL ana dUTU.Š[U2.A im-šuḫ] … «[Если] след метеора [протянется] к за[паду]: царь западной страны [будет править землей]» [SAA 8, 544 r. 1–2]. См. также m32MUL.GAL.

(2) Кометы; см. ts03ṣallummû.

(3) Планеты; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU me-eš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ … «Если звезда Мардука (в данном случае = Меркурий) порождает mišḫu: страна будет есть обильный хлеб» [SAA 8, 93 r. 1–2]. DIŠ mulDil-bat ina IGI-ša2… meš-ḫ[u] TA ŠA3-ša2 SUR-ma … «Если Венера при своем появлении … mišḫu излучает из своей середины… « [BPO 3, 56, K.148+:8]. DIŠ ina AN-e mi-i[š-ḫu ša mulṢal-bat-a-nu IGI] … «Если на небе miš[ḫu Марса видно]: будет эпидемия, вариант: [эпидемия среди скота в стране]» [SAA 10, 104 r. 12–13]; параллели см. [ACh Ištar, 20:85, Suppl. 64 i 10]. DIŠ ina AN-e mi-iš-ḫu mulUDU.IDIM […] «Если в небе mišḫu планеты [появляется]…[ACh Suppl. 2, 76:19; CAD M/2, 120b], см. также [Langement 1957, 248:67–68]. DIŠ ina AN-e meš-ḫa ša2 mulṢal-bat-a-nu IGI … mulṢal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma «Если на небе у Марса mišḫu наблюдается … (это означает, что) Марс имеет большой блеск» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64:10f; CAD M/2, 121a].

(4) Метеоры и созвездия; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ… «Если Праведный Пастух Ану порождает mišḫu: царь, господин династии, из-за своих злодеяний покроется нарывами и умрет» [BPO 2, XVIII 10 + Parallels]. DIŠ mulUZ3 meš-ḫa im-šu[ḫ] (глосса: mu-ul u2-za im-šu-[uḫ]) … «Если Коза порожда[ет] mišḫu: боги про[стят] страну, [они будут] благосклонны к стране» [SAA 8, 74:1–3]. DIŠ mulSIM.MAḪ [xxxx] (глосса: mu-ul ši-im-ma-a[ḫ] ) / meš-ḫa [im-šu-uḫ] … «Если Ласточка [порождает] mišḫu: нападение войск…» [SAA 8, 77:1–3]. Другие примеры, касающиеся mišḫu и MUL.MUL, mulA2mušen, mulŠU.PA, см. [CAD M/2, 120b; Chadwik 1993, 167–167], см. также z10Zibānītum, VI 7, m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 16. Как правило, неясно, идет ли речь в подобных предсказаниях о метеорах, появляющихся в пределах указанных созвездий, или о каких-то других световых явлениях, наблюдаемых в них.

(5) Mišḫu Пабилсага, см. m26.

(6) Луна; DIŠ ina itiSIG4 UD.15.KAM AN.MI GAR-ma mi-šiḫ-šu2 BABBAR … «Если 15-го симану происходит затмение (Луны) и его mišḫu белое: царь к царю отправит послания о примирении» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 92:19 + note 6, 283]. DIŠ MUL.AN.NA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ … «Если Небесная звезда (=Луна) порождает mišḫu…», см. m31MUL.AN.NA.

(7) Mišḫu, не связанное со светилами; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina GUB3?-ša2] meš-˹Ca˺ KI.MIN. ša2-bi-ḫu DU … «[Если слева(?) от Венеры] стоит mišḫu, вар.: šabiḫu: страна, которая претерпела зло, ощутит изобилие» [BPO 3, 48, VAT 10218:84]. DIŠ mulDil-bat MIN-m[a] meš-ḫu BI SA5 (в двух идущих непосредственно за этим предсказаниях: BI BABBAR, BI SIG7 соответственно)… «Если Венера ditto (= слева от нее стоит mišḫu) и mišḫu это красное (вар.: белое, зеленое)…» [BPO 3, 48, VAT 10218:85–87]. [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina MU]RUB4-ša2 KI.MIN ina EGIR-ša2 meš-ḫu GIL… «[Если Венера в сере]дине своей ditto (= содержит mišḫu), вар.: позади нее mišḫu поперек лежит: страна, которая испытала зло, насладится изобильным хлебом» [BPO 3, 48, VAT 10218:88]; параллель см. [ibid., 72, BM 40111:9–13]. DIŠ mi-iš!-ḫu IM.U18.LU iš-kun iš-kun-ma / im-ṣur im-ṣur-ma GUB-iz GUB-iz-ma / ip-ru-uṭ ip-ru-uṭ-ma UD sa-pi-iḫ … «Если mišḫu появляется и опять появляется на юге, образует круг и опять образует круг, стоит там и опять стоит там, мерцает и опять мерцает, и рассеялось: правитель захватит имущество и владения во время своей экспедиции» [SAA 10, 111:5–8]; по-видимому, здесь речь идет о мираже. Другие примеры см. [CAD M/2, 120].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:Asterism]]

Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG

2026-01-09T16:15:36Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG}}
[[File:Pabilsag stellarium2025.jpg|thumb|Pabilsag, Mesopotamian God, in boat. his torso in the Milky Way ...]]
(mul)''Mišiḫ'' [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]] (𒀯𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕) is the bright part of the asterism mulPA.BIL.SAG, perhaps where the asterism crosses the Milky Way. In any case, this is considered part of the [[PA.BIL.SAG]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Lit. "The radiance of Pabilsag"; part of the constellation Pabilsag, already known from early star lists and apparently including stars of great brilliance in [[Sagittarius]] (Archer) and possibly [[Scorpius]] (Scorpion).

==== Sources. ====
See (Kurtik m25) [[mišḫu|''mišḫu'']].

===Additional===

==== Identification. ====
Probably referring to the part of the constellation, Pabilsag, which was situated in the vicinity of the Milky Way.

= λ Scorpii and ε Sagittarii, according to [Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107b].

= Presumably part of Sagittarius [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Jupiter and ''mišḫu Pabilsaga''; [DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR] ''ina mi-ši-iḫ'' / [mulPA].BIL.SAG IGI-''ir'' / … "[If Jupiter] becomes visible in mišḫu [Pa]bilsaga: there will be [murderings]" [SAA 8<ref name=":0">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 356:3-5]; parallel: [DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR] ''ina mi-ši-iḫ'' / [mulPA].BIL.SAG IGI-''ir'' / … "If Jupiter stands in the mišḫu of [Pa]bilsag: there will be murdering in the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":0" />, 369:3-4].

(2) Jupiter and the mišḫu of Pabilsaga (= Indubanna), see (Kurtik i12) [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]].

(3) Antasurra = ''mišḫu'' of Pabilsaga, see (Kurtik a34) [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m26)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Сияние Пабилсага»; часть созвездия Пабилсаг, известная уже из ранних списков звезд и включавшая, по-видимому, звезды с большим блеском в Стрельце (Sagittarius) и, возможно, Скорпионе (Scorpius).
I. Источники.

См. m25mišḫu.

II. Отождествление.

Возможно, имеется в виду та часть созвездия Пабилсаг, которая располагалась в окрестности Млечного Пути.

= λ Scorpii и ε Sagittarii, согласно [Weidner 1959–60, 107b].

= Предположительно часть Стрельца [BPO 2, 13].

III. Астрология.

(1) Юпитер и mišḫu Пабилсага; [DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR] ina mi-ši-iḫ / [mulPA].BIL.SAG IGI-ir / … «[Если Юпитер] становится виден в mišḫu [Па]билсага: будут [убий]ства» [SAA 8, 356:3–5]; параллель: [DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR] ina mi-ši-iḫ / [mulPA].BIL.SAG IGI-ir / … «Если Юпитер стоит в mišḫu Пабилсага: будут убийства в стране» [SAA 8, 369:3–4].

(2) Юпитер и mišḫu Пабилсага (= Индубанна), см. i12IN.DUB.AN.NA.

(3) Антасурра = mišCu Пабилсага, см. a34AN.TA.SUR.RA
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA

2026-01-09T16:12:29Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA}}
[[File:HitchedYoke-map stellarium.jpg|thumb|morning of seventh month in Mesopotamia, simulated with Stellarium 25.2; the date of this map is roughly two weeks after equinox; the unnamed stars inside the circumpolar circle should be the The Hitchend Yoke = κ, λ, θ Boo plus ζ, η, θ, ι Dra (CC BY SMH).]]
mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA (𒀯𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕) = ''nīru'' “yoke''," nīru riksu'', "hitched yoke," is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the circumpolar area. As it doesn't rise and set, it is difficult to determine its accurate position; the only hint is the schema of the Sitting Gods of the Ekur in MUL.APIN and the entry in the Astrolabe menology. The statement in the Alb B that it "rises" in the month of Tashritu suggests a position north of Bootes in [[Draco]], perhaps the stars κ, λ, θ Boo plus ζ, η, θ, ι Dra. These stars are in the circumpolar area for Mesopotamian in the first millennium BCE, and above the northeastern horizon in the morning in the seventh month. Yet, the identification remains uncertain.

Various ideas regarding the meaning and origins of the Sumerian name have been proposed. An abbreviated writing mulMU.BU is also attested. For Yoke asterisms (''nīru''), see also ŠUDUN.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulMU.BU.keš2.da,
* mulMU.BU.kešda,
* mulMU.SIR2.KEŠ2.DA,
* mulMU.GID2.KEŠ2.DA,
* mulMUDRA6.KEŠ2.DA;
* = ''nīru'' "Bound Yoke" [Gössmann<ref name=":3">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 282; CAD<ref name=":4">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 260ff.];

Asterism in the far north, see also (Kurtik sh18) [[ŠUDUN]]. For discussion of the name, see also Horowitz 2014<ref name=":5">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 76-77.

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) elaborate:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA “(bound/hitched) yoke”. The sumerogram is usually translated simply as ''nīru'' “yoke''”'' (Hh, see SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 228: 104). It should be noted, however, that MU.BU(.KÉŠ.DA) is not the normal Sumerian word for “yoke”, which is usually called /erin/ (gišérin) or /šudul/n/ (with various spellings). The logogram MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA resulted from the merger of two originally different star names, mulKA.KÉŠDA (or mulZÚ.KÉŠDA) and mulMU.BU. The OB star list in Hh lists them in two subsequent lines (MSL 11<ref name=":0">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:390–391). In the mB forerunners to Hh from Emar we find only one entry instead.</blockquote><blockquote>One ms. has [mulE.MU.UN.D]U: KI.KÉŠ.DA = ''ni-ru'' (Msk 74115 rev. iii’ 9’, see Arnaud 1985<ref name=":1">Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011<ref name=":2">Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 210, II 127). The double wedge transliterated with “:” seems to indicate that the scribe had a ''vorlage'' in which KI.KÉŠ.DA stood in a separate line. The second ms. from Emar has simply mulE.MU.UN.DU.KI.KÉŠ.DA = ''n''[''i-ru''] (Msk 47187 rev. ii’ 4’, see Arnaud 1985<ref name=":1" />, VI.2, 461, and Gantzert 2011<ref name=":2" />, I 215, II 127). The sign E was (erroneously) introduced from the preceding section, a list of canal names starting with E “canal”. Apart from múdra ''= (w)aršu'' “dirty”, which cannot apply here, MU.BU has a reading mudulx equated with ''nīru'' in OB Diri Nippur 9:18 (MSL V<ref>Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.</ref>, 34, with restoration [mu-d]u-ul instead of [x-d]u-ul). This word is most likely identical with Sum. madal, written giš(MA.)BU, which designates a kind of pole or shaft rather than a yoke. DU for BU in the Emar texts (transliterated as ‘KUR9’ by Gantzert) is a syllabic spelling based on the reading mudul. The spelling MU.UN.DU for MU.BU shows that the Emar scribes interpreted MU.BU as a Sumerian verbal form with the prefix chain ''mu(n)-''. KI.KÉŠ.DA for KA.KÉŠ.DA seems to indicate that the Emar scribes read the sign KA syllabically as ka, which contradicts the established reading of the underlying Sumerian as zú-kéš-da “bond, troop”, from zú-kéš “to bind”. mulMU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (EN 19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars:
**mulmu.sir2 (MU.BU) [MSL XI<ref name=":0" />, 108:391], '''''cc??'''''
**mul˹keš2.da˺, [mulk]eš2.da [MSL XI<ref name=":0" />, 133, Forerunner 1, rev. viii 39; 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 2],
**mulMU.BU.kešda [MSL XI<ref name=":0" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 15].
*(2) Urra XXII series:
**a) mule.mu.un.du =(?) ki.keš2.da = ''n''[''i-ru''] A/; [...d]u = ki.keš.da = ''ni-ru'' B/ [Emar VI<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> /4, 151:156],
**b) [mul]mudra6.keš2.da = ''ni-i-ru''/''i'' [SpTU III, 114A v 40], mulMU.BU.keš2.da = ''ni-i-ri'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:297ʹ].
*(3) Nabnītu series (XXI 309):
**[mul]MU.BU.keš2.da = ''ni-ru ša''2 AN''-e,'' "Mubukeshda = Heavenly Yoke" [CT<ref name=":6">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 12, 43 iv 25; MSL XVI], see also [CAD<ref name=":4" /> N/2, 261a].
*(4) [mul]mu.bu.keš2.da = mulšudun [CT<ref name=":6" /> 26, 48, K. 11306:2].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

*Menology:
**itidu6 mulMU.BU.keš2.da dEn.lil2.le: itidu6 ''ni-i-ru'' d''En''-''lil''3
**"Month of Tashrit, Yarmo, Enlil" (A ii 22, 30) [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":5" />, 35, discussion 77];
*for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 1985<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref>, 405:35],
*see also [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 82; CAD<ref name=":4" /> N/2, 261a; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 100].
|[[File:HitchedYoke-map stellarium.jpg|thumb|morning of seventh month in Mesopotamia, simulated with Stellarium 25.2; the unnamed stars inside the circumpolar circle should be the The Hitchend Yoke = κ, λ, θ Boo plus ζ, η, θ, ι Dra (CC BY SMH).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*List of Enlil's stars (no. 18):
**mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA d''A-num'' GAL-''u''2 ''ša''2 AN-''e''
**"Mubukeshda, the great Anu of heaven" (I i 19);
*parallel [IIR, 47 iii 16; Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref> 116, BM 54817:7'].
|Note that Anu's Yoke and Heir are interchangable. [[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
| '''List of stars VR, 46 1: 12, 47.'''
*(1) mulMU.BU.keš2.da = d''A-nim gal-u''2 ''ša''2 an-''e'' dingir gal 'Mubukeshda = the great Anu of heaven, the great god';
*(2) mulMU.BU.keš2.da = d''ni-ru rak-su'' 'Mubukeshda = the Bound Yoke' [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51-52:12, 47; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 161-3]. Temple ritual.
**a) mul d''Anu''(diš) ''gal-u''2 ''ša''2 an-''e it-tap-ḫa'' (mul d)''An-tum gal-tum ša''2 AN-''e ina'' mulmar.gid2.da ''it-tap-ḫa'' "The great celestial asterism of An rises, (and) the great celestial asterism Antum rises in the Wagon." [RAcc.<ref name=":7">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 68, 119:15-16; Linssen 2004<ref name=":8">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 245:15-16], according to '''''[RAcc.'''''<ref name=":7" /> '''''85 note 2; Reiner 1995'''''<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>''''', 139], mul dAnum is an asterism in the constellation MU.BU.keš2.da (α Draconis?).??ccc'''''
**(b) New Year's ritual in Babylon, see below.
|
|}
[[File:MUBUKESHDA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 154934.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|ψ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 54539
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.01
|-
|2
|Tania Australis
|HIP 50801
|Constellation lines
| 3.05
|-
| 3
|Talitha A
|HIP 44127
|Constellation lines
|3.13
|-
|4
|α Lyncis
|HIP 45860
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.14
|-
|5
|Talitha
|HIP 44127
|Constellation lines
| 3.14
|-
|6
|θ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 46853
| Constellation lines
|3.18
|-
| 7
|Muscida
|HIP 41704
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.42
|-
|8
|Tania Borealis
|HIP 50372
|Constellation lines
| 3.45
|-
|9
|Alkaphrah
|HIP 44471
|Constellation lines
|3.55
|-
|10
|23 UMa
|HIP 46733
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.67
|-
|11
| υ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 48319
|Constellation lines
|3.81
|-
|12
| 38 Lyn
|HIP 45688
|Constellation lines
|3.92
|-
|13
|26 UMa
|HIP 47006
|Inside the Hull
|4.463
|-
| 14
|15 UMa
|HIP 44901
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 44700
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.539
|-
|16
|ϕ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 48402
|Inside the Hull
|4.557
|-
|17
| 10 LMi
|HIP 46952
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|18
| π 2 Ursae Majoris
|HIP 42527
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|19
|τ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 45075
|Inside the Hull
|4.64
|-
|20
|ω Ursae Majoris
|HIP 53295
| Inside the Hull
|4.664
|-
| 21
| -
|HIP 47029
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|22
|18 UMa
|HIP 45493
|Inside the Hull
|4.805
|-
| 23
|Chalawan
|HIP 53721
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
|24
|15 LMi
| HIP 48113
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|25
|19 LMi
|HIP 48833
|Inside the Hull
|5.104
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 52469
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
| 27
|16 UMa
|HIP 45333
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|28
|44 Lyn
|HIP 47965
| Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|29
|17 UMa
|HIP 45455
| Inside the Hull
|5.266
|-
|30
|31 UMa
|HIP 48682
|Inside the Hull
|5.269
|-
|31
| 42 Lyn
|HIP 47300
|Inside the Hull
|5.276
|-
|32
|36 Lyn
|HIP 45290
| Inside the Hull
| 5.282
|-
|33
|11 LMi
| HIP 47080
|Inside the Hull
|5.34
|-
|34
|Intercrus
|HIP 46471
|Inside the Hull
|5.393
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 53781
|Inside the Hull
| 5.448
|-
|36
|CG UMa
|HIP 45915
| Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 49005
|Inside the Hull
|5.485
|-
|38
|43 Lyn
|HIP 47570
|Inside the Hull
|5.61
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 49363
|Inside the Hull
|5.708
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 43923
| Inside the Hull
|5.711
|-
|41
| -
| HIP 50786
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|42
|5 UMa
|HIP 43644
|Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|43
| -
|HIP 44504
|Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 45590
|Inside the Hull
|5.938
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 45661
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|46
| -
|HIP 44613
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|47
| -
| HIP 48802
|Inside the Hull
|5.959
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 51200
|Inside the Hull
|6.007
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 50546
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|50
|* 38 Lyn B
|HIP 45688B
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|51
|37 Lyn
|HIP 45836
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
|52
|9 LMi
|HIP 46904
|Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 48861
|Inside the Hull
| 6.324
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 49870
|Inside the Hull
|6.335
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 43624
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 49408
| Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|57
| -
| HIP 51290
|Inside the Hull
|6.357
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 46168
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|59
| -
| HIP 47633
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 45888
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 61
| -
|HIP 50509
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 47231
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 44717
|Inside the Hull
|6.435
|-
|64
| -
|HR 3725
|Inside the Hull
|6.435
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 50606
|Inside the Hull
|6.453
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 42434
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|67
| -
| HIP 46879
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 47664
|Inside the Hull
|6.477
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 47521
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|70
| -
|HR 4098
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 50505
|Inside the Hull
|6.65
|}
=== Additional===

====Deity. ====
The name is absent from the lists of gods and is never recorded with the determinative d. The special significance of this asterism is emphasized by its identification with the god Anu.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
*(1) Babylonian New Year ritual: múlMU.BU.keš2.da ''ša''2 ''ḫaṭṭa''(gišgidri) ''u kippata''(gišgam) ''na-šu''-<''u''> "Mubukeshda, who carries the scepter and the ring" [RAcc.<ref name=":7" /> 137, 153:302; Linssen 2004<ref name=":8" />, 220, 229].
* (2) A ritual against an epidemic [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:13].

====Symbol. ====
Unclear. Originally, it was apparently a yoke, but the description in [RAcc.<ref name=":7" />] suggests an anthropomorphic figure (?).

====Identification.====
= Draco [Gössmann<ref name=":3" /> 282].

= Draco (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a].

= α Draconis (?) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 139; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

====Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 2.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulMU.BU.keš2.da, mulMU.BU.kešda, mulMU.SIR2.KEŠ2.DA, mulMU.GID2.KEŠ2.DA, mulMUDRA6.KEŠ2.DA; = nīru «Привязанное Ярмо» [Gössmann 1950, 282; CAD N/2, 260ff.]; созвездие или звезда(?) в Драконе (Draco), cм. также sh18ŠUDUN.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulmu.sir2 [MSL XI, 108:391], mul˹keš2.da˺, [mulk]eš2.da [MSL XI, 133, Forerunner 1, rev. viii 39; 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 2], mulMU.BU.kešda [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 15]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) mule.mu.un.du =(?) ki.keš2.da = n[i-ru] A/; [… d]u = ki.keš.da = ni-ru B/ [Emar VI /4, 151:156], b) [mul]mudra6.keš2.da = ni-i-ru/i [SpTU III, 114A v 40], mulMU.BU.keš2.da = ni-i-ri [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:297ʹ]. (3) Cерия Nabnītu (XXI 309): [mul]MU.BU.keš2.da = ni-ru ša2 an-e «Мубукешда = Небесное Ярмо» [CT 12, 43 iv 25; MSL XVI], см. также [СAD N/2, 261a]. (4) [mul]mu.bu.keš2.da = mulšudun [CT 26, 48, K. 11306:2]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Менологии: itidu6 mulMU.BU.keš2.da dEn.lil2.le : itidu6 ni-i-ru dEn-lil3 «Месяц ташриту, Ярмо, Энлиль» (A ii 22, 30) [Horowitz 2014, 35]; параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985, 405:35], см. также [BPO 2, 82; CAD N/2, 261a; Емельянов 1999, 100]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 18): mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA dA-num GAL-u2 ša2 AN-e «Мубукешда, великий Ану небесный» (I i 19) [MA, 24]; параллель [IIR, 47 iii 16; Horowitz 1989–90 116, BM 54817:7']. Список звезд VR, 46 1: 12, 47. (1) mulMU.BU.keš2.da = dA-nim gal-u2 ša2 an-e dingir gal «Мубукешда = великий Ану небесный, бог великий»; (2) mulMU.BU.keš2.da = dni-ru rak-su «Мубукешда = Привязанное Ярмо» [HBA 51–52:12, 47; Wee 2016, 161–3]. Храмовый ритуал. a) mul dAnu(diš) gal-u2 ša2 an-e it-tap-ḫa (mul d)An-tum gal-tum ša2 an-e ina mulmar.gid2.da it-tap-ḫa «Великая небесная звезда Ану восходит, (и) великая небесная звезда Антум в Повозке восходит» [RAcc. 68, 119:15–16; Linssen 2004, 245:15–16], согласно [RAcc. 85 note 2; Reiner 1995, 139], mul dAnum — звезда в созвездии MU.BU.keš2.da (α Draconis?). b) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне, см. ниже.

II. Божество.

Название отсутствует в списках богов и никогда не записывается с детерминативом d. Особое значение этой звезды (созвездия?) подчеркивается ее отождествлением с богом Ану. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Вавилонский новогодний ритуал: múlMU.BU.keš2.da ša2 ḫaṭṭa(gišgidri) u kippata(gišgam) na-šu-<nowiki> «Мубукешда, который скипетр и кольцо несет» [RAcc. 137, 153:302; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. (2) Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:13].</nowiki>

III. Символ.

Неясен. Первоначально, это было, по-видимому, ярмо, однако описание в [RAcc.] предполагает антропоморфную фигуру (?).

IV. Отождествление.

= Draco [Gössmann 1950, 282].

= Draco (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79a].

= α Draconis(?) [MA, 137; Reiner 1995, 139; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) =Венера; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 2.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Dra]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

MUL

2026-01-09T16:10:42Z

JanSafford:

fMUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''kakkabu'' (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is the Akkadian equivalent. Reading Variants:

* = MUL (𒀯),
* = MUL2 (𒋼) = TE, Determinative before names of celestial luminaries (star, constellation, planet) in later astronomical and astrological texts.
* = MUL4 (𒌌) , Var. reading:
**GAN2 (= mul5, according to [Borger 2004<ref name=":0">''Borger, R.'' Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004</ref>, Nr. 174; Hunger-Steele 2019<ref name=":1">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 158, 223]);
**MULU4 [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":2">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>]; = ''kakkabu'';
* = MULx,
* = [[UL]] (𒌌)
** UL8 (= mul4, according to [Borger 2004<ref name=":0" />, Nr. 698]);
* = "asterism, star, luminary";
* the syllabic entry occurs in texts from a wide variety of genres besides lexical texts [AHw<ref name=":3">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 421b; CAD<ref name=":4">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 45-49],

See also (Kurtik a30) [[AN]], (Kurtik m29) MUL, (Kurtik m37) MUL2, (Kurtik m40) MUL4, (Kurtik m41) MULx, (Kurtik u12) UL.

Var. designations:

* 1) determinative before names of stars, asterisms, constellations, planets,
* 2) star,
* 3) constellation and all sorts of asterisms
* 4) meteor, shooting star
* 5) epithet of Venus,
* 6) moon,
* 7) abbreviation of:
** mul.mul,
** mul2.mul2 "Star Cluster,"
** as such: designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 274; AHw<ref name=":3" /> 421b; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 45-48].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
!
====(Kurtik 2022, m29) MUL====
!
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) The sign mul heads the Old Babylonian lists of Sumerian star names [MSL XI<ref name=":5">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 107:387; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 13].
*(2) Urra XXII series: mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:16]; parallels [Emar VI/4<ref name=":6">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:150'(?); MSL XI<ref name=":5" />, 30:23, 49:61; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref name=":7">Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:267ʹ].
* (3). Sa series, copy from Emar: ''mu-ul a-na-eš-ša-bi'' / mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":6" />, 17: 287-288].
*(4) Sb II series 4: mu-lumul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL III<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. III. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1955. </ref>, 132:4].
*(5) Proto-Ea 139/1: mu-ulmul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu-bu-um'' [MSL XIV<ref name=":8">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 94], see also [MSL II<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. II. ''Ur-e-a = Nâqu''. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1951. </ref>, 132:56].
*(6) Series Ea II, 277: mu-ulmul = [''k'']''ak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV<ref name=":8" />, 259].
*(7) Series Aa II/6, ii 25: mu-lumul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV<ref name=":8" />, 291].
*(8) NIGINki-li.AN = MUL AN-''e'' [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 30 iv 15].
*(9) UL, UMBIN, [x]-giAKKIL, mu-lu [x x]-nuGAN2, i-kuGAN2! = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT<ref name=":9" /> 18, 49 ii 2-6; CT<ref name=":9" /> 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4-8].
*(10) dmul = gag-gab2 ("Ebla Vocabulary"), cited in [Michalowski 2003<ref>''Michalowski, P''. An Early Dynastic Tablet of ED Lu A from Tell Brak (Nagar). Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2003(3). https://cdli.earth/articles/cdlj/2003-3. </ref>, 404]. See also [AHw<ref name=":3" />, 421b; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 45-46].
|
|-
!
====(Kurtik 2022, m37) MUL2====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: TE = MIN(= ''kakkabu'') [Cavigneaux 1979<ref name=":10">''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:2, 133, W.23766:2].
* (2) Series Ea VIII 74: mu-[ul][TE] = [''kak-ka-bu''] [MSL XIV<ref name=":8" />, 478; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 46a].
*(3) AN:d''Anum'' series (III 116): dTE(mu.ul.la).la2 [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 130].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
See. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":11">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; first in a diary for -463 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":11" />, no. -463:11'].
|prior to ~320 BCE, the term MÚL.MÚL was used for the Pleiades, after this date, it was used for the section of the ecliptic (zodiac sign) [[Taurus]] in Greek astral science.[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 320 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, VAT 16436; 1955].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT, passim]; first in the lunar tablets of the late 5th century BCE. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31].
|
|-
|'''Horoscopes.'''
See. [BH, 159]. See also [SpTU I-V<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I-V.</ref>, passim].
|
|-
!
==== (Kurtik 2022, m49) MUL4 ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*mu-lu [x x]-nuGAN2 = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT<ref name=":9" /> 18, 49 ii 5; CT<ref name=":9" /> 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:7].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 29:10; Suppl. 2, 68 r. 17-19].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Astrological predictions: (II iii 16-18, 21-33) [MUL.APIN<ref name=":1" />, 108-112, 133].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
See. [SpTU I<ref name=":12">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:9, 16].
|
|-
|'''Text BM 36609.'''
For a list of "normal stars" with longitudes [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":2" />, Section 8: rev. iv 1′-22′], see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
!
==== (Kurtik 2022, m41) MULx ====
!
|-
|Var. reading: AB2; = ''kakkabu'' 'star, constellation'; determinative before names of stars and constellations in a number of pre-Seleucid and Seleucid texts from Babylon and Uruk. See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 285, BM 47447 r. 20, 24, 26, 28, 29; Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":11" />, passim; Neugebauer-Sachs 1967<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A''. Some Atypical Astronomical Cuneiform Texts. I // JCS. 1967. V. 21. P. 183-218.</ref>, 183, 200-201, Text E, obv. 4, rev. 21; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 38, Ii col. i 21; 107, IVc:19; Sachs-Neugebauer 1956<ref>''Sachs A., Neugebauer O.'' A Procedure Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Motion: B.M. 36712 // JCS. 1956. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 131-136.</ref>, 132:13′; SpTU I<ref name=":12" />, 90:8, 139:4′ Bemerk.; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162:6, 7, 10, r. 3, 6, 18; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 263: 4-5].
|
|-
!
==== (Kurtik 2022, u12) UL ====
!
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: ul = ''kak-k''[''a-bu''] [MSL XI<ref name=":5" />, 30:22]; ul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 10], [u]l = MIN(= ''kakkabu'') [Cavigneaux 1979<ref name=":10" /> 132, 17:1; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref name=":7" />, 104:266ʹ].
* (2) Series A IV/3:50c: [''u2''-''ul''] [UL] = [''kak-ka-bu'' E]ME.SAL [MSL XIV<ref name=":8" />, 380; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 46a].
* (3) ul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT<ref name=":9" /> 18, 49 ii 2; CT<ref name=":9" /> 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4], see also [CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 46a].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Identification. ====
(1) = determinative; the sign MUL was already used as a determinative before the names of celestial luminaries apparently in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. [Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>]; however, clear evidence refers only to the end of the 3rd to early 2nd millennium BCs; the earliest example (muluz3), known to us, dates to the Ur III period [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 54].

(2) = star, stars; standard epithet: MUL ''šamê''(AN)e "Celestial object," MUL.MEŠ ''šamê''(AN)e "Celestial objects," see, e.g., [CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 47a; BPO 2<ref name=":13">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 19a, XVI 1; SAA 10<ref name=":14">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 100:21, 160:35, 40]; stars as a special category of luminaries: dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''u'' MUL.ME AN-''e''... "The planets and stars of the heavens..." [BPO 2<ref name=":13" />, III 19a]. Protasis of astrological predictions and observations often mention stars belonging to a particular constellation (MUL-''šu''2, MUL.MEŠ''-šu''2), sometimes with an indication of their number, and also record changes in visibility, observed brilliance, color, size and other characteristics of stars.

(3) = constellation; in MUL.APIN in the catalog, the formula is often used in describing the positions of the constellations relative to each other: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 / EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'', lit. "The constellation that stands ahead/behind it", where MUL stands for "constellation" [MA<ref name=":1" />].

(4) = meteor, bolide, shooting star; DIŠ MUL ki giš''di-pa-ri'' TA dUTU.E3 SUR-''ma'' / ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ŠU2 ERIM KUR2 ''ina'' DUGUD-''ša''2 ŠUB-''ut'' "If a star flashes like a torch from the east and sets in the west: the main army of the enemy will fall" [SAA 10<ref name=":14" />, 111:3-4]. DIŠ MUL SUR-''ma ṣe-re-er-šu''2 GIM UD.DA ''na-mir'' / ''ina ṣa-ra-ri-šu''2 GIM ''nam-maš-ti'' GIR2.TAB KUN GAR-''in''... "If a star flares up and its radiance is like the light of day, (and) in its radiance it has a tail like a scorpion: this sign is auspicious" [SAA 10<ref name=":14" /> 111:3-4] [SAA 8<ref name=":15">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 158:1-3]. [DIŠ] MUL SUR-''ma ki-ma di-pa-ri'' / [T]A dUTU.ŠU2 ''ana'' dUTU.E3 ŠU2... "[If] a star flashes like a torch [o]n the west to the east (and) sets: the enemy will capture my border city in Elam; (the fall of) the army of Elam" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 303 r. 2-5]. DIŠ MUL TA imMAR SUR-''ma ana'' ŠA3 d''Li''9-''si''4 / d''Ni-ri'' / d''Sin''... "If a star flashes from the west and enters the limits of the Fox, Yoke, and Sin: there will be a rebellion" (MUL.APIN II iii 42-44) [MA, 114-115]. [DIŠ MUL TA] imMAR ''ana'' ŠA3 imKUR DIB ''u''4-''um'' 3 MUmeš / [KUR ḪUL] IGI.LA2 "[If a star] passes from the west to the east during the day: within three years [the country] will experience [evil]" (MUL.APIN II iii 48-49) [MA<ref name=":1" />, 116]. [DIŠ MUL T]A MURUB4 AN-''e'' SUR-''ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ŠU2 ZI.GA "[If a star] flashes [in] the middle of the sky and sets in the west: heavy losses" (MUL.APIN II iii 50) [MA, 116]. See also [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 230:5, 335:5, 396 r. 1, 552:4; SAA 10<ref name=":14" />, 104:1,3; Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 168-170, 181]. See also (Kurtik m32) [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]].

(5) = Venus; among its epithets: mul''Dil-bat na-ba-ba-at'' [MUL.MEŠ] "Venus, the most brilliant [of stars]" [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 155, Rm. 92 r. 9], ''Ištar kakkabī'' see (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|dIštar]]; predictions often mention Venus as a star: ˹DIŠ˺ [d''Dil-bat''] MUL-''ša''2 ''iḫ-ru-um-ma'' IGI-''ir'' ... "If [Venus], its star, rises early: the king's life will last" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 27 r. 3-4], parallel [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 247:6; BPO 2<ref name=":13" />, IX 8]; see also [CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 47(c)].

(6) = Moon; [d''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI)-''ru''] MUL-''šu''2 ''uš-te-pa-a'' "[Nanna], the star gave radiance" (Ee V 12) [Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961<ref>''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.</ref>, 168:12a; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 46b]; rare in astrological literature: [DIŠ] MUL ''ina'' KI mulPA.BIL.SAG ''a-dir''... "[If] the star (= Moon) is eclipsed in Pabilsag: a solution for Mutabal and Babylon" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 4:8]. See also (Kurtik m31) [[MUL.AN.NA]].

(7) = the sun; see mul-anax(AN) = ''kakkab šamê'' = dutu in the Old Akkadian hymn dedicated to Utu's temple at Sippar [TCS 3<ref>''Sjoberg Å.W., Bergmann S.J.'' The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. N.Y., Locust Valley, 1969 (Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Vol. 3).</ref>, 45:480 + note p. 138].

(8) = the zodiac sign Taurus; see, e.g., in "horoscope" [BH, 16:3 r. 8].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
==== Kurtik (2022, k12 kakkabu) ====
!
|-
|= MUL, MUL2, MUL4, MULx, UL «Звезда, светило»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах самых разных категорий помимо лексических текстов [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45–49], см. также a30AN, m29, m37, m40, m41, u12.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
==== Kurtik (2022, m29 MUL) ====
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = kakkabu «Звезда, светило»; 1) детерминатив перед названиями звезд, созвездий, планет, 2) звезда, 3) созвездие, 4) метеор, падающая звезда 5) эпитет Венеры, 6) Луна, 7) сокращение от mul.mul, mul2.mul2 «Звезды», обозначение знака зодиака Телец в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 274; AHw 421b; CAD K, 45–48].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Знак mul возглавляет старовавилонские списки шумерских названий звезд [MSL XI, 107:387; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 13]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul = kak-ka-bu [Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:16]; параллели [Emar VI/4, 151:150'(?); MSL XI, 30:23, 49:61; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:267ʹ]. (3). Серия Sa, копия из Эмара: mu-ul a-na-eš-ša-bi / mul = ka-ak-ka-bu [Emar VI/4, 17: 287–288]. (4) Серия Sb II 4: mu-lumul = kak-ka-bu [MSL III, 132:4]. (5) Proto-Ea 139/1: mu-ulmul = ka-ak-ka-bu-um [MSL XIV, 94], см. также [MSL II, 132:56]. (6) Серия Ea II, 277: mu-ulmul = [k]ak-ka-bu [MSL XIV, 259]. (7) Серия Aa II/6, ii 25: mu-lumul = kak-ka-bu [MSL XIV, 291]. (8) NIGINki-li.AN = MUL AN-e [CT 18, 30 iv 15]. (9) UL, UMBIN, [x]-giAKKIL, mu-lu [x x]-nuGAN2, i-kuGAN2! = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 2–6; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4–8]. (10) dmul = gag-gab2 (“Ebla Vocabulary”), цит. по [Michalowski 2003, 404]. См. также [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45–46].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = детерминатив; знак MUL использовался как детерминатив перед названиями небесных светил уже, по-видимому, в середине III тыс. до н.э. [Lambert 1984a]; однако несомненные свидетельства относятся только к концу III – первой половине II тыс. до н.э.; самый ранний пример (muluz3), известный нам, датируется эпохой III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 54].

(2) = звезда, звезды; стандартный эпитет: MUL šamê(AN)e «Небесная звезда», MUL.MEŠ šamê(AN)e «Небесные звезды», см., например, [CAD K, 47a; BPO 2, III 19a, XVI 1; SAA 10, 100:21, 160:35, 40]; звезды как особая категория светил: dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ u MUL.ME AN-e… «Планеты и звезды небесные…» [BPO 2, III 19a]. В протасисах астрологических предсказаний и в наблюдениях нередко упоминаются звезды, принадлежащие к тому или иному созвездию (MUL-šu2, MUL.MEŠ-šu2), иногда с указанием их числа, а также фиксируется изменение видимости, наблюдаемого блеска, цвета, размера и других характеристик звезд.

(3) = созвездие; в MUL.APIN в каталоге при описании положений созвездий друг относительно друга нередко используется формула: MUL ša2 ina IGI-šu2 / EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu, букв. «Созвездие, которое впереди/позади него стоит», где MUL обозначает «созвездие» [MA].

(4) = метеор, болид, падающая звезда; DIŠ MUL ki gišdi-pa-ri TA dUTU.E3 SUR-ma / ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ŠU2 ERIM KUR2 ina DUGUD-ša2 ŠUB-ut «Если звезда вспыхивает подобно факелу от востока и на западе заходит: главная армия врага падет» [SAA 10, 111:3–4]. DIŠ MUL SUR-ma ṣe-re-er-šu2 GIM UD.DA na-mir / ina ṣa-ra-ri-šu2 GIM nam-maš-ti GIR2.TAB KUN GAR-in… «Если звезда вспыхивает и ее сияние подобно свету дня, (и) в ее сиянии она имеет хвост как у скорпиона: этот знак благоприятный» [SAA 8, 158:1–3]. [DIŠ] MUL SUR-ma ki-ma di-pa-ri / [T]A dUTU.ŠU2 ana dUTU.E3 ŠU2… «[Если] звезда вспыхивает подобно факелу [о]т запада к востоку (и) заходит: враг захватит мой пограничный город в Эламе; (падение) армии Элама» [SAA 8, 303 r. 2–5]. DIŠ MUL TA imMAR SUR-ma ana ŠA3 dLi9-si4 / dNi-ri / dSin… «Если звезда вспыхивает от запада и входит в пределы Лиси, Ярма, Сина: будет мятеж» (MUL.APIN II iii 42–44) [MA, 114–115]. [DIŠ MUL TA] imMAR ana ŠA3 imKUR DIB u4-um 3 MUmeš / [KUR ḪUL] IGI.LA2 «[Если звезда] проходит от запада к востоку за день: в течение трех лет [страна] будет испытывать [зло]» (MUL.APIN II iii 48–49) [MA, 116]. [DIŠ MUL T]A MURUB4 AN-e SUR-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ŠU2 ZI.GA «[Если звезда] вспыхивает [в] середине неба и заходит на западе: тяжелые потери» (MUL.APIN II iii 50) [MA, 116]. См. также [SAA 8, 230:5, 335:5, 396 r. 1, 552:4; SAA 10, 104:1,3; Chadwick 1993, 168–170, 181]. Cм. также m32MUL.GAL.

(5) = Венера; среди ее эпитетов: mulDil-bat na-ba-at [MUL.MEŠ] «Венера, самая блестящая [из звезд]» [BPO 3, 155, Rm. 92 r. 9], Ištar kakkabī (см. i18); в предсказаниях нередко упоминается Венера как звезда: ˹DIŠ˺ [dDil-bat] MUL-ša2 iḫ-ru-um-ma IGI-ir … «Если [Венера], звезда ее, восходит рано: жизнь царя продлится» [SAA 8, 27 r. 3–4], параллель [SAA 8, 247:6; BPO 2, IX 8]; cм. также [CAD K, 47 c)].

(6) = Луна; [dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI)-ru] MUL-šu2 uš-te-pa-a «[Нанне], звезде его дал сияние» (Ee V 12) [Landsb.–Kinnier Wilson 1961, 168:12a; CAD K, 46b]; редко в астрологической литературе: [DIŠ] MUL ina KI mulPA.BIL.SAG a-dir… «[Если] звезда (= Луна) затмилась в Пабилсаге: решение для Мутабаля и Вавилона» [SAA 8, 4:8]. См. также m31MUL.AN.NA.

(7) = Солнце; см. mul-anax(AN) = kakkab šamê = dutu в староаккадском гимне, посвященном храму Уту в Сиппаре [TCS 3, 45:480 + note p. 138].

(8) = знак зодиака Телец; см., например, в «гороскопе» [BH, 16:3 r. 8].
| Example
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, m37) MUL2 ====
!
|-
|вар. чтения: TE; = kakkabu «Звезда, светило». Детерминатив перед названиями небесных светил (звезда, созвездие, планета) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: TE = MIN(= kakkabu) [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:2, 133, W.23766:2]. (2) Серия Ea VIII 74: mu-[ul][TE] = [kak-ka-bu] [MSL XIV, 478; CAD K, 46a]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (III 116): dTE(mu.ul.la).la2 [Litke 1998, 130]. «Дневники наблюдений». См. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в дневнике за -463 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -463:11']. Списки ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1952, VAT 16436; 1955]. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31]. Гороскопы. См. [BH, 159]. Cм. также [SpTU I–V, passim].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, m40) MUL4 ====
!
|-
|вар. чтения: GAN2 (= mul5, согласно [Borger 2004, Nr. 174; Hunger–Steele 2018, 158, 223]); MULU4 [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004]; = kakkabu; 1) «Звезда, созвездие»; 2) детерминатив перед названиями созвездий, в основном в астрологических текстах.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. mu-lu [x x]-nuGAN2 = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 5; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:7]. EAE. См. [ACh Ištar, 29:10; Suppl. 2, 68 r. 17–19]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 16–18, 21–33) [MA, 108–112, 133]. Поздняя астрология. См. [SpTU I, 84:9, 16]. Текст BM 36609. Список «нормальных звезд» с долготами [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, Section 8: rev. iv 1′–22′], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, m41) MULx ====
!
|-
|вар. чтения: AB2; = kakkabu «Звезда, созвездие»; детерминатив перед названиями звезд и созвездий в ряде доселевкидских и селевкидских текстов из Вавилона и Урука. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 20, 24, 26, 28, 29; Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim; Neugebauer-Sachs 1967, 183, 200–201, Text E, obv. 4, rev. 21; Verderame 2002, 38, Ii col. i 21; 107, IVc:19; Sachs–Neugebauer 1956, 132:13'; SpTU I, 90:8, 139:4′ Bemerk.; SpTU IV, 162:6, 7, 10, r. 3, 6, 18; SpTU V, 263: 4–5].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022 u12) UL ====
![Gössmann 1950, 148]
|-
|вар. чтения: UL8 (= mul4, согласно [Borger 2004, Nr. 698]); = kakkabu «Звезда»; 1) звезда, светило, в частности, падающая звезда; 2) детерминатив перед названиями светил в поздних текстах [Gössmann 1950, 148].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: ul = kak-k[a-bu] [MSL XI, 30:22]; ul = kak-ka-bu [SpTU III, 114A v 10], [u]l = MIN(= kakkabu) [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:1; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:266ʹ]. (2) Серия A IV/3:50c: [u2-ul] [UL] = [kak-ka-bu E]ME.SAL [MSL XIV, 380; CAD K, 46a]. (3) ul = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 2; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4], см. также [CAD K, 46a].
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]

<references />

MUL.AN.DIRI.A

2026-01-09T16:07:38Z

JanSafford:

dMUL.AN.A.DIRI.A (𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀) is a Sumerian name for Venus. Its sense seems to be mul an a diri(g), 'The star which floats like a raft in the sky.'

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
See EPSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0023592 adirig], "raft". Compare also the Sumerian name for Mercury, [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]], 'The Ferry-boat.'

Var.:

* dMul.an.a.diri; lit. "The Dominant Star in the Sky, "The Drifting Star in the Sky" — an epithet of Venus [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 275].

Only in the list of gods AN:dAnum (IV 185):

* dmul.an.diri.a = min(=d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš> = dIštar ''kakkabī'')
** "Star of the sky reigning = Goddess of the stars" [CT<ref name=":1">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 31:15; Litke 1998<ref name=":2">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161:185 + notes]
'''''Need to check CT<ref name=":1" /> 25 and the variants also via Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 275 and Litke 1998<ref name=":2" />???'''''

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m30)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар.: dMul.an.a.diri; букв. «Звезда неба господствующая» — эпитет Венеры [Gössmann 1950, 275]. Только в списке богов AN:dAnum (IV 185): dmul.an.diri.a = min(=dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš> = dIštar kakkabī) «Звезда неба господствующая = Богиня звезд» [CT 25, 31:15; Litke 1998, 161:185 + notes].
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Venus]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

MUL.AN.NA

2026-01-09T16:06:31Z

JanSafford:

MUL.AN.NA (𒀯𒀭𒈾), 'the Star of the Sky, Star of the Heavens' is one of many names for the Moon as in SAA 8'''''????''''' and Urgud where the entry is followed by [MUL] [[SIG7|SIG7]] = AN.MI, i.e. for a lunar eclipse.

'''''and CT 25 etc. etc.???'''''
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
"Celestial object"; an epithet of Sin, the moon-god [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 30].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* mul.an.na = d''Sîn''(30) [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:49]; parallel [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 32:11; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116, Rs. iii 18].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 56, note 110; Verderame 2002<ref name=":0">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":1">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 202:5].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":2">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 160:102-103]. See also [TCS 3<ref>''Sjoberg Å.W., Bergmann S.J.'' The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. N.Y., Locust Valley, 1969 (Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Vol. 3).</ref>, 45: 480 + note p. 138].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Astrology. ====
(1) The heavenly star and mišḫu; DIŠ MUL.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' / LU2.KUR2 ''na-me-e-a i-kam-mis'' "If the heavenly star gives rise to mišḫu: the enemy will take away my flocks." [SAA 8<ref name=":1" />, 202:5-6]; parallel [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":2" />, 160:103; Verderame 2002<ref name=":0" />, 203, App. 1:12′; VR 46, 1:57].

(2) Eclipse(?); MUL.AN.NA ''a-dir šu-ru-pu''-[''u''2 ...] "If the Heavenly star eclipses: col[d ...]" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":2" />, 160:102], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":0" />, 203, App. 1:11′].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m31)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| «Небесная звезда»; эпитет Сина, бога Луны [Gössmann 1950, 30].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul.an.na = dSîn(30) [MSL XI, 41:49]; параллель [CT 25, 32:11; SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 18]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 56, note 110; Verderame 2002, 248]. «Рапорты». Cм. [SAA 8, 202:5]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. Cм. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 160:102–103]. См. также [TCS 3, 45: 480 + note p. 138].

II. Астрология.

(1) Небесная звезда и mišḫu; DIŠ MUL.AN.NA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ / LU2.KUR2 na-me-e-a i-kam-mis «Если Небесная звезда порождает mišḫu: враг заберет мои стада» [SAA 8, 202:5–6]; параллель [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 160:103; Verderame 2002, 203, App. 1:12′; VR 46, 1:57].

(2) Затмение(?); MUL.AN.NA a-dir šu-ru-pu-[u2 …] «Если Небесная звезда затмилась: моро[з …]» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 160:102], см. также [Verderame 2002, 203, App. 1:11′].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

MUL.(d)GAL

2026-01-09T16:03:23Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.(d)GAL}}

MUL.(d)GAL (𒀯𒀭𒃲), Akkadian ''kakkabu rabû'', 'Great Star' refers to any celestial object of great luminosity.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''kakkabu rabû'' "big celestial object". [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 62]; a term used for celestial objects of particular note, such as great brilliance including meteors, fire-balls (bolides), comets, as well as the moon, planets, and Sirius.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|The entry in lexical texts listed in Kurtik for Urra XXII is actually broken: [ ] = ''rabû'' in the Ras Shamra parallel to Urra XXII based on an entry canonical mulgu.la = vacat, almost certainly for an Akkadian loan word the asterism [[GU.LA|mulGU.LA]].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":1">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 61-62, 83: omen 5, 115; Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 655:10, 659:1, 662:4, 663:1; Largement 1957<ref name=":2">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 244:42b, 246:57a, 248:75; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; van Soldt<ref name=":3">''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, Texts 24 II e].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu''.'''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 154:24].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":5">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 322: ''kakkabu rabû''].
|
|-
|'''"Prophetic Text B."'''
* DIŠ MUL.GAL ''ša''2 GIM GI.IZI.LA2 ˹TA˺ [...] "If a great star, which is like a torch, (flares up?) from [...]" [Biggs 1987<ref name=":6">''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 3].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
See. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim].
|
|}
See also mul ''ra-be''2-''e'' [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 54:18].

=== Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
(1) = Meteor, bolide, comet; in astrological predictions when describing phenomena observed in the sky; e.g., DIŠ UD.15.KAM AN.MI GAR-''ma ina'' ŠA3.ḪUL ''it-bal u'' MUL.GAL ŠUB ... "If an eclipse occurs on the 15th day and it disappears in misfortune, and a meteor falls: someone will conquer the king's important city and (captivate) its people ..." (the prediction goes back to the Old Babylonian period) [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":1" />, 115, 125 D ii 5]; DIŠ MUL.GAL ''ul-tu ti-ib'' [IM.SI.SA2] / ''a-na ti-ib'' IM.U18.LU [SUR-''ma''] / ''mi-ši-iḫ-šu''2 GIM ''nam-maš-t''[''i'' GIR2.TAB KUN] "If a meteor [flashes] from the rising [of the north wind] to the rising of the south wind, and its trail has a tail like [that of a scorpion]" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 158:9-11] (possibly referring here to the movement of a comet); 1 KASKAL.GID2 MI ''it-ta-lak'' / MUL.GAL TA IM.SI.SA2 / ''a-na'' IM.U18.LU / ''iṣ-ṣa-ru-ur''.... "1 "double hour" of the night passed; the meteor sparkled from north to south." [SAA 8, 334:1-4]; [DIŠ] MUL.GAL TA dUTU.E3.[A] / ''ana'' dUTU.ŠU2.A SUR-''ma'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''u mi-šiḫ-šu''2 ''u''2-''mar-ri-ma'' GAR / ERIM-''ni'' KUR2 ''ina'' ME3 ŠUB-''ut'' "[If] a meteor flashes from the east to the west and sets, and interrupts its trail and (again) restores it: the enemy's troops will be defeated in battle" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 335:1-4]; 2 MUL.GAL.MEŠ / ''ina'' EN.NUN MURUB4.BA / EGIR ''a-ḫa-meš'' / ''iṣ-ṣ-ṣar-ru'' "Two meteors flashes into the middle gatekeeper one after the other." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 335 r. 1-4]; for parallels and other examples see. [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 323 r. 5-7, 335:5-9, 432:1-5, 552:1-3; Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":1" />, 61-62, 83, 115; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />; Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 62]; DIŠ MUL.GAL ''ša''2 GIM GI.IZI.LA2 ˹TA˺ [...] / ''mi-šiḫ-šu ma-gal da''-ʼ-''im'' "If the Great Star, which is like a torch, is from [...], its radiance is very dark [...]" [Biggs 1987<ref name=":6" />, 10:3-4]. See also: DIŠ ˹MUL˺ [''ina''] ''ka-la'' UD-''mi iṣ-ru-u''[''r''...] "If a star shines all day long [...]" [Biggs 1987<ref name=":6" />, 10:2]. See also (Kurtik m29) [[MUL]] (4).

(2) = Moon (dGAL, DINGIR GAL), see. [ACh Sin<ref name=":7">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 3:24; Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":4" />, 154:24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, texts II 12′, VIm:2′-5′]. See also: d''Nanna'' en dmul2.gal / eš.bar.bar an.ki "O Nanna, lord, the great star, / who adjudicates in heaven and earth" [Limet 1971<ref>''Limet H.'' Les légendes des sceaux cassites. Brussel, 1971.</ref>, 84].

(3) = Jupiter; identifications: MUL.GAL = mulŠUL.PA.E3 [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 288 r. 1-4], MUL.GAL = mul / dSAG.ME.GAR [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 14:16; 52:13, 15, 17; ACh Ištar<ref name=":7" />, 7:3], MUL.GAL = mulGU.LA [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":7" />, 11:72] = Jupiter(?), according to [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 103:13 u. Anm. 12; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 62]. Jupiter's name in the month of sabbat: ulGAL = dAMAR.UTU [IIIR 53, 2:12], see also [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S.777:11; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 24-25; van Soldt<ref name=":3" />, 24 II e + Ca 11]. See (Kurtik a19) [[UD.AL.TAR|AL.TAR]].

(4) = Saturn; identity: MUL.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ = mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u'' mulSAG.[UŠ] "Big stars = Jupiter and Satu[rn]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 52:21].

(5) = Sirius; MUL GAL-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 "Big Star of the Arrow" [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 62; Weidner 1921-23<ref>''Weidner E''. Studien zur babylonischen Himmelskunde // Rivista degli studi orientali. 1921-23. Vol. IX. P. 287-300.</ref>, 298:7].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m32)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = kakkabu rabû «Большая звезда» [Gössmann 1950, 62]; термин, используемый для обозначения небесных объектов c большим блеском ― метеоров, болидов, комет, а также Луны, планет и Сириуса.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49:64]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 61–62, 83: omen 5, 115; Emar VI/4, 655:10, 659:1, 662:4, 663:1; Largement 1957, 244:42b, 246:57a, 248:75; Verderame 2002, 248; van Soldt, Texts 24 II e]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 154:24]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 322: kakkabu rabû]. «Пророческий текст B». DIŠ MUL.GAL ša2 GIM GI.IZI.LA2 ˹TA˺ […] «Если большая звезда, которая подобна факелу, (вспыхивает?) от […]» [Biggs 1987, 10: r. 3]. «Дневники наблюдений». См. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim].

См. также mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Метеор, болид, комета; в астрологических предсказаниях при описании наблюдаемых на небе явлений; например: DIŠ UD.15.KAM AN.MI GAR-ma ina ŠA3.ḪUL it-bal u MUL.GAL ŠUB … «Если затмение происходит в 15-й день и оно исчезает в несчастье, и метеор падает: некто завоюет важный город царя и (пленит) его людей …» (предсказание восходит к старовавилонскому периоду) [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 115, 125 D ii 5]; DIŠ MUL.GAL ul-tu ti-ib [IM.SI.SA2] / a-na ti-ib IM.U18.LU [SUR-ma] / mi-ši-iḫ-šu2 GIM nam-maš-t[i GIR2.TAB KUN] «Если метеор [вспыхивает] от восхода [северного ветра] к восходу южного ветра, и его след имеет хвост как [у скорпиона]» [SAA 8, 158:9–11] (возможно, здесь речь идет о движении кометы); 1 KASKAL.GID2 MI it-ta-lak / MUL.GAL TA IM.SI.SA2 / a-na IM.U18.LU / iṣ-ṣa-ru-ur... «1 «двойной час» ночи прошел; метеор сверкнул от севера к югу» [SAA 8, 334:1–4]; [DIŠ] MUL.GAL TA dUTU.E3.[A] / ana dUTU.ŠU2.A SUR-ma ŠU2-bi / u mi-šiḫ-šu2 u2-mar-ri-ma GAR / ERIM-ni KUR2 ina ME3 ŠUB-ut «[Если] метеор вспыхивает от восто[ка] к западу и заходит, и прерывает свой след и (опять) восстанавливает его: войска врага будут разбиты в сражении» [SAA 8, 335:1–4]; 2 MUL.GAL.MEŠ / ina EN.NUN MURUB4.BA / EGIR a-ḫa-meš / iṣ-ṣar-ru «Два метеора вспыхнули в среднюю стражу один за другим» [SAA 8, 335 r. 1–4]; параллели и другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 323 r. 5–7, 335:5–9, 432:1–5, 552:1–3; Rochberg-Halton 1988, 61–62, 83, 115; Largement 1957; Chadwick 1993; Gössmann 1950, 62]; DIŠ MUL.GAL ša2 GIM GI.IZI.LA2 ˹TA˺ […] / mi-šiḫ-šu ma-gal da-ʼ-im «Если Большая звезда, которая подобна факелу, от […], сияние ее очень темное […]» [Biggs 1987, 10:3–4]. См. также: DIŠ ˹MUL˺ [ina] ka-la UD-mi iṣ-ru-u[r…] «Если звезда целый день сияе[т …]» [Biggs 1987, 10:2]. См. также m29MUL (4).

(2) = Луна (dGAL, DINGIR GAL), см. [ACh Sin, 3:24; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 154:24; Verderame 2002, texts II 12′, VIm:2′–5′]. См. также: dNanna en dmul2.gal / eš.bar.bar an.ki «О Нанна, господин, великая звезда, / который решения выносит на небе и на земле» [Limet 1971, 84].

(3) = Юпитер; отождествления: MUL.GAL = mulŠUL.PA.E3 [SAA 8, 288 r. 1–4], MUL.GAL = mul / dSAG.ME.GAR [ACh Suppl., 14:16; 52:13, 15, 17; ACh Ištar, 7:3], MUL.GAL = mulGU.LA [ACh Šamaš, 11:72] = Юпитер(?), согласно [Bezold 1920, 103:13 u. Anm. 12; Gössmann 1950, 62]. Имя Юпитера в месяце шабату: ulGAL = dAMAR.UTU [IIIR 53, 2:12], см. также [CT 26, 49, S.777:11; HBA, 24–25; van Soldt, 24 II e + Ca 11]. См. a19AL.TAR.

(4) = Сатурн; тождество: MUL.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ = mulSAG.ME.GAR u mulSAG.[UŠ] «Большие звезды = Юпитер и Сату[рн]» [ACh Suppl., 52:21].

(5) = Сириус; MUL GAL-u2 ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 «Большая звезда Стрелы» [Gössmann 1950, 62; Weidner 1921–23, 298:7].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

MUL.MUL

2026-01-09T14:15:17Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}
[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades|thumb|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]
[[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]
MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]]. The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.

==Concordance, Etymology, History ==
===Krebernik (2023)===
MUL.MUL = ''zappu'' “bristles, mane” (= the Pleiades). The sumerogram means simply “(the) stars”.

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
'''Var. readings:'''
*mulMUL; var. write name:
**MUL2.MUL2(TE.TE),
**MULx.MULx(AB2.AB2),
**MUL4.MUL4,
**UL.UL;
*= ''zappu''; 'the Bristle'
*"Stars," acc. "Stubble";
'''Var. designations:'''
*1) Pleiades (Pleiades),
*2) designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later texts,
*3) "normal star" (η Tauri) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 279].
'''Number of Stars and Gods'''

It is possible that the original pictogram, consisting of two MUL-signs, then written as three DINGIR (divine-signs, the pictogram of a star) was meant to represent these six stars. In religious and mythological-mystical contexts this asterism is identified with seven deities, for example the seven sons of Enmešarra, although only six stars are normally visible. Echoes of the tradition that the stars of the [[Pleiades]] are siblings finds expression in the Ancient Semitic name for the Pleiades, ''kimtu, kimatu,'' for example at Ebla: mul.mul = ''ka3-ma-tu3'', and in the biblical Hebrew cognate כימה (kimah), see Horowitz Festschrift Klein with earlier bibliography.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mul.mul [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 107:388; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 14].
*(2) Urra XXII series:
**mul.mul ''= [...],'' mul.mul ''= za-ap2-pu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 30:24-25; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, VAT 9430:17], [mul.mul] = ''za-pu'' (RS Rec. A) [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 49:62],
**[mul.mu]l = ''sa-ap-pu'', [mul.m]ul = ''ka-lu-tu4'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:151-152],
**[mul].mul = ''ka-li-[tu]m'', [mul].mul = ''zap-pu'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 132:4'-5'],
**mul.mul ''= min(=kak-ka-bu),'' mul.mul = MUL, ''mul.mul'' = ''ka-li-tum'', mul.mul ''= za-ap-pu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 11-14; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:268ʹ-270ʹ].
*(3) Series Aa II/6 ii 26: ''mu''-''lu'' MUL MIN ''eš-še-ku kak-ka-bu, za-ap-pu'' [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
*(4) mul.mul ''= ka3-ma-tu3'' [MEE 4, VE 792; Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>; Kurtik 2017<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 822].
|[[File:Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967).png|alt=Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851|thumb|Little Bull with bristles at the hump (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851]]
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
*(1) Old Babylonian prayer: a) AO 6769: za-ap-pu [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181-182:18].
*(2) Hittite prayer: MUL.MUL [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 44; BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:6; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:44].
*(3) Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul''Zap-pu'' [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:17]. Spells against the scorpion.
** (a) mul.mul gir gir2.an.na "Stars, Heavenly Sword" or "Stars of the Heavenly Sword" (an epithet of Scorpius, see Kurtik g19)),???
**mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.nan.na "Stars, Heavenly Bull" or "Stars of the Heavenly Bull" [Van Dijk 1971<ref>''Van Dijk J.'' Nicht-kanonosche Beschwörungen und sonstige literarische Texte // Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der staatlichen Museum zu Berlin. Heft 17 (1). Berlin 1971, 10.</ref>, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 46; St.-Fourth Century 1998, 249-250].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
*See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]]; replaced by Sm.1113:5′ are d''za-ap-pu'', in Sm. 162 rev. 3 - mul.mul [Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 151, 154].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
*Astrolabe P. Month of Aiyar, stars of Ea, 220 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
**(1) Menology: itigu4 mul.mul dimin.bi / dingir.gal.gal.gal.e.ne: itigu4 za-ap-pu dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš "Month of Ayar, Star Cluster (acc. Bristle), Seven gods, deities great" (A i 12-13, 19); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 1985<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 403:6-7], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 81; CAD<ref name=":4">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 50a; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5">''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 58].
**(2) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(BI) gub-''zu'' / mul.mul dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulAŠ.GAN2) / The Star Cluster, the Seven Gods, the great deities" (B i 5-6); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":6">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 2].
**(3) List (3´12): itigu4 mul.mul ''šu-ut'' dE2-''a'' "The month of Ayar: The stars (in the path of) Ea (rising)" (C i 2).
**(4) List (rising-sunset=6m):
***a) [itigu4] mul.mul mulšu.gi mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' ˹e3˺ "[Ayaru:] The Star Cluster, Old Man, Anunitu are rising" (C 15),
***b) mul.mul mul mulšu.gi mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' ''š''[''u''2] "(Arahsamnu): The Star Cluster, Old Man, Anunitu set[ting]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, P 28; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 33-34, 37, 40].
**BM 82923. The month of ayar, stars of Ea: [MUL.MUL] // 3,40 // KAK.SAR d''Šar''2-''ur''4 "[Star Cluster] // 220 // Weapon of Sharur" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:4 + note]. BM 34713. [iti]gu4 // 3.40 mul2.mul2 // 1.40 múl''dil-bat'' // 50 múlapin "Ayar: 220 Star Cluster, 100 Venus, 50 Plow." [LBAT<ref name=":8">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2].
**The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
***a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 4): mul.mul [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998<ref name=":9">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
**Text Nv.10.
*** mul.mul is the asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Du'uzu, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|[[File:Siebenheit Louvre, AO 22205 drawn.jpg|alt=The Seven (drawing).|thumb|The Seven, the strong gods (drawing after AO 22205).]]
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
*Ea 2. MUL ''ša'' EGIR''-šu'' GUB''-zu'' MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIR.GAL.GAL.E.NE ''a-na'' KI.LAM ŠE ''da-ma-qi''2 "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind mulAŠ.GAN2), the Star Cluster, the Seven Gods, the great gods. Favorable for grain prices" (A. 3) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":6" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 222, 285; BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 284b; Borger 1973<ref name=":11">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′-10′, 12′, 20′, 32′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:59-60, 248:62, 250:83a-85a; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957. </ref>, 23; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; van Soldt<ref name=":12">''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 26 I 7; SpTU II<ref name=":13">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 40 r. 16; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:12-17, 20-21; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 3; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu'''.''
See. ['''''Koch Westenholz 1999'''''<ref name=":14">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>''''', 153:7-9]. maybe now we use Wainer everywhere???? - in print or ask him???'''''

|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Enlil (no. 30): mul''lu-lim'' SUKKAL MUL.MUL, "Stag, messenger of the Star Cluster" (I i 31), see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
* (2) The stars of Anu (no. 5): MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIRmeš GALmeš "Star Cluster, seven gods, great gods" (I i 44).
*(3) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 "On the 1st day of Ayar, the Star Cluster become visible" (I ii 38).
*(4) Simultaneous diurnal rising and setting:
**(a) MUL.MUL KUR''-ma'' mulGIR2.TAB ŠU2''-bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB KUR''-ma'' MUL.MUL ŠU2''-bi'' "Star Cluster rise, Scorpius sets. Scorpius rising, Star Cluster setting" (I iii 13-14), for an early parallel see BM text 77054 above.
** (b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme''-ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "Scorpius and the Dog rise, and (Asterism of) Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25).
*(5) Intervals between dates of heliacal rising: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL / TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulGU4.AN.NA "10 days from the rising of the Staff to the rising of the Star Cluster. 20 days from the rising of the Star Cluster to the rising of the Heavenly Bull" (I iii 44-45).
*(6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal ascents: ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM GABA ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB''-ma'' MUL. MUL KUR''-ḫa'' "On the 1st day of ayar (the morning before sunrise) the Breast of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your breast, and the Star Cluster rise" (I iv 15-16), for a parallel see. [SAA 8<ref name=":15">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 507 r. 7].
*(7) Stars 'in the path of the Moon': MUL.MUL in first place (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]]''[[Sîn]]''.
* (8) First intercalation scheme:
**a) ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ''ina lib3-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4'' ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR''-ḫa'' / ''u dSin ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN. GA2 GUB''-az-ma'' "On the 15th day of tashrit, the Sun rises in Libra in the east and the Moon stands ahead of the Star Cluster behind the Hired Man" (II i 14-15),
**(b) ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] d''Sin ina li-la-a-ti ina'' ŠA3 / ''mulzi-ba-ni-tu2 ina'' dUTU. E3 ''u'' dUTU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB''-ma'' "On the 15[th] day of nisan, the Moon stands in the evening in Libra to the east, and the Sun stands to the west, ahead of the Star Cluster and behind the Hired Man" (II i 19-21), see also (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]], (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
* (9) The scheme for determining winds by stars is MUL.MUL to the east, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
*(10) Second intercalation scheme:
**a) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR0 UD 1 K]AM MUL.MUL ''u dSin šit-qu-lu'' MU BI GI.NA-''ta'' "[If on the 1st day of nisan] the Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction, this year is normal" (II Gap A 8),
**b) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 U]D 3 KAM MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL0 MU BI DIRI''-at''2 "[If] the Star Cluster and the Moon are in conjunction on the 3rd day of [nisan] this year would be a leap year" (II Gap A 9),
**c) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM] MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI GI.NA''-ta'' "[If] the Star Cluster become visible [on the 1st of ayar], this year is normal" (II Gap A 10),
**d) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiSIG4 U]D 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI D[IRI''-at2''] "[If] the Star Cluster become visible on the 1st day of [siman], this year is lopsided" (II Gap A 11),
**e) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM] MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL2 MU BI GI. NA-''at''2 "[If the] Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction on the 15th day of Arahsamnu, this year is normal" (II ii 1),
**f) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN UD] 15 KAM MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL2 MU BI DIRI-''at''2 "[If] the Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction on the 15th of [kislim], this year is a leap year" (II ii 2).
* (11) Astrological predictions:
**a) the red color of the Pleiades (II iii 16),
**b) 4 stars in the Pleiades (II iii 32)(?), the new edition of MUL.APIN suggests that the number 4 here refers to the constellation mulAŠ.GAN2 [Hunger-Steele 2018<ref name=":16">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 158-9], see also (Kurtik k15) [[KAL.NE]],
**c) Jupiter and the Pleiades (II Gap B 1), see (Kurtik a28)[[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 1.h Ištar, 39:4; Horowitz 1998<ref name=":9" />, 175, 177
Text BM 77054'''''.((add from GSL materials??))'''''

* mul.mu[l…] / ˹mul˺[gir2.tab…] [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 305–306, rev. 15′–16′].

ADD URANOLOGY TEXTS???
|[[File:LULIM messenger of MULMUL.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart with the Stag and the Pleiades|thumb|LULIM (The Stag) stands above the horizon when the Pleiades rise (Babylon, -300), drawing by Jessica Gullberg ]][[File:Pleiades etaTau.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart with the Pleiades and eta Tauri marked|thumb|Pleiades with eta Tauri highlighted (this star is typically taken as the normal star (or "centre" of the group). ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text. (M).'''
*[mul.mul] "[Star Cluster]" (η, 27 Tau), see (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]].
|[[File:Dalbana M (SMH 2024).jpg|alt=star chart with the string described in "Dalbanna M". |thumb|Dalbanna Line "M", visualized by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024]]
|-
|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
*In sector 3, the inscription: m˹ul.mul] "Star Cluster";
*there is also an image of an ellipse with two triangles inside it [Koch 1989<ref name=":17">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-60; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].cc???
|[[File:Mul.mul in Planisphere K8538.jpg|alt=detail of the photograph, highlighted section |thumb|MUL.MUL is written in this segment of the planisphere BM K8538 ]]
|-
|'''"Fortune-Teller’s Textbook".'''
*(1) ''šit-qul-ta ša''2 mul.mul ''u'' d''sin uṣur(uru3)-ma li-pu-ul-ka-ma'' "Observe the balances <s>'ncidences'</s> of the Star Cluster and the Moon, and this will give you the right answer" (to introduce intercalations).
*(2) ''a-na la-tak ūmē(''ud'')''me ''ki-nu-tim / šit-qul-ti'' mul.mul ''u'' d''sin'' "To predict the exact days, (you study) the balances '<s>coincidences</s>' of the Star Cluster and the Moon" [Oppenheim 1974<ref>''Oppenheim A.L. '' Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation // Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1974. Vol. 15. P. 636-666.</ref>, 200:62, 68-69; Horowitz 1998<ref name=":9" />, 151-152].
''šitqultu,'' from the root ''šaqālu'', 'to weigh, to balance, to be in balance,' refers to both astronomical conjunctions and oppositions (aka 'syzygies').
|[[File:Stellarium plej+moon-300-06-04.jpg|alt=simulation of the conjunction with Stellarium |thumb|The Pleiades occulted by the Moon, 04 June -300 (in Babylon below horizon). ]]
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
MULx.MULx, MUL2.MUL2: note that, at that time, it is typically not MUL.MUL

*(1) constellation [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":18">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, -567 r. 6],
*(2) "normal star" (η Tauri) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":18" />, passim], first in diary for -567 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":18" />, 50:13],
*(3) zodiac sign corresponding to Taurus, from the beginning of the Seleucid era (formerly GU4.AN) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":18" />, passim], first in the diary for -346 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":18" />, 146:31].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
*А 3427: ''ina'' iti''gu''4 ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 mul2.mul2 ''ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of ayar, on the morning of the 28th day, the Star Cluster emits ''mišḫu'' and rise." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":19">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:9]. '''''LBAT 1499???'''''
*BM 36609+: TA SA4 ''ša2'' GABA''-šu2'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ina'' IGI ''kin?-ṣa'' / MUL2.MUL2 TA ˹SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR "(In the interval of time) from (the culmination of) the brilliant (star) on the breast (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / To (the culmination of a located point) 50 in front of (its) Knee. / The Star Cluster (=the zodiac sign Taurus) rises, from their beginning to their end." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":20">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 17-19]; time of rising: 200 [ibid.<ref name=":20" />, 549].
|[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph of the Pleiades in dawn|thumb|The Pleiades in dawn (above the mountain), photograph by Susanne M Hoffmann (2020)]]
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
*MUL.MUL — the standard designation for the zodiac sign Taurus [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, 484b; LBAT<ref name=":8" />, passim].
|[[File:Taurus sign -300.jpg|alt=zodiac sign of Taurus in the star chart|thumb|The zodiac sign of Taurus in -300, here highlighted in bold orange. ]]
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
*(1) "Horoscopes". mul2.mul2 is the designation of the zodiac sign Taurus [BH, 4 r. 4].
*(2) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV 20: ''ki'' mul.mul "Region of the Star Cluster," it corresponds to astrological meanings: "to keep the foot of evil out of a man's house" (i.e., protection from enemies), (attack) "the demoness of the storm" (Lilu), or "the trinity of the demoness of the storm" (Lilithu), (cure of disease) "seizing of the tongue" (cold?), "appeasement of the wrathful god" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":21">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 259:24, 29, 30, 43, 48; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5" />, 194-196].
**(b) BRM IV, 19: mul2.mul2 is the designation for the zodiac sign Taurus in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":21" />, 274-275: c, d, 7, 21, 38, 40; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>]. '''''Rochberg??'''''
*(3) "Microzodiac". Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 equal parts:
**a) AO 6483: ''ša''2''-ni-tu''4 ''zittu(''ḫa.la'') mul''2''.mul''2 ''šum''3''-šu''2 "The second part, its name is Star" [Sachs 1952<ref name=":22">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66a:14; TU<ref name=":23">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:14],'''''Rochberg??'''''
**(b) Sp II 202+: ''2-tu''2 ḫa.la 2 ''danna'' [...] [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":19" />, 245:12]. Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 10th part is mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967<ref name=":24">''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6:VAT 7847].
*(4) "Gypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu4 ša''2 d30 / múlŠU.GI ''u'' MUL2.MUL2 MUL ''ša''2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] "The secret place of the moon: the Old Man and the Star Cluster, the asterism of Elam" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 55].
*(5) Calendrical and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 5 // MUL2.MUL2 5 // ''dām''(UŠ2) ''alpi''(GU4) lu ''šaman''(I3.GIŠ) ''alpi''(GU4) lu ''šārat''(SIG2) ''alpi''(GU4) MIN(=''tapašššaš'') "Duuzu 5 // Taurus 50 // Bull's blood or bull's fat or bull's wool you will smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 104:5, and also 104:18]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W22619/19+ [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 105:2, 15, 28].
*(6) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (MUL2.MUL2) [SpTU I<ref name=":25">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:6, 38].
*(7) Zodiacal astrology. KI mul2.mul2 UŠ2 ''ta-ḫa-zu'' "The region of Taurus: death in battle" [SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 43: 20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref name=":23" />, 14: 22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":22" />, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5" />, 192].
*(8) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: MUL.MUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135: rev. 2, 10], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
|
|-
|'''Procedural astronomical text BM 36712.'''
*''u4-˹mu dsin˺ ana2 AB2.AB2 te-u2 ina 27 u4.meš ana2 mul2.mul2'' DIM4 "(Counting from) the day on which the Moon approached the Pleiades, on the 27th day it will (again) be near the Pleiades" [Sachs-Neugebauer 1956<ref>''Sachs A., Neugebauer O.'' A Procedure Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Motion: B.M. 36712 // JCS. 1956. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 131-136.</ref>, 132:13']. '''''also check Ossendrijver???'''''
|
|}
See also [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26" />, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25] as well as [SpTU I<ref name=":25" />, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].
[[File:MULMUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151405.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MUL.MUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alcyone]]
|HIP 17702
|Constellation lines
|2.87
|-
|2
|[[Atlas]]
|HIP 17847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.63
|-
|3
|[[Electra]]
|HIP 17499
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.7
|-
|4
|[[Maia]]
|HIP 17573
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.87
|-
|5
|[[Merope]]
|HIP 17608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.18
|-
|6
|* 24 Tau
|HD 23629
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|}
=== Additional ===

====Deity.====
The seven gods (see Kurtik i11 [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
*(1) Prayers to the night gods, see above.
*(2) Spells against the scorpion, see above.
*(3) The ''Šurpu'' series (II 182): MUL.MUL ..''.lip-ṭu-ru'' "The Star Cluster ... let them deliver." [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
*(4) Hemerology for the 18th day of Nisan: ''pad-su ana mul.mul gar-ma ma-ḫir'' "He brings his sacrifice to the Star Cluster, and (it is) accepted" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 ii 45; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 60-61].
*(5) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes in performing temple services, see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]].
*(6) The ritual of "Laying on of Hands" (''šu.il2.la2.kam''), cf. [Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 14-15:13, 62-63:22-24, 144-145].
*(7) Spells in the Namburbi series: ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL KUD-''is-ma mu-uḫ-ra'' dIMIN.BI DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ / ḪUL ''an-na-a pu-uṭ-ra'' DUG4.GA''-ma'' "You cut the sacrificial (goat) before the Star Cluster and say aloud: 'Seven, great deities, extinguish this evil'" [Caplice 1971<ref>''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum V // Or. 1971, Vol. 40. P. 133-183.</ref>, 142:6-7]. See also [Ebeling 1953a<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 1953. Bd. 21. S. 357-423.</ref>, 391:3, 13].
*(8) In the ''bīt mēseri'' series, see. [Meier 1942<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, 142:17].
*(9) A spell against weakening sexual potency (ŠA3.ZI.GA).
**(a) dMUL.<<d>>MUL dGU4.UD / ''[a]t-tu-nu'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša2 še-re-ti3'' "Pleiades, Mercury, / You stars of early morning" [Biggs 1967<ref name=":27">''Biggs R.D. '' ŠÀ.ZI.GA. Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. N.Y.: J.J.Augustin Publisher-Locust Valley, 1967.</ref>, 74:7-8],
**(b) [EN2 ''dza].ba ku3.ga dza.ba ku3.ga / [an.d]a.gub.ba an.da.gub.ba'' "[Spell.] Brilliant [Pleiades]! Brilliant Pleiades! / (You) are in the [sky]! (You) are in [the] sky!" [ibid.<ref name=":27" />, 76:2-3]; according to Biggs, d''za.ba'' is probably a late Pseudo-Sumerian entry for the name ''zappu'', i.e., the Pleiades, which were designated usually as dMUL.MUL [ibid.<ref name=":27" />, 77].
*(10) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king: [MUL.MUL dIMIN].BI ˹''qar''˺-''rad la ša2-na-an ˹li˺-[b]el [...] / [... i]t-ti'' LUGAL ''ina tu-š[a2!-ri'' ...] "[‘Seven’ Stars], the hero incomparable, may he prevail [...] / [with] the king in b[attle...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 1-2].
*(11) In astrological geography, the Star Cluster were associated with Der, Duranki or Ur [Weidner 1963<ref name=":28">''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>].
*(12) Spell [Stol 1989<ref>''Stol M.'' Old-Babylonian Ophthalmology, in: Fs. A. Finet (= Akkadica Beih. 6), 1989. 163–166.</ref>, 252].

====Symbol. ====
The seven dots or seven stars, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]], III.

The position of the Pleiades (''Zappu'' "Stubble") was associated in the sky with the figure of the Heavenly Bull. We find indirect confirmation in some later calendrical-ritual and magical texts. In magical texts, the designation MUL2.MUL2 corresponds to ''dām''(UŠ2) ''alpi''(GU4) ''lu šaman''(I3.GIŠ) ''alpi''(GU4) ''lu šārat''(SIG2) ''alpi''(GU4) "Blood of the bull or fat of the bull or hair of the bull" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 104-105]. In Seleucid calendar texts, mul.mul and gu4 are sometimes given as equivalent designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967<ref name=":24" />, 17, Taf. 6, VAT 7847].

====Previous Identification.====
= Pleiades [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 279; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73b; BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 13; MA<ref name=":16" />, 138; Koch 1989<ref name=":17" />, 77-79, 111; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207-208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7" />, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":29">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].

The identification of MUL.MUL with the Seven Gods suggests the allocation of 7 stars in the constellation, as was the case in Greek astronomy (see, e.g., [Aratus, Apparitions 256-8; Hyginus, Introduction III 20; Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catasterisms XIV]). See also the prediction: DIŠ dIM ''ina'' MURUB4 dIMIN.BI GU3-''šu''2 ŠUB''-ma'' MUL.MEŠ 7-''šu2-nu'' (var.: ''si-bit-ti-šu2-nu'') ... "If Adad utters a cry in the midst of the Seven Gods (i.e., thunder rumbles), the stars, the seven of them..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 59:10; ACh Adad<ref name=":29" />, 17:34; CAD<ref name=":4" /> S, 230]. However, there are other variants: 4 stars (MUL.APIN II iii 32), cf. "Sources," MUL.APIN (11b); 12 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu2'' 12) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:14]; 10 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu2'' 10) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:15].

====Astrology.====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; cf. [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 50:7; 72 r. 2; 376:9; 412 r. 2; SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 63 r. 8; BPO 3<ref name=":12" />, 100:10].

(2) = Mercury or Saturn; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-''ud'' dGU4.UD lu dSAG.UŠ d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR''-ma'' "If the Star Cluster approach the Serpent, (it means that) Mercury or Saturn approached Mars" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:7], see also (Kurtik m43) [[MUŠ]], VI 2.

(3) = Kidney; ''diš'' 30 ''ina'' igi.lal''-šu2 gim'' mul.mul ''šu-par-ru-ur'' ... "If the Moon blurs during its appearance like the Star Cluster: Enlil will descend upon the country with hostile intentions...". mul.mul ''ka-li-tum'' an.mi ''gar-ma gim ka-li-tum'' ... "Star Cluster = Kidney, (i.e.) the eclipse will occur like a kidney" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":14" />, 153:7-9].

(4) = Raven; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 2(b).

(5) = Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 13.

===== Predications: =====
(6) Heliacal rising of the Pleiades in its own and not in its own time; DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ina'' itiGUD IGI''-mar'' BE''-ma'' MU[L BI NIM-''ma'' IGI] DINGIR.ME .... BE''-ma'' MUL BI ''uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma'' ITI''-šu''2 DIB''-m[a'' IGI...] "The Star Cluster rise heliacally in the month of ayar; if [this/these] constellation[s] rises early: the gods will pass a favorable judgment on the country (var.: the country's harvest will be abundant, the country will see good times), if this constellation is late, has passed its month and rises..." [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IX 2, X 2]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IX 13; SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 275:6-r. 3; 507 r. 1-4].

(7) The Moon is surrounded by a halo and in it stands Pleiades (=Mars); DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN2''-ma'' MUL.MUL ''ina'' ŠA3''-šu''2 GUB.MEŠ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and within it is the Star Cluster: this year women will give birth to boys" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 5 r. 2-3]; parallels [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 273 r. 3-5; 376:6-8; 529:1-5; 531:1-3]; variant: [DIŠ 30] TUR3 NIGIN2''-ma'' mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR''-šu''2 MU[L.MUL] / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "[If the Moon] is surrounded by a halo, and the Field, with Sta[rs] behind it, stands in the moon: cattle in the country will prosper" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 412:7-8], further: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL KUR MAR.<TU>ki / mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-''šu''2 MUL.MUL mul lúḪUN.GA2 / mul lúḪUN.GA2 MUL MAR.TUki "Mars — the star of the west; the Field, with stars behind it: the Hired Man. The Hired Man — the star of the west." [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 412 r. 2-4].

(8) Moon and Pleiades(= Mars?);

*(a) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' IGI d30 TE''-ma'' GUB-''iz''... "If Stars approach the Moon and stand in front of it: great gods..." [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 72:1-3].
*(b) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' UGU 30 SI4-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If the Star Cluster approaches close to the top of the Moon and stand there: the king will discover his power and expand his country" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 296:1-2; 455:1-2; 548:3-4], variant: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 MUL.MUL ''ina'' ''A2-šu''2 / GUB-''iz'' ... "If at the appearance of the Moon, the Pleiades stand at the side of it: (the apodosis is the same)" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 455:4-6], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 50:1-3, 548:1-2].
*(c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' ŠA3 30 TU.MEŠ-''ma'' / ''ana'' IM.SI.SA2 E3.MEŠ... "If the Star Cluster enter the Moon and go out to the north: Akkad will become happy; the king of Akkad will be strengthened and will have no rival" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 35:1-3, 48:1-2] [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 351:4-7; 443:1-5; 455:7-r. 4].
*(d) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' ŠA3 [30 TU] ... "If the Star Cluster [enters the Moon] (on the day of the new moon?): the country will completely perish..." [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 351:1-3].

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in the Star Cluster or the Old Man;

*(a) BE''-ma'' <d30> ''ina'' KI MUL.MUL ''u-lu-u2'' mul˹ŠU.GI˺ ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR2 BAD3.ANki ''Dur-an-ki'' KIMIN Uri2ki "If the Moon eclipses in the region of the Star Cluster or in the Old Man: prediction for Der (and) Duranka, var.: for Uruk" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":31">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 222, EAE 20 text e r. 11], for a parallel see. MNB 1849:38 [Weidner 1963<ref name=":28" />, 118; Steele 2015, 208-9].
* (b) DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN / UD.14.KAM AN.MI.GAR KA´MI-''su'' TU ... KI AB2.AB2 ''u'' AB2.GU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ "If (the moon) sets and eclipsed on the 14th day of arahsamnu ... the area of the Star Cluster and the Heavenly Bull — plague" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":31" />, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 22-24].

(10) The visibility of the Pleiades;

*(a) DIŠ UL.UL ''šat-ḫu-ma u'' MI.MEŠ... "If the Star Cluster have lengthened and darkened: there will be plague in the land." [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, XV 28].
*(b) DIŠ UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL2 ... "If the Star Cluster (stand) apart and have no light: Irra will appear, but will not destroy the people" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, xv 28] [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, XV 29].
*(c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ša''2''-ti-iḫ'' ... "If the Star Cluster lengthens: the field will yield good harvest" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 351 r. 4-5].
*(d) DIŠ MUL4.MUL4 ŠIRmeš-''šu2'' SA5meš''-ma'' KI.A SI.SA2 "If the Star Cluster is red(?) in light(?): irrigated lands will prosper" (MUL.APIN II iii 16) [MA<ref name=":16" />, 108, 133].

(11) The Pleiades and the Wagon stand together; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL ''u'' mulMAR.GID2.DA UR.BI GUB.ME d''Dil-bat'' KI MUL.MUL SAR''-ma'' "[If] the Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together, (it means): Venus erupts in the Pleiades." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:10].

(12) The Pleiades and the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 GUB dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL GUB''-ma'' "[If] the Star Cluster (and) the True Shepherd of Anu stand at the beginning of them, (it means): Saturn stands before Pleiades." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:9], the prediction suggests an identity: the True Shepherd of Anu = Saturn; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE SU.KU2 ''i-mad'' "If the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn?) approaches the Star Cluster: there will be constant(?) famine" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 Col. ii 15]. See also (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], VI 13.

(13) Jupiter and the Pleiades; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 2-3.

(14) Sun and Pleiades; [DIŠ MAN KUR''-ma'' MUL.M]UL NIGIN2... "[If the Sun rises and the Star Cluster] is surrounded by Stars [???doesn’t make sense]: there will be misfortune in the country" [van Soldt<ref name=":12" /> 70, Tabl. 26 (27) I 7].

(15) The Pleiades(=Mars?) reach the constellation;

*(a) MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR''-ud''... "The Star Cluster reaches the Serpent: business activity will decrease" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 148, K.137:1], parallel [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 146, Sm.1480+:13].
*(b) MUL.MUL mulBAN KUR''-ud'' ''a-ki-lu'' GAL2''-ši'' "The Star Cluster reaches the Bow: a devourer (= field pest) will appear" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 148, K.137:2; 146, Sm.1480+:13]. For similar predictions concerning MUL.MUL and mulŠUDUN, mulKA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E, mulAMAR.UTU, mulELLAG2, mulAŠ.GAN2, see. [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 491 r. 3; Borger 1973<ref name=":11" />, 40 r. 3′-4′; SpTU 3<ref name=":2" />, 101:12-17].

(16) Venus and the Pleiades (=Mars?);

*(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' ˹MUL.MUL˺ KUR''-ma'' NIM.MAki ''ina ḫi-im-ma-ti-ša2 ina-qar'' URU.DIDLI ''ina-qar'' "If Venus enters! the Star Cluster: Elam will be totally(?) demolished; the fortress(?) will be demolished" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 46:60], parallels [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 68:5; 180:9].
*(b) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ˹ana'' MUL.MUL UD2.KAM DU˺''-ma'' DIB-''iq''... "If Venus stands for two (var.: one) days near the Stars and then passes (them): the opinion (mood) of the country will change" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 46, VAT 10218:61], for parallels see. [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 68:6; 174:39, 44; 186: viii 10; 196:5; 197:4].
*(c) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina itiŠe-er-ʼi-''EBUR ''ina'' GUB3-ša2 MUL.MUL DU-''iz'' .... "If Venus (appears) in the month of the Furrow and Harvest, (and) the Star Cluster stand to its left: there will be famine in the country, var.: unrest in the country; (this will happen if) Mars stands to its left" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 100, K.35:10], parallel [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 170:15].
*(d) [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ziq]-na zaq-na-at''2 MUL.MUL ''ina A2-ša2'' [KI.MIN ''ina'' IGI-''š]a''2 DU.ME''-ma'' KI.MIN SA5-''at''2 ''u un-nu-ta-at2'' "[If Venus is in the Fur]row, the Star Cluster standing at its side, [var.:] standing [in front of i]t, var. reading: they are red and gloomy..." [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 236, ND 4362:8].
*(e) Venus reaches Pleiades, see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.
*(f) DIŠ ''ina'' SAG MU MUL.MUL / ''ina'' KAB? mul''Dil-bat'' GUB ... "If at the beginning of the year, Pleiades stands to the left (?) of Venus: enemy, var. reading: a flood will destroy the crops" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 282 r. 1-3].
*(g) MUL.MUL ''a-na'' UD ŠEG6.GA2 ˹UD ŠEG6.˺GA2 [xxx] / mul''Dil-bat ina'' MUL.MUL GU[B''-ma''] "The stars predict a day of boiling; 'day of boiling' (means) [...] Venus stand[s] in the Star Cluster" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 461:1-2].

(17) The Stag and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], VI 3-4.

(18) The Strange Star (= Mars) and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 8.

(19) The Eagle (= Mars) to the Star Cluster approaches; see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]],'' II 2.

(20) The Planet and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]], III

(21) Mercury's evening appearance in the Pleiades; see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 14.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Caption text
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m35)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulMUL; вар. записи названия: MUL2.MUL2(TE.TE), MULx.MULx(AB2.AB2), MUL4.MUL4, UL.UL; = zappu; шум. «Звезды», акк. «Щетина»; 1) Плеяды (Pleiades), 2) обозначение знака зодиака Телец в поздних текстах, 3) «нормальная звезда» (η Tauri) [Gössmann 1950, 279].||Example
|-
| I. Источники.
Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mul.mul [MSL XI, 107:388; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 14]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul.mul = […], mul.mul = za-ap2-pu [MSL XI, 30:24–25; Weidner 1959–60, VAT 9430:17], [mul.mul] = za-pu (RS Rec. A) [MSL XI, 49:62], [mul.mu]l = sa-ap-pu, [mul.m]ul = ka-lu-tu4 [Emar VI/4, 151:151–152], [mul].mul = ka-li-[tu]m, [mul].mul = zap-pu [Cavigneaux 1979 132:4'–5'], mul.mul = min(=kak-ka-bu), mul.mul = MUL, mul.mul = ka-li-tum, mul.mul = za-ap-pu [SpTU III, 114A v 11–14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:268ʹ–270ʹ]. (3) Серия Аа II/6 ii 26: mu-lumul = za-ap-pu [MSL XIV, 291]. (4) mul.mul = ka3-ma-tu3 [MEE 4, VE 792; Lambert 1984a; Куртик 2017, 822]. «Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) AO 6769: za-ap-pu [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. (2) Хеттская молитва: MUL.MUL [KUB IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2, 2:6; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:44]. (3) Новоассирийская молитва: mulZap-pu [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. Заклинания против скорпиона. a) mul.mul gir2.an.na «Звезды, Небесный меч» или «Звезды Небесного меча» (эпитет Скорпиона, см. g19), b) mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na «Звезды, Небесный бык» или «Звезды Небесного Быка» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 46; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249–250]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB; параллели в Sm.1113:5′ — dza-ap-pu, в Sm. 162 rev. 3 — mul.mul [Horowitz 1993, 151, 154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа, 220 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Менологии: itigu4 mul.mul dimin.bi / dingir.gal.gal.e.ne : itigu4 za-ap-pu dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš «Месяц айяру, Звезды (акк. Щетина), Семеро богов, божества великие» (A i 12–13, 19); параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985 403:6–7], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD Z, 50a; Емельянов 1999, 58]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-zu / mul.mul dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. позади mulAŠ.GAN2) стоит / Звезды, Семеро богов, божества великие» (B i 5–6); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 2]. (3) Список (3´12): itigu4 mul.mul šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц айяру: Звезды (на пути) Эа (восходят)» (C i 2). (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itigu4] mul.mul mulšu.gi mulA-nu-ni-tum ˹e3˺ «[Айяру:] Звезды, Старик, Ануниту восходят» (С 15), b) mul.mul mulšu.gi mulA-nu-ni-tum š[u2] «(Арахсамну): Звезды, Старик, Ануниту заход[ят]» [KAV 218, С 28; Horowitz 2014, 33–34, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа: [MUL.MUL] // 3,40 // KAK.SAR dŠar2-ur4 «[Звезды] // 220 // Оружие Шарура» [Walker–Pingree 1977, 30:4 + note]. BM 34713. [iti]gu4 // 3,40 mul2.mul2 // 1,40 múldil-bat // 50 múlapin «Айяру: 220 Звезды, 100 Венера, 50 Плуг» [LBAT, 1499:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 4): mul.mul [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu GUB-zu MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIR.GAL.GAL.E.NE a-na KI.LAM ŠE da-ma-qi2 «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulAŠ.GAN2), Звезды, Семеро богов, великие боги. Благоприятно для цен на зерно» (A. 3) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 222, 285; BPO 2, 13; BPO 3, 284b; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′–10′, 12′, 20′, 32′; Largement 1957, 246:59–60, 248:62, 250:83a–85a; Leibovici 1957, 23; Verderame 2002, 249; van Soldt, 26 I 7; SpTU II, 40 r. 16; SpTU III, 101:12–17, 20–21; SpTU IV, 162 r. 3; SpTU V, 264:2]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch Westenholz 1999, 153:7–9]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 30): mullu-lim SUKKAL MUL.MUL, «Олень, посланник Звезд» (I i 31), см. L09LU.LIM. (2) Звезды Ану (№ 5): MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIRmeš GALmeš «Звезды, семь богов, великие боги» (I i 44). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 «1-го айяру Звезды становятся видны» (I ii 38). (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) MUL.MUL KUR-ma mulGIR2.TAB ŠU2-bi / mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma MUL.MUL ŠU2-bi «Звезды восходят, Скорпион заходит. Скорпион восходит, Звезды заходят» (I iii 13–14), ранняя параллель см. выше текст ВМ 77054. b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Пес восходят, а (Звезда) Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25). (5) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL / TA KUR ša2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA «10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд. 20 дней от восхода Звезд до восхода Небесного Быка» (I iii 44–45). (6) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM GABA ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma MUL.MUL KUR-ḫa «1-го айяру (утром перед восходом Солнца) Грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Звезды восходят» (I iv 15–16), параллель см. [SAA 8, 507 r. 7]. (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: MUL.MUL на первом месте (I iv 33), см. s20Sîn. (8) Первая схема интеркаляций: a) ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ina lib3-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa / u dSin ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-az-ma «15-го ташриту Солнце восходит в Весах на востоке и Луна стоит впереди Звезд позади Наемника» (II i 14–15), b) ina itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] dSin ina li-la-a-ti ina ŠA3 / mulzi-ba-ni-tu2 ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB-ma «15-[го] нисану Луна стоит вечером в Весах на востоке, и Солнце на западе впереди Звезд позади Наемника» (II i 19–21), см. также u30dUTU, u20UR.GU.LA. (9) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: MUL.MUL — восток, см. k24KU6. (10) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: a) [DIŠ ina itiBAR2 UD 1 K]AM MUL.MUL u dSin šit-qu-lu MU BI GI.NA-ta «[Если 1-го нисану] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год нормальный» (II Gap A 8), b) [DIŠ ina itiBAR2 U]D 3 KAM MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI DIRI-at2 «[Если] 3-го [нисану] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год високосный» (II Gap A 9), c) [DIŠ ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM] MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI GI.NA-ta «[Если] звезды становятся видны [1-го айяру], этот год нормальный» (II Gap A 10), d) [DIŠ ina itiSIG4 U]D 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI D[IRI-at2] «[Если] Звезды становятся видны 1-го [симану], этот год висо[косный]» (II Gap A 11), e) [DIŠ ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM] MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI GI.NA-at2 «[Если 15-го арахсамну] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год нормальный» (II ii 1), f) [DIŠ ina itiGAN UD] 15 KAM MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI DIRI-at2 «[Если] Звезды и Луна в соединении 15-го [кислиму], этот год високосный» (II ii 2). (11) Астрологические предсказания: a) красный цвет Плеяд (II iii 16), b) 4 звезды в Плеядах (II iii 32)(?), в новом издании MUL.APIN предполагается, что цифра 4 здесь относится к созвездию mulAŠ.GAN2 [Hunger–Steele 2018, 158–9], см. также k15KAL.NE, с) Юпитер и Плеяды (II Gap B 1), см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 1. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 381; SAA 8, 352–353]. Текст BM 77054. mul.mu[l…] / ˹mul˺[gir2.tab…] [George 1991, 305–306, rev. 15′–16′]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: [mul.mul](?) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:201]; параллель в 81-7-27,81: mul.mul mul kur elam.maki «Звезды — (Звезда) Элама» [ACh Ištar, 39:4; Horowitz 1998, 175, 177]. Dalbanna-текст. (M). [mul.mul] «[Звезды]» (η, 27 Tau), см. g33GU4.AN.NA. Текст Nv.10. mul.mul — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце дуузу, см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Планисфера K 8538». В секторе 3 надпись: m˹ul.mul] «Звезды»; там же изображение эллипса с двумя треугольниками внутри него [Koch 1989, 56–60; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. «Учебник предсказателя». (1) šit-qul-ta ša2 mul.mul u dsin uṣur(uru3)-ma li-pu-ul-ka-ma «Наблюдай за «совпадениями» Звезд и Луны, и это даст тебе правильный ответ» (для введения интеркаляций). (2) a-na la-tak ūmē(ud)me ki-nu-tim / šit-qul-ti mul.mul u dsin «Чтобы предсказать точные дни, (ты изучаешь) «совпадения» Звезд и Луны» [Oppenheim 1974, 200:62, 68–69; Horowitz 1998, 151–152]. «Дневники наблюдений». MULx.MULx, MUL2.MUL2: (1) созвездие [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -567 r. 6], (2) «нормальная звезда» (η Tauri) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за -567 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 50:13], (3) знак зодиака, соответствующий Тельцу, с начала эпохи Селевкидов (ранее — GU4.AN) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –346 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 146:31]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itigu4 ina še-rim ud 28 mul2.mul2 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце айяру утром 28-го дня Звезды испускают mišḫu и восходят» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:9]. BM 36609+: TA SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 / EN 5 UŠ ina IGI kin?-ṣa / MUL2.MUL2 TA ˹SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «(В промежуток времени) от (кульминации) блестящей (звезды) на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди / До (кульминации точки, расположенной) в 50 впереди (его) Колена. / Звезды (=знак зодиака Телец), от своего начала до своего конца, восходят» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 17–19]; время восхода: 200 [ibid., 549]. Математическая астрономия. MUL.MUL — стандартное обозначение знака зодиака Телец [ACT I–III, 484b; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». mul2.mul2 — обозначение знака зодиака Телец [BH, 4 r. 4]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV 20: ki mul.mul «Область Звезд», ей соответствуют астрологические значения: «стопу зла не допустить к дому человека» (т. е. защита от врагов), (нападение) «демоницы бури» (Лилу), или «троицы демониц бури» (Лилиту), (лечение болезни) «схватывания языка» (простуда?), «успокоение гневного бога» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:24, 29, 30, 43, 48; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 194–196]. b) BRM IV, 19: mul2.mul2 — обозначение знака зодиака Телец в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: c, d, 7, 21, 38, 40; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 равных частей: a) AO 6483: ša2-ni-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) mul2.mul2 šum3-šu2 «Вторая часть, ее имя Звезды» [Sachs 1952, 66a:14; TU, 14:14], b) Sp II 202+: 2-tu2 ḫa.la 2 danna […] [Schaumberger 1955, 245:12]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 10-я часть — mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6:VAT 7847]. (4) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 / múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 MUL ša2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] «Секретное место Луны: Старик и Звезды, звезда Элама» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988b, 55]. (5) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 5 // MUL2.MUL2 5 // dām(UŠ2) alpi(GU4) lu šaman(I3.GIŠ) alpi(GU4) lu šārat(SIG2) alpi(GU4) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Дуузу 5 // Телец 50 // Кровь быка или жир быка, или шерсть быка ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:5, а также 104:18]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W22619/19+ [SpTU III, 105:2, 15, 28]. (6) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (MUL2.MUL2) [SpTU I, 94:6, 38]. (7) Зодиакальная астрология. KI mul2.mul2 UŠ2 ta-ḫa-zu «Область Тельца: смерть в сражении» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (8) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: MUL.MUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 2, 10], см. s20Sîn. Процедурный астрономический текст BM 36712. u4-˹mu dsin˺ ana2 AB2.AB2 te-u2 ina 27 u4.meš ana2 mul2.mul2 DIM4 «(Считая от) дня, когда Луна приблизилась к Плеядам, на 27-й день она (опять) окажется рядом с Плеядами» [Sachs–Neugebauer 1956, 132:13'].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25], а также [SpTU I, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V, 264:2].

II. Божество.

Семеро богов (см. i11dIMIN.BI). Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Молитвы ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Заклинания против скорпиона, см. выше. (3) Серия Šurpu (II 182): MUL.MUL …lip-ṭu-ru «Звезды … пусть избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18]. (4) Гемерология для 18-го нисана: pad-su ana mul.mul gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Звездам он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 ii 45; Labat 1939, 60–61]. (5) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб, см. b11BIR. (6) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam), см. [Ebeling 1953, 14–15:13, 62–63:22–24, 144–145]. (7) Заклинания в серии Намбурби: ina IGI MUL.MUL KUD-is-ma mu-uḫ-ra dIMIN.BI DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ / ḪUL an-na-a pu-uṭ-ra DUG4.GA-ma «Ты режешь жертвенного (козленка) перед Звездами и произносишь вслух: “Семеро, божества великие, зло это погасите”» [Caplice 1971, 142:6–7]. См. также [Ebeling 1953a, 391:3, 13]. (8) В серии bīt mēseri, см. [Meier 1942, 142:17]. (9) Заклинание против ослабления сексуальной потенции (ŠA3.ZI.GA). a) dMUL.<<d>>MUL dGU4.UD / [a]t-tu-nu MUL.MEŠ ša2 še-re-ti3 «Плеяды, Меркурий, / Вы звезды раннего утра» [Biggs 1967, 74:7–8], b) [EN2 dza].ba ku3.ga dza.ba ku3.ga / [an.d]a.gub.ba an.da.gub.ba «[Заклинание]. Блестящие [Пле]яды! Блестящие Плеяды! / (Вы) на [небе] находитесь! (Вы) на небе находитесь!» [ibid., 76:2–3]; по мнению Бигса, dza.ba, вероятно, поздняя псевдошумерская запись названия zappu, т.е. Плеяд, которые обозначались обычно как dMUL.MUL [ibid., 77]. (10) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [MUL.MUL dIMIN].BI ˹qar˺-rad la ša2-na-an ˹li˺-[b]el […] / [… i]t-ti LUGAL ina tu-š[a2!-ri …] «[Звезды, ‘Семер]ка’, герой несравненный, пусть одолеет […] / [c] царем в би[тве …]» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 1–2]. (11) В астрологической географии Звезды были связаны с Дером, Дуранки или Уром [Weidner 1963]. (12) Заклинание [Stol 1989, 252].

III. Символ.

Семь точек или семь звезд, см. i11dIMIN.BI, III.

Положение Плеяд (Zappu «Щетина») связывалось на небе с фигурой Небесного Быка. Косвенное подтверждение находим в некоторых поздних календарно-ритуальных и магических текстах, где в магической части текста обозначению MUL2.MUL2 ставится в соответствие dām(UŠ2) alpi(GU4) lu šaman(I3.GIŠ) alpi(GU4) lu šārat(SIG2) alpi(GU4) «Кровь быка или жир быка, или волосы быка» [SpTU III, 104–105]. В селевкидских календарных текстах mul.mul и gu4 приводятся иногда как равносильные обозначения для знака зодиака Телец [Weidner 1967, 17, Taf. 6, VAT 7847].

IV. Отождествление.

= Pleiades [Gössmann 1950, 279; Weidner 1957–59, 73b; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Koch 1989, 77–79, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207–208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

Отождествление MUL.MUL c Семеркой богов предполагает выделение в созвездии 7 звезд, как это имело место в греческой астрономии (см., например, [Арат, Явления 256–8; Гигин, Введение III 20; Псевдо-Эратосфен, Катастеризмы XIV]). См. также предсказание: DIŠ dIM ina MURUB4 dIMIN.BI GU3-šu2 ŠUB-ma MUL.MEŠ 7-šu2-nu (вар.: si-bit-ti-šu2-nu) … «Если Адад в середине Семи богов свой крик издаст (т.е. прогремит гром), то Звезды, семеро их…» [ACh Suppl., 59:10; ACh Adad, 17:34; CAD S, 230]. Однако имеются и другие варианты: 4 звезды (MUL.APIN II iii 32), см. «Источники», MUL.APIN (11b); 12 звезд (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ-šu2 12) [BPO 3, 149, K.137:14]; 10 звезд (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ-šu2 10) [BPO 3, 149, K.137:15].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. [SAA 8, 50:7; 72 r. 2; 376:9; 412 r. 2; SAA 10, 63 r. 8; BPO 3, 100:10].

(2) = Меркурий или Сатурн; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-ud dGU4.UD lu dSAG.UŠ dṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma «Если Звезды к Змее приблизились, (это означает, что) Меркурий или Сатурн к Марсу приблизились» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:7], см. также m43MUŠ, VI 2.

(3) = Почка; diš 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 gim mul.mul šu-par-ru-ur … «Если Луна при своем появлении размыта как Звезды: Энлиль спустится на страну с враждебными намерениями…». mul.mul ka-li-tum an.mi gar-ma gim ka-li-tum… «Звезды = Почка, (т.е.) затмение произойдет подобное почке» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 153:7–9].

(4) = Ворон; см. a02A.EDIN, V 2 b).

(5) = Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 13.

Предсказания:

(6) Гелиакический восход Плеяд в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ MUL.MUL ina itiGUD IGI-mar BE-ma MU[L BI NIM-ma IGI] DINGIR.ME …. BE-ma MUL BI uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma ITI-šu2 DIB-m[a IGI…] «Звезды восходят гелиакически в месяце айяру; если [это] созвез[дие восходит рано]: боги вынесут благоприятное решение о стране (вар.: урожай в стране будет обильным, страна увидит хорошие времена), если это созвездие опоздало, прошло свой месяц и восходит…» [BPO 2, IX 2, X 2]; параллели cм. [BPO 2, IX 13; SAA 8, 275:6–r. 3; 507 r. 1–4].

(7) Луна окружена гало и в нем Плеяды (=Марс); DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma MUL.MUL ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB.MEŠ… «Если Луна окружена гало и внутри него стоят Звезды: в этом году женщины будут рождать мальчиков» [SAA 8, 5 r. 2–3]; параллели [SAA 8, 273 r. 3–5; 376:6–8; 529:1–5; 531:1–3]; вариант: [DIŠ 30] TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MU[L.MUL] / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «[Если Луна] окружена гало, и Поле, позади которого Зве[зды], стоит в нем: скот в стране будет процветать» [SAA 8, 412:7–8], далее: mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.<TU>ki / mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MUL.MUL mul lúḪUN.GA2 / mul lúḪUN.GA2 MUL MAR.TUki «Марс — звезда запада; Поле, позади которого Звезды, — Наемный работник. Наемный работник — звезда запада» [SAA 8, 412 r. 2–4].

(8) Луна и Плеяды(= Марс?); a) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana IGI d30 TE-ma GUB-iz… «Если Звезды приближаются к Луне спереди и стоят там: великие боги…» [SAA 8, 72:1–3]. b) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana UGU 30 SI4-ma GUB-iz … «Если Звезды подходят близко к верху Луны и стоят там: царь обнаружит свое могущество и расширит свою страну» [SAA 8, 296:1–2; 455:1–2; 548:3–4], вариант: DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LAL-šu2 MUL.MUL ina A2-šu2 / GUB-iz … «Если при появлении Луны Плеяды стоят сбоку от нее: (аподосис тот же)» [SAA 8, 455:4–6], см. также [SAA 8, 50:1–3, 548:1–2]. c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana ŠA3 30 TU.MEŠ-ma / ana IM.SI.SA2 E3.MEŠ… «Если Звезды входят в Луну и выходят к северу: Аккад станет счастливым; царь Аккада усилится и не будет иметь соперника» [SAA 8, 351:4–7; 443:1–5; 455:7–r. 4]. d) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana ŠA3 [30 TU] … «Если Звезды [входят в Луну] (в день новолуния?): страна полностью погибнет…» [SAA 8, 351:1–3].

(9) Затмение Луны в Звездах или Старике; a) BE-ma <d30> ina KI MUL.MUL u-lu-u2 mul˹ŠU.GI˺ a-dir EŠ.BAR2 BAD3.ANki Dur-an-ki KIMIN Uri2ki «Если Луна в области Звезд или в Старике затмилась: предсказание для Дера (и) Дуранки, вар.: для Ура» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 222, EAE 20 text e r. 11], параллель см. MNB 1849:38 [Weidner 1963, 118; Steele 2015, 208–9]. b) DIŠ ina itiAPIN / UD.14.KAM AN.MI. GAR KA´MI-su TU … KI AB2.AB2 u AB2.GU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ «Если в месяце арахсамну в 14-й день происходит затмение и (Луна) заходит затмившейся… области Звезд и Небесного Быка — чума» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 22–24].

(10) Видимость Плеяд; а) DIŠ UL.UL šat-ḫu-ma u MI.MEŠ… «Если Звезды удлинились и потемнели: в стране чума» [BPO 2, XV 28]. b) DIŠ UL.UL ni-iḫ-su-ma UD.DA-su-nu NU GAL2 … «Если Звезды (стоят) по отдельности и не имеют света: Ирра появится, но не уничтожит людей» [BPO 2, XV 29]. c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ša2-ti-iḫ … «Если Звезды удлинились: поле даст урожай» [SAA 8, 351 r. 4–5]. d) DIŠ MUL4.MUL4 ŠIRmeš-šu2 SA5meš-ma KI.A SI.SA2 «Если свет(?) Звезд красный(?): орошаемые земли будут благоденствовать» (MUL.APIN II iii 16) [MA, 108, 133].

(11) Плеяды и Повозка вместе стоят; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL u mulMAR.GID2.DA UR.BI GUB.ME dDil-bat KI MUL.MUL SAR-ma «[Если] Звезды и Повозка вместе стоят, (это означает): Венера в Плеядах вспыхивает» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:10].

(12) Плеяды и Праведный Пастух Ану; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ina SAG-šu2 GUB dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina IGI MUL.MUL GUB-ma «[Если] Звезды (и) Праведный Пастух Ану в начале их стоит, (это означает): Сатурн перед Плеядами стоит» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:9], предсказание предполагает тождество: Праведный Пастух Ану = Сатурн; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana MUL.MUL TE SU.KU2 i-mad «Если Праведный Пастух Ану (= Сатурн?) приближается к Звездам: голод станет постоянным(?)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 Col. ii 15]. См. также s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, VI 13.

(13) Юпитер и Плеяды; см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 2–3.

(14) Солнце и Плеяды; [DIŠ MAN KUR-ma MUL.M]UL NIGIN2… «[Если Солнце восходит и Звез]дами окружено: в стране этой будет несчастье» [van Soldt 70, Tabl. 26 (27) I 7].

(15) Плеяды(=Марс?) достигают созвездия; a) MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-ud… «Звезды достигают Змеи: деловая активность уменьшится» [BPO 3, 148, K.137:1], параллель [ibid., 146, Sm.1480+:13]. b) MUL.MUL mulBAN KUR-ud a-ki-lu GAL2-ši «Звезды достигают Лука: появится пожиратель (= полевой вредитель)» [BPO 3, 148, K.137:2; 146, Sm.1480+:13]. Аналогичные предсказания, касающиеся MUL.MUL и mulŠUDUN, mulKA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E, mulAMAR.UTU, mulELLAG2, mulAŠ.GAN2, см. [SAA 8, 491 r. 3; Borger 1973, 40 r. 3′–4′; SpTU 3, 101:12–17].

(16) Венера и Плеяды (=Марс?); а) DIŠ mulDil-bat ana ˹MUL.MUL˺ KUR-ma NIM.MAki ina ḫi-im-ma-ti-ša2 ina-qar URU.DIDLI ina-qar «Если Венера входит! в Звезды: Элам будет снесен в своей совокупности(?); крепость(?) будет снесена» [BPO 3, 46:60], параллели [ibid., 68:5; 180:9]. b) DIŠ mulDil-bat ˹ana MUL.MUL UD.2KAM DU˺-ma DIB-iq… «Если Венера стоит в течение двух (вар.: одного) дней вблизи Звезд и затем проходит (их): мнение (настроение) страны изменится» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:61], параллели см. [BPO 3, 68:6; 174:39, 44; 186: viii 10; 196:5; 197:4]. с) DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiŠe-er-ʼi-EBUR ina GUB3-ša2 MUL.MUL DU-iz …. «Если Венера (появляется) в месяце Борозда Урожая, (и) Звезды стоят слева от нее: в стране будет голод, вар.: беспорядки в стране; (это случится, если) Марс стоит слева от нее» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:10], параллель [BPO 3, 170:15]. d) [DIŠ mulDil-bat ziq]-na zaq-na-at2 MUL.MUL ina A2-ša2 [KI.MIN ina IGI-š]a2 DU.ME-ma KI.MIN SA5-at2 u un-nu-ta-at2 «[Если у Венеры Бо]рода, Звезды стоят сбоку от нее, [вар.:] стоят [впереди не]е, вар. чтения: она красная и мрачная…» [BPO 3, 236, ND 4362:8]. е) Венера достигает Плеяд, см. a02A.EDIN, V 1. f) DIŠ ina SAG MU MUL.MUL / ina KAB? mulDil-bat GUB … «Если в начале года Плеяды стоят слева (?) от Венеры: враг, вар. чтения: потоп уничтожит урожай» [SAA 8, 282 r. 1–3]. g) MUL.MUL a-na UD ŠEG6.GA2 ˹UD ŠEG6.˺GA2 [xxx] / mulDil-bat ina MUL.MUL GU[B-ma] «Звезды предсказывают день кипячения; «день кипячения» (означает) […] Венера сто[ит] в Звездах» [SAA 8, 461:1–2].

(17) Олень и Звезды; см. L09LU.LIM, VI 3–4.

(18) Странная звезда (= Марс) и Звезды; см. m05MAN-ma, II 8.

(19) Орел (= Марс) к Звездам приближается; см. a15Aḫû, II 2.

(20) Планета и Звезды; см. u07UDU.IDIM, III

(21) Вечернее появление Меркурия в Плеядах; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 14.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]
[[Category:Pleiades]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

MUL.MUL.LA

2026-01-09T13:48:31Z

JanSafford:

MUL.MUL.LA (𒀯𒀯𒆷), for Akkadian ''mulmullu'' is a poetic name for 'the Arrow,' [[Sirius]] and adjacent areas in [[Canis Major]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Previously read mul''mullu''(?) "arrow." [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 671a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/2, 190-191; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 278].

Identity:

mu-ulmul = ''mul-mul-lum'' in the lexical series Aa II/6 ii 37 [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].

The name occurs only in the astrological list of stars VR 46, 1:26. mul.mul.la gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu "Arrow, weapon, which in the hands of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].

A commentary on the term ''mulmullu'', a term for arrows (as in bows and arrows) in a hunting context in the Babylonian Theodicy line 60 (Lambert 1960: 74-75) makes an identification of this asterism name with those for Sirius: mul.mul šil-tah (for ''šiltahu'', Akkadian for mulkak.si.sá). Previously Schaumberger took this as a Akkadian loan-word from Sumerian MUL.MUL "Star Cluster" (Pleiades) [3. Erg., 336].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m36)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = mulmullu(?) «Стрела» [AHw, 671a; CAD M/2, 190–191; Gössmann 1950, 278]. Тождество: mu-ulmul = mul-mul-lum в лексич. серии Aa II/6 ii 37 [MSL XIV, 291]. Название встречается только в астрологическом списке звезд VR 46, 1:26. mul.mul.la gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Стрела, оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Согласно Шаумбергеру, это созвездие MUL.MUL «Звезды» (Плеяды) [3. Erg., 336].
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:CMa]]

<references />

MUL2.BABBAR

2026-01-09T13:45:23Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL2.BABBAR}}

mulMUL2.BABBAR (𒀯𒋼𒌓), 'The Bright Star' for the brightness of the asterism would suggest an identification with Jupiter, and so the Babylonian King of the Gods, Marduk. This is most appropriate for the later Greek identification with Zues who is identified with Bel = Marduk, for example in Berossus.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
MUL.BABBAR; = ''kakkabu peṣû'' "white star"; in the context of stellar-color. The UD-sign (read BABBAR) has a wide semantic range including white, bright, clear, clean, pure. An understanding of BABBAR in this context for brightness, rather than whiteness, solves the problem of Mars being described as 'white' rather than the expected 'red' in the Great Star List.

The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the glossary:

* Μολοβόβαρ ὁ τοῡ Διὸς ἀστήρ, παρὰ Χαλδαίοις
* "Molobobar: star of Zeus: from the Chaldeans,"

Fixing the Greek pronunciation of the Babylonian name with the Sumerian determintive MUL pronounced [TLG 4085-002, M 1568]. The issue of 'o' and 'u' in Sumerian and Akkadian is to complex to be dealt with here.

See also [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 276; PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 30; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 379].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI (in the list of Jupiter's names):

*mul.babbar = ''pe-ṣu-u''2 [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:27]. EAE. MUL.BABBAR = MUL.SAG.ME.[G]AR "White star = Jupiter" [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 248-249, K.2346+:54],
* Parallel: MUL.BABBAR: dSAG.ME.GAR [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 39, Table I, com. i, col. ii 5'].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
*ul babbar = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "the Bright Star = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:168].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
The standard designation of Jupiter is MUL<s>2</s>.BABBAR [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; for the earliest example see. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, no.-463:6].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
See. [ACT II<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, 484; LBAT<ref name=":0">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim].
|
|-
|'''New Year's ritual in Babylon.'''
*mul2.babbar ''na-aš ṣa-ad-du ana kalâmi''(du3.du3.a) "The white star bearing signs to the whole world" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 138:305; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) "Horoscopes." See. [BH, 28, note 2].
*(2) Zodiacal astrology.
** (a) ''aš''2-''šu''2 MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' KI SAL.MEŠ KI d''Sin'' DU-''zu'' UŠ U3.TU "Because Jupiter stands with the Moon [or: in the place of the Moon] in the region of women (i.e., in the female sign of the zodiac): a male child will be born" [LBAT<ref name=":0" />, 1593:7′; Reiner 2000<ref name=":1">''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
**(b) ''aš''2''-šu''2 MUL2.BABBAR ''ana ziq-pi'' DU-''uz'' UŠ ''u'' SAL ''ša''2 U3.TU SIG5 "Because Jupiter culminates: born male and female infants will be good" [LBAT<ref name=":0" />, 1593:11′; Reiner 2000<ref name=":1" />].
**(c) ''aš''2''-šu''2 MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' ŠU2 IGI / 1 UŠ BE: ''aš''2-''šu''2 MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' KUR UŠ 1 SAL BE: ''ša''2 dUDU.BAD ''gab-bi'' KI.MIN-''ma'' "Since Jupiter became visible in the west, 1 male child will die; since Jupiter (became visible) in the east, 1 female child will die; the same is true for all planets" [LBAT<ref name=":0" />, 1593:11′-12′; Reiner 2000<ref name=":1" />].
*(3) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (MUL.BABBAR) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94, passim].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m38)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. записи: MUL.BABBAR; = kakkabu peṣû «Белая звезда»; название Юпитера. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит глоссу: Μολοβόβαρ ὁ τοῡ Διὸς ἀστήρ, παρὰ Χαλδαίοις «Молобобар: звезда Зевса: от Халдеев», фиксирующую греческое произношение вавилонского названия [TLG 4085-002, M 1568]. Cм. также [Gössmann 1950, 276; PSD II, B 30; Tallqvist 1938, 379].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI (в списке имен Юпитера): mul.babbar = pe-ṣu-u2 [MSL XI, 40:27]. ЕАЕ. MUL.BABBAR = MUL.SAG.ME.[G]AR «Белая звезда = Юпитер» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:54], параллель: MUL.BABBAR : dSAG.ME.GAR [Verderame 2002, 39, Table I, com. i, col. ii 5']. «Большой список звезд». ul babbar = dṣal-bat-a-nu «Белая звезда = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:168]. «Дневники наблюдений». Стандартное обозначение Юпитера: MUL2.BABBAR [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No.-463:6]. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT II, 484; LBAT, passim]. Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне. mul2.babbar na-aš ṣa-ad-du ana kalâmi(du3.du3.a) «Белая звезда, несущая знаки всему миру» [RAcc., 138:305; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 28, note 2]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. a) aš2-šu2 MUL2.BABBAR ina KI SAL.MEŠ KI dSin DU-zu UŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Юпитер в области женщин (т.е. в женском знаке зодиака) стоит с Луной [или: на месте Луны]: младенец мужского пола родится» [LBAT, 1593:7′; Reiner 2000]. b) aš2-šu2 MUL2.BABBAR ana ziq-pi DU-uz UŠ u SAL ša2 U3.TU SIG5 «Поскольку Юпитер кульминирует: младенцы мужского и женского пола, которые родились, будут хороши» [LBAT, 1593:11′; Reiner 2000]. с) aš2-šu2 MUL2.BABBAR ina ŠU2 IGI / 1 UŠ BE : aš2-šu2 MUL2.BABBAR ina KUR UŠ 1 SAL BE : ša2 dUDU.BAD gab-bi KI.MIN-ma «Поскольку Юпитер стал виден на западе, 1 ребенок мужского пола умрет; поскольку Юпитер (стал виден) на востоке, один ребенок женского пола умрет; для всех планет справедливо то же самое» [LBAT, 1593:11′–12′; Reiner 2000]. (3) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (MUL.BABBAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ

2026-01-09T13:43:00Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ}}
[[File:Babylonische Normalsterne SMH2014.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Normal Stars (CC BY SMH 2014)]]
MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ (𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍) = ''kakkabū minâti'', is an ancient Mesopotamian term for a specific set of stars close to the ecliptic that were used in mathematical astronomy in the late first millennium BCE. In the 19th century, Epping coined the term "Normalsterne" (normal stars) for them, which is used in modern Assyriology literature. The term is derived from Latin "norma" for "measure". These stars form a natural frame of reference, as they were considered fixed in place, in contrast to the planets which move relative to the display of stars. Thus, planet positions are sometimes given relative to these "measure stars" (or "counting stars" as the Mesopotamian term literally translates).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ''kakkabū minâti'' "Stars (for) counting". About 40 stars in the zodiacal belt, relative to the positions of the moon and planets at certain points in time, were recorded in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts". In modern literature, they are known as the "normal stars" (Normal Stars, Normalsterne), introduced by Epping [Epping 1889<ref>''Epping J.'' Astronomisches aus Babylon. Freiburg, 1889. ETCSL.</ref>, 115]. See also (Kurtik m34) [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*See. [BPO 3<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:13; K.3601+:37; K.12762:4-5].
|
|-
|'''Text BM 41004.'''
*mul2.šid.meš, mul2.šid.me, mulx.šid.meš [Neugebauer-Sachs 1967<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A''. Some Atypical Astronomical Cuneiform Texts. I // JCS. 1967. V. 21. P. 183-218.</ref>, 201-202, rev. 1, 5, 10, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
*[''dele'']-''bat'' GU4.UD ''u'' MUL2.ŠIDmeš IGImeš "[Ve]nus, Mercury and the 'normal stars' were visible ..." [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III<ref name=":1">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-136 B rev. 14].
|
|-
|'''Text BM 36609.'''
*(1) List of "normal stars."
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":2">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 550-551, Section 8: rev. iv 2′-22′]
!
|-
|
#[MUL2 SAG] A [...] ,
#/ ˹MUL2˺ [[LUGAL]] [...] ,
#/ MUL2 TUR ''ša''2 4 <KUŠ3> ''ar''2 [[LUGAL]] MU[L4 ...] ,
#/ GIŠ.KUN MUL4 [...] ,
#/ GIR2 EGIR-''tum ša''2 [[UR.GU.LA|A]] MUL4 [...] ,
#/ DELE ''ša''2 IGI [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]] ˹MUL4? ˺ [...] ,
#/ SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN M[UL4...] ,
#/ ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 M[UL4...] ,
#/ ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI M[UL4...] ,
#/ SAG GIR2.TAB M[UL4...] ,
#/ SI4 M[UL4...] ,
#/ KIR4 ''šil-taḫ'' ˹PA?˺ [MUL4] x ,
#/ ˹4-AM2 IGI.MEŠ ša2 PA˺ MUL4 30 GAN ,
#/ 4-AM2 ''ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 PA MUL4 20 ",
#/ SI MAŠ2 MUL4 11,30 AB ,
#/ <MUL IGI ''ša''2> SUḪUR?.MAŠ2 MUL4 28,30,
#/ <MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2> SUḪUR.MAŠ? MUL4 30,
#/ ˹''qup''˺-''pu'' ˹IGI˺ ''ša''2 <<d>>GU.LA MUL4 24 (further erasure) ,
#/ ˹''qup''˺-''pu ar''2 MUL4 7,30 ŠE ,
#/ DUR SIM.MAḪ MUL4 26?, [1]5 ŠE ,
#/ DUR MUL2 ''nu-nu'' MUL4 3.20 BAR;
|
#"[The head of] the Lion is [...]",
#"The King is [...]",
#"The small star 4 <cunits> behind the King — Sta[...]",
#"The thigh — star [...]",
#"The Lion's hind paw — star [...]",
#"The separate star in front of the Furrow — star [...]",
#"The shining (star) of the Furrow — s[tar ...]. ]",
#"Southern part of Libra - s[tar ...]",
#"Northern part of Libra — s[tar ...]",
#"The head of the Scorpius - s[tar ...]",
#"Fox — s[tar ...]",
#"Pabilsag's arrowhead — [star ...]",
#"4 stars ahead of Pabilsag — star at 30° (error, d. b. 90) in the sign IX(=Sagittarius)",
#"4 stars behind Pabilsag - star at 20°",
#"Horn of the Goat-Fish - star at 11;30° in the sign X(=Capricorn)",
#"<Front star> Goat-Fish - star at 28;30°",
#"<Rear Star> Goat-Fish - star at 30°",
#"Giant's Frontal Capacity – star at 24° [...](? )",
#"Rear capacity (of the Giant) — star at 7;30° in sign XII (= Pisces)",
#"Ribbon of the Swallow — star at 26?;[1]5? in sign XII(= Pisces)",
#"Ribbon of the Pisces (=Anunitu) - star at 3;20° in sign I (= Aries)"
|-
| colspan="2" |In the text, the names of the months (GAN, AB, ŠE, BAR) are used to refer to the corresponding signs of the zodiac [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 551].
|}

*(2) List of intervals between stars or groups of stars:
{| class="wikitable"
![Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":2" />, Section 9: rev. iv 23′-39′]
!
|-
|
#TA DUR ''nu-nu'' ˹15?˺ UŠ 30? [...] ,
#/ ... / 5 UŠ ''ana'' KUN x x [...] (possibly KUN ˹''ša''2˺ ḪUN) ,
#/ 13 UŠ ''ana'' MUL2.MUL2 [x] ,
#/ 10 UŠ ''ana'' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] ,
#/ DAL. BA.AN.˹NA?˺ MUL2.MUL2 ''u'' múlGU4.<AN>.NA 30 [UŠ] ,
#/ 10 UŠ ''ana'' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] ,
#/ ... / ˹5 UŠ˺ ''ana'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ IGI˺ ,
#/ 5 UŠ ''ana'' MAŠ.MAŠ ''ar''2 ,
#/ ˹⅔ KASKAL˺ ''ana'' MUL2.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA ,
#/ 5 UŠ ''ana'' MUL2.MEŠ ''ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA NA MUL2.BABBAR ,
#/ ½ KASKAL ''ana'' 2 MUL2.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG A ,
#/ 10 UŠ ''ana'' múlLUGAL ,
#/ ⅔ KASKAL ''ana'' GIŠ.KUN ''ša''2 UR.A .
|
#"From the ribbon of Pisces 15? UŠ 30? [...]",
#"5 UŠ to Hired Man's Tail(?)",
#"13 UŠ to the Star Cluster",
#"10 UŠ to the shining star of the [Celestial Bull]",
#"The interval — Star Cluster and Heavenly Bull - (is) 30 [UŠ]",
#"10 UŠ to the Horn of the [Heavenly] Bull",
#"5 UŠ to the front (star) of Gemini",
#"5 UŠ to the back (star) of Gemini",
#"20 UŠ to the front stars of the Crab",
#"5 UŠ to the back stars of the Crab ... Jupiter",
#"15 UŠ to the 2 stars of the head of the Lion",
#"10 UŠ to the King",
#"20 UŠ to the thigh of the Lion"
|}
*See also the expression in EAE texts:
**MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ "A star that is not among the 'stars to count'" [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 215:36, 237:28, 244:18, 253:3, 254:4].
|'''Text BM 36609'''
* (1) List of "normal stars."

{| class="wikitable"
!(Pingree?)
|-
|
#ε Leonis,
#[[Regulus]] (α Leonis)
#[[Shaomin]] (ρ Leonis),
#[[Chertan]] (θ Leonis),
#[[Zavijava]] (β Virginis),
#[[Porrima]] (γ Virginis),
#[[Spica]] (α Virginis),
#[[Zubenelgenubi]] (α Librae),
#[[Zubeneschamali]] (β Librae),
#[[Dschubba]], [[Acrab]], [[Fang]] (δ, β, π Scorpii),
#"Fox — s[tar ...]",
#θ Ophiuchi,
#[[Polis]] (μ /13 Sgr), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii,
#[[Ainalrami]] (ν1 Sgr), ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii,
#[[Dabih]] (β Capricorni),
#[[Nashira]] (γ Capricorni),
#[[Deneb Algedi]] (δ Capricorni),
#probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii,
#(identification not established),
#(probably ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star),
#(brightest star: eta Psc)
|}
*(2) List of intervals between stars or groups of stars:
It is unclear what exactly UŠ means here: normally, it refers to °RA (time-degree) - may or may not fit.
|}

===Additional===
[[File:Babylonische Normalsterne SMH2014 b.gif|thumb|Babylonian Normal Stars with Labels (CC BY SMH 2025).]]
A complete list of "normal stars" has not been established. For reconstructions of varying degrees of completeness, see. [Sachs 1974<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Observational Astronomy / The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World. Ed. F.R.Hodson et al., London, 1974. P. 43-50 (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Ser. A. 276).</ref>, 46; Aaboe 1980<ref>''Aaboe A.'' Observation and Theory in Babylonian Astronomy// Centaurus. 1980. Vol. 24. P. 14-35</ref>, 22; Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 17-19; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 148-149; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":2" />].

The list below corresponds to the list of "normal stars" in [Sachs-Hunger Diaries<ref name=":1" /> I, 17-19; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3" />, 148-149] and differs from it only in nos. 28, 31-32, 36-38. The identifications in nos. 31-32, 34-38 are from [Roughton-Canzoneri 1992<ref>''Roughton N.A., Canzoneri G.L''. Babylonian Normal Stars in Sagittarius // JHA. 1992. V. XXIII. P. 193-200.</ref>; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":2" />], see also [Jones 2004].

=== List of Normal Stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Cuneiform
!Translation
!Identification
|-
|1
|MUL2 KUR ''ša''2 DUR ''nu-nu''
|"The shiny star of the Pisces ribbon"
|η Piscium
|-
|2
|MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 SAG ḪUN
|"The front star of the Hired Man's head"
|β Arietis
|-
|3
|MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 SAG ḪUN
|"Rear star of the Hired Man's head"
|α Arietis
|-
|4
|MUL2.MUL2
|"Star Cluster"
|η Tauri
|-
|5
|''Is le''10
|"Jaw of the Bull"
|α Tauri
|-
|6
|ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI
|"The northern reins of the Chariot"
|β Tauri
|-
|7
|ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU3
|"Southern reins of the Chariot"
|ζ Tauri
|-
|8
|MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ
|"The front star of the feet of the Gemini"
|η Geminorum
|-
|9
|MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ
|"Rear star of the feet of Gemini"
|μ Geminorum
|-
|10
|MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''2 SIPA
|"(The) star of the Gemini near the Shepherd"
|γ Geminorum
|-
|11
|MAŠ.MAŠ IGI
|"(The) foremost star of the Twins"
|α Geminorum
|-
|12
|MAŠ.MAŠ ''ar''2
|"Rear star of the Twins"
|β Geminorum
|-
|13
|MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI
|"The front star of the Crab to the north"
|η Cancri
|-
|14
|MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3
|"Crab's front star to the south"
|θ Cancri
|-
|15
|MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI
|"Crab's back star to the north"
|γ Cancri
|-
|16
|MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3
|"Crab's back star to the south"
|δ Cancri
|-
|17
|SAG A
|"Head of the Lion"
|ε Leonis
|-
|18
|LUGAL
|"King"
|α Leonis
|-
|19
|MUL2 TUR ''ša''2 4 KUŠ3 ''ar''2 LUGAL
|"A small star 4 cubits behind the King"
|ρ Leonis
|-
|20
|GIŠ.KUN A
|"The thigh of the Lion"
|θ Leonis
|-
|21
|GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 A
|"Lion's hind paw"
|β Virginis
|-
|22
|DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN
|"Separate (star) in front of the Furrow"
|γ Virginis
|-
|23
|SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN
|"Brilliant (star) of the Furrow"
|α Virginis
|-
|24
|ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3
|"Southern part of Librae"
|α Librae
|-
|25
|ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI
|"Northern part of Libra"
|β Librae
|-
|26
|MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB
|"The middle star of the head of Scorpius"
|δ Scorpii
|-
|27
|MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB
|"Upper star of the head of Scorpius"
|β Scorpii
|-
|28
|MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB
|"Lower star of Scorpius's head"
|π Scorpii
|-
|29
|SI4
|"Lisi"
|α Scorpii
|-
|30
|MUL2 KUR ''ša''2 KIR4 ''šil'' PA
|"Brilliant star at the end of the arrow of Pabilsag"
|θ Ophiuchi
|-
|31
|4-AM3 IGImeš ''ša''2 PA
|"4 front stars of Pabilsag"
|μ (13), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii
|-
|32
|4-AM3 ''ar''2meš ''ša''2 PA
|"4 hind stars of Pabilsag"
|ν1, ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii
|-
|33
|SI MAŠ2
|"Horn of the Goat-Fish"
|β Capricorni
|-
|34
|MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2
|"The front star of the Goat-Fish"
|γ Capricorni
|-
|35
|MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2
|"Hind star of the Goat-Fish"
|δ Capricorni
|-
|36
|''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''2 GU
|"The front receptacle of the Giant"
|probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii
|-
|37
|''qup-pu ar''2 ''ša''2 GU
|"Rear receptacle of the Giant"
|(identification not established)
|-
|38
|DUR SIM.MAḪ
|"Swallow's Ribbon"
|(probably ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star)
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m39)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= kakkabū minâti «Звезды (для) счета». Около 40 звезд в зодиакальном поясе, относительно которых в «Дневниках наблюдений» фиксировались положения Луны и планет в определенные моменты времени. В современной литературе известны под названием «нормальные звезды» (Normal Stars, Normalsterne), введенном Эппингом [Epping 1889, 115]. См. также m34MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, K.2226+:13; K.3601+:37; K.12762:4–5]. Текст BM 41004. mul2.šid.meš, mul2.šid.me, mulx.šid.meš [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967, 201–202, rev. 1, 5, 10, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21]. «Дневники наблюдений». [dele]-bat GU4.UD u MUL2.ŠIDmeš IGImeš «[Ве]нера, Меркурий и «нормальные звезды» были видны …» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No.-136 B rev. 14]. Текст BM 36609. (1) Список «нормальных звезд»: [MUL2 SAG] A […] «[Голова] Льва — […]», / ˹MUL2˺ LUGAL […] «Царь — […]», / MUL2 TUR ša2 4 <KUŠ3> ar2 LUGAL MU[L4 …] «Маленькая звезда в 4 <локтях> позади Царя — Звез[…]», / GIŠ.KUN MUL4 […] «Бедро — звезда […]», / GIR2 EGIR-tum ša2 A MUL4 […] «Задняя лапа Льва — звезда […]», / DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN ˹MUL4?˺ […] «Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды — звезда […]», / SA4 ša2 ABSIN M[UL4…] Блестящая (звезда) Борозды — з[везда …]», / ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 M[UL4…] «Южная часть Весов — з[везда …]», / ERIN2 ša2 SI M[UL4…] «Северная часть Весов — з[везда …]», / SAG GIR2.TAB M[UL4…] «Голова Скорпиона — з[везда …]», / SI4 M[UL4…] «Лиси — з[везда …]», / KIR4 šil-taḫ ˹PA?˺ [MUL4] x «Наконечник стрелы Пабилсага — [звезда …]», / ˹4-AM2 IGI.MEŠ ša2 PA˺ MUL4 30 GAN «4 звезды впереди Пабилсага — звезда на 300 (ошибка, д. б. 90) в знаке IX(= Стрелец)», / 4-AM2 ar2.MEŠ ša2 PA MUL4 20 «4 звезды позади Пабилсага — звезда на 200», / SI MAŠ2 MUL4 11,30 AB «Рог Козы–Рыбы — звезда на 11;300 в знаке X(=Козерог)», / <MUL IGI ša2> SUḪUR?.MAŠ2 MUL4 28,30 «<Передняя звезда> Козы-Рыбы — звезда на 28;300», / <MUL2 ar2 ša2> SUḪUR.MAŠ? MUL4 30 «<Задняя звезда> Козы-Рыбы — звезда на 300», / ˹qup˺-pu ˹IGI˺ ša2 <<d>>GU.LA MUL4 24 (далее подчистка) «Передняя емкость Великана — звезда на 240 […](?)», / ˹qup˺-pu ar2 MUL4 7,30 ŠE «Задняя емкость (Великана) — звезда на 7;300 в знаке XII (= Рыбы)», / DUR SIM.MAḪ MUL4 26?, [1]5 ŠE «Лента Ласточки — звезда на 26?;[1]5? в знаке XII(= Рыбы)», / DUR MUL2 nu-nu MUL4 3,20 BAR «Лента Рыбы (=Ануниту) — звезда в 3;200 в знаке I (= Овен)» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 550–551, Section 8: rev. iv 2′–22′]; в тексте названия месяцев (GAN, AB, ŠE, BAR) используются для обозначения соответствующих знаков зодиака [ibid., 551]. (2) Список интервалов между звездами или группами звезд: TA DUR nu-nu ˹15?˺ UŠ 30? […] «От ленты Рыб 150? 30? […]», / … / 5 UŠ ana KUN x x […] (возможно KUN ˹ša2˺ ḪUN) «50 до Хвоста Наемника(?)», / 13 UŠ ana MUL2.MUL2 [x] «130 до Звезд», / 10 UŠ ana SA4 ša2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] «100 до блестящей звезды [Небесного Бы]ка», / DAL.BA.AN.˹NA?˺ MUL2.MUL2 u múlGU4.<AN>.NA 30 [UŠ] «Промежуток – Звезды и Небесный бык – (составляет) 300(?)», / 10 UŠ ana SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] «100 до Рога [Небесного] Быка», / … / ˹5 UŠ˺ ana ˹MAŠ.MAŠ IGI˺ «50 до передней (звезды) Близнецов», / 5 UŠ ana MAŠ.MAŠ ar2 «50 до задней (звезды) Близнецов», / ˹⅔ KASKAL˺ ana MUL2.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ša2 ALLA «200 до передних звезд Краба», / 5 UŠ ana MUL2.MEŠ ar2.MEŠ ša2 ALLA NA MUL2.BABBAR «50 до задних звезд Краба … Юпитер», / ½ KASKAL ana 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A «150 до 2 звезд головы Льва», / 10 UŠ ana múlLUGAL «100 до Царя», / ⅔ KASKAL ana GIŠ.KUN ša2 UR.A «200 до бедра Льва» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, Section 9: rev. iv 23′–39′]. См. также выражение в текстах ЕАЕ: MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ «Звезда, не входящая в число «звезд для счета» [BPO 3, 215:36, 237:28, 244:18, 253:3, 254:4].

Полный список «нормальных звезд» не установлен. Реконструкции различной степени полноты см. [Sachs 1974, 46; Aaboe 1980, 22; Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 17–19; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 148–149; Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004].

Приведенный ниже список соответствует списку «нормальных звезд» в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 17–19; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 148–149] и отличается от него только № 28, 31–32, 36–38. Отождествления в № 31–32, 34–38 даны по [Roughton–Canzoneri 1992; Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004], см. также [Jones 2004].

СПИСОК НОРМАЛЬНЫХ ЗВЕЗД

1. MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Блестящая звезда ленты Рыб» (η Piscium).

2. MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN «Передняя звезда головы Наемника» (β Arietis).

3. MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN «Задняя звезда головы Наемника» (α Arietis).

4. MUL2.MUL2 «Звезды» (η Tauri).

5. Is le10 «Челюсть Быка» (α Tauri).

6. ŠUR GIGIR ša2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы» (β Tauri).

7. ŠUR GIGIR ša2 ULU3 «Южная вожжа Колесницы» (ζ Tauri).

8. MUL2 IGI ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ «Передняя звезды ног Близнецов» (η Geminorum).

9. MUL2 ar2 ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ «Задняя звезда ног Близнецов» (μ Geminorum).

10. MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов около Пастуха» (γ Geminorum).

11. MAŠ.MAŠ IGI «Передняя звезда Близнецов» (α Geminorum).

12. MAŠ.MAŠ ar2 «Задняя звезда Близнецов» (β Geminorum).

13. MUL2 IGI ša2 ALLA ša2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri).

14. MUL2 IGI ša2 ALLA ša2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri).

15. MUL2 ar2 ša2 ALLA ša2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri).

16. MUL2 ar2 ša2 ALLA ša2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу»(δ Cancri).

17. SAG A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis).

18. LUGAL «Царь» (α Leonis).

19. MUL2 TUR ša2 4 KUŠ3 ar2 LUGAL «Маленькая звезда в 4 локтях позади Царя» (ρ Leonis).

20. GIŠ.KUN A «Бедро Льва» (θ Leonis).

21. GIR3 ar2 ša2 A «Задняя лапа Льва» (β Virginis).

22. DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN «Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды» (γ Virginis).

23. SA4 ša2 ABSIN «Блестящая (звезда) Борозды» (α Virginis).

24. ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae).

25. ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть Весов» (β Librae).

26. MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii).

27. MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii).

28. MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii).

29. SI4 «Лиси» (α Scorpii).

30. MUL2 KUR ša2 KIR4 šil PA «Блестящая звезда на конце стрелы Пабилсага» (θ Ophiuchi).

31. 4-AM3 IGImeš ša2 PA «4 передние звезды Пабилсага» (μ (13), 14, 15 и 16 Sagittarii).

32. 4-AM3 ar2meš ša2 PA «4 задние звезды Пабилсага» (ν1, ν2, ξ1 и ξ2 Sagittarii).

33. SI MAŠ2 «Рог Козы-Рыбы» (β Capricorni).

34. MUL2 IGI ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Передняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (γ Capricorni).

35. MUL2 ar2 ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Задняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (δ Capricorni).

36. qup-pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii).

37. qup-pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление не установлено).

38. DUR SIM.MAḪ «Лента Ласточки» (вероятно, ε Piscium или группа звезд, включающая эту звезду).
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

MURUB4

2026-01-09T13:40:21Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MURUB4}}

(mul)MURUB4 (𒀯𒌘) = ''qablu'', ''qerbu'', (CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q 220), in the context of star-parts, the star(s) in the middle/mid-part of a constellation or asterism, as in the examples below.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ''qablu'' 'middle (part), middle'; a definition used in describing the positions of stars on constellation figures [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 283].

The texts include:

MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "middle star of the head of Scorpius" (Kurtik g19 [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]).

MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG LU "Middle star of the Hired Man's head" (Kurtik h12 [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]).

MURUB4 mulDAR.LUGAL "Middle star of the Rooster's head" (Kurtik d04 [[DAR.LUGAL]]).

MURUB4 mulMUŠ "Middle of the Snake" (Kurtik m43 [[MUŠ]]).

MURUB4 mulUGA "Middle of the Raven" (Kurtik u11 [[UGA|UGAmušen]]).

MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' "Middle of Libra" (Kurtik z10 ''[[Zibānītum]]'').

MURUB4 mulUR.IDIM "Middle of the Wolf" (Kurtik u21 [[UR.IDIM]]).

MURUB4 mulZA.BA4.BA4 "Middle of Zababa" (Kurtik z01 [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]).

MURUB4 mulGU4.ALIM "Middle of the Bison" (Kurtik g32 [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]).

MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The middle of the Goat-Fish" (Kurtik s24 [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]).

MURUB4 mulKU6 "Middle of Pisces" (Kurtik k24 [[KU6|KU6]]).

MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 "Middle portion of the Hired Man" (Kurtik h12 [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= qablu «средняя (часть), середина»; определение, используемое при описании положений звезд на фигурах созвездия [Gössmann 1950, 283].
В том числе в текстах встречаются:

MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (g19).

MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG LU «Средняя звезда головы Наемника» (h12).

MURUB4 mulDAR.LUGAL «Середина Петуха» (d04).

MURUB4 mulMUŠ «Середина Змеи» (m43).

MURUB4 mulUGA «Середина Ворона» (u11).

MURUB4 mulzi-ba-nit «Середина Весов» (z10).

MURUB4 mulUR.IDIM «Середина Волка» (u21).

MURUB4 mulZA.BA4.BA4 «Середина Забабы» (z01).

MURUB4 mulGU4.ALIM «Середина Зубра» (g32).

MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Середина Козы-Рыбы» (s24).

MURUB4 mulKU6 «Середина Рыбы» (k24).

MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Середина Наемника» (h12).
|Example
|}

==References==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Muštarīlu

2026-01-09T13:36:05Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Muštarīlu''}}
mul / d''Muštarīlu'' (𒀯𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻), a name for Mercury. Discussion of the name is available in [CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> MII 286-287] and below. Another reading mul / d''Muš-ta-dal-lu'' can be proposed from the Dt-root of ''šadālu,'' 'the extended-one, enlarged one.'

{{Template:Mercury}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
The name of Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 287]. Only in astrological commentary: d''Muš-ta-ri-lu'' = dudu.idim.gu4.ud [II R, 47 ii 21]; for the parallel mul''Muš-ta-ri-lu'' see. [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref>, 178:5]. See also: MUL ''Mu-uš-''[...] in Rm. 2309 ii 6', cited in [CAD<ref name=":0" /> M/2, 287a].

The meaning of the name is unclear; the etymology proposed by von Soden (*''muštarī'' + ''ilu'') [AHw<ref name=":1">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 686a; von Soden 1959<ref>''Soden W. von''. Akkadisch ''muštarîlu'' "Merkur" und arabisch ''muštari'', türkisch ''müsterī'' "Jupiter" // WZKM. 1959. Bd. 62. S. 83-86.</ref>, 83-84] is rejected in [CAD M/2, 287a]. The reading te''muš-ta-ri-lu'' for [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1495:4, 14] adopted in [AHw<ref name=":1" />, 686a] is also rejected; the correct reading should be: ''te-eṣ-ṣir'' TA ''tal-lu'' "you draw a line from the height (of Cancer)" (instructions for making a gnomon) [CAD<ref name=":0" /> M/2, 287a].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m47)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|название Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 287]. Только в астрологическом комментарии: dMuš-ta-ri-lu = dudu.idim.gu4.ud [II R, 47 ii 21]; параллель mulMuš-ta-ri-lu см. [KAV, 178:5]. См. также: MUL Mu-uš-[…] в Rm. 2309 ii 6', цит. по [CAD M/2, 287a].
Смысл названия неясен; предложенная фон Зоденом этимология (*muštarī + ilu) [AHw, 686a; von Soden 1959, 83–84] отвергается в [CAD M/2, 287a]. Чтение temuš-ta-ri-lu для [LBAT, 1495:4, 14], принятое в [AHw, 686a], также отвергается; правильно должно быть: te-eṣ-ṣir TA tal-lu «ты проводишь линию от высоты (Рака)» (инструкция по изготовлению гномона) [CAD M/2, 287a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

Nabû

2025-12-27T17:42:03Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Nabû''}}
mul / d''Nabû''. The god Nabu, the titular deity of the city of Borsippa and son of Marduk, the god of nearby Babylon (and head of the Babylonian Pantheon) is typically identified with the planet Mercury in the first millennium BCE. Earlier, Marduk himself was identified with Mercury although this identification for the most part was update by an identification of Marduk with Jupiter. For identifications of Nabu with stars and constellations see below.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
'''Nabû.''' God of writing and wisdom, city god of Borsippa, considered as a scribe and later as a son of Marduk. dAK (EA 11r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Early form: mul / d''Na-bi-um''; = dAG, dPA, dMUATI; ''Nabû'', god, patron of the scribal arts and wisdom, son of Marduk and local deity of the city of Borsippa;

* 1) = planet Mercury,
* 2) = Antares (α Scorpii) (?),
* 3) constellation Ship (?) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 290].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''The 8th campaign of Sargon II.'''
* ''i-na qi''2-''bi-it ṣir-te ša''2 d''Nabû'' d''Marduk ša''2 ''i-na man-za-az'' mul.meš ... ''iṣ-ba-tu ta-lu-ku'' "According to the majestic command of Nabû (and) Marduk, who are in the stellar 'stations'... hold the way," quoted in [Brown 2000<ref name=":1">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 14, note 41]. Here, apparently, the reference is to Nabu and Marduk as the planets Mercury and Jupiter; for an analysis of various translations of the text and its interpretation, see [Brown 2000<ref name=":1" />, 14, note 41]. '''''NEED TO CHECK with new RIM volume???'''''
|Example
|-
|'''"Neo-Assyrian Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
Among the astral gods:

* mul''Na-bi-um'' [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:20].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 8:7; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248] (Mercury). See below Astrology
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Stars of Ea (no. 11):

* "Scorpius's breast: Fox, Nabu" (I ii 30), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. SAA 10 <s>[LABS</s><ref name=":4">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 64:5<s>]</s>.
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:38.'''
* mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = d''Nabû''(MUATI) ''u'' d''Taš-me-tu''4 "Ship (and) Goat-fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:38; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
* See also d''Na-bi-um lu-u''2 dPA-[''a-ti''?...] [Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, IIIa: 7′].
|
|}
The star of the east and west: d''Nabû''(AG) ''ni-bu-bu-u''2? ... MUL ''ṣit šamši''(dUTU.E3) ''u''3 ''erēb šamši''(dUTU.ŠU2.A) "Nabû, the brilliant ... star of the east and west" [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386:11], previously quoted in Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 290 from BE 8 142.

===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Nabu as a deity became known in Mesopotamia from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The center of worship and veneration for Nabu was the city of Borsippa near Babylon. With time, he entered the circle of Marduk's gods, first as his vizier, mentioned in AN:d''Anum'' (II 242) (dAG d''Na-bi-um'' = SUKKAL dMarduk.ke4 "Nabu = Minister of Marduk" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 96:242]) he appears in this capacity, and then (not before the Kassite period) as the son of Marduk and Zarpanitu. The goddess of fate, Tashmetu, was considered his wife. The importance of Nabu gradually increased, in popularity, he equaled Marduk and evenא outshone Marduk in the Neo-Babylonian period. The standard symbol of Nabu is the scribe's slate. Some attributes of Marduk, including the serpent dragon ''[[mušhuššu]]'' were also transferred to him [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 48]. The earliest evidence of the astral meaning of Nabu is the description of the 8th campaign of Sargon II (714 BC). It remains unclear why exactly Nabu was identified in Mesopotamia with the planet Mercury. Since Nabu was considered the son of Marduk, in astrology, Mercury was regarded as the star of the crown prince. See. [MHM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 194; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 133-134; Brown 2000<ref name=":1" />, 67-68; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, 19, § 21; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 380-384].

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Moon and Nabu (= Mercury); DIŠ 30 ''ina'' UD.1.KAM2 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 SI-''šu''2 ''ša''2 2,30 GAM-''ma'' mul''Na-bu-u''2 (var.: ''Ne''2-''bu-u''2): mul''Dil-bat ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''az'' [MU.3.KAM2] KUR.[MAR].TU KUR2 KU2 "If the Moon (is observed) at its appearance on the 1st day (of the month and) its left horn is beveled by Mercury, var: Venus stands on its side: [within 3 years] the enemy will devour the country of [Amu]r" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" />, 8:7; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, Table I, § 21].

2) Observation of Nabu as Mercury (?); [ina] dUTU.ŠU2.A ''ne''2-˹''ta''˺-''ma''[''r''] / [''is-s'']''u-ri a-na'' LUGAL EN-[''ia''] / [''i-š'']''ap-pa-ru-u''2-''n''[''i''] / [''ma-a p'']''a-ni-u''2 dP[A] / [''ma-a ur'']-''ki-u''2 d[xx] "We have observed ... in the] west. [Mi]ght [th]ey write to the king, [my] lord: '[The] first (was) Na[bu], [the] last god [xx]'" [LABS<ref name=":4" />, 64:2-6]; this letter probably refers to Nabu as Mercury [Brown 2000<ref name=":1" />, 56].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|ранняя форма: mul / dNa-bi-um; = dAG, dPA, dMUATI; Набу, бог, покровитель писцового искусства и мудрости, сын Мардука и местное божество города Борсиппы; 1) = планета Меркурий, 2) = Антарес (α Scorpii) (?), 3) созвездие Корабль (?) [Gössmann 1950, 290].
I. Источники.

8-й поход Саргона II. i-na qi2-bi-it ṣir-te ša2 dNabû dMarduk ša2 i-na man-za-az mul.meš …iṣ-ba-tu ta-lu-ku «Согласно величественному повелению Набу (и) Мардука, которые в звездных «стоянках» … держат путь», цит. по [Brown 2000, 14, note 41]. Здесь, по-видимому, речь идет о Набу и Мардуке как планетах Меркурии и Юпитере; анализ различных вариантов перевода текста и его интерпретации см. [ibid.]. «Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам». Среди астральных богов: mulNa-bi-um [Oppenheim 1959, 283:20]. EAE. См. [ACh Suppl., 8:7; Verderame 2002, 248]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Эа (№ 11): «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), см. g19GIR2.TAB. «Письма». См. [LABS, 64:5]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:38. mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(MUATI) u dTaš-me-tu4 «Корабль (и) Коза-рыба = Набу и Ташмету» [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162–3]. См. также dNa-bi-um lu-u2 dPA-[a-ti?…] [Verderame 2002, IIIa: 7′].

Звезда востока и запада: dNabû(AG) ni-bu-u2? … MUL ṣit šamši(dUTU.E3) u3 erēb šamši(dUTU.ŠU2.A) «Набу, блестящий … звезда востока и запада» [BE VIII, 142:10], цит. по [Gössmann 1950, 290]; параллель см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386:11].

II. Божество.

Набу как божество стал известен в Месопотамии с начала II тыс. до н.э. Центром его почитания был город Борсиппа, расположенный вблизи Вавилона. Со временем он вошел в круг богов Мардука сначала как его визирь, в AN:dAnum (II 242) (dAG dNa-bi-um = SUKKAL dMarduk.ke4 «Набу = министр Мардука» [Litke 1998, 96:242]) он фигурирует именно в этом качестве, а затем (не ранее касситского периода) как сын Мардука и Зарпаниту. Его женой считалась богиня судьбы Ташмету. Значение Набу постепенно возрастало, по своей популярности он сравнялся с Мардуком и даже вытеснил его в нововавилонский период. Стандартным символом Набу считался писцовый грифель. К нему перешли также некоторые атрибуты Мардука, в том числе змеиный дракон Мушхушшу [Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Самое раннее свидетельство об астральном значении Набу — описание 8-го похода Саргона II (714 г. до н.э.). Остается невыясненным, почему именно Набу отождествляли в Месопотамии с планетой Меркурий. Поскольку Набу считался сыном Мардука, в астрологии Меркурий рассматривался как звезда наследного принца. См. [MHM II, 194; Black–Green 1992, 133–134; Brown 2000, 67–68; Verderame 2002, 19, § 21; Tallqvist 1938, 380–384].

III. Астрология.

(1) Луна и Набу (= Меркурий); DIŠ 30 ina UD.1.KAM2 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 SI-šu2 ša2 2,30 GAM-ma mulNa-bu-u2 (вар.: Ne2-bu-u2) : mulDil-bat ina A2-šu2 GUB-az [MU.3.KAM2] KUR.[MAR].TU KUR2 KU2 «Если Луна (наблюдается) при своем появлении в 1-й день (месяца и) ее левый рог скошен Меркурием, вар.: Венера с его стороны стоит: [в течение 3 лет] враг пожрет страну [Амур]ру» [ACh Suppl., 8:7; Verderame 2002, Table I, § 21].

(2) Наблюдение Набу как Меркурия (?); [ina] dUTU.ŠU2.A ne2-˹ta˺-ma[r] / [is-s]u-ri a-na LUGAL EN-[ia] / [i-š]ap-pa-ru-u2-n[i] / [ma-a p]a-ni-u2 dP[A] / [ma-a ur]-ki-u2 d[xx] «Мы наблюдал[и … на] западе. [Мо]жет быть [о]ни напишут царю, [моему] господину: “[Пе]рвым (был) На[бу], [послед]ним бог [xx]”» [LABS, 64:2–6]; в этом письме речь идет, возможно, о Набу как Меркурии [Brown 2000, 56].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

NAGAR

2025-12-27T17:03:21Z

JanSafford:

m<s>ul</s><s>NAGAR (𒀯𒉄) is an ancient Mesopotamian Should be with Alla</s>
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= mulalla; sign of the zodiac and constellation Crab (Cancer) in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 294], see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]] and (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = mulalla; знак зодиака и созвездие Краб (Cancer) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 294], см. a21ALLA и a18AL.LUL.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

KUR2.RA

2025-12-27T16:51:55Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUR2.RA}}

mul lúKUR2.RA (𒀯𒇽𒉽𒊏) is a Sumerian name for Mars with two Akkadian equivalents given in the source material: ''nakru'', ''nakaru'' "Enemy, Stranger, Alien-star"; ''šanûmma,'' "Strange, Evil-star." Note kur2 = both ''nakru'' and ''šanûmma'' in the sign-list Proto-Aa (CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Š/1 397).
== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* = ''nakru'', ''nakaru'' "Enemy, Stranger, Alien";
* = ''šanûmma'' "Strange, Inimical, Evil-star,"
* d''Šanûmma'' (𒀭𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠) is the Akkadian equivalent.

A Sumerian name for Mars with both Akkadian equivalents in lexical lists, the Great Star List [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 245; Reynolds 1998<ref>Reynolds</ref>: 350].

For ''nakaru'' see the example from Enuma Anu Enlil below.

{| class="wikitable"
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

*(a) mul lúKUR2.RA = ''n'''<nowiki/>'''a-kar'' = MIN (= d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']) "Enemy = enemy = Mars",
*(b) mul lúKUR2.RA = ''ša''2-''nu-um-ma'' = MIN "Stranger = other (alien) = Mars" [Urgud, MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:34-35], for a parallel see. [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 4].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*DIŠ UD GUB.BA-''šu''2 mul''Na-ka-ru'' DU BALA NAM.KUR2.MEŠ "If an enemy stands in its (the True Shepherd of Anu's) place: the kingship (will be passed on to) the enemies" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVIII 13].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
*(1) List of the names of Mars: mul[''n'']''a-ka-ru'' = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
*(2) 7 names of Mars (7 ''zik-ri-šu''): ul''na-ka-ru'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:90, 237].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, k29)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= nakru, nakaru «Враг», «Чужой»; название Марса [Gössmann 1950, 245; Reynolds 1998; AHw, 718b].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: a) mul lúKUR2.RA = na-kar = MIN (= dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Враг = враг = Марс», b) mul lúKUR2.RA = ša2-nu-um-ma = MIN «Чужак = другой (чужой) = Марс» [MSL XI, 40:34–35], параллель см. [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 4]. EAE. DIŠ UD GUB.BA-šu2 mulNa-ka-ru DU BALA NAM.KUR2.MEŠ «Если на его (Праведного Пастуха Ану) месте Враг стоит: царствование (перейдет к) врагам» [BPO 2, XVIII 13]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mul[n]a-ka-ru = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu); (2) 7 имен Марса (7 zik-ri-šu): ulna-ka-ru [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:90, 237].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, n04)
|
|-
|
===mul''Nakaru''===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul lúKUR2.RA «Враг, Чужой»; эпитет Марса, в лексических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 293], см. k29lúKUR2.RA.
|
|}

==References ==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

NANNA

2025-12-27T16:50:49Z

JanSafford:

dNANNA (𒀭𒋀𒆠) is the most common, standard, Sumerian name for the Moon-god = Akkadian Sin. The name is also used as a loan-word in Akkadian, occasionally with a final consonant 'r' as with dNannaru in Enūma Eliš, V 12.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, ===
Var. readings: dNANNAR, and dŠEŠ.KI (to be read dNANNA);

Nanna is the most common Sumerian name for the Moon-god, both in astronomical/astrological and mythological contexts. as well as in his earthly manifestations, for example when present in temple-statuary. For Nannar resumed by R, note e.g. Enūma eliš, V 12: d''Nanna-ru'' (var. d''Nanna-ri'')'','' and see CAD NI 269-270 (nannaru A). <s>For the name in Old Babylonian and Middle Babylonian astrological and mythological texts, see e.g. Šileiko 1927<ref>Šileiko 1927. ''Šileiko V. '' Mondlaufprognosen aus der Zeit der erster babylonischen Dynastie // ДАН. Сер. В. 1927. С. 125-128. </ref>, 126; Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 204:17],</s>

Identification in the list of gods AN:

* d''Anum'' (III 1): d''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI) = d''Sîn''(EŠ) "Nanna = Sin" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 116 + Comment.]

See also [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 731b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 260-261; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 295; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 18; Krebernik 1995; Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 39, 46; I<s>IIR, 55, 3:10; Verderame 2002</s><ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 380; Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:10].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: dNANNAR, dŠEŠ.KI (устаревшие); Нанна — шумерское божество Луны, имя которого в значении «Луна» иногда используется в старовавилонских и средневавилонских астрологических и мифологических текстах. См., например, «Текст Шилейко» [Šileiko 1927, 126; Horowitz 2000, 204:17], а также Enūma eliš, V 12. Отождествление в списке богов AN:dAnum (III 1): dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI) = dSîn(EŠ) «Нанна = Син» [Litke 1998, 116 + Comment.]. См. также [AHw, 731b; CAD N/1, 260–261; Gössmann 1950, 295; HBA, 18; Krebernik 1995; Livingstone 1986, 39, 46; IIIR, 55, 3:10; Verderame 2002, 248; Tallqvist 1938, 380; Weidner 1924–25, 10:10].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]
[[Category:Deity]]

NANNA

2025-12-27T16:49:34Z

JanSafford:

dNANNA (𒀭𒋀𒆠) is the most common, standard, Sumerian name for the Moon-god = Akkadian Sin. The name is also used as a loan-word in Akkadian, occasionally with a final consonant 'r' as with dNannaru in Enūma Eliš, V 12.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, Safford ===
Var. readings: dNANNAR, and dŠEŠ.KI (to be read dNANNA);

Nanna is the most common Sumerian name for the Moon-god, both in astronomical/astrological and mythological contexts. as well as in his earthly manifestations, for example when present in temple-statuary. For Nannar resumed by R, note e.g. Enūma eliš, V 12: d''Nanna-ru'' (var. d''Nanna-ri'')'','' and see CAD NI 269-270 (nannaru A). <s>For the name in Old Babylonian and Middle Babylonian astrological and mythological texts, see e.g. Šileiko 1927<ref>Šileiko 1927. ''Šileiko V. '' Mondlaufprognosen aus der Zeit der erster babylonischen Dynastie // ДАН. Сер. В. 1927. С. 125-128. </ref>, 126; Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 204:17],</s>

Identification in the list of gods AN:

* d''Anum'' (III 1): d''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI) = d''Sîn''(EŠ) "Nanna = Sin" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 116 + Comment.]

See also [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 731b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 260-261; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 295; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 18; Krebernik 1995; Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 39, 46; I<s>IIR, 55, 3:10; NSAM 2</s><ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 380; Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:10].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: dNANNAR, dŠEŠ.KI (устаревшие); Нанна — шумерское божество Луны, имя которого в значении «Луна» иногда используется в старовавилонских и средневавилонских астрологических и мифологических текстах. См., например, «Текст Шилейко» [Šileiko 1927, 126; Horowitz 2000, 204:17], а также Enūma eliš, V 12. Отождествление в списке богов AN:dAnum (III 1): dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI) = dSîn(EŠ) «Нанна = Син» [Litke 1998, 116 + Comment.]. См. также [AHw, 731b; CAD N/1, 260–261; Gössmann 1950, 295; HBA, 18; Krebernik 1995; Livingstone 1986, 39, 46; IIIR, 55, 3:10; NSAM 2, 248; Tallqvist 1938, 380; Weidner 1924–25, 10:10].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]
[[Category:Deity]]

GIGIR

2025-12-27T16:48:14Z

JanSafford:

[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
mul gišGIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = (mul)''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024]<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":0" />. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulLAGABxBAD, the compound elements for the sign GIGIR.
* = ''narkabtu''; the syllabic entry is found mostly in lexical texts.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists of stars: mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹mulgigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18].
* (2) Urra XXII series: Urra XXII: 290', mul gišgigir = d''En''-[''me-šar''2]-''ra'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],
* (3) Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGABxBAD ''ša''2 mulLAGABxBAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|Example
|-
| '''"Enki and the World Order."'''
See (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = [[IKU|mulIKU]].
|Example
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: in the list of astral gods mul gišGIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Astrological predictions, see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN II iii 22-27].
|
|-
|'''"Letters"'''
Report on the observation of Jupiter:

* ''šap-la'' mul gišGIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2 ''iz-za-az'' "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [SAA 10, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2 289-291].
|
|-
|'''The Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:
** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′],
** GU4.UD ''ar''2 GIGIR ŠU2, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU2...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′],
** MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU2 "The last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12],
** GENNA ''ina'' GIGIR SU2 "The last appearance of Saturn in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′], etc.
* (2) There are two "normal stars" in the constellation.
** (a) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).
** (b) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU2 "Southern Chariot reins" (ζ Tauri).
|
|}
See also: mul gišGIGIR ''='' d[[Dilbat|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Enmesharra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Symbol. ====
Chariot with the body of Enmesharra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

===== Identification. =====
= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913, 15:62].

= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59, 73a].

= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2, 291].

= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2, 11-12].

= north of Taurus [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).

(2) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU2 "Southern Chariot reins" (ζ Tauri).

Stars (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon "rides" on the Chariot; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 12.

In astrological texts the asterism is mentioned more often as d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' (cf. e11).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g15)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulLAGAB´BAD; = narkabtu «Колесница»; созвездие, включавшее звезды северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки звезд: mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹mulgigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [nar-kab-tu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13], mul gišgigir = dEn-[me-šar2]-ra [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. (3) Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница (созвездия) “Колесница Энмешарры”» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. См. также sh16ŠU.GI. «Энки и устройство мира». См. a48AŠ.GAN2. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: в списке астральных богов mul gišGIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания, см. u02U.RI.RI [MA, 110]. «Письма» Сообщение о наблюдении Юпитера: šap-la mul gišGIGIR ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2 iz-za-az «ниже Колесницы на пути (звезд) Энлиля он стоит» [SAA 10, 363 r. 9–10, 11; LAS 2 289–291]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) Созвездие использовалось для фиксации положений планет, например: AN ina GIGIR «Марс в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL2.BABBAR ina GIGIR «Юпитер в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′], GU4.UD ar2 GIGIR ŠU2, AN ina G[IGIR SU2…] «Последнее появление Меркурия позади Колесницы, [последнее появление] Марса в Ко[леснице…]» [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′], MUL2.BABBAR ina GIGIR ŠU2 «Последнее появление Юпитера в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12], GENNA ina GIGIR SU2 «Последнее появление Сатурна в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′] и др. (2) В созвездии две «нормальных звезды» (см. ниже).

См. также: mul gišGIGIR = dDili-pat2 [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ].

II. Божество.

Энмешарра, см. e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.

III. Символ.

Колесница c телом Энмешарры (?), см. e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.

IV. Отождествление.

= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα «Колесница», упоминается в «Варварской сфере» греческого астролога Тевкра («Вавилонянина») (I в.н.э.?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold–Kopff–Boll 1913, 15:62].

= Hyades [Weidner 1957–59, 73a].

= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2, 291].

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11–12].

= северная часть Тельца [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) ŠUR GIGIR ša2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы» (β Tauri).

(2) ŠUR GIGIR ša2 ULU2 «Южная вожжа Колесницы» (ζ Tauri).

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Луна “едет” на Колеснице; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 12.

В астрологических текстах созвездие упоминается чаще как dEn-me-šar2-ra (см. e11).
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, n07)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Narkabtu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGIGIR «Колесница»; cозвездие в северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus); силлабическая запись встречается в основном в лексических текстах. См. g15GIGIR и e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]

Naṣrapu

2025-12-27T16:45:18Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Naṣrapu''}}
mul''Naṣrapu'' (𒀯𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, a group of stars in the constellation Perseus [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 296; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 757a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 51a]..

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ziqpu XV,
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars. ''We should really think about what natsrapu means????'''''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [1½ MA.NA MIN (=''šuqultu'') | 10] UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN](=''ina šamê'') / [TA MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 mulŠU.GI] | EN mul''na''-[''aṣ-ra-pi''] "[1½ min. weight, 10 degrees] on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / [From the brilliant star in the Old Man] to the ''na''[''ṣrapu'']",
** (b) [2½ MA. NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3] "[2½ minas of weight], 150 o[n ear]th, 27,000 miles in the sky / From Natsrapu to [the Staff]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:31-32, 217:1-2; TU, 21:31-32, r. 1-2; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' "10 degrees to the ''naṣrapu''" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:10], parallel [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1501:14].
* '''<big>''(3) VAT 16436: múlna-aṣ2-ra-pu // 6 // 8 IGI 2 ME "naṣrap // 6 (stars) // 8200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:7]. BM 37373 - 6 stars in natsrapu???? - check all BM37373???= Horowitz and Fincke JNES 77 2017????''</big>'''
* (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul''na''-˹''aṣ''˺-''ra-pi'' "10 degrees to the ''naṣrapu''" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":2">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:15]; see also BM 61677: ˹⅔˺ DANNA a-na na-aṣ-r[a-pi...] "2/3 of a league to the ''naṣr''[''apu'']" [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 180:7'].
|Example
|-
|'''W22281a.'''
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= ε Persei [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 296].

= b, c Persei+ [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ziqpu XV, группа звезд в созвездии Персея [Gössmann 1950, 296; AHw, 757a; CAD N/1, 51a].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [1½ MA.NA MIN (=šuqultu) | 10] UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN](=ina šamê) / [TA MUL ni-bi-i ša2 mulŠU.GI] | EN mulna-[aṣ-ra-pi] «[1½ мины веса, 100] на земле, 18000 миль на небе / [От блестящей звезды в Старике] до На[црапу]», b) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на неб[е] / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:31–32, 217:1–2; TU, 21:31–32, r. 1–2; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mulna-aṣ-ra-pi «100 до Нацрапу» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:10], параллель [LBAT, 1501:14]. (3) VAT 16436: múlna-aṣ2-ra-pu // 6 // 8 IGI 2 ME «Нацрапу // 6 (звезд) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:7]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mulna-˹aṣ˺-ra-pi «100 до Нацрапу» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:15]; см. также BM 61677: ˹⅔˺ DANNA a-na na-aṣ-r[a-pi…] «200 до Нацр[апу]» [ibid., 180:7']. W22281a. См. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Отождествление.

= ε Persei [Gössmann 1950, 296].

= b, c Persei+ [Schaumberger 1952, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

NE.GI.IZI.GAR

2025-12-27T16:33:23Z

JanSafford:

Now to be read - perhaps put under Girra - anyway redo??? = N13

118’’’ M ii’ 7’ MUL.GIBIL6.IZI.GAR | [

O (remainder is missing)

mulNE.GI.IZI.GAR (𒀯𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Lit. "Torch of Girra"(?); = Aldebaran, according to [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 28; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 300]; the name occurs only in [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, K. 7069:7].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Факел Гирры»(?); = Альдебаран, согласно [HBA, 28; Gössmann 1950, 300]; название встречается только в [CT 26, 49, K. 7069:7].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

NE.NE.GAR

2025-12-27T16:31:48Z

JanSafford:

mulNE.NE.GAR (𒀯𒉈𒉈𒃻) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
The name is present only in the list of astral gods in the New Year ritual in Babylon: múlNE.NE.GAR ''ša''2 ''ina ramani''(NI2)-''šu''2 ''banû''(DU3)u "Nenegar who created himself" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 138:311; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229]. If this is correct, one can compare this with the tradition in Neo-Assyrian Enuma-Elish theology that Assur created himself '''''(need reference)??? Thus, we may have here an echo in the Babylonian tradition of a previous Assyrian polemic against Marduk and Babylon making use of the Enuma Elish narrative.'''''

In [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 301] the identity mulNE.NE.GAR = [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR|mulNE.GI.IZI.GAR]] is assumed (see Kurtik n13); in [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 138, n. 660] the reading NE.NE.GAR = ''Ne-bi''2-''ru''x, i.e. Jupiter, is suggested. The name corresponds to the 5th month of the Babylonian calendar (ituNE.IZI.GAR = ''abu''); therefore, it is not excluded that it denotes one of the constellations heliacally rising in this month: According to MUL.APIN I ii 44, on the 5th or 15th day of the month mulPAN ('the Bow') and mulLUGAL ('the King'), which would be Marduk in time and place of the Babylonian New Year's Ritual tablets. This too can lead us to a identification of mulNE.NE.GAR with Mardu'''''k.'''''

'''''cf. Marduk 6 DIŠ ina ITU.NE dma-ak-ru-ú dAMAR.UTU = GSL with Jeanette -- cross reference makru^'''''

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| название присутствует только в списке астральных богов в новогоднем ритуале в Вавилоне: múlNE.NE.GAR ša2 ina ramani(NI2)-šu2 banû(DU3)u «Ненегар, который сам себя создал» [RАcc., 138:311; Linssen 2004, 220, 229].
В [Gössmann 1950, 301] предполагается тождество mulNE.NE.GAR = mulNE.GI.IZI.GAR (см. n13); в [Reiner 1995, 138, n. 660] предлагается чтение NE.NE.GAR = Ne-bi2-rux, т.е. Юпитер. Название соответствует 5-му месяцу вавилонского календаря; не исключено поэтому, что оно обозначает одно из созвездий, гелиакически восходящих в этот месяц.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Nēberu

2025-12-27T16:30:07Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Nēberu''}}

mul / d''Nēberu'' (𒀯𒉌𒁉𒊒) is an ancient Mesopotamian name for the asterism of their god Marduk. This asterism has various alternative names.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Krebernik (2023)===
Name of Marduk’s star, derived from ''ebēru'' “to cross” and usually understood as “ford”, but the underlying nominal pattern *ma-PRaS is also used as a nomen instrumenti, in which case it would mean “vehicle” (as has sometimes be suggested, see, e.g. Unger 1959, 461f). d''Né-be-ru, Ne-bé-ri'' (EN 33r).
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Lit. "Ferry, ford, crossing";

* 1) the name of Jupiter, adopted mainly in mythological and astrological texts,
* 2) the name of Mercury [Gössmann 1950, 311; CAD N/2, 147a].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6]; parallels [SpTU III, 114A v 64; Weidner 1959-60 112, VAT 9430:25; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 112:324ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI (list of names of Jupiter): mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi''2-''ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI, 40:25].
|Example
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [mul]''Ne''2-''be''2-[''ru''] [Oppenheim 1959, 282:12].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
* Astrolabe B. List (12´3): mul ''sa''5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu / egir dingir.meš ''gi''6''-ti'' ''ug-da-me''2-''ru-nim-ma'' / an-''e'' bar-''ma'' gub-''iz'' mul.bi / d''Ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' damar.utu "The red star that stands at the rising of the south wind after the Gods of the Night have completed (their movements) and divides the sky (in two), this star is Neberu, Marduk" (B ii 29-32); see also [MA, 126; Koch 1991, 62; Horowitz 1998, 159].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars."'''
* Anu 10. MUL SA5 [''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3lu EGIR DINGI]R.˹MEŠ˺ ''mu-ši u''[''g-da-me-ru-nim-ma''] / [AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' MUL.BI d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' d''Marduk''] "The red star [which at the rising of the south wind after] the night [gods] have completed (their movements), [divides the sky (in two) and stands there, this star Neberu, Marduk]" (A. 24, B. 24-25) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178 + comment.].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, I 10, II 5-5a; BPO 3, 285]. Ee.

* (1) Beginning of Tablet V, which recounts the creation of the world by Marduk: ''u''2-''ba-aš''2-''šim man-za-za an'' DINGIR.DINGIR GAL.MEŠ / MUL.MEŠ ''tam-šil-šu-n''[''u''] ''lu-ma-ši uš-zi-iz'' / ''u''2-''ad-di'' MU.AN.NA ''mi-iṣ-ra-ta u''2-''aṣ-ṣi''r / 12 ITU.MEŠ MUL.MEŠ 3.TA.AM3 ''uš-zi-iz'' / ''iš-tu u''4-''mi ša'' MU.AN.NA ''uṣ-ṣ''[''i-r'']''u u''2''-ṣu-ra-ti'' / ''u''2''-šar-šid man-za-az'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''re ana ud-du-u rik-si-šu''2-''un'' / ''a-na la e-peš an-ni la e-gu-u''2 ''ma-na-na'' / ''man-za-az'' d''En-lil''2 ''u'' d''E''2''-a u''2-''kin it-ti-šu''2 "He arranged station points for the gods of the great ones. / The stars, the likenesses and [x], he established as constellations. / He marked the year, defined its divisions. / He set three stars for each of the twelve months. / Then he began the plan of the days of the year. / He set the position of the Neberu to fix their connections. / So that no one (in his movement) would commit a sin or show carelessness. / He established the stations of Enlil and Ea with his (Neberu's) help" (V 1-8), quoted in [Landsberger-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 156-157], see also [Horowitz 1998, 114-115; Koch 1991, 51; Mesop.Astrol., 116].
* (2) In the list of names of Marduk: d''Ne''2-''be''2''-ru ne''2-''be''2-''re-et šamê''(AN)e ''u erṣetim''(KI)tim ''lu-u''2 ''ta-me-eḫ-ma'' / ''e-liš u''3 ''šap-liš la eb-be''2''-ru li-qi''2-ʼ-''šu''2 ''ša''2-''a-šu'' / d''Ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' MUL''-šu''2 ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(AN)e ''u''2-''ša''2-''pu-u'' / ''lu-u''2 ''ṣa-bit kun-sag-gi šu-nu ša-a-šu lu-u''2 ''pal-su-šu''2 "Let Neberu supervise the crossing of heaven and earth. / So that they (the gods) cannot cross above and below, but must wait for him. / Neberu is his (Marduk's) star, which he made to shine in the sky. / He is the one who determines the 'turning point,' they must look to him" (VII 124-127), quoted in [Horowitz 1998, 115], see also [Landsberger-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 173; Koch 1991, 52-53].
* (3) ''šum-šu lu-u''2 d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "Let his (Marduk's) name be Neberu" (VII 131).
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of Enlil's stars in the last place (No. 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-da-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star — (though) its light is dim — divides the sky in two and stands there: (it is) the star of Marduk, Neberu" (I i 34-37) [MA, 28].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10, 362 r. 3; SAA 8, 147:5, r. 1, 254 r. 2, 323:5, 7].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Akkad: mulNe2-be2-rum in the last position [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:213].
|
|-
|'''"Prayer to the Gods of the Night."'''
* In the Neo-Assyrian version: [mul]Ne2-be2-ru [Oppenheim 1959, 282:12].
|
|-
|'''A ritual against an epidemic.'''
See. [TuL 163, 34:14]. Text IIIR 53.2. The name of Jupiter in the month of tashritu, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
The astronomical meaning of mul/d''Nēberu'' "Ferry, Crossing" has long been debated and remains not yet fully understood. For the main points of discussion see. [Schott 1936; 3. Erg., 313-314; Unger 1954; Landsberger-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172-174; MA, 126; Koch 1991; Mesop.Astrol., 117, 120; Horowitz 1998, 115-116, 159; Brown 2000, 58; Horowitz 2014, 20-25; Hunger-Steele 2018, 177]. Among the hypotheses considered, some of which have already been discarded (Milky Way, Polaris, etc.), the following two are relevant:

Neberu = Jupiter at its passage through the meridian; evidence in Astrolabe B, MUL.APIN, [SAA 8, 147:7-r. 1] (see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 8); for objections see. [MA, 126].

Neberu = Mercury; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-[''ru šumšu''] "If Mercury divides the sky (in half) and stands there, [its name would be] Nebe[ru]" (K. 6174:9, K. 12769:6) [MA, 126]. Obviously, we cannot speak here of Mercury's passage through the meridian, since this planet is always near the Sun and is not visible at culminations. According to Koch, Neberu has the name of Mercury in Enūma eliš VII 124ff. [Koch 1991]; for objections, see [Koch 1991]. [Mesop.Astrol., 117, n. 2]. See also (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], III.

References identfying Neberu with fixed-stars/asterisms/constellations should be considered to be part of the same tradition that identifies planet-names with names of fixed-stars in sources such as The Great Star List, i.e. Neberu as a deckname for these asterisms.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Astrological meaning; mul''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru ana'' ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki "Neberu for (predicting) the attack of Elam" [BPO 2, I 10, II 5].

(2) Dark at its rising; DIŠ mul''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru ina'' E3-''šu''2 MI NIM.MAki ZI-''ma'' ... "If Neberu at its rising is dark: Elam will attack..." [BPO 2, II 5a + Parallels].

(3) Moon, halo, and Neberu; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo, and Neberu stands in it: the downfall of cattle and wild animals" [SAA 8, 147:5a + Parallels] [SAA 8, 147:5-6].

(4) The rising of Neberu; [DIŠ] mul''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' KUR-''ḫa-ma'' DINGIR.MEŠ SILIM-''ma'' [TUK.MEŠ]... "If Neberu rises: the gods [will find] reconciliation; confused (matters) will become clear, dark (matters) will be clarified; rain and high water will come; the harvested grass will suffice until winter, the winter grass until harvest time; all countries will live in contentment; hostile kings will be reconciled; the gods will accept sacrifices, hear prayers; they will answer the questions of the spell-casters." [SAA 8, 254 r. 2-10], for a parallel see. [ibid., 323:7-r. 4; Koch-Westenholz 2004].

(5) The absence (or delay) of Neberu's rising; DIŠ mul''Ne''2''-be''2''-ru iš-du-ud-ma'' DINGIR.MEŠ / ''i-ze-en-nu-u''2... "If Neberu is 'pulled': the gods will be angry, justice will be shamed; shining things will become dim, clear matters will be obscured; rain and high water will cease, grass will be beaten, (all) countries will come into disorder; the gods will not listen to prayers, will not respond to pleas, and will not answer the questions of spell-casters" [SAA 10, 362 r. 3-10], for a parallel see. [Koch-Westenholz 2004].

(6) Jupiter's conjunction with the Moon in Sagittarius; DIŠ mul''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB LUGAL GAL UŠ2-''ma'' DUMU-''šu''2 [...] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB [...] "If Neberu stands in the middle of it (= the Moon): the great king will die and his son [...] in Pabilsag Jupiter stands in the middle of the Moon [...]" [ACh Suppl., 52:19-20].

See also [ACh Suppl. 2, 52:23ff.], (Kurtik n45) [[Nīru|d''Nīru'']], II 2-3.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n15)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Паром, Брод, Переправа»; 1) название Юпитера, принятое в основном в мифологических и астрологических текстах, 2) название Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 311; CAD N/2, 147a].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul dMarduk(AMAR.UTU) = ni-bi-ri [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6]; параллели [SpTU III, 114A v 64; Weidner 1959–60 112, VAT 9430:25; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324ʹ]. (2) Cерия Ḫg. B VI (список имен Юпитера): mul dAMAR.UTU = ne-bi2-ru6 = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: [mul]Ne2-be2-[ru] [Oppenheim 1959, 282:12]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu / egir dingir.meš gi6-ti ug-da-me2-ru-nim-ma / an-e bar-ma gub-iz mul.bi / dNe2-be2-ru damar.utu «Красная звезда, которая стоит при восходе южного ветра после того как ночные боги завершили (свои движения) и делит небо (пополам), эта звезда Неберу, Мардук» (B ii 29–32); cм. также [МА, 126; Koch 1991, 62; Horowitz 1998, 159]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 10. MUL SA5 [ša2 ina ZI IM.ULU3lu EGIR DINGI]R.˹MEŠ˺ mu-ši u[g-da-me-ru-nim-ma] / [AN-e BAR-ma GUB-zu MUL.BI dNe2-be2-ru dMarduk] «Красная звезда, [которая при восходе южного ветра после того как] ночные [бог]и з[авершили] (свои движения), [делит небо (пополам) и стоит там, эта звезда Неберу, Мардук]» (A. 24, B. 24–25) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178 + comment.]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, I 10, II 5–5a; BPO 3, 285]. Ee. (1) Начало таблицы V, в которой повествуется о сотворении мира Мардуком: u2-ba-aš2-šim man-za-za an DINGIR.DINGIR GAL.MEŠ / MUL.MEŠ tam-šil-šu-n[u] lu-ma-ši uš-zi-iz / u2-ad-di MU.AN.NA mi-iṣ-ra-ta u2-aṣ-ṣir / 12 ITU.MEŠ MUL.MEŠ 3.TA.AM3 uš-zi-iz / iš-tu u4-mi ša MU.AN.NA uṣ-ṣ[i-r]u u2-ṣu-ra-ti / u2-šar-šid man-za-az dNe2-be2-re ana ud-du-u rik-si-šu2-un / a-na la e-peš an-ni la e-gu-u2 ma-na-na / man-za-az dEn-lil2 u dE2-a u2-kin it-ti-šu2 «Он устроил стоянки для богов великих. / Звезды, подобия и[х], он установил как созвездия. / Он отметил год, определил его подразделения. / Установил по 3 звезды на каждый из 12 месяцев. / Затем он наче[рт]ал план дней года. / Он установил положение Неберу, чтобы фиксировать их связи. / Чтобы никто (при своем движении) не совершил греха или проявил нерадивость. / Он установил стоянки Энлиля и Эа с его (Неберу) помощью» (V 1–8), цит. по [Landsberger–Kinnier Wilson 1961, 156–157], см. также [Horowitz 1998, 114–115; Koch 1991, 51; Mesop.Astrol., 116]. (2) В списке имен Мардука: dNe2-be2-ru ne2-be2-re-et šamê(AN)e u erṣetim(KI)tim lu-u2 ta-me-eḫ-ma / e-liš u3 šap-liš la eb-be2-ru li-qi2-ʼ-šu2 ša2-a-šu / dNe2-be2-ru MUL-šu2 ša2 ina šamê(AN)e u2-ša2-pu-u / lu-u2 ṣa-bit kun-sag-gi šu-nu ša-a-šu lu-u2 pal-su-šu2 «Пусть Неберу заведует переправой неба и земли. / Так что они (боги) не смогут переправляться выше и ниже, но должны дожидаться его. / Неберу ― его (Мардука) звезда, которую он заставил сиять на небе. / Он тот, кто определяет «поворотную точку», они должны смотреть на него» (VII 124–127), цит. по [Horowitz 1998, 115], см. также [Landsberger–Kinnier Wilson 1961, 173; Koch 1991, 52–53]. (3) šum-šu lu-u2 dNe2-be2-ru «Пусть его (Мардука) имя будет Неберу» (VII 131). MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Энлиля на последнем месте (№ 33): ki-ma MULmeš šu-ut dEn-lil2 ug-da-mi-ru-ni / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-su da-aʼ-mat AN-e BAR-ma GUB-zu MUL dAMAR.UTU ne2-bi-ri «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Неберу» (I i 34–37) [MA, 28]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 362 r. 3; SAA 8, 147:5, r. 1, 254 r. 2, 323:5, 7]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Аккада: mulNe2-be2-rum на последнем месте [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:213]. «Молитва ночным богам». В новоассирийской версии: [mul]Ne2-be2-ru [Oppenheim 1959, 282:12]. Ритуал против эпидемии. См. [TuL 163, 34:14]. Текст IIIR 53,2. Имя Юпитера в месяце ташриту, см. а28dAMAR.UTU.

II. Отождествление.

Астрономическое значение mul/dNēberu «Паром, Переправа» давно обсуждается и остается до сих пор не до конца проясненным. Основные положения дискуссии см. [Schott 1936; 3. Erg., 313–314; Unger 1954; Landsberger–Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172–174; MA, 126; Koch 1991; Mesop.Astrol., 117, 120; Horowitz 1998, 115–116, 159; Brown 2000, 58; Horowitz 2014, 20–25; Hunger–Steele 2018, 177]. Среди рассмотренных гипотез, часть из которых уже отброшена (Млечный Путь, Полярная звезда и т.д.), имеют значение две следующие:

Неберу = Юпитер при его прохождении через меридиан; свидетельства в Astrolabe B, MUL.APIN, [SAA 8, 147:7–r. 1] (см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 8); возражения см. [MA, 126].

Неберу = Меркурий; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD AN-e BAR-ma GUB-ma dNe2-be2-[ru šumšu] «Если Меркурий делит небо (пополам) и стоит там, [его имя] Небе[ру]» (K. 6174:9, K. 12769:6) [MA, 126]. Очевидно, здесь речь не может идти о прохождении Меркурия через меридиан, поскольку эта планета находится всегда вблизи Солнца и не видна в кульминациях. Согласно Коху, Неберу в Enūma eliš VII 124ff. есть название Меркурия [Koch 1991]; возражения см. [Mesop.Astrol., 117, n. 2]. См. также a28dAMAR.UTU, III.

III. Астрология.

(1) Астрологическое значение; mulNe2-be2-ru ana ZI-ut NIM.MAki «Неберу для (предсказания) нападения Элама» [BPO 2, I 10, II 5].

(2) Темный при восходе; DIŠ mulNe2-be2-ru ina E3-šu2 MI NIM.MAki ZI-ma … «Если Неберу при своем появлении темный: Элам нападет…» [BPO 2, II 5a + Parallels].

(3) Луна, гало и Неберу; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma dNe2-be2-ru ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz … «Если Луна окружена гало, и Неберу стоит в нем: падеж скота и диких животных» [SAA 8, 147:5–6].

(4) Восход Неберу; [DIŠ] mulNe2-be2-ru KUR-ḫa-ma DINGIR.MEŠ SILIM-ma [TUK.MEŠ]… «Если Неберу восходит: боги [обретут] примирение; запутанные (дела) станут ясными, темные (дела) прояснятся; придут дожди и высокая вода; травы, собранной в жатву, хватит до зимы, зимней травы до времени жатвы; все страны будут жить в довольстве; враждебные цари будут примирены; боги примут жертвоприношения, услышат молитвы; они будут отвечать на вопросы заклинателей» [SAA 8, 254 r. 2–10], параллель см. [ibid., 323:7–r. 4; Koch-Westenholz 2004].

(5) Отсутствие (или задержка) восхода Неберу; DIŠ mulNe2-be2-ru iš-du-ud-ma DINGIR.MEŠ / i-ze-en-nu-u2… «Если Неберу «тянет»: боги разгневаются, справедливость посрамится; блестящие вещи станут тусклыми, ясные дела затемнятся; дожди и высокая вода прекратятся, трава будет побита, (все) страны придут в беспорядок; боги не будут слушать молитв, откликаться на мольбы, не будут отвечать на вопросы заклинателей» [SAA 10, 362 r. 3–10], параллель см. [Koch-Westenholz 2004].

(6) Соединение Юпитера с Луной в Стрельце; DIŠ mulNe2-be2-ru ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB LUGAL GAL UŠ2-ma DUMU-šu2 […] / ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG mulSAG.ME.GAR ina ŠA3 30 GUB […] «Если Неберу в середине нее (= Луны) стоит: великий царь умрет и сын его […] в Пабилсаге Юпитер в середине Луны стоит […]» [ACh Suppl., 52:19–20].

См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 52:23ff.], n45dNīru, II 2–3.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Nebû

2025-12-27T16:26:39Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Nebû''}}
mul''Nebû'' (𒀯𒉌𒁍𒌑) refers to exceptionally bright points of light in the sky, most often with reference to Venus, or the brightest star in a constellation or asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= mulSA4, mulDIL.BAD; = "Brilliant star";

* 1) a star of great brilliance [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 310], - also CAD<ref name=":0" /> N/2, 148b]. --
* 2) an epithet of Venus [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 77b; CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 148b]. -- the AHw reference is not correct??? - should be 774b???

These include:

(1) MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' "Red star with great brilliance in the Stag bud" (β Andromedae), see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]].

(2) MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulUZ3 "Brilliant star in the Goat" (= Vega), see (Kurtik L03) [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]].

(3) MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "Brilliant star in the Old Man" (= ziqpu XIV, α Persei), see n21, (Kurtik sh24) [[ŠU.GI]].

(4) MUL2 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 "Star with great brilliance on the breast of the (Demon with the Gaping Mouth)" (= ziqpu IX, α Cygni), see (Kurtik n20) [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2-''bu''-''u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]], (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].

(5) MUL SA4 ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA "Star with great brilliance in the Heavenly Bull" (α Tauri ), see (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''10]].

(6) (mul)SA4 ''ša''2 mulTI8mušen "(Star) with great brilliance in the Eagle" (α Aquilae ), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].

(7) MUL DIL.BAD ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-ti'' "(A star) with great brilliance in ''Anunītu''" (γ Pegasi), see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|''Anunītu'']].

See also (Kurtik s03) [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulSA4, mulDIL.BAD; = «Блестящая звезда»; 1) звезда с большим блеском [Gössmann 1950, 310], 2) эпитет Венеры [AHw 77b; CAD N/2, 148b].
В том числе:

(1) MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim «Красная звезда c большим блеском в почке Оленя» (β Andromedae), см. b11BIR.

(2) MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulUZ3 «Блестящая звезда в Козе» (= Вега), см. L03dLAMMA.

(3) MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Блестящая звезда в Старике» (= ziqpu XIV, α Persei), см. n21, sh24ŠU.GI.

(4) MUL2 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Звезда с большим блеском на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди» (= ziqpu IX, α Cygni), см. n20, u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

(5) MUL SA4 ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA «Звезда с большим блеском в Небесном Быке» (α Tauri ), см. g33GU4.AN.NA, i15Is lê.

(6) (mul)SA4 ša2 mulTI8mušen «(Звезда) с большим блеском в Орле» (α Aquilae), см. a04A2mušen.

(7) MUL DIL.BAD ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Звезда с большим блеском в Ануниту» (γ Pegasi), см. a42Anunītu.

См. также s03SA4.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

Nergal

2025-12-27T16:24:36Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Nergal''}}
d''Nergal'' (𒀭𒌋𒄥) is an ancient Mesopotamian deity, identified with Mars and certain constellations and stars [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 302; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":0">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353-354].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
God of the netherworld; other names include ''Meslamtaʾea'' and ''Erra''. dU.GUR (EN 27r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= dU.GUR; Nergal, deity of the underworld, plague, war, and destruction.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

* List (12´3):
* mulud.ka.du8.a d''Nergal''(u.gur)
* "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12) [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38], parallel [ARAK<ref name=":1">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 284:2], see also (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ARAK<ref name=":1" />, 114:8, 284:2-3; 502:11, 541:12; SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 100:20-24; Horowitz 1994b<ref>''Horowitz W.'' A Join to Enuma Anu Enlil 50 // JCS. 1994. V. 46. P. 127-129.</ref>, 129:5 + n. 3].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of Enlil's stars (no. 26):

* mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR
* "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia"'''
List of Mar’s names:

* (1) [...] = ˹d˺Nergal(u.gur), [...] = [d]min(du.gur);
* (2) mulmin(=li9.si4) = du.gur [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 112, 113, 134]; the left-hand sections of identities (1) apparently contained Mars names [Reynolds 1998<ref name=":0" />, 198].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1: 4, 16, 18, 22.'''
* (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.la = dLugal-gir3-ra ''u'' dMes-lam-ta-e3-a = ''Sîn''(30) ''u Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Gemini = Lugalgirra and Meslamtaea = Sîn and Nergal";
* (2) mul<dingir>.gub.ba.meš ''šu-ut'' E2-''kur'' = d30 ''u'' du.gur "Standing (Gods) of Ekur = Sin and Nergal";
* (3) mulnin.mu2 ''u'' d''Ir''3''-ra-gal'' = du.gur ''u'' d''Aḫ-bi-tum''; (4) mullu2.lal3 ''u'' d''La-ta-rak'' = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur), see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 1621-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
VAT 16436.

* múlmaš.maš d''Nabû''(ag) ''u Nergal''(u.gur) // 2 // 10 igi 8 me
* "Gemini, Nabû and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 (cubits)"
* (= ziqpu XVIII) [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-7:10].
|
|-
|MLC 1866.

* mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺
* "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, the leader going ahead." (col. i 17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 39].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Nergál is one of the oldest Mesopotamian gods; his name occurs already in the list of gods from Fara [Krebernik 1986<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.</ref>, 175, VII 20]. The main place of veneration is the city of Kutu, the temple E2-''miš-lam'' "House of Meslam"; hence the connection of Nergál with Meslamtaea and Lugalirra. Nergal was considered the son of Enlil and Ninlil and the husband of Ereshkigal, queen of the underworld. By its characteristics (god of plague, war, scorching sun and destruction) Nergal was close to Erra, and although originally these two deities were worshiped separately, later they merged into one image [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 212; Weiher 1971<ref name=":2">''Weiher E. von.'' Der babylonische Gott Nergal. Kevelaer, 1971.</ref>; Lambert 1973<ref>''Lambert W.G''. Studies in Nergal // BO. 1973. Bd. 30, № 5/6. P. 355-363.</ref>; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 150; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 389-396]. On kudurru his symbol — a rod with a lion's head tip [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 161-163; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 48]. It is not known when and due to what reasons Nergal was identified with Mars [Weiher 1971<ref name=":2" />, 76ff.]. A prayer to Mars, as the celestial incarnation of Nergal, during the plague: d''Ṣalbatānu bēlu rabû rēmēnû'' "Mars, great lord, merciful" [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref> 402, Nergal 1], see also [Reiner 1995<ref name=":3">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 18, 22; Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 8-10]. In astrological literatures, the name Nergal is often used to refer to Mars, see below. In a medical astrological text, Nergal, as mulBIR = d''Ṣalbatānu'', is associated with the kidney (a Mesopotamian prototype of Greek melothesia?) [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 336f., Text 3; Reiner 1995<ref name=":3" />, 61], see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]]. See also [Reynolds 1998<ref name=":0" />, 353-354].

==== III. Identification. ====
As a planet:

= Mars, see above, and also section IV.

As a star or constellation:

= mulUD.KA.DU8.A, see above Astr. B, MUL.APIN, etc.

= mulMAŠ.TAB.BA, see (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]], VI 2-3.

= d''Li''9-''si''4 (= Antares, a Scorpii), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].

= d''Mes-lam-ta-e''3-''a'', see above, and also (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]], (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].

= mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš, see. "Great Star List and Miscellenia."

= mulNIN.MU2 (mulNIN.SAR) , see above Star List VR 46, 1:18.

= d''La-ta-rak'' , see above List of Stars VR 46, 1:22.

==== IV. Astrology. ====
(1) Mars during its rising is small and bright; DIŠ dU.GUR ''ina'' IGI.DU8.A-''šu''2 ''ṣu''2-''ḫur u'' BABBAR GAR-''in'' / ''ki-ma'' MUL. MEŠ AN-''e ma-a-a''ʼ-''diš um-mul'' ... "If Nergal is small and white during his appearance, and, like the stars of heaven, twinkles greatly: it is auspicious for Akkad; the strength of my armies will go and smite the armies of the enemy, it will conquer the country against which it fights; the armies of the enemy will not (be able to) stand in the face of my armies; the cattle of Akkad will lie unharmed in the steppe; sesame (and) dates will be in abundance" [ARAK, 114:8-15]; for a parallel see. [ibid., 541:12-r. 2; SAA 10, 100:20-24].

(2) Mars in Scorpius; DIŠ dU.GUR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-''iz'' ... "If Nergal stands in Scorpius: a strong enemy will plunder the country; Enlil will give his weapons to the enemy; several enemy armies will defeat my numerous troops<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ARAK<ref name=":1" />, 502:11-12]; for a parallel see [ARAK<ref name=":1" />, 502:11-12]; for a parallel see [ARAK<ref name=":1" />, 502:11-12]. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 70:12-13].

(3) Mars bears radiance in the month of nisan; ''šumma''(DIŠ) dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' iti''Nisanni it-tan-mar u''2-''kul-tu''4 d''Nergal''(U.GUR) ''a-bu-bu'': AN ''ina'' iti''Nisanni ina našê''(IL2) ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' IGI-''ma'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of nisan: doom due to Nergal, flood, (it means): Mars bears radiance in the month of nisan during (its) appearance" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90: 1-2],.

See also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4" /> 2, 70:15-23].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n18)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dU.GUR; Нергал, божество преисподней, чумы, войны и разрушения, отождествляемое с Марсом и некоторыми созвездиями и звездами [Gössmann 1950, 302; Reynolds 1998, 353–354].
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur) «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12) [Horowitz 2014, 38], параллель [ARAK, 284:2], см. также u06UD.KA.DU8.A. EAE. См. [ARAK, 114:8, 284:2–3; 502:11, 541:12; SAA 10, 100:20–24; Horowitz 1994b, 129:5 + n. 3]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 26): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27) [MA, 26]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: (1) […] = ˹d˺Nergal(u.gur), […] = [d]min(du.gur); (2) mulmin(=li9.si4) = du.gur [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 112, 113, 134]; левые части тождеств (1) содержали, по-видимому, имена Марса [Reynolds 1998, 198]. Список звезд VR 46, 1: 4, 16, 18, 22. (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = dLugal-gir3-ra u dMes-lam-ta-e3-a = Sîn(30) u Nergal(u.gur) «Великие Близнецы = Лугальгирра и Месламтаэа = Син и Нергал»; (2) mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал»; (3) mulnin.mu2 u dIr3-ra-gal = du.gur u dAḫ-bi-tum; (4) mullu2.lal3 u dLa-ta-rak = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur), см. также [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 1621–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436. múlmaš.maš dNabû(ag) u Nergal(u.gur) // 2 // 10 igi 8 me «Близнецы, Набу и Нергал // 2 (звезды) // 10800 (локтей)» (= ziqpu XVIII) [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:10]. MLC 1866. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, лидер, идущий впереди.» (col. i 17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39].

II. Божество.

Нергáл ― один из самых древних месопотамских богов; его имя встречается уже в списке богов из Фары [Krebernik 1986, 175, VII 20]. Основное место почитания — город Куту, храм E2-miš-lam «Дом Меслама»; отсюда связь Нергала с Месламтаэа и Лугальиррой. Нергал считался сыном Энлиля и Нинлиль и мужем Эрешкигаль, царицы преисподней. По своим характеристикам (бог чумы, войны, палящего солнца и разрушения) Нергал был близок Эрре, и хотя первоначально два эти божества почитались раздельно, позднее слились в один образ [МНМ II, 212; Weiher 1971; Lambert 1973; Roberts 1972, 150; Tallqvist 1938, 389–396]. На кудурру его символ — жезл с навершием в виде головы льва [Seidl 1968, 161–163; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Неизвестно, когда и вследствие каких причин Нергал был отождествлен с Марсом [Weiher 1971, 76ff.]. Молитва к Марсу, как к небесному воплощению Нергала, во время чумы: dṢalbatānu bēlu rabû rēmēnû «Марс, господин великий, милосердный» [Mayer 1976 402, Nergal 1], см. также [Reiner 1995, 18, 22; Ebeling 1953, 8–10]. В астрологической литературе имя Нергала нередко используется для обозначения Марса, см ниже. В медицинском астрологическом тексте Нергал, как mulBIR = dṢalbatānu, связан с почкой (месопотамский прообраз греческой мелотезии?) [Civil 1974, 336f., Text 3; Reiner 1995, 61], см. b11BIR. См. также [Reynolds 1998, 353–354].

III. Отождествление.

Как планета:

= Марс, см. выше, а также раздел IV.

Как звезда или созвездие:

= mulUD.KA.DU8.A, см. выше Astr. B, MUL.APIN и др.

= mulMAŠ.TAB.BA, см. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA, VI 2–3.

= dLi9-si4 (= Aнтарес, a Scorpii), см. L07LI9.SI4.

= dMes-lam-ta-e3-a, см. выше, а также m15MAŠ.MAŠ, m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.

= mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš, см. «Большой список звезд».

= mulNIN.MU2 (mulNIN.SAR) , см. выше Список звезд VR 46, 1:18.

= dLa-ta-rak, см. выше Список звезд VR 46, 1:22.

IV. Астрология.

(1) Марс при своем восходе маленький и светлый; DIŠ dU.GUR ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ṣu2-ḫur u BABBAR GAR-in / ki-ma MUL.MEŠ AN-e ma-aʼ-diš um-mul … «Если Нергал при своем появлении маленький и белый, и, подобно звездам небесным, сильно мерцает: это благоприятно для Аккада; сила моих войск отправится и поразит войска врага, она завоюет страну, против которой сражается; войска врага не (смогут) выстоять перед лицом моих войск; скот Аккада будет нежиться в степи невредимым; сезам (и) финики будут изобильными» [ARAK, 114:8–15]; параллель см. [ibid., 541:12–r. 2; SAA 10, 100:20–24].

(2) Марс в Скорпионе; DIŠ dU.GUR ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-iz … «Если Нергал стоит в Скорпионе: сильный враг расхитит страну; Энлиль отдаст свое оружие врагу; несколько вражеских армий нанесут поражение моим многочисленным войскам» [ARAK, 502:11–12]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 70:12–13].

(3) Марс в месяце нисану несет сияние; šumma(DIŠ) dUDU.IDIM ina itiNisanni it-tan-mar u2-kul-tu4 dNergal(U.GUR) a-bu-bu : AN ina itiNisanni ina našê(IL2) ša2-ru-ru IGI-ma «Если планета в месяце нисану становится видна: гибель из-за Нергала, наводнение, (это означает): Марс в месяце нисану при (своем) появлении несет сияние» [SpTU I, 90: 1–2],.

См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 70:15–23].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2

2025-12-27T16:14:57Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ne2-bu-u2 ša2'' GABA-''šu2''}}

(MUL) ''Ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 (𒀯𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙) is the bright star in the breast of [[UD.KA.DU8.A|mul]][[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DUḪ.A]] (α Cygni).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. record: (MUL) SA4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 'A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast'; = ziqpu IX (α Cygni) [AHw, 774; CAD N/2, 148; Gössmann 1950, 144, IV 3].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mul''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A | EN mul''ne''2-''bi-i ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 "1⅔ min of weight, 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the star with the great glitter on his breast",
** b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL ''ne''2-''bi-i ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 | EN mul''kin-ṣi'' "3⅓ minas of weight, 200 on earth, 36,000 miles in the sky / From the star with great brilliance on its chest to the Knee" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:19-22; TU, 21:19-22; HBA 132; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:10-11].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''š''[''a''2 GABA-''šu''2] "100 to a star with great luster on [its chest]" [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:4].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 // 1 // 5 IGI 7 ME 60 KUŠ3 "A star with great brilliance on his chest // 1 (star) // 5760 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:1].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA mulUZ3 EN mulUD.KA.[DUḪ.A...] "From the Goat to the Demon [with the Open] Mouth, the (star with great brilliance)...,"
** b) TA mul''ne''2-''bi-i ša'' mulUD.K[A.DUḪ.A] / EN d''ki-in-ṣi-šu'' ⅔! [DANNA] "From the star with the great brilliance of the Demon [with the Open] Mou[th] / To his knee ⅔! [miles]." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:1-3].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ˹''ša''2 GABA˺-''šu''2 "100 to the shining star on its chest" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:9]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid., 180:6'].
|Example
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...múlM]AŠ2 MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | ''n''[''e-bi-i''] ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 ''ana'' [''ziq-pi''...] "[...Goat-Fi]sh — the stars of Antagubba. The b[listering] (star) on its chest [culminates...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76: i 16', ii 15'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
Sp II 202+:

* a) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' / DU-''ma'' 'The brilliant star on its breast culminates',
* b) TA múl''ku-mar ša''2 múlPIRIG2.KA.DU8 EN SA4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 'From the Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the brilliant (star) on its breast' [Schaumberger 1955, 246:25-27].

BM 36609+:

* SA4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
U. 197:

* mul2 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ga[ba-''šu''2...] [Sachs 1952, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= α Cygni [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 569].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n20)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. записи: (MUL) SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Звезда с большим блеском на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди»; = ziqpu IX (α Cygni) [AHw, 774; CAD N/2, 148; Gössmann 1950, 144, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A | EN mulne2-bi-i ša2 GABA-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Плеча Демона с Разинутой Пастью до звезды с большим блеском на его груди», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL ne2-bi-i ša2 GABA-šu2 | EN mulkin-ṣi «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От звезды с большим блеском на его груди до Колена» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:19–22; TU, 21:19–22; HBA 132; Schaumberger 1952 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:10–11]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na MUL ne2-bu-u2 š[a2 GABA-šu2] «100 до звезды с большим блеском на [его груди]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:4]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 // 1 // 5 IGI 7 ME 60 KUŠ3 «Звезда с большим блеском на его груди // 1 (звезда) // 5760 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:1]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA mulUZ3 EN mulUD.KA.[DUḪ.A…] «От Козы до (звезды с большим блеском) Демона [с Разинутой] Пастью…», b) TA mulne2-bi-i ša mulUD.K[A.DUḪ.A] / EN dki-in-ṣi-šu ⅔! [DANNA] «От звезды с большим блеском Демона [с Разинутой] Пас[тью] / До его колена ⅔! [мили]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:1–3]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL ne2-bu-u2 ˹ša2 GABA˺-šu2 «100 до блестящей звезды на его груди» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:9]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:6']. LBAT 1502. […múlM]AŠ2 MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | n[e-bi-i] ša2 GABA-šu2 ana [ziq-pi...] «[…Коза-Ры]ба — звезды Антагубба. Б[лестящая] (звезда) на его груди [кульминирует…]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 16', ii 15']. Анафора. Sp II 202+: a) MUL2 SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 ana ziq-pi / DU-ma «Блестящая звезда на его груди кульминирует», b) TA múlku-mar ša2 múlPIRIG2.KA.DU8 EN SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «От Плеча Демона с Разинутой Пастью до блестящей (звезды) на его груди» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:25–27]. BM 36609+: SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2, см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, m35MUL.MUL. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. Поздняя астрология. U. 197: mul2 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ga[ba-šu2…] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Отождествление.

= α Cygni [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86; Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 569].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI

2025-12-27T16:13:14Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI}}

(MUL) ''Ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI (𒀯𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀) is the brightest star in Perseus (α Persei).

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
"(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man";

= ziqpu XIV (α Persei) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 378, II 1; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 148; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 774b], see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«(Звезда) с большим блеском в Старике»; = ziqpu XIV (α Persei) [Gössmann 1950, 378, II 1; CAD N/2, 148; AHw, 774b], см. sh16ŠU.GI.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

NIM.MA

2025-12-27T16:11:52Z

JanSafford:

mulNIM.MA(ki) (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒆠) almost certain to be read mulELAM.MA = elamatum????

Almost certainly should go under Elam-ma - with that entry updated:

GSL 2395, Urgud 37 and BM 47799 4': DIŠ MUL.ELAM.M[A.KI]

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Var. reading: mulelam.ma(ki); = mul''Elamtu'' "Star of Elam";

Var. designations:

* 1) epithet of Mars,
* 2) epithet of Venus [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 312; Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 60; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
In the series Ḫg. B VI:

* mulnim.ma = (space) = MIN (=d''Ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']) "Star of Elam = Mars" [MSL XI, 40:37], parallel: mul dnim.ma = MIN [...] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 r. iii 6].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, I 13; III<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref> 11-11a, 11c].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":1">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 302 r. 2] = SAA 8 302 rev. 2: MULdil-bat MUL KUR.NIM.KI ina dUTU./E3/, Venus is the star of Elam in the East.
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''

* (1) List of names of Mars: mulnim.ma = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 7 names of Mars (7 ''zik-ru-šu''2): ulnim.maki [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:94, 238].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Astrology. ====
Elam was regarded as Mesopotamia's chief enemy in the east for a long time. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Star of Elam was identified with Mars and regarded as a source of unfavorable predictions.

(1) General astrological meaning; mulNIM.MA ''ana'' EN.TE.NA "Star of Elam for (predicting) cold" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, I 13, III 11].

(2) The Star of Elam, Mars, and the Anzu Bird; mulNIM.MA mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mul dIM.D[UGUDmušen] "The Star of Elam is Mars, [the Bird of] A[nzu]" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 11a], see also (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]].

(3) Star of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; mulNIM.MA dNIN.A.ZU EN KI-''tim'' MU d''Li''9-''si''4 mulGIR2.TAB ''qa-bi'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' "The star of Elam is Ninazu, the lord of the underworld; so they say, (referring to) the Fox, Scorpius, (when) Mars stands in it" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 11c, V 1]; see also [Lambert 1987a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.</ref>, 94].

(4) Venus = the star of Elam; mul''Dil-bat'' MUL KUR.NIM.KI [SAA 8<ref name=":1" />, 302 r. 2].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n23)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulelam.ma(ki); = mulElamtu «Звезда Элама»; 1) эпитет Марса, 2) эпитет Венеры [Gössmann 1950, 312; Brown 2000, 60; Reynolds 1998, 352].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. В серии Ḫg. B VI: mulnim.ma = (пробел) = MIN (=dṢal-[bat-a-nu]) «Звезда Элама = Марс» [MSL XI, 40:37], параллель: mul dnim.ma = MIN […] [SpTU III, 116 r. iii 6]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, I 13, III 11–11a, 11c]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 302 r. 2]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulnim.ma = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu); (2) 7 имен Марса (7 zik-ru-šu2): ulnim.maki [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:94, 238].

II. Астрология.

Элам считался главным врагом Месопотамии на востоке на протяжении долгого времени. Неудивительно поэтому, что «Звезда Элама» отождествлялась с Марсом и рассматривалась как источник неблагоприятных предсказаний.

(1) Общее астрологическое значение; mulNIM.MA ana EN.TE.NA «Звезда Элама для (предсказания) холода» [BPO 2, I 13, III 11].

(2) Звезда Элама, Марс и Птица Анзу; mulNIM.MA mulṢal-bat-a-nu mul dIM.D[UGUDmušen] «Звезда Элама есть Марс, [Птица] А[нзу]» [BPO 2, III 11a], см. также i07dIM.DUGUDmušen.

(3) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; mulNIM.MA dNIN.A.ZU EN KI-tim MU dLi9-si4 mulGIR2.TAB qa-bi dṢal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 DU-ma «Звезда Элама есть Ниназу, господин преисподней; так говорят, (имея в виду) Лиси, Скорпиона, (когда) Марс стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1]; см. также [Lambert 1987, 94].

(4) Венера = звезда Элама; mulDil-bat MUL KUR.NIM.KI [SAA 8, 302 r. 2].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Venus]]

NIN.A.ZU

2025-12-27T16:08:04Z

JanSafford:

mul dNIN.A.ZU (𒀯𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪) is the star of the healing/physician god Ninazu. The limited examples of Ninazu in astronomical contexts suggest an identification with Mars, and perhaps Mercury or Saturn.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 313], lit. "Lord who knows water"; Sumerian god, son of Ereshkigal, associated with the underworld and venerated at Eshnunn [MNM<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref> II, 220; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 191:239, note; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 398];

Var. designations:

* 1) epithet of Mercury or Saturn(?),
* 2) epithet of Mars.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Text K.4339'''
Rev. col iv 8:

* mul dnin.a.zu = min(= dnin.urta) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13:8], the identification of Ninazu with Ninurta makes its association with Mercury or Saturn likely, see (Kurtik n43) [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]].
|
|}See also (Kurtik n23) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MAki]], II 3, where dNIN.A.ZU is identified with the star of Elam, i.e. Mars.

On connections of Ninazu with ''mušḫuššu'' see. [Wiggermann 1992, 151] (see Kurtik m44 [[MUŠ]]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| [Gössmann 1950, 313], букв. «Господин, знающий воду»; шумерский бог, сын Эрешкигаль, связанный с преисподней и почитавшийся в Эшнунне [МНМ II, 220; Litke 1998, 191:239, note; Tallqvist 1938, 398]; 1) эпитет Меркурия или Сатурна(?), 2) эпитет Марса.
I. Источники.

Текст K.4339 rev. col iv 8: mul dnin.a.zu = min(= dnin.urta) [CT 25, 13:8], отождествление Ниназу с Нинуртой делает вероятным его связь с Меркурием или Сатурном, см. n43dNIN.URTA.

См. также n23NIM.MAki, II 3, где dNIN.A.ZU отождествляется со звездой Элама, т.е. Марсом.

О связи Ниназу с mušḫuššu см. [Wiggermann 1992, 151] (см. m44).
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Deity]]

NIN.AN.NA

2025-12-27T16:07:15Z

JanSafford:

dNIN.AN.NA (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾), 'Lady of Heaven,' is a name for the goddess Inanna/Ištar as Venus. An exact Akkadian equivalent would be ''bēlet šamê'' (see RlA 9 328).
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= "Lady of Heaven," an epithet of Ishtar as the goddess Venus [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 315]. In the list of gods AN:d''Anum'' (IV 187): dNIN.AN.NA = MIN(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 MUL.<MEŠ>) "Lady of the heavens = Goddess of the stars" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 31, K.21109+:16; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161:187]. See also [Gelb 1960; Selz 2000<ref>''Selz G.J.'' Five Divine Ladies: Thoughts on Inana(k), Ištar, In(n)in(a), Annunītum, and Anat, and the Origin of the Title "Queen of Heaven" // Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity. 2000. V. 1. P. 29-62.</ref>].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n26)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = «Госпожа небес», эпитет Иштар как богини Венеры [Gössmann 1950, 315]. В списке богов AN:dAnum (IV 187): dNIN.AN.NA = MIN(= dIš8-tar2 MUL.<MEŠ>) «Госпожа небес = Богиня звезд» [CT 25, 31, K.21109+:16; Litke 1998, 161:187]. См. также [Gelb 1960; Selz 2000].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Deity]]

NIN.GIR2.SU

2025-12-27T16:06:07Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:NIN.GIR2.SU}}
mul / dNIN.GIR2.SU (𒀯𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢) refers to asterisms of the god Ningirsu, these being the constellation Entenabarhum and the planet Saturn. Cf. also Ninurta.

who is identified with Ninurta and so Saturn.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
Originally the city god of Girsu, identical or early identified with Ninurta. d''Nin-ĝír-su'' (EA 4r).

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Lit. "Lord Girsu"; an ancient Sumerian deity, later identified with Ninurta [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 404-405; MHM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref> 221]; his name was used to designate

* (1) Saturn,
* (2) the constellation Entenabarhum [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 316], see also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]], (Kurtik e13) [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 19, IV 13b; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 263, K.3384 r. 6].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* Stars of Ea (no. 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2-''su'' "Entenabarhum, Ningirsu" (I ii 22) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36], for a parallel see. [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 262-263 r. 6].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = dnin.gir2.su "Mouse-like = Ningirsu" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:157; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107:19].
|
|-
|'''Text K.4339.'''
* dnin.gir2.su = min (=dnin.urta), dnin.gir2.su dka.di = min(=dnin.urta) [CT 25, 13, col. iii 29, col. iv 11]. See also: d''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2-''su'' dUDU.[IDIM] "Habatsiranu = Ningirsu = pla[net]" [ACh Sin<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 19:22], mulUDU.IDIM ''ni-ru ni-ru'' d''Nin-gi''[''r''2-''su''...] "Planet = yoke, yoke of Ning[irsu...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":2" />, 33:11].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Astrology. ====
(1) Ningirsu's judgment will destroy; DIŠ mul[''Nin'']-''gir''2-''su di-nu iq-qir'' KI.MIN TUR KI.MIN ḪA.A "If the Star of [Nin]girsu's destroys(?) the judgement, var.: reduce, var.: destroy" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 19, IV 13b].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Господин Гирсу»; древнее шумерское божество, позднее отождествлявшееся с Нинуртой [Tallqvist 1938, 404–405; MHM II 221]; его имя использовалось для обозначения: 1) Сатурна, 2) созвездия Энтенабархум [Gössmann 1950, 316], см. также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 19, IV 13b; BPO 3, 263, K.3384 r. 6]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Эа (№ 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (I ii 22) [MA, 36], параллель см. [BPO 3, 262–263 r. 6]. «Большой список звезд». mulḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = dnin.gir2.su «Подобный Мыши = Нингирсу» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157; Weidner 1959–60, 107:19]. Текст K.4339. dnin.gir2.su = min (=dnin.urta), dnin.gir2.su dka.di = min(=dnin.urta) [CT 25, 13, col. iii 29, col. iv 11]. См. также: dḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su dUDU.[IDIM] «Хабацирану = Нингирсу = пла[нета]» [ACh Sin, 19:22], mulUDU.IDIM ni-ru ni-ru dNin-gi[r2-su…] «Планета = ярмо, ярмо Нинг[ирсу…] [ACh Ištar, 33:11].

II. Астрология.

(1) Нингирсу приговор разрушит; DIŠ mul[Nin]-gir2-su di-nu iq-qir KI.MIN TUR KI.MIN ḪA.A «Если Звезда [Нин]гирсу приговор разрушит(?), вар.: уменьшит, вар.: погубит» [BPO 2, III 19, IV 13b].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Deity]]

MUŠ

2025-12-27T16:01:04Z

JanSafford:

'''''There is no entry for Ningishzida in the web-site???? - need cross reference???'''''

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul (d)MUŠ}}
{{distinguish|MUŠ.HUŠ}}

[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg) without back-legs, perhaps due to a break in the original cuneiform drawing. ]]
[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png|thumb|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two claytablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
mul (d)MUŠ (𒀯𒈲) = ''șēru,'' 'The Snake; ''nirahu'', 'the deity Nirah,' is an asterism in [[Hydra]].

A drawing of the ancient Babylonian constellation is reproduced here as figure on right, showing its various parts including its head, horns, feet, middle and tail. Here mulUGA, 'The Crow' ([[Corvus]]), on its tail pecking at the its very tip. A drawing of this constellation is preserved on VAT 7847+AO 6448, but the place where the asterism's back legs should be is broken, and no surviving cuneiform source makes explicit whether or not there were back legs as well as front legs at the asterims, although famous depictions (e.g. on the Ishtar Gate of Babylon) show (d)MUŠ with front and back legs; note that the back legs are bird legs and they are placed where the Crow stands.
==Concordance, Etymology, History ==
===Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>===
'''Ninĝišzida.''' Chthonic god, son of Ninazu; associated with a dragon, vegetation, beer/wine. dNin-ĝiš-zi-da (AN 13r).
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= "Snake"; a constellation within the modern [[Hydra]] (The Watersnake) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 284].

= dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕) is an ancient Mesopotamian deity, associated / identified with (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ.

Lit. "Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree" or "Lord who makes the tree right" [Wiggermann 2000, 368]; deity of the constellation mulMUŠ, the prototype of the Greek Hydra ([[Hydra]]) (see Kurtik m43 [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]).

= (d)''Niraḫ'' (𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷), the snake god. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note that the reading of the star name is confirmed by SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> nr. 114 iv 111 (Hh XII): MUL dMUŠ = ''Ni-ra-ḫu''. MUL dMUŠ (AN 13l).

The Sumerian and Akkadian readings of the name require some discussion. Although MUŠ = ''șēru'' is generally translated as 'snake,' in fact it is a generic classification for all snake-like, or perhaps better reptillian-serpentine creatures including the fantastic beasts and sea-monsters (see e.g. Urra XIV: 1: MUŠ = ''șe-ru'') including among them the asterisms ''mušhuššu'' and ''[[bašmu]]''. However, the only syllabic writing for either the Sumerian or Akkadian name of the asterism, in star-list of Urra XXII, gives the name with divine determinative mul dMUŠ = ''ni-ra-ḫu'', which allows for a Sumerian reading mul dNIRAH as well. Given the sparcity of proof for reading all attestations of the star-name we continue to read MUŠ = ''șēru'', and translate 'the Snake,' following standard Assyriological convention, even though the drawing and its matching description in the Uranology texts makes it clear that the asterism was imagined as a serpentine figure with non-snake like elements, including legs.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|
===== mul (d)MUŠ =====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Sumerian monolingual list from Nippur: mulmuš [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:403].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mul dmuš = ''ni-ra-ḫu'' "Snake = Nirah" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 114A v 47; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:304ʹ].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*See. [BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(BI) gub-[''zu''] / dmuš <<''u''>> d''Nin-giš-z''[''i-da''] "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4) / The Snake, Ningišzid" (B iii 6-7).
**(2) List (3´12): itisig4 ... mulmuš ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "The month of simanu: ... The Snake (rises) (in the path of) [Enlil] " (C iii 3).
**(3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is simanu, setting is kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 39-40], see (Kurtik s22[[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].

*'''BM 82923.'''
**Simanu month, stars of Enlil: mu[lMUŠ // 1] // dKA.DI d''A-nu'' "[Snake // 60] // Ishtaran, Anu" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:9].

*'''BM 34713.'''
**The month simanu, stars of Enlil instead of múlmuš is erroneously múlalla, see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
*'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
**List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulmuš [TCL 6, 13<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (no. 13): mul dMUŠ d''Nin-giš-zi-da'' EN ''er-ṣe-tu''4 "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8), for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 67:16].
*(2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of duuzu' (I ii 42), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
*(3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
**a) (I iii 17), see (Kurtik a04) A2mušen = [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
**b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = [[IKU|mulIKU]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 32, 41, 48, 52].
|[[File:MUSh stellarium.jpg|thumb|mul.dMUŠ in MUL.APIN, painted by Jessica Gullberg (Stellarium, CC BY).]]
|-
|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
*(1) 12 Amurru stars: mulmuš;
*(2) 7 tikpi stars: mulmuš;
*(3) igi muš dban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki "Before the Snake Banbanshur, the killer of heaven and earth";
*(4) igi muš dla.ba.an.šur ''da''-ʼ-''ik'' an.ki "Before the Snake Labanshur, the killer of heaven and earth" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; see also the list of "7 tikpi stars" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 37].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
*...
*...
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:29.'''
*mulmuš = d''Ereš-ki-gal'', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:29; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''

*(D) mulmuš 'Snake' (β Cnc), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]],
*(F) murub4 mulmuš 'Mid Snake' (θ Hya),
*(G) murub4 mulmuš 'Mid Snake' (ζ Hya) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:5, 9, 12], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], (Kurtik n52) [[NUNki|NUNki]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
*§N. mu[l murub4 muš] "Star in the middle part of the Snake" (ζ Hya).
*§O. mulsag muš "Star of the head of the Snake" (ε Hya), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
*§P. MUL GABA MU[Š] "Star on the breast of the Snake[s]" (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32-33; Koch 1995<ref name=":5">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 58-59; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 106].
|
|-
|'''Text of Nv. 10.'''
*Intercalation scheme: [mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu'' (the star Antagubbu in the month of Arahsamnu) is the planetary name for mulmuš, according to [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 79, Anm. 63], see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
*Planisphere. In sector 5. a badly damaged image for mulmuš, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":7">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 80-81; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":8">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 9]. See also mul dmuš in text 81-7-27, 81 [Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 175, 177], múl dMUŠ [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 102:10].
|
|-
!(Kurtik n29)
!
|-
|
===== dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA =====
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''*(1) Hittite prayer: mul d''Nin-ki-zi-da'' [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:4; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43].
*(2) Neo-Assyrian prayer: [mul dNIN.GIŠ].ZI.DA [Oppenheim 1959, 282:10].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe B. List (12´3):
* mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub-[''zu''] / dmuš <<''u''>> d''Nin-giš-z''[''i-da''] "The constellation which stands behind it (i.e. behind mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4): the Serpent, Ningishz[ida]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B iii 6-7; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 39, 116].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
The stars of Anu (no. 13):
* mul dMUŠ d''Nin-giš-zi-da'' EN ''er-ṣe-tu''4 "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8) [MA, 32], for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 67:16].
|
|-
!(Kurtik n44)
!
|-
|
===== (d)''Niraḫ'' =====
|
|-
|A serpentine deity identified with mul dmuš in a late copy of Urra XXII
|
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alphard]]
|HIP 46390
| within constellation lines
|1.97
|-
| 2
|[[Gienah]]
|HIP 59803
|Inside the Hull
|2.58
|-
|3
|[[Kraz]]
|HIP 61359
|Inside the Hull
|2.64
|-
|4
|ϵ Corvi
|HIP 59316
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
| 5
|γ Hydrae
|HIP 64962
|within constellation lines
|3
|-
|6
| ζ Hydrae
| HIP 43813
|within constellation lines
| 3.1
|-
|7
|ν Hydrae
|HIP 52943
|within constellation lines
|3.11
|-
|8
|π Hydrae
|HIP 68895
|within constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|9
|[[Ashlesha]]
|HIP 43109
| within constellation lines
|3.38
|-
|10
|ξ Hydrae
|HIP 56343
| within constellation lines
|3.54
|-
|11
|δ Crateris
| HIP 55282
| Inside the Hull
|3.56
|-
|12
|λ Hydrae
|HIP 49841
|within constellation lines
| 3.61
|-
|13
|μ Hydrae
|HIP 51069
|within constellation lines
| 3.81
|-
|14
|θ Hydrae
|HIP 45336
|within constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|15
|[[Ukdah]]
|HIP 47431
|Inside the Hull
|3.91
|-
|16
|[[Alchiba]]
|HIP 59199
|Inside the Hull
|4.01
|-
|17
| γ Crateris
|HIP 55705
|Inside the Hull
|4.06
|-
|18
|[[Alkes]]
|HIP 53740
| within constellation lines
| 4.07
|-
|19
|[[Zhang]]
|HIP 48356
|within constellation lines
|4.11
|-
|20
|δ Hydrae
|HIP 42313
|within constellation lines
|4.131
|-
|21
|β Hydrae
|HIP 57936
|Inside the Hull
|4.28
|-
|22
|η Hydrae
|HIP 42799
|within constellation lines
|4.3
|-
|23
|ρ Hydrae
|HIP 43234
|Inside the Hull
|4.337
|-
|24
|[[Minchir]]
|HIP 42402
|within constellation lines
|4.43
|-
|25
|β Crateris
|HIP 54682
|within constellation lines
| 4.449
|-
|26
|τ 2 Hydrae
|HIP 46776
|within constellation lines
|4.548
|-
|27
|υ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 49402
|Inside the Hull
|4.588
|-
|28
|τ 1 Hydrae
|HIP 46509
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|29
|* bet Hya A
|HIP 57936
|within constellation lines
|4.69
|-
|30
|ζ Crateris
|HIP 57283
|Inside the Hull
|4.706
|-
|31
|ϵ Crateris
|HIP 55687
|Inside the Hull
| 4.802
|-
|32
|U Hya
|HIP 52009
|Inside the Hull
| 4.82
|-
|33
|ϕ 3 Hydrae
|HIP 52085
|Inside the Hull
|4.903
|-
|34
|ψ Hydrae
|HIP 64166
|within constellation lines
|4.934
|-
|35
|R Hya
|HIP 65835
|Inside the Hull
| 4.97
|-
|36
| λ Crateris
|HIP 55598
|Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
|37
| -
| HIP 56332
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|38
| II Hya
|HIP 57613
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|39
|η Crateris
|HIP 58188
|Inside the Hull
|5.16
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 57047
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|41
|ζ Corvi
|HIP 60189
|Inside the Hull
|5.21
|-
|42
|ϵ Sextantis
|HIP 50414
|Inside the Hull
|5.24
|-
|43
| -
|HIP 53252
|Inside the Hull
|5.24
|-
|44
|31 Crt
|HIP 58587
|Inside the Hull
|5.264
|-
|45
|303 G. Hya
|HIP 58082
|Inside the Hull
|5.272
|-
|46
|200 G. Hya
|HIP 49809
|Inside the Hull
| 5.296
|-
| 47
| -
|HIP 46404
|Inside the Hull
|5.32
|-
|48
|328 G. Hya
|HIP 61621
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|49
| * gam Sex A
|HIP 48437
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|50
| -
| HIP 52737
|Inside the Hull
|5.44
|-
|51
|330 G. Hya
|HIP 62131
|Inside the Hull
| 5.454
|-
|52
|* bet Hya B
|HIP 57936
| Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
|53
|3 Crv
|HIP 59394
|Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
|54
|ι Crateris
|HIP 56802
| Inside the Hull
|5.48
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 54029
|Inside the Hull
|5.511
|-
| 56
| 33 Hya
|HIP 46982
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
| 57
| -
|HR 3750
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 51046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|59
| 28 Hya
|HIP 46221
|Inside the Hull
|5.579
|-
|60
|225 G. Hya
|HIP 51491
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|61
| * 17 Crt A
|HIP 56280
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|62
|195 G. Hya
|HIP 49569
| Inside the Hull
|5.582
|-
|63
|18 Sex
|HIP 49865
| Inside the Hull
|5.618
|-
|64
|92 G. Hya
|HIP 44356
|Inside the Hull
|5.627
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 61015
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 53316
|Inside the Hull
| 5.651
|-
| 67
|6 Crv
|HIP 60425
| Inside the Hull
|5.658
|-
|68
|333 G. Hya
|HIP 62500
|Inside the Hull
|5.658
|-
|69
|* 17 Crt B
| HIP 56280
|Inside the Hull
|5.671
|-
| 70
| 236 G. Hya
|HIP 51933
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 71
|χ 2 Hydrae
|HIP 54255
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 72
|351 G. Hya
|HIP 66400
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|73
|41 Sex
| HIP 52980
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|74
|357 G. Hya
|HIP 67143
|Inside the Hull
|5.795
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 59728
|Inside the Hull
|5.807
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 56078
|Inside the Hull
|5.813
|-
| 77
| -
|HIP 52948
|Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
|78
|300 G. Hya
|HIP 57841
|Inside the Hull
|5.85
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 53778
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
| 80
|329 G. Hya
|HIP 61720
|Inside the Hull
|5.866
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 53723
|Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 58158
| Inside the Hull
|5.893
|-
|83
|17 Sex
| HIP 49812
|Inside the Hull
|5.901
|-
|84
|κ Crateris
|HIP 55874
| Inside the Hull
|5.923
|-
|85
|25 Sex
|HIP 50885
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 60157
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 61688
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|88
|136 G. Hya
|HIP 46288
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|89
|ϕ 2 Hydrae
|HIP 51905
|Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
|90
|6 Sex
|HIP 48341
|Inside the Hull
|6.016
|-
|91
|209 G. Hya
|HIP 50536
|Inside the Hull
|6.027
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 61951
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 56364
|Inside the Hull
| 6.044
|-
|94
|243 G. Hya
| HIP 52113
|Inside the Hull
|6.045
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 59895
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 50292
|Inside the Hull
|6.075
|-
|97
|322 G. Hya
|HIP 60603
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 54214
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 49293
|Inside the Hull
|6.097
|-
|100
|ψ Crateris
|HIP 54742
|Inside the Hull
|6.105
|-
|101
|157 G. Hya
| HIP 46869
|Inside the Hull
|6.113
|-
| 102
|155 G. Hya
|HIP 46840
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 57732
|Inside the Hull
|6.122
|-
|104
|146 G. Hya
|HIP 46529
|Inside the Hull
|6.126
|-
|105
|10 Hya
|HIP 42931
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|106
|217 G. Hya
|HIP 50790
|Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
|107
| 81 G. Hya
|HIP 43902
|Inside the Hull
|6.131
|-
|108
|105 G. Hya
|HIP 45167
|Inside the Hull
|6.131
|-
|109
|MO Hya
|HIP 62788
|Inside the Hull
|6.141
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 56293
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|111
|NS Hya
|HIP 44738
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|112
|TU Crv
|HIP 61496
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|113
|LV Hya
| HIP 58272
|Inside the Hull
|6.189
|-
|114
|VX Crt
|HIP 56899
| Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 56901
|Inside the Hull
|6.198
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 51490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 57079
|Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
|118
|356 G. Hya
|HIP 67071
|Inside the Hull
| 6.205
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 49900
|Inside the Hull
|6.225
|-
|120
|245 G. Hya
|HIP 52391
|Inside the Hull
|6.228
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 56245
|Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
|122
|199 G. Hya
|HIP 49802
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|123
| 197 G. Hya
|HIP 49689
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|124
|159 G. Hya
|HIP 46893
|Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|125
|* psi Crt A
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 61270
|Inside the Hull
|6.254
|-
| 127
| -
|HIP 58574
|Inside the Hull
|6.255
|-
|128
|147 G. Hya
|HIP 46543
| Inside the Hull
|6.257
|-
|129
|144 G. Hya
|HIP 46504
| Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 60809
|Inside the Hull
|6.294
|-
|131
| -
|HR 4935
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 132
|337 G. Hya
|HIP 63243
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 50584
|Inside the Hull
|6.308
|-
|134
|37 Hya
|HIP 47427
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 51490
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|136
| -
|HR 4935
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 53259
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 54048
|Inside the Hull
|6.343
|-
|139
|71 G. Hya
|HIP 43570
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|140
|172 G. Hya
|HIP 47454
| Inside the Hull
|6.356
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 53849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 50552
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|143
|50 G. Hya
|HIP 42854
|Inside the Hull
|6.362
|-
|144
| -
|HIP 54749
| Inside the Hull
|6.378
|-
|145
|34 Hya
|HIP 47249
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 61208
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|147
|* gam Sex B
|HIP 48437
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|148
|332 G. Hya
| HIP 62448
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|149
|308 G. Hya
|HIP 58436
|Inside the Hull
|6.416
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 48351
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|151
| -
|HIP 50893
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 152
| -
|HIP 56830
| Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|153
|320 G. Hya
|HIP 60468
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|154
|364 G. Hya
|HIP 68224
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|155
| 54 G. Hya
|HIP 42981
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|156
|274 G. Hya
|HIP 54703
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|157
|294 G. Hya
|HIP 57001
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|158
|258 G. Hya
| HIP 53387
| Inside the Hull
| 6.444
|-
| 159
|166 G. Hya
| HIP 47242
| Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 48839
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|161
|299 G. Hya
|HIP 57749
|Inside the Hull
|6.477
|-
|162
| 348 G. Hya
|HIP 65969
|Inside the Hull
|6.478
|-
|163
|233 G. Hya
|HIP 51852
|Inside the Hull
| 6.479
|-
|164
|297 G. Hya
|HIP 57507
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|165
| -
| HIP 59742
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|166
|346 G. Hya
|HIP 65682
|Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 50693
|Inside the Hull
|6.499
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 51656
| Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|169
|342 G. Hya
|HIP 64375
| Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====II. Deity. ====

===== (mul)MUŠ=====
In the astronomical context, mul dMUŠ corresponds with 4 deities, of which 2 have a Snakeine character.

*(1) Ningishzida (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — a chthonic deity whose symbol was considered to be the horned snake or dragon bašmu [Van Buren 1934<ref>''Van Buren E.D.'' The God Ningizzida // Iraq. 1934. Vol. 1. P. 60f.</ref>; 1946<ref name=":9">''Van Buren E.D''. The Dragon in Ancient Mesopotamia // Or. 1946. Vol. 15. P. 1-45.</ref>, 15-16; Wiggermann 1997, 39-42]; a number of texts assert his aquatic character (see Kurtik b08 ''[[Bašmu]]''); in Astrl. B and in MUL.APIN an identity is assumed: mul dMUŠ = d''Nin-giš-zi-da'' = (d''Bašmu''), nowhere else; see also (Kurtik n29 [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]).
*(2) Nirah was an ancient deity honored in the city of Der in eastern Mesopotamia, in the temple of Enlil at Nippur, and in some other places. Nirah was a member of the entourage of Ishtaran, the city god of Der; in kudurru, Nirah is defined as "Messenger of Ishtaran" (d''Niraḫ šip-ru ša''2 d''Ištarān'') [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10">''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 222]. Hence probably the identification dMUŠ = dKA.DI adopted in BM 82923. The standard meaning of the Akkadian word ''nirāḫu'' "small snake, uzhu" [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 259b; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 739b]. On the reading of dMUŠ as d''Niraḫ'' see previously. [Fauna<ref name=":13">''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 2:9, 60-61; McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />; Lambert 1985<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Trees, Snakes and Gods in Ancient Syria and Anatolia // BSOAS. 1985. Vol. 48, Pt. 3. P. 435-451.</ref>, 444, note 46].

=====dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA=====
Chthonic deity of Sumerian origin, son of Ninazu, god of the underworld, one of the guardians of the heavenly gates of the god Anu. According to AN:d''Anum'' (V 254, 258), he had 2 wives and 3 sisters [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 192]. His symbol was considered to be the horned serpent bašmu, a prototype of the Greek Hydra (see Kurtik b08 ''[[Bašmu]]''), and possibly also Nira [Wiggermann 2001, 574]. As usual, the reasons and specific circumstances for Ningishzida's association with this constellation is unclear. See. [MNM 2<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 221; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 140, 167; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 406; Van Buren 1934<ref>''Van Buren E.D.'' The God Ningizzida // Iraq. 1934. Vol. 1. P. 60f.</ref>; 1946<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. The Dragon in Ancient Mesopotamia // Or. 1946. Vol. 15. P. 1-45.</ref>, 15-16; Wiggermann 1993-1997, 458; 1997, 39-42; 2001, 574].
====III. Symbol.====

=====(mul)MUŠ=====
For a description of ''[[Bašmu]]'' see (Kurtik b08). A very similar image is found on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 from Uruk (a horned dragon lying down with outstretched forelegs of a lion (?), with wings and a long tail of a snake, also with a lion moving on its back; next to the inscriptions mulmuš "Snake" and mulur.gu.la "Lion") see [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":8" />, fig. 11]. Description of the scene in the fragmentary text: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / [...] MUL dMUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. For images of Nirah on seals, see. [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />, 221]. On kudurru Nirah, sometimes identified with Ishtaran, was depicted in the form of a huge snake coiled in a ring or stretched to its full length from top to bottom. The image was usually located in the upper register, where the symbols of celestial luminaries were placed [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />, 221-222; Seidl 1968<ref name=":11">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>].

'''''<s>How the constellation dMUŠ was thought of remains not entirely clear. Perhaps in the Kassite period, it was the Snake Nirah, in the Seleucid period the Snakeine dragon Bašmu. The later version of Urra XXII, which gives the identity: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu, seems to reflect an earlier tradition. how do we know this?????</s>'''''
====IV. Identity. ====
= Hydra + β Cancri [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 284; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73].

= Hydra [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 74b,79b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].

Head mulmuš = δ Hydrae, tail end mulmuš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989<ref name=":7" />, 80-85, 111]. For a discussion see. [Pingree 1992<ref>''Pingree D.'' Review of Johannes Koch: Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989. XI + 157 p. // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 168-170.</ref>, 169; Koch 1995<ref name=":5" />, 58, Anm. 14].

====V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.====
(1) MUL SAG MUŠ "Asterism of the Snake's head," see GU text, dbn text.

(2) MURUB4 mulMUŠ "The middle of the Snake", see GU-text, dbn -text.

(3) MUL GABA MUŠ "Star on the breast of the Snake," see dbn -text.

====VI. Astrology.====
Identities:

(1) = Mars; DIŠ mul dMUŠ ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mul[...] "If the Snake approaches the Crab, (it means): Mars to [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":12">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:28], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":12" /> 2, 66:7].

Predications:

(2) Stars and the Snake; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ''ana'' mulMUŠ KUR-''ud ina'' MU.BI GAN2.BA TUR "If the stars(=Mercury or Saturn) reach the Snake: business activity will decrease this year" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":12" /> 2, 78 ii 14], for a parallel see. [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 2.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
====Kurtik (2022, m43), mul dMUŠ====
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Змея»; созвездие в пределах современной Гидры (Hydra) [Gössmann 1950, 284].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский одноязычный список из Ниппура: mulmuš [MSL XI, 108:403]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu «Змея = Нирах» [SpTU III, 114A v 47; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:304ʹ]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-[zu] / dmuš <<nowiki>> </nowiki>dNin-giš-z[i-da] «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. mulA-nu-ni-tu4) стоит / Змея, Нингишзида» (B iii 6–7). (2) Cписок (3´12): itisig4 … mulmuš šu-ut d[En-lil2] «Месяц симану: … Змея (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)» (C iii 3). (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — симану, заход — кислиму [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 39–40], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля: mu[lMUŠ // 1] // dKA.DI dA-nu «[Змея // 60] // Иштаран, Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:9]. BM 34713. Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля вместо múlmuš стоит ошибочно múlalla, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 3): mulmuš [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 13): mul dMUŠ dNin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu4 «Змея, Нингишзида, владыка преисподней» (I ii 8), параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 67:16]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го дуузу» (I ii 42), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 17), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2 [MA, 32, 41, 48, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mulmuš; (2) 7 tikpi-звезд: mulmuš; (3) igi muš dban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki «Перед Змеем Банбаншур, убийцей неба и земли»; (4) igi muš dla.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki «Перед Змеем Лабаншур, убийцей неба и земли» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:29. mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal, см. также [HBA 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (D) mulmuš «Змея» (β Cnc), см. a18AL.LUL, (F) murub4 mulmuš «Cередина Змеи» (θ Hya), (G) murub4 mulmuš «Cередина Змеи» (ζ Hya) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:5, 9, 12], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, n52NUNki. Dalbanna-текст. §N. mu[l murub4 muš] «Звезда средней части Змеи» (ζ Hya). §O. mulsag muš «Звезда головы Змеи» (ε Hya), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. §P. MUL GABA MU[Š] «Звезда на груди Зме[и]» (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32–33; Koch 1995, 58–59; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu (звезда Антагуббу в месяце арахсамну) — планетное имя для mulmuš, согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 79, Anm. 63], см. u20UR.GU.LA. «Планисфера». В секторе 5 сильно поврежденное изображение mulmuš, cогласно [Koch 1989, 80–81; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. См. также mul dmuš в тексте 81-7-27, 81 [Horowitz 1998, 175, 177], múl dMUŠ [SpTU III, 102:10].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mul dMUŠ соотносится с 4 божествами, из которых 2 имеют змеиный характер. (1) Нингишзида (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — хтоническое божество, символом которого считалась рогатая змея или дракон bašmu [Van Buren 1934; 1946, 15–16; Wiggermann 1997, 39–42]; в ряде текстов утверждается его водный характер (см. b08); в Astrl. B и в MUL.APIN предполагается тождество: mul dMUŠ = dNin-giš-zi-da = (dBašmu), нигде более не встречающееся; см. также n29. (2) Нирах — древнее божество, почитавшееся в городе Дере на востоке Месопотамии, в храме Энлиля в Ниппуре и некоторых других местах. Нирах входил в окружение Иштарана, городского бога Дера; на кудурру Нирах определяется как «Посланник Иштарана» (dNiraḫ šip-ru ša2 dIštarān) [McEwan 1983, 222]. Отсюда, вероятно, отождествление dMUŠ = dKA.DI, принятое в BM 82923. Стандартное значение аккадского слова nirāḫu «маленькая змея, уж» [CAD N/2, 259b; AHw, 739b]. О чтении dMUŠ как dNiraḫ см. [Fauna, 2:9, 60–61; McEwan 1983; Lambert 1985, 444, note 46].

III. Символ.

Описание Bašmu см. b08. Весьма похожее изображение встречаем на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847 из Урука (лежащий рогатый дракон с вытянутыми передними лапами льва (?), крыльями и длинным змеиным хвостом, по его спине движется лев; рядом надписи mulmuš «Змея» и mulur.gu.la «Лев») см. в [Weidner 1927, Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5–6; Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Описание сцены в фрагментарном тексте: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / […] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, цит. по [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. Изображения Нираха на печатях см. [McEwan 1983, 221]. На кудурру Нирах, отождествляемый иногда с Иштараном, изображался в виде огромной змеи, свернутой в кольцо или вытянутой во всю длину сверху вниз. Изображение располагалось обычно в верхнем регистре, где помещались символы небесных светил [McEwan 1983, 221–222; Seidl 1968].

Каким образом мыслилось созвездие dMUŠ, остается не до конца ясным. Возможно, в касситский период это был змей Нирах, в селевкидский период — змеевидный дракон Bašmu. Поздняя версия Urra XXII, в которой приведено тождество: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu, отражает, по-видимому, более раннюю традицию.

IV. Отождествление.

= Hydra + β Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 284; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73].

= Hydra [Weidner1957–59, 74b,79b; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276, Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

Голова mulmuš = δ Hydrae, конец хвоста mulmuš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989, 80–85, 111]. Дискуссия см. [Pingree 1992, 169; Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 14].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL SAG MUŠ «Звезда головы Змеи», см. GU-текст, dbn-текст.

(2) MURUB4 mulMUŠ «Середина Змеи», см. GU-текст, dbn -текст.

(3) MUL GABA MUŠ «Звезда на груди Змеи», см. dbn -текст.

VI. Астрология.

Тождества:

(1) = Марс; DIŠ mul dMUŠ ana mulAL.LUL TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana mul[…] «Если Змея к Крабу приблизилась, (это означает): Марс к […] [ACh Ištar, 30:28], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:7].

Предсказания:

(2) Звезды и Змея; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ana mulMUŠ KUR-ud ina MU.BI GAN2.BA TUR «Если Звезды(=Меркурий или Сатурн) Змеи достигают: в этом году деловая активность уменьшится» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 ii 14], параллель см. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], см. m35MUL.MUL, V 2.
|Example
|-
!
====Kurtik (2022, n29) dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA ====
|
|-
|букв. «Владыка истинного (или: надежного) дерева» или «Владыка который делает дерево правильным» [Wiggermann 2000, 368]; божество созвездия mulMUŠ, прообраза греческой Гидры (Hydra) (см. m43).
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Хеттская молитва: mul dNin-ki-zi-da [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:4; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. (2) Новоассирийская молитва: [mul dNIN.GIŠ].ZI.DA [Oppenheim 1959, 282:10]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-[zu] / dmuš <<nowiki>> </nowiki>dNin-giš-z[i-da] «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. позади mulA-nu-ni-tu4) стоит: Змея, Нингишз[ида]» [KAV 218, B iii 6–7; Horowitz 2014, 39, 116]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 13): mul dMUŠ dNin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu4 «Змея, Нингишзида, господин преисподней» (I ii 8) [MA, 32], параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 67:16].

II. Божество.

Хтоническое божество шумерского происхождение, сын бога преисподней Ниназу, один из стражей небесных врат бога Ану. Согласно AN:dAnum (V 254, 258), у него было 2 жены и 3 сестры [Litke 1998, 192]. Его символом считалась рогатая змея bašmu, прообраз греческой Гидры (см. b08), а также, возможно, Нирах [Wiggermann 2001, 574]. Как обычно, неясны причины и конкретные обстоятельства, обусловившие связь Нингишзиды с этим созвездием. См. [МНМ 2, 221; Black–Green 1992, 140, 167; Tallqvist 1938, 406; Van Buren 1934; 1946, 15–16; Wiggermann 1993–1997, 458; 1997, 39–42; 2001, 574].
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (2022, n44) (d)''Niraḫ''====
|
|-
|змеевидное божество, отождествляемое с mul dmuš в поздней копии Urra XXII; см. m43dMUŠ.
|
|}

==References==
*
[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Hya]]

<references />

NIN.GIRIM3

2025-12-27T15:58:09Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:NIN.GIRIM3}}

I need to look at this back in Jerusalem??? - in I'''šhara - need to recheck how the name is written'''

m'''ul''''''NIN.GIRIM3 (𒀯𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺) is the astral manifestation of the goddess of the same name. The star-name occurs just the once, in the Great Star List, there identfied with the goddess [[Išhara]] who is identified in the Astrolabe tradition and elsewhere with 'The Scorpion' (Scorpio) (Horowitz 2014: 112). There is no clear evidence for an identification of Ningirim with Venus as had been previously suggested????'''
==='''Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim'''===
'''For the reading mulNIN.A.ḪA.KUD/TAR.DU = NIN.GIRIM3 see ???.'''

'''check to see if any of the bibliography below identified Ningirim with Venus and if so - why???'''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> in aastronomical texts, aapparently an epithet of Venus as the goddess Ishkhara, who was sometimes identified with Ishtar(?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 314; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 397-398; Lambert 2013<ref name=":0">Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.</ref>, 431-432; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 63ff.; Goetze 1945<ref>''Goetze A.'' The Vocabulary of the Princeton Theological Seminary // JAOS. 1945. V. 65, № 4. P. 223-237.</ref>, 234; 1955, 17; Biggs 1967<ref>''Biggs R.D. '' ŠÀ.ZI.GA. Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. N.Y.: J.J.Augustin Publisher-Locust Valley, 1967.</ref>, 43-44; Krebernik 2000a].'''

''' '''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
! Identifications
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
*mulnin.girim3 = ''be-let te-lil-ti'' / d''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Ningirim = Lady of purification, Ishkhara" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 39].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Deity.====
Ningirim is an ancient Sumerian goddess whose name has been known since the time of Fara (XXVI century B.C.) [Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 233 ff.; 2000a, 363]. In divine genealogies, she is characterized ambiguously: as the daughter or sister of Enlil, as the daughter of Ninurta or Enki, as the sister of the deity of "holy water" [ibid.] Among her epithets are ''bēlet šipti'' "Lady of the spell," ''bēlet tēlilti'' "Lady of purification," ''egi-zi-gal-an-na'' "Great, righteous Lady of the sky" [ibid., 241-242, 255]. Originally associated with water, fish, and the serpent deity Irhan [ibid.]. In the Old Akkadian period there was a temple dedicated to her [TCS 3<ref>''Sjoberg Å.W., Bergmann S.J.'' The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. N.Y., Locust Valley, 1969 (Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Vol. 3).</ref>, no. 19]. See also [Lambert 2013<ref name=":0" />, 431-432].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, n30)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNIN.A.ḪA.KUD/TAR.DU; в астрономических текстах, по-видимому, эпитет Венеры, как богини Ишхары, которая иногда отождествлялась с Иштар(?) [Gössmann 1950, 314; Tallqvist 1938, 397–398; Lambert 2013, 431–432; Litke 1998, 63ff.; Goetze 1945, 234; 1955, 17; Biggs 1967, 43–44; Krebernik 2000а].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». mulnin.girim3 = be-let te-lil-ti / diš-ḫa-ra «Нингирим = Госпожа очищения, Ишхара» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 39].

II. Божество.

Нингирим — древняя шумерская богиня, имя которой известно со времени Фары (XXVI в. до н.э.) [Krebernik 1984, 233 ff.; 2000а, 363]. В божественных генеалогиях характеризуется неоднозначно: как дочь или сестра Энлиля, как дочь Нинурты или Энки, как сестра божества «святой воды» [ibid.]. Среди ее эпитетов bēlet šipti «Госпожа заклинания», bēlet tēlilti «Госпожа очищения», egi-zi-gal-an-na «Великая праведная госпожа небес» [ibid., 241–242, 255]. Первоначально была связана с водой, рыбой и змеиным божеством Ирханом [ibid.]. В староаккадский период существовал посвященный ей храм [TCS 3, № 19]. См. также [Lambert 2013, 431–432].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

NIN.KA.SI

2025-12-27T15:57:02Z

JanSafford:

mulNIN.KA.SI (𒀯𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛). Ninkasi is the Mesopotamian goddess of beer and brewing. A famous hymn to Ninkasi includes a poetic rendering of recipte for brewing beer (ETCSL 4.23.1). '''''--- check the ACh Supp. reference below and re-write???'''''
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Lit. "(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth"; for objections to this translation see. [Krebernik 2000b, 442]. The name occurs in a single text [ACh Suppl., 7:43] in an obscure context [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 321]. On the deity dNIN.KA.SI see. [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 409; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 61; Krebernik 2000b].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, n32)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «(Звезда) Госпожа наполненного (вином) рта»; возражения против такого перевода см. [Krebernik 2000b, 442]. Название встречается в единственном тексте [ACh Suppl., 7:43] в неясном контексте [Gössmann 1950, 321]. О божестве dNIN.KA.SI см. [Tallqvist 1938, 409; Litke 1998, 61; Krebernik 2000b].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]