All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-01-10T16:01:07Z

HermannHunger:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' She is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN|mul / dA.EDIN]] (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' (Leo).

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''sissinnu''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each'''
''Text Nv. 10.''
*Intercalation scheme:
*'''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR'''
*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"
*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
* mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4
* “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??'''
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Shullat and Hanish / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If it, when Erua (culminates?), is born: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), from whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle the waters before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84].

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mul''E4-ru6 ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [MA 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [ARAK, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in ARAK 55, also not in ARAK 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; ARAK, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [ARAK, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; G. 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [ARAK 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [MA 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [MA 125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [G. 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; MA 142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [ARAK, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; ARAK, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [ARAK, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

TE8.mušen

2026-01-10T15:16:16Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TE8mušen, mul''Erû''}}
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)]]
mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of [[Aquila]] (Latin), The Eagle. mul''Erû'' or mul''Arû'' is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

*mulA2mušen,
* multi8mušen;
* = ''erû, arû'' "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.

[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 2; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref> 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":8">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mention that the translation "eagle" is not certain for all times, as historical languages might not have distinguished between different bird of prey. Hence, it could also be a vulture, at least in some variants:<blockquote>'''TI8mušen''' = ''erû''. “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).</blockquote>This option is in particular interesting with regard to the deity associated with TI8 in MUL.APIN, the warlike god Zababa:<ref name=":8" /><blockquote>'''''Zababa''.''' Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identification
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> 154: 117].
* (2) DC XXII series: a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII tradition

* multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1" /> 151:173],

* [multe8mu]šen = ''a-ru-u'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 133-4, 17:21]
|
|-
|'''Hittite prayer to the night gods.'''
* Amongst the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, p. 2:12; Toorn<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref> 130: 45].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:21, 22].
|
|-
|'''"Astrolabes."'''
* Astrolabe P. monthṬebetu, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref> 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) Menology: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Šabaṭu month, Eagle, Zababa" (A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 407:58], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 82; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 129].
** (2) Lists (12´3): mul ''ša ina igi-it'' mul[uz3] / gub-''zu'' mulA2m[ušen] "The constellation that stands ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
** (3) The list (3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[The month of Ṭebetu:] the Eagle (rises in the path of) [Enlil] ()" (C iii 10); parallel: ''ina'' itiab mulA2mušen ''e-ru''-[''u''2] "In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [rises]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XI 7].
** (4) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) [[GU.LA]].
* BM 82923. The month Ṭebetu, the stars of Enlil: mulA2mušen // 35 // UR.SAG d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigi". [Walker and Hunger<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref> 30:30].
* BM 34713. The month of Šabaṭu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
** (a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT<ref name=":5">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 176].
** (b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref> 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA KURme-''nim-ma'' / mulGU.LA ''u'' mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Arrow, Snake and Lion rise, and the Giant and Eagle set" (I iii 17-18),
** b) mulUD. KA.DUḪ.A ''u'' mulTI8mušen KURmeš-''ma'' / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with the Gaping mouth and the Eagle rise, and the Great Twins and Little Twins set" (I iii 29-30) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
|The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.
While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

'''Identifications''' [[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|alt=Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.|thumb|The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)]]

* Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"<ref>Hunger, H. and Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden</ref>
* in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172</ref>
* Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 171-191</ref>
|-
|'''"The Great Star List.'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B:97, 212, 228].
|
|-
| '''GU-text'''.

* (T) sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant Star of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree and Walker<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies<ref>Pingree, D. & Walker, C. (1988), A Babylonian Star-Catalogue:BM 78161, Vol. 9, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 313--322.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 ''u'' mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
** "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
* §y.
** a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
** b) mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Eagle, the first", see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] and (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref> 50, 62; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 110].

|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* Scheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) [[Lammu]]''[[Lammu]]''.
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:10; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102 r.4;].
[[File:TEmushen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172700.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Altair]]
| HIP 97649
|Constellation lines
|0.76
|-
| 2
|[[Tarazed]]
| HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|[[Okab]]
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|4
|[[Antinous]]
|HIP 99473
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.22
|-
|5
| δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|[[Rotanev]]
| HIP 101769
|Constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
|8
|[[Alshain]]
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|9
|[[Sualocin]]
|HIP 101958
|Constellation lines
|3.8
|-
|10
| η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
|11
| [[Aldulfin]]
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|12
|β Scuti
|HIP 92175
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.22
|-
| 13
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|14
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|15
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
| Constellation lines
|4.417
|-
| 16
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|17
|[[Alya]]
|HIP 92946
|Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
|18
|ζ Delphini
|HIP 101589
|Inside the Hull
|4.647
|-
|19
|[[Libertas]]
|HIP 97938
|Inside the Hull
|4.707
|-
|20
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
| 21
|ρ Aquilae
|HIP 99742
|Inside the Hull
|4.946
|-
|22
|θ 2 Serpentis
|HIP 92951
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|23
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|24
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
| 25
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|26
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 95447
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|28
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|30
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Inside the Hull
| 5.278
|-
| 31
|23 Aql
| HIP 94885
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|32
|ω 1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the Hull
|5.283
|-
|33
| 132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|34
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|35
|η Delphini
|HIP 101483
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|36
|15 Aql
|HIP 93717
|Inside the Hull
|5.394
|-
| 37
|14 Aql
|HIP 93526
| Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|38
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
|39
| [[Tianfu]]
|HIP 98823
|Inside the Hull
|5.508
|-
| 40
| 28 Aql
|HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
|41
| 64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Inside the Hull
|5.551
|-
|42
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the Hull
|5.569
|-
| 43
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
|5.637
|-
|45
|* chi Aql A
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 46
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|47
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 48
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the Hull
|5.754
|-
|50
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the Hull
|5.783
|-
|51
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
|52
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 53
|49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
|Inside the Hull
|5.839
|-
|54
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|55
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 100256
|Inside the Hull
| 5.938
|-
|57
| 64 Aql
|HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
|5.968
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 101909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|60
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|61
|10 Del
| HIP 102080
| Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|62
|ω 2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
|6.012
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the Hull
|6.042
|-
|64
|8 Aql
|HIP 92524
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|65
|1 Del
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
| 66
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|67
|R Aql
| HIP 93820
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|69
|73 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 92968
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 100511
|Inside the Hull
|6.152
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 100274
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the Hull
|6.174
|-
|74
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|75
|6 G. Aql
|HIP 92963
|Inside the Hull
|6.196
|-
|76
| * 1 Del A
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|77
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 100208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 100953
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|80
|* pi. Aql A
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|81
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
| Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|82
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the Hull
| 6.243
|-
|83
| 52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|84
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the Hull
|6.271
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 95664
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 100762
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|87
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|88
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
|89
| 46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the Hull
|6.321
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99234
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|91
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
|6.346
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 100781
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|93
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the Hull
|6.364
|-
|95
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|96
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|97
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the Hull
|6.428
|-
|98
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the Hull
|6.446
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the Hull
|6.457
|-
|100
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
|101
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 99985
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 98377
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Deity. ===
The names of constellations are never fixed with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 follows from the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is given: mulA2mušen = d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 = min (= d''Nin-urta'') [CT<ref name=":5" /> 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref> 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]].

===Symbol.===

*The symbol of Zababa on the ''kudurru''s was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref> 163-164; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref> 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
*SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

==== Identification. ====

* Aquila [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 2; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 73; BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 10; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6" /> 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7" /> 272];
* Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

===Astrology.===

====Identifications:====

*(1) = Saturn; see above section II.
*(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.
*(3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref> 352].
*(4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
*(5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

====Predictions:====

*(6) Planet and Eagle; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ... "If a planet and the Eagle become joined ...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-mi-du'' ... "If a planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''i-ḫu-u''2... "If a planet and the Eagle come close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" is one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = ''šamaššammu'').
*(7) Eagle(=Mars?) and planet; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle approaches closely to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar 23:15].
*(8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-''ir'' "If the Eagle approaches closely the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2.
*(9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle leans toward the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
*(10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moon; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI ZAG 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''i-bar-ru'' "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be revolt in the country" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI GUB3 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''in-niš''-[''ša''] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: the country will become confused" [ibid., 23:20].
*'''(11) The Eagle and mišḫu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits mišḫu: the planet(=Mars) [will exterminate small cattle/livestock]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].'''
*'''(12) The dark Eagle; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].'''
*'''(13) The Bow and the Eagle; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ḫar-pu SIG5-iq "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5: mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.'''
*(14) Arrow and Eagle; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mulṣ''al-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of Du'uzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: sesame will prosper; (this means:) Mercury in the month of Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
*('''15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?); ''ina Nisanni'' UD.28.KAM ''rēš tāmartišu tammarma'' / ''ina erî''(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [''adirma ušappilma ippuḫ''] "On''' the 28th day of Nisanu, you observe its last visibility, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and ascended" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

*'''(16) Heliacal rising of the Eagle in his set time and not in his set time; ''ina'' itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-[''ḫa''] SAL.KUR2 ''ina'' KUR ''ina-pu''-[''uš'' ... ] ''ina'' KUR GAR " In the month of Tebetu, the Eagle [...] if it rises on its set date, hostility will flare up in the country, [if it does not rise on its set date]: there will be [...] in the country." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]'''

== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Laffitte (2009) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22 '''(mul)''Erû/Arû''''')
!
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
|
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [Gössmann 1950, 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117]. (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.

См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [Gössmann 1950, 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2, а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9) Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].
|
|
|}

== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Akkadian]]

[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

Erragal

2026-01-10T13:05:53Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium (CC BY SMH).]]
d''Erragal'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) is a star and deity identified with one star of a two-star asterism called 'Twins', [[NIN.SAR]] (see Kurtik n40) and ''Erragal''. Together, they form an asterism in Lyra or its vicinity. ''Erragal'' is normally determined as a deity, but note the writings with the MUL (star) determinative in the Great Star List (GSL 232': D ii’ 12’ MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.''èr-ra-''GAL).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* ''Irragal''; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.

In astronomical texts it is paired with dNin.SAR and identified with a star in the constellation Lyra (ζ Lyrae) [Gössmann <ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 125; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329, 402].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 26):
** 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUBmeš-''zu'' d''Nin''-SAR ''u'' dEr3-ra-gal
** "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind dLAMMA = Vega): NinSAR and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
|[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium, sky culture "MUL.APIN".]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea.'''
* 7 pairs of celestial Twins:
* mulir3.ra.gal paired with mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:233]; for a parallel see. [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 33].
|Example
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:18.'''
* mul''Nin''-SAR ''u'' d''Er''3-''ra-gal'' = dU.GUR ''u'' d''Aḫ-bi-tum''
* "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Aḫbitum" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|θ Lyrae
|HIP 94713
|within constellation lines
| 4.38
|-
|2
|[[Aladfar]]
|HIP 94481
|within constellation lines
|4.398
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The list of gods AN:d''Anum'' (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of dNin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the list VR 46, 1:18, dNin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity d''Aḫ-bi-tum''. In the Great Star List and Miscellenea, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).

==== III. Identification. ====
mulnin.sar and mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].

d''Nin''-SAR ''u'' dErragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM, 272, 274].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: Irragal; = «Великий Эрра»; божество чумы и смерти, одно из имен Нергала. В астрономических текстах встречается в паре с dNin.SAR и отождествляется со звездой в созвездии Лира (ζ Lyrae) [G. 125; Litke 1998, 60; Tallqvist 1938, 329, 402].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 26): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBmeš-zu dNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal «Две звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. позади dLAMMA = Вега): Нинсар и Эррагаль» (I i 27) [MA, 26]. «Большой список звезд». 7 пар небесных Близнецов: mulir3.ra.gal в паре c mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:233]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 33]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:18. mulNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal = dU.GUR u dAḫ-bi-tum «Нинсар и Эррагаль = Нергал и Ахбитум» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3].

II. Божество.

В списке богов AN:dAnum (I 332) Эррагаль определяется как муж dNin.SAR и отождествляется с Нергалом [Litke 1998, 60 + note 332, 200:10–11 + note 10]. В списке VR 46, 1:18, напротив, dNin.SAR (ошибочно?) связано с Нергалом, а Эррагаль с неизвестным божеством dAḫ-bi-tum. В «Большом списке звезд» имена двух богов включены в список небесных близнецов (см. выше).

III. Отождествление.

mulnin.sar и mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].

dNin-SAR u dErragal = ε и ζ Lyrae [MA, 138; ASM, 272, 274].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Erra

2026-01-09T20:35:50Z

HermannHunger:

[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]
d''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with mul[[KA5.A|KA5.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= d''Ir''3-''ra'' "Erra, Irra";

deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];

Reading the first list of MUL.APIN as an explanatory list:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
!counting
!line number
!DIŠ
!asterism
!deity
|-
|16
|I i 15
|1
|mulMAR.GÍD.DA
|dNin-líl
|-
|17
|I i 16,17
|1
|MUL ''šá'' KI ''za-ri-i šá'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''<nowiki>zu |</nowiki>'' mulKA5.A
|dÈr-ra ''gaš-ri'' D.meš
|-
! colspan="5" |translation
|-
|16
|I i 15
|1
|STAR''EREQQU''(Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|I i 16,17
|1
|asterism by the shaft of STAR''EREQQU'' : STARŠĒLEBU(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|}
Akk. name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. dÈr-ra (EN 17r).

Var. designations:

* 1) a group of stars in the constellation of the Great Bear,
* 2) Mars.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: ''qu''2-''ra-du-um'' d''Er''3-''ra'' "Heroic Erra" [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:16], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** b) AO 6769: ''qu''2-''ra-du Ir-ra'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60],
** c) CBS 574: ˹''qu''3-''ra''˺-[''d'']''u'' [''I'']''r''3-''ra'' [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996, 58:13].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''

* The stars of Enlil (no. 16, 17):
** DIŠ MUL ''ša'' KI ''za-ri-i ša'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''zu''
*** The asterism which stands in the shaft of the Wagon.
** mulKA5.A d''Er''3-''ra gaš-ri'' DINGIRmeš
*** "the Fox, Erra, strong one of the gods" (I i 17) [MA, 23].
|[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wagon, Fox and Ewe in Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''"Ishum and Erra."'''
* a) See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]],
* b) ''kak-kab'' d''Er''3-''ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš''2-''ši''
** "Erra's star sparkles and carries radiance." [Al-Rawi and Black 1989, 118:10′]. See also [Kurtik 2019, note 34].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List, 92''''
* ... [Horowitz and Fincke, forthcoming]
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]].

As planet Mars, see below.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Pleiades and Erra (= Mars?);

* UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL2 d''Ir''3-''ra'' ZI-''ma'' UN.MEŠ ''ul u''2-[''šam-qat'']
* "If the Stars (stand) aside and have no light: Erra will rise, but will not kill people" [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e20)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dIr3-ra «Эрра, Ирра»; божество войны и чумы, одно из имен Нергала [Roberts 1972, 21–29; Tallqvist 1938, 329]; 1) группа звезд в созвездии Большой Медведицы, 2) Марс(?).
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: qu2-ra-du-um dEr3-ra «Героический Эрра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:16], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: qu2-ra-du Ir-ra [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: ˹qu3-ra˺-[d]u [I]r3-ra [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 17) [MA, 23]. «Ишум и Эрра». a) См. k06KA5.A, b) kak-kab dEr3-ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš2-ši «Звезда Эрры сверкает и испускает сияние» [Al-Rawi–Black 1989, 118:10′]. См. также [Kurtik 2019, note 34].

II. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

См. k06KA5.A.

Как планета Марс, см. ниже.

III. Астрология.

(1) Плеяды и Эрра (= Марс?); UL.UL ni-iḫ-su-ma UD.DA-su-nu NU GAL2 dIr3-ra ZI-ma UN.MEŠ ul u2-[šam-qat] «Если Звезды (стоят) в стороне и не имеют света: Эрра взойдет, но не будет убивать людей» [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-01-09T20:25:56Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 2 (e04. dE2-a to i15. is-lê) */

[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. For now, many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations remain in the beta-version. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Hebrew
!Akkadian
!...
!
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|Nisan נִיסָן
|''Nisānu''
|
|
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|''Ayyāru''
|
|
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|Sivan סִיוָן
|''simānu''
|
|
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|''Dûzu''
|
|
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|Av אָב
|''Abu''
|
|
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|Elul אֱלוּל
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|
|
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|''tašrītu''
|
|
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|''Arahsamnu''
|
|
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|''Kisilīmu''
|
|
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|''ṭebētu''
|
|
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|''Šabāṭu''
|
|
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|Adar אֲדָר
|''Adaru''
|
|
|-
|
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Cite ===
Gennady Kurtik, Wayne Horowitz, Susanne M Hoffmann, Hermann Hunger, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Jan Safford (2021-202x). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online.

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik, we added terms without numbers by us.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''Andurruna''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. [[KU.RU.NA|*KU.RU.NA]]
|
|now read [[Andurunna]]
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Bison
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. [[LA.KU.DU|dLA.KU.DU]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. [[LU]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. [[LU2|LU2]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
|Lion's head
|? to UR.GU.LA
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. [[SIPA]]
|True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. [[SUḪUR]]
|Goat-Fish
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''šubtu''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. ''Tak-ša''2''-a-ti'' / ''tu''2
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''[[Tinūru]]''
|Furnace
|
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. [[Ur-um AN.NA|''Ur-um'' AN.NA]]
|Celestial Light
|
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. [[ZI]]
|
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''[[Zibānītum]]''
|Saturn, Mercury, Mars
|
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''[[Zuqaqīpu]]''
|Scorpius
|
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-01-09T19:14:59Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 2 (e04. dE2-a to i15. is-lê) */

[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. For now, many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations remain in the beta-version. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Hebrew
!Akkadian
!...
!
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|Nisan נִיסָן
|''Nisānu''
|
|
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|''Ayyāru''
|
|
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|Sivan סִיוָן
|''simānu''
|
|
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|''Dûzu''
|
|
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|Av אָב
|''Abu''
|
|
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|Elul אֱלוּל
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|
|
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|''tašrītu''
|
|
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|''Arahsamnu''
|
|
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|''Kisilīmu''
|
|
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|''ṭebētu''
|
|
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|''Šabāṭu''
|
|
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|Adar אֲדָר
|''Adaru''
|
|
|-
|
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Cite ===
Gennady Kurtik, Wayne Horowitz, Susanne M Hoffmann, Hermann Hunger, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Jan Safford (2021-202x). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online.

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik, we added terms without numbers by us.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''Andurruna''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. [[KU.RU.NA|*KU.RU.NA]]
|
|now read [[Andurunna]]
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Bison
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. [[LA.KU.DU|dLA.KU.DU]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. [[LU]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. [[LU2|LU2]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
|Lion's head
|? to UR.GU.LA
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. [[SIPA]]
|True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. [[SUḪUR]]
|Goat-Fish
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''šubtu''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. ''Tak-ša''2''-a-ti'' / ''tu''2
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''[[Tinūru]]''
|Furnace
|
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. [[Ur-um AN.NA|''Ur-um'' AN.NA]]
|Celestial Light
|
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. [[ZI]]
|
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''[[Zibānītum]]''
|Saturn, Mercury, Mars
|
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''[[Zuqaqīpu]]''
|Scorpius
|
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

ERIN2

2026-01-09T19:13:41Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERIN2}}
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Babylonian Balance (Libra) in Stellarium; painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
ERIN2 (𒂟) is a first millennium Sumerian name for [[Libra]] whose usual name in Akkadian is ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'' (corresponding to Sumerian mul[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]). The two bright stars of Libra may be for the cross bar connecting α and β Librae, which may have been seen to hold the other elements of the mechanism in place.

I do not see any examples of mul''gišrinnu'' as a star-name?? nor clear evidence for reading RIN.

A reading RIN was probably deduced from the word gišrinnu (attested syllabically as gi-iš-ri-in-nu), even if this is not attested as a star name.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

*mulRIN2; short for mulGIŠ.ERIN2 '[[Libra]]';
*mulGIŠ.RIN2;
*= mul''gišrinnu'' "Libra";

The constellation and zodiacal sign [[Libra]] in later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

See also (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].

(Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2 is merged here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
*(1) Original designations of the constellation and then of the zodiacal sign Libra [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":1">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; earliest example: ERIN2 in the diary for -651 [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 42:16], later without the determinative.
*(2) Included in the names of the two "normal stars":
**a) ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 "Southern part of the Librae" (α Librae),
**b) ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI "Northern part of the Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 18].
|Example
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
*Sign of the zodiac Librae [ACT I-III<ref name=":1" />; LBAT<ref name=":2">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used in lunar tablets dating from the late 5th century B.C. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31; 2010<ref>Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', ''64''(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332. </ref>].
|Example
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ERIN2 is the designation of the 7th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV 19: ERIN2 is the zodiacal sign of Libra in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts. Sp II 202+:16-17: 7-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "The 7th part of the Hired Man is the Libra of the Hired Man." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 245].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making healing ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // ''qi''2''-lip''2 GIR2.TAB ''tapaššaš''(ŠEŠˆ) "Du'uzu 4 // Scales 21 // you smear peeled-off skin of a scorpion"(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, also 16, 29], for reading see [Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109]; for a parallel for the month of Araḫsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105:9, 22].
*(5) Hypsoma. Libra — the hypsoma of Saturn, see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
*(6) Zodiacal astrology.
**a) See (Kurtik z06) [[ZI]].
**b) [K]I múlERIN2... "Area of Libra ...", KI múlERIN2 ''a-lid ki-nu la ki-num'' dUTU ''ra-gu-ug''? ''šu''2 "Born in the area of Libra: (character) faithful or unfaithful, will Šamaš treat him evilly(?)" [LBAT<ref name=":2" />, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(7) Predicting the prices of cereal on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
*a) múlerin2 ''ša''2 tu15-1 20 erin2 "Southern Bowl of Scales: 20 Librae" (α Librae).
*b) múlerin2 š''a2'' tu15-2 25 erin2 "Northern Bowl of Scales: 25 Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:3′; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 150]; for a modern edition see. [Roughton, Steele and Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
|
|-
|'''GU-text: variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(L) ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 "Front cup of Libra", udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub "Saturn that stands ahead of Libra" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:19-20], see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] as well as (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(1) The Lunaries. BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 "Area of Libra". [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3" />, 259:29; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108].
* (2) "Microzodiac. The subdivisions of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**a) AO 6483: [7-i]-''tu''4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "7th part, its name is Libra" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:17; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
**b) Sp II 202+: 7-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "7th part of Aries — Libra of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4" />, 245:16-17],
**c) subdivisions of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts: VAT 7847: the 3rd part is mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6].
*(3) Libra as Saturn's hypsoma [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56].
*(4) Predictions from star climaxes, lunar eclipses and positions of the Sun relative to constellations.
**''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR)''ád'' ''pi-še''[''r''3''-ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2''-šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "While the Sun reaches the Scales, [its interpretation: the ec]lipse will not begin." [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102:16-17].
*(5) Predicting the prices of grains: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94, passim].
|
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e18 mulERIN2)
!'''Gössmann (1950)'''
|-
|вар. чтения: mulRIN2; сокращение от mulGIŠ.ERIN2 «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z10Zibānītu, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA.
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Обозначение первоначально созвездия, а затем знака зодиака Весы [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: ERIN2 в дневнике за –651 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 42:16], позднее без детерминатива. (2) Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: a) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae), b) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть весов» (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18]. Математическая астрономия. Знак зодиака Весы [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах, датируемых концом V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ERIN2 — обозначение 7-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: ERIN2 — знак зодиака Весы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей. Sp II 202+:16–17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Наемника — Весы Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления лечебной мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-tim tapaššaš(ŠEŠ2) «Дуузу 4 // Becы 210 // Все что угодно намазываешь»(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, а также 16, 29], о трудностях перевода см. [ibid. 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:9, 22]. (5) «Гипсома». Весы — гипсома Сатурна, см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (6) Зодиакальная астрология. a) См. z06ZI. b) [K]I múlERIN2… «Область Весов …», KI múlERIN2 a-lid ki-i-nu la ki-num dUTU ra-gu-ug?-šu2 «Родился в области Весов: (характер) верный или неверный, Шамаш будет обходиться с ним зло?» [LBAT, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000]. (7) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. См. также [SpTU V, 268]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-1 20 erin2 «Южная Чаша Весов: 20 Весы» (α Librae). b) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-2 25 erin2 «Северная Чаша Весов: 25 Весы» (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 150]; современное издание см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].
|Example
|-
!g22 mulGIŠ.RIN2
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIŠ.RIN2; = mulgišrinnu «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также e18ERIN2.
I. Источники.

GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов», udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub «Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:19–20], см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš, а также z10Zibānītum. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 «Область Весов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:29; Reiner 1995, 108]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделения знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 šum3-šu2 «7-я часть, ее имя Весы» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Овна — Весы Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:16–17], c) подразделения знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: VAT 7847: 3-я часть — mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6]. (3) Весы как гипсома Сатурна [Gössman 1950, 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR)ád pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Пока Солнце движется в направлении (букв. достигает) Весов, последс[твия зат]мения не наступ[ил]и» [SpTU III, 102:16–17]. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I, 94, passim].

См. также [SpTU I, 96:7].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lib]]

Ereš-ki-gal

2026-01-09T18:33:53Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ereš-ki-gal''}}
[[File:British Museum Queen of the Night.jpg|thumb|"Queen of the Night". Relief. Old Babylonian (Mesopotamia). Iraq, south. 19th c BCE-18th c BCE. (public domain). ]]
''Ereškigal'' (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲) is the Queen of the Underworld. In the Akkadian myth 'Nergal and Ereškigal' she marries the god Nergal and elevates her new husband to ultimate sovereignty in the realm of the dead.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The goddess of the underworld, identified with Mars and the constellation [[MUŠ|mulMUŠ]] ([[Hydra]]) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34-35]. For the goddess and 'Nergal and Ereškigal' see SAACT 8.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* [d''Ereš'']-''ki-gal'' = min(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'')
* "Ereškigal = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:110].
|Planet Mars.
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:29.

* mulmuš = d''Ereš-ki-gal''
* "Snake = Ereškigal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:29; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|the Babylonian constellation of the MUŠ-snake, visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg)]]
|}
See (Kurtik m43) [[MUŠ]], (Kurtik n29) [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|богиня подземного мира, отождествляемая с Марсом и созвездием Змея (mulMUŠ) [G. 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34–35].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». [dEreš]-ki-gal = min(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Эрешкигаль = Марс» [Mesop. Astrol., App. B:110]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:29. mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal «Змея = Эрешкигаль» [HBA, 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3].

См. m43dMUŠ, n29dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ

2026-01-08T15:06:27Z

HermannHunger:

[[File:ENTENABARGUZ stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul /d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'', 'The Mousey One', Jessica Gulberg's interpretation of a "mousey man" in the winter sky. Map in Stellarium, position rather uncertain.]]
[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|Mouse (CC BY George Shuklin)]]mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (𒀯𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝) now to be read mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'' (𒀯𒀭𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡)'','' 'The Mousey One'.

A constellation in the area of [[Centaurus]] but not identical to the classical constellation. A partially preserved description is available in the expanded version of the Uranology Text from late-period Uruk. The Akkadian name indicates that at least some elements of the constellation had rodent-like features.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The reading needs to be changed from conventionally mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM to now read EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>Theoretically the BAR could also be read MAŠ since the two originally distinct signs merged in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. However, at least one Old Babylonian lexical text clearly has the old form of BAR (CBS 6074 + UM 29-16-44 + N 6069 rev. iii’ 1, Nippur forerunner to Hh XX-XXII, cf. photo cdli P229320: [mul]EN.TE.EN.NA.BAR.GUZ). The reading GUZ of the last sign LUM (= ḪUM) is confirmed by the spelling mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUŠ in a mB forerunner of the same list from Emar (Msk 47187 rev. ii’ 10’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.2, 461, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 215, II 127), where the name is translated ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-rù''. The usual form of the Akk. equivalent is, however, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu''. Once the name is explained as uzuGU2.MURGU d''A-num'' “Back-bone of Anum”, see N. Veldhuis, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dcclt/corpus#P393814.19 . MURGU obviously resulted from a misinterpretation of the similar sign LUM. There and elsewhere the sumerogram is interpreted as “Shaggy Winter Star” or the like. This interpretation is based on Sum. enten “winter” and barguz = Akk. ''(ḫ)apparû'' “(with) shaggy (hair)” (cf., e.g., Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246, fn. 1620). In the dictionaries, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' is found under ''ḫums/ṣīru'' (AHw.), ''ḫumṣiru'' (CAD), a term for a (big) “mouse”, which displays a variety of different forms. The ancient scribes understood ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' by means of folk etymology as ''*ḫabbāt-ṣēr-Anu'' “Raider of the back/steppe of Anum” according to the commentary ''iḫbut ṣēr Anu'' “he raided the back/steppe of Anu” in a star list (5R 46: 48, cf. Weidner, HbA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51–52). mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ (EA 4l). </blockquote>Var. readings:
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/HUŠ;
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/ḪUM/SIG4
* = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu''; the meaning of the Akkadian word is not quite clear, possible connections with ''ḫumṣīru'' "(big) mouse" with the meaning: "Mouse-like". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 355b; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 105f.]; a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 179; BPO 2<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; AHw<ref name=":2" />, 303]. For discussion of the Sumerian and Akkadian names see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 54. For previous readings see below Krebernik (2023).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu'' A / mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru'' B [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:163; Bloch and Horowitz 2016<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = ˹''ḫu-mu-un''˺-''si''3-''ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar. lum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7">''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 A v 41].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = UZU.GU2.MUR7 ''da-''˹''nim''˺ "Cosmic winter asterism = Mouse-like = Main support of Anu" [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 41:45], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":8" />, 116 Rs. III 14].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' '''''Problems with Albs that we need to address - how to deal w/ new Horowitz edition'''''
Astrolabe B.
* (1) List (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su "Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" (Section B i 26).
* (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] ... mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum ''šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] " month Tašritu: ... Entenabarḫum (on the way of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 7).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — Tašritu, sunset — Nisanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40-41]; see (Kurtik n37) [[NIN.MAḪ]].
Astrolabe P. Month of Tašritu, stars Ea, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

BM 82923.

* Month Tašritu, Enlil stars: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] "Entenabarḫum // 40 // Weapon, star [...]". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:21].

BM 34713.

* The month of Araḫsamnu, the star of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8], see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].

"Circular Astrolabes".

* K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum "(Stars of Enlil, month Ṭebetu), [Entena]barḫum" [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 7):
* ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].

Text Sm. 162 rev. (Parallel to The Hilprecht Text)

* rev. 8. [...mu]l''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 154].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5, 5b, 35-35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' "Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" (I ii 22).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "15th Tašritu" (I iii 1), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
* (3) Simultaneous daily rising and setting: a) (I iii 23), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) [[IKU|AŠ.GAN2.]]
* (4) Astrological predictions: MUL [TA i]mKUR ''ana'' imU18 SUR-''ma'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-''ma'' / ''ina'' imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI "(If) the star flashes from the east towards the south, passes Entenabarḫum, and sets in the west: for three years the country will enjoy abundance" (II iii 46-47) [MA<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":12">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 158 r. 7].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* ''Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959''<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>'', 283:14]. <nowiki>[[need to chek]]</nowiki>''
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* (1) mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = dnin.gir2.su "The Mousey One = Ningirsu";
* (2) 12 asterisms of Elam: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum;
* (3) ''7'' ''lumāšu''-stars: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7" />, 107:19].
* (2) mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'': ''iḫ-bu-tu''2 edin d''A-nu'' "Ḫabaṣiranu, Ningirsu, (who) plunders the field of Anu." [CAD<ref name=":3" /> Ḫ, 7; HBA<ref name=":1" />, 52:48;
|
|-
| '''List of stars VR 46, 1:24, 48.'''
* (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = d''Uraš''(IB)
* (2) "Entenabarḫum = Uraš"; [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 179; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹d''Nin''˺-[''gir''2''-s'']''u''2 / ''ṣa-lam'' SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ''ina'' ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15? ]-˹''šu''2˺ xx [xxxxxx] "Entenabarḫum, Nin[girs]u, / a human figure, on its head, one s[tar ...] / in his [right] hand [...]" (col. iii 7-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Entenabarḫum's hand" (δ Cen) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:16], see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? [...] 3 mul.meš [... 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 ...]
* "Left leg of [Ente]nabarḫum (κ Cen?), Šullat [...], [..:] 3 stars. [... 2 interv]als, interval. Le[ft] leg [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM<ref name=":15">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107];
* According to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? [...] = mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Šullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), [...] = [mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL)] "[Ḫaniš]" (α Cen?). "Dilbat tablet." mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — the name of Venus in the month of Tašritu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
|
|}
See also [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' dUDU.[IDIM] "Habaṣiranu = Ningirsu = Planet" [ACh Sin<ref name=":16">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 19:22].
[[File:ENTENARBARGUZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 181343.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside EN.TE.NAR.BAR.GUZ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|υ 4 Eridani
|HIP 20042
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.56
|-
| 2
|τ 4 Eridani
|HIP 15474
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|3
|[[Theemin]]
|HIP 21393
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|4
|[[Beemim]]
|HIP 20535
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.96
|-
|5
| [[Dalim]]
|HIP 14879
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.98
|-
|6
|τ 3 Eridani
|HIP 14146
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|7
|τ 6 Eridani
|HIP 17651
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.2
|-
|8
|τ 5 Eridani
|HIP 16611
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|9
|τ 1 Eridani
|HIP 12843
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|10
|τ 8 Eridani
|HIP 18216
| Inside the Hull
|4.623
|-
|11
|15 Eri
|HIP 15382
| Inside the Hull
|4.875
|-
|12
|τ 7 Eridani
| HIP 17717
|Inside the Hull
|5.235
|-
|13
|83 G. Eri
|HIP 15643
|Inside the Hull
| 5.496
|-
| 14
|ρ Fornacis
|HIP 17738
|Inside the Hull
|5.54
|-
|15
|174 G. Eri
|HIP 19095
|Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|16
|AI For
|HIP 15479
| Inside the Hull
|5.622
|-
| 17
|σ Fornacis
| HIP 17618
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|18
|163 G. Eri
|HIP 18723
|Inside the Hull
|5.919
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 15357
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 16029
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|21
|τ Fornacis
| HIP 17007
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 15125
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 15700
| Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 16449
|Inside the Hull
|6.372
|-
| 25
|65 G. Eri
|HIP 14757
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 15585
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 16697
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The name of the constellation is recorded often with the divine (DINGIR) determinative and is mentioned in the list of Gods of the Night in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 14]. However, in the standard lists of gods, his name is absent. He is identified with Ningirsu and Uraš, who were closely connected with Ninurta (Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17" />, 404-405, 480; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 233, A 71). The mythological background explaining the connection between these deities with the constellation remains unresolved.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (2) A ritual against epidemics [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:14].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Unknown. Apparently, it was a hybrid figure (Mischwesen) including human and non-human elements. The texts mention the figure's head, left leg and arm.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Centaurus (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 123; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, 11; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14" />, 72].

= most of Centaurus and probably the Cross (Centaurus, Crux) [MA<ref name=":11" />, 138].

= part of Centaurus (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C].

= most of Centaurus [ASM<ref name=":15" />, 272-273].

==== V. Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Hand of Entenabarḫum", see GU-text, MLC 1866. (Uranology-text)

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum "Left foot of Entenabarḫum," see Dalbanna-text (§X).

(3) Head (Entenabarḫum)," see MLC 1866 (Uranology-text)

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications. =====
(1) = Venus in the month of Tašritu; see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.

(2) = Mercury; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT<ref name=":9" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; for a parallel see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" /> 2, 66:30].

(3) = Jupiter(?), see [Bezold 1920,<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref> 123:205].

(4) = Saturn(?); the identification of Entenabarḫum with Ningirsu, a local form of Ninurta, suggests a possible connection of the constellation with Saturn, but we find no explicit confirmation in texts.

(5) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 3.

===== Predictions. =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''a-na'' IM.SAG IM.SAG: ''ḫa-ru-up-tu''2: / DIŠ MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-''[''gir''2''-su''] "Entenabarḫum for (predicting) early winds. IM.SAG = ''ḫaruptu'' "early." The asterism that stands on its side, (is) Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 25:10-11; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5-5b].

(7) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR. ḪUM mul''A''[''n-nu-ni-tum'' BE-''ma ina''] UD.DU[G4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa''] / KI.ḪAL GUN-''ša''2 IL2 BE-''ma ina'' NU UD.[DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa'' KI.ḪAL] GUN-''ša''2 [NU? IL2] "In the month of Tašritu Entenabarḫum, An[unitu, if it rises] at its prescribed time: the furrow will bring its harvest, if [it rises] not at its prescribed time: [the furrow will not bring] its harvest." [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, X 18].

(8) Heliacal risings in the month of Tašritu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-''šu''2 GID2.MEŠ "If in the month of Tašritu, Entenabarḫum rises heliacally: the days of the king will be long" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) View of the constellation during heliacal risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''mul-lu-uḫ'' / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA "If Entenabarḫum (=Mercury) flickers(?) as it comes out: prospering of the harvest, business activity will be stable" [SAA 8<ref name=":12" />, 158 r. 7-8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina'' ''E''3-''šu''2 ''mu-lu-uḫ ina'' SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''ḫa-an-ṭiš'' IGI-''ma'' "If Entenabarḫum flickers(?) when it comes out, and becomes visible at the beginning of the month of Du'uzu: bread will be good, business activity will be stable. (This means that) Mercury becoms visible quickly after its disappearance." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:47-48], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:16], MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽a-lu'' "its stars are brilliant"; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''a-bi-il ina'' SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''a-dan-an-šu''2 ''ina'' AN''-e'' DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Entenabarḫum is foggy(?) when it comes out, and becomes visible at the beginning of the month of Abu: bread will not be good, business activity will decrease. (This means that) Mercury will pass its set time in the sky after it disappeared" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:49-50], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:17], where the identity ''a-bi-il'' - mul.meš-''šu''2 ''um-mu-lu'' "its stars are scintillating" is given, cf. [3. Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 289].

(10) The position of the constellation during risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-''šu''2 AN-''e i-na-ṭa-la ina'' MU.B[I...] "If Entenabarḫum, its head, (at his appearance) sees the sky: this year [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ana'' ABZU ''šu-ur''2 ''ina'' MU.BI [...] "If Entenabarḫum (at its appearance) leans towards the Apsû: this year [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) The view of the constellation; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ma-diš'' SA5 ... "If Entenabarḫum is very red..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''ḫi-i-pu'' DIŠ-''niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu''3 [...] "If the stars of Entenabarḫum ... shine very brightly together [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:54; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 104:6, 120:17; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''da-᾽a-mu'' IGI-''šu''2''-nu ana'' dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-''nu'' [...] "If the stars of Entenabarḫum are dark (and) are facing the west [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:55].

(12) Sunset in the region of Ḫabaṣi; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''Ḫa-ba-ṣi'' GUB [...] "If the Sun, during its setting in the region of Ḫabaṣi, stands [...]". [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":16" />, 16:14]. ''<nowiki>[[this entry needs to collated???? because of name Habatsi]]</nowiki>''

(13) The pest reaches Entenabarḫum; see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/LUM/ḪUŠ; = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'';
возможные значения: шум. «Косматая зимняя звезда», акк. «Подобный мыши» [CAD Ḫ, 8a; Landsberger, Fauna 105f; AHw, 303a, 355b; Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 12]. См. также h01Ḫabaṣīrānu.
|Example
|-
|Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu A / mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru B [Emar VI/4, 151:163; Bloch–Horowitz 2016, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum] = ˹ḫu-mu-un˺-si3-ru [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar.lum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [SpTU III, 114 A v 41]. (3) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = UZU.GU2.MUR7 da-˹nim˺ «Косматая зимняя звезда = Подобный мыши = Главная опора Ану» [MSL XI, 41:45], см. также [SpTU III, 116 Rs. III 14]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа, 40 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (Section B i 26). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] … mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц ташриту: … Энтенабархум (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход – ташриту, заход – нисану [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40–41]; см. n37NIN.MAḪ. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] «Энтенабархум // 40 // Оружие, звезда […]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:21]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:8], см. u19UR.GI7. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum «(Звезды Энлиля, месяц тебету), [Энтена]бархум» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 7): ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg–Halton 1987b, 212]. Текст Sm. 162 rev. 8. […mu]lḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 154]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 5, 5b, 35–35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3, 281]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (I ii 22). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту» (I iii 1), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 23), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Астрологические предсказания: MUL [TA i]mKUR ana imU18 SUR-ma mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-ma / ina imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI «(Если) звезда вспыхивает от востока по направлению к западу, проходит Энтенабархум и садится на западе: в течение трех лет страна будет наслаждаться изобилием» (II iii 46–47) [MA, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 158 r. 7]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959, 283:14]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = dnin.gir2.su «Подобный Мыши = Нингирсу»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum]; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959–60, 107:19]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:24, 48. (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = dUraš(IB) «Энтенабархум = Ураш»; (2) mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su: iḫ-bu-tu2 edin dA-nu «Хабацирану, Нингирсу, (кто) расхищает поле Ану» [CAD Ḫ, 7; HBA, 52:48; G. 179; Wee 2016, 162–3]. MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹dNin˺-[gir2-s]u2 / ṣa-lam SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ina ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15?]-˹šu2˺ xx [xxxxxx] «Энтенабархум, Нин[гирс]у, / человеческая фигура, на голове одна зв[езда …] / в ее [правой] руке […]» (col. iii 7–9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум» (δ Cen) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. также u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? […] 3 mul.meš [… 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 …] «Левая нога [Энте]набархум (κ Cen?), Шуллат […], […]: 3 звезды. [… 2 интерв]ала, интервал. Ле[вая] нога […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? […] = mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), […] = [mulḪaniš(LUGAL)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen?). «Таблица Дилбат». mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — имя Венеры в месяце ташриту, см. d06Dilbat.
См. также [SpTU II, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su dUDU.[IDIM] «Хабацирану = Нингирсу = Планета» [ACh Sin, 19:22].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия фиксируется нередко с детерминативом d, упоминается в списке ночных богов в новоассирийской молитве к ночным богам [Tallqvist 1938, 14]. Однако в стандартных списках богов его имя отсутствует. Отождествляется с Нингирсу и Урашем, которые были тесно связаны с Нинуртой [Tallqvist 1938, 404–405, 480; Litke 1998, 233, A 71]. Мифологический сюжет, объясняющий связь этих божеств с созвездием, остается нераскрытым. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:14].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. По-видимому, это была антропоморфная фигура. В текстах упоминаются голова, левая нога и рука фигуры.

IV. Отождествление.

= Центавр (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 11; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= большая часть Центавра и, вероятно, Крест (Centaurus, Crux) [MA, 138].

= часть Центавра, Центавр (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= большая часть Центавра [ASM, 272–273].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум», см. GU-текст, MLC 1866.

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum «Левая нога Энтенабархум», см. dbn-текст (§X).

(3) «Голова (Энтенабархум)», см. MLC 1866.

VI.,m Астрология.

Отождествления.

(1) = Венера в месяце ташриту; см. d06Dilbat.

(2) = Меркурий; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:30].

(3) = Юпитер(?), см. [Bezold 1920, 123:205].

(4) = Сатурн(?); отождествление Энтенабархум с Нингирсу, местной формой Нинурты, наводит на мысль о возможной связи созвездия с Сатурном, однако явных подтверждений в текстах мы не находим.

(5) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 3.

Предсказания.

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM a-na IM.SAG IM.SAG: ḫa-ru-up-tu2: / DIŠ MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-[gir2-su] «Энтенабархум для (предсказания) раннего ветра. IM.SAG = ḫaruptu «рано». Звезда, которая на его стороне стоит, (это) Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» [ACh Ištar, 25:10–11; BPO 2, III 5–5b].

(7) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulA[n-nu-ni-tum BE-ma ina] UD.DU[G4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa] / KI.ḪAL GUN-ša2 IL2 BE-ma ina NU UD.[DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa KI.ḪAL] GUN-ša2 [NU? IL2] «В месяце ташриту Энтенабархум, Ан[униту, если он восходит] в свое установленное время: борозда принесет свой урожай, если [он восходит] не в свое установленное время: [борозда не принесет] свой урожай» [BPO 2, X 18].

(8) Гелиакический восход в месяце ташриту; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-šu2 GID2.MEŠ «Если в месяце ташриту Энтенабархум восходит гелиакически: дни царя будут долгими» [BPO 2, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) Вид созвездия при гелиакическом восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mul-lu-uḫ / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA «Если Энтенабархум (=Меркурий) при своем появлении вспыхивает: нормальный урожай, деловая активность будет стабильной» [ARAK, 158 r. 7–8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mu-lu-uḫ ina SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 ḫa-an-ṭiš IGI-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении вспыхивает, в начале месяца дуузу восходит: хлеб будет хорошим, деловая активность нормальной. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после своего исчезновения быстро восходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:47–48], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:16], где дано тождество mulluC — mul.meš-šu2 ba-᾽a-lu «его звезды блестящие»; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 a-bi-il ina SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 a-dan-an-šu2 ina AN-e DIB-iq-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении туманный, в начале месяца абу восходит: хлеба не будет, деловая активность уменьшится. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после (своего) исчезновения в свое установленное время на небе отсутствует» [ACh Ištar, 21:49–50], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:17], где дано тождество a-bi-il — mul.meš-šu2 um-mu-lu «его звезды туманные», cм. [3. Erg., 289].

(10) Положение созвездия при восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-šu2 AN-e i-na-ṭa-la ina MU.B[I…] «Если Энтенабархум., голова его, (при его появлении) небо видит: в этом году […] [ACh Ištar, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ana ABZU šu-ur2 ina MU.BI […] «Если Энтенабархум (при своем появлении) к Апсу обращен(?): в этом году […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) Вид созвездия; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ma-diš SA5 … «Если Энтенабархум очень красный…» [ACh Ištar, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 ḫi-i-pu DIŠ-niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu3 […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его (оригинал поврежден) вместе очень яркие […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:54; LKU, 104:6, 120:17; CAD N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 da-᾽a-mu IGI-šu2-nu ana dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-nu […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его, темные (и) лица их на запад обращены […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:55].

(12) Заход Солнца в области Хабаци; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dḪa-ba-ṣi GUB […] «Если Солнце при своем заходе в области Хабаци стоит […]» [ACh Šamaš, 16:14].

(13) Вредитель достигает Энтенабархума; см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 4.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, h01)
!
|-
|вар. записи: d''Ḫa-ba-ri''; аккадская параллель к mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/SIG4; значение аккадского слова не вполне ясно, возможна связь с ''ḫumṣīru'' «(большая) мышь» и значение: «Подобный Мыши» [AHw, 355b; CAD Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934, 105f.]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 179; BPO 2, 12; AHw, 303].
См. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:Cen]]

EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ

2026-01-08T10:39:12Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

[[File:ENTENABARGUZ stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul /d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'', 'The Mousey One', Jessica Gulberg's interpretation of a "mousey man" in the winter sky. Map in Stellarium, position rather uncertain.]]
[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|Mouse (CC BY George Shuklin)]]mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (𒀯𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝) now to be read mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'' (𒀯𒀭𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡)'','' 'The Mousey One'.

A constellation in the area of [[Centaurus]] but not identical to the classical constellation. A partially preserved description is available in the expanded version of the Uranology Text from late-period Uruk. The Akkadian name indicates that at least some elements of the constellation had rodent-like features.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The reading needs to be changed from conventionally mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM to now read EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>Theoretically the BAR could also be read MAŠ since the two originally distinct signs merged in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. However, at least one Old Babylonian lexical text clearly has the old form of BAR (CBS 6074 + UM 29-16-44 + N 6069 rev. iii’ 1, Nippur forerunner to Hh XX-XXII, cf. photo cdli P229320: [mul]EN.TE.EN.NA.BAR.GUZ). The reading GUZ of the last sign LUM (= ḪUM) is confirmed by the spelling mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUŠ in a mB forerunner of the same list from Emar (Msk 47187 rev. ii’ 10’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.2, 461, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 215, II 127), where the name is translated ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-rù''. The usual form of the Akk. equivalent is, however, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu''. Once the name is explained as uzuGU2.MURGU d''A-num'' “Back-bone of Anum”, see N. Veldhuis, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dcclt/corpus#P393814.19 . MURGU obviously resulted from a misinterpretation of the similar sign LUM. There and elsewhere the sumerogram is interpreted as “Shaggy Winter Star” or the like. This interpretation is based on Sum. enten “winter” and barguz = Akk. ''(ḫ)apparû'' “(with) shaggy (hair)” (cf., e.g., Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246, fn. 1620). In the dictionaries, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' is found under ''ḫums/ṣīru'' (AHw.), ''ḫumṣiru'' (CAD), a term for a (big) “mouse”, which displays a variety of different forms. The ancient scribes understood ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' by means of folk etymology as ''*ḫabbāt-ṣēr-Anu'' “Raider of the back/steppe of Anum” according to the commentary ''iḫbut ṣēr Anu'' “he raided the back/steppe of Anu” in a star list (5R 46: 48, cf. Weidner, HbA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51–52). mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ (EA 4l). </blockquote>Var. readings:
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/HUŠ;
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/ḪUM/SIG4
* = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu''; the meaning of the Akkadian word is not quite clear, possible connections with ''ḫumṣīru'' "(big) mouse" with the meaning: "Mouse-like". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 355b; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 105f.]; a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 179; BPO 2<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; AHw<ref name=":2" />, 303]. For discussion of the Sumerian and Akkadian names see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 54. For previous readings see below Krebernik (2023).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu'' A / mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru'' B [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:163; Bloch and Horowitz 2016<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = ˹''ḫu-mu-un''˺-''si''3-''ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar. lum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7">''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 A v 41].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = UZU.GU2.MUR7 ''da-''˹''nim''˺ "Cosmic winter asterism = Mouse-like = Main support of Anu" [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 41:45], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":8" />, 116 Rs. III 14].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' '''''Problems with Albs that we need to address - how to deal w/ new Horowitz edition'''''
Astrolabe B.
* (1) List (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su "Entenabarhum, Ningirsu" (Section B i 26).
* (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] ... mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum ''šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] " month Tašritu: ... Entenabarhum (on the way of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 7).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — Tašritu, sunset — Nisanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40-41]; see (Kurtik n37) [[NIN.MAḪ]].
Astrolabe P. Month of Tašritu, stars Ea, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

BM 82923.

* Month Tašritu, Enlil stars: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] "Entenabarhum // 40 // Weapon, star [...]". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:21].

BM 34713.

* The month of Arahsamnu, the star of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8], see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].

"Circular Astrolabes".

* K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum "(Stars of Enlil, month Ṭebetu), [Entena]barhum" [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 7):
* ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].

Text Sm. 162 rev. (Parallel to The Hilprecht Text)

* rev. 8. [...mu]l''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 154].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5, 5b, 35-35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' "Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" (I ii 22).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "15th Tašritu" (I iii 1), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
* (3) Simultaneous daily rising and setting: a) (I iii 23), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) [[IKU|AŠ.GAN2.]]
* (4) Astrological predictions: MUL [TA i]mKUR ''ana'' imU18 SUR-''ma'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-''ma'' / ''ina'' imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI "(If) the star flashes from the east towards the west, passes Entenabarhum, and sets in the west: for three years the country will enjoy abundance" (II iii 46-47) [MA<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":12">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 158 r. 7].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* ''Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959''<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>'', 283:14]. <nowiki>[[need to chek]]</nowiki>''
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* (1) mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = dnin.gir2.su "The Mousey One = Ningirsu";
* (2) 12 asterisms of Elam: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum;
* (3) ''7'' ''lumāšu''-stars: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7" />, 107:19].
* (2) mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'': ''iḫ-bu-tu''2 edin d''A-nu'' "Ḫabaṣiranu, Ningirsu, (who) plunders the field of Anu." [CAD<ref name=":3" /> Ḫ, 7; HBA<ref name=":1" />, 52:48;
|
|-
| '''List of stars VR 46, 1:24, 48.'''
* (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = d''Uraš''(IB)
* (2) "Entenabarḫum = Uraš"; [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 179; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹d''Nin''˺-[''gir''2''-s'']''u''2 / ''ṣa-lam'' SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ''ina'' ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15? ]-˹''šu''2˺ xx [xxxxxx] "Entenabarḫum, Nin[girs]u, / a human figure, on its head, one s[tar ...] / in her [right] hand [...]" (col. iii 7-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Entenabarḫum's hand" (δ Cen) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:16], see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? [...] 3 mul.meš [... 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 ...]
* "Left leg of [Ente]nabarḫum (κ Cen?), Šullat [...], [..:] 3 stars. [... 2 interv]als, interval. Le[ft] leg [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM<ref name=":15">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107];
* According to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? [...] = mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Šullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), [...] = [mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL)] "[Ḫaniš]" (α Cen?). "Dilbat tablet." mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — the name of Venus in the month of Tašritu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
|
|}
See also [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' dUDU.[IDIM] "Habaṣiranu = Ningirsu = Planet" [ACh Sin<ref name=":16">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 19:22].
[[File:ENTENARBARGUZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 181343.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside EN.TE.NAR.BAR.GUZ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|υ 4 Eridani
|HIP 20042
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.56
|-
| 2
|τ 4 Eridani
|HIP 15474
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|3
|[[Theemin]]
|HIP 21393
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|4
|[[Beemim]]
|HIP 20535
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.96
|-
|5
| [[Dalim]]
|HIP 14879
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.98
|-
|6
|τ 3 Eridani
|HIP 14146
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|7
|τ 6 Eridani
|HIP 17651
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.2
|-
|8
|τ 5 Eridani
|HIP 16611
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|9
|τ 1 Eridani
|HIP 12843
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|10
|τ 8 Eridani
|HIP 18216
| Inside the Hull
|4.623
|-
|11
|15 Eri
|HIP 15382
| Inside the Hull
|4.875
|-
|12
|τ 7 Eridani
| HIP 17717
|Inside the Hull
|5.235
|-
|13
|83 G. Eri
|HIP 15643
|Inside the Hull
| 5.496
|-
| 14
|ρ Fornacis
|HIP 17738
|Inside the Hull
|5.54
|-
|15
|174 G. Eri
|HIP 19095
|Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|16
|AI For
|HIP 15479
| Inside the Hull
|5.622
|-
| 17
|σ Fornacis
| HIP 17618
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|18
|163 G. Eri
|HIP 18723
|Inside the Hull
|5.919
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 15357
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 16029
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|21
|τ Fornacis
| HIP 17007
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 15125
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 15700
| Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 16449
|Inside the Hull
|6.372
|-
| 25
|65 G. Eri
|HIP 14757
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 15585
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 16697
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The name of the constellation is recorded often with the divine (DINGIR) determinative and is mentioned in the list of Gods of the Night in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 14]. However, in the standard lists of gods, his name is absent. He is identified with Ningirsu and Uraš, who were closely connected with Ninurta (Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17" />, 404-405, 480; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 233, A 71). The mythological background explaining the connection between these deities with the constellation remains unresolved.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (2) A ritual against epidemics [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:14].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Unknown. Apparently, it was a hybrid figure (Mischwesen) including human and non-human elements. The texts mention the figure's head, left leg and arm.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Centaurus (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 123; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, 11; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14" />, 72].

= most of Centaurus and probably the Cross (Centaurus, Crux) [MA<ref name=":11" />, 138].

= part of Centaurus (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C].

= most of Centaurus [ASM<ref name=":15" />, 272-273].

==== V. Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Hand of Entenabarḫum", see GU-text, MLC 1866. (Uranology-text)

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum "Left foot of Entenabarḫum," see Dalbanna-text (§X).

(3) Head (Entenabarḫum)," see MLC 1866 (Uranology-text)

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications. =====
(1) = Venus in the month of Tašritu; see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.

(2) = Mercury; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT<ref name=":9" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; for a parallel see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" /> 2, 66:30].

(3) = Jupiter(?), see [Bezold 1920,<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref> 123:205].

(4) = Saturn(?); the identification of Entenabarḫum with Ningirsu, a local form of Ninurta, suggests a possible connection of the constellation with Saturn, but we find no explicit confirmation in texts.

(5) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 3.

===== Predictions. =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''a-na'' IM.SAG IM.SAG: ''ḫa-ru-up-tu''2: / DIŠ MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-''[''gir''2''-su''] "Entenabarḫum for (predicting) early winds. IM.SAG = ''ḫaruptu'' "early." The asterism that stands on its side, (is) Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 25:10-11; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5-5b].

(7) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR. ḪUM mul''A''[''n-nu-ni-tum'' BE-''ma ina''] UD.DU[G4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa''] / KI.ḪAL GUN-''ša''2 IL2 BE-''ma ina'' NU UD.[DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa'' KI.ḪAL] GUN-''ša''2 [NU? IL2] "In the month of Tašritu Entenabarḫum, An[unitu, if it rises] at its prescribed time: the furrow will bring its harvest, if [it rises] not at its prescribed time: [the furrow will not bring] its harvest." [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, X 18].

(8) Heliacal risings in the month of Tašritu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-''šu''2 GID2.MEŠ "If in the month of Tašritu, Entenabarḫum rises heliacally: the days of the king will be long" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) View of the constellation during heliacal risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''mul-lu-uḫ'' / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA "If Entenabarḫum (=Mercury) flickers(?) as it comes out: prospering of the harvest, business activity will be stable" [SAA 8<ref name=":12" />, 158 r. 7-8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina'' ''E''3-''šu''2 ''mu-lu-uḫ ina'' SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''ḫa-an-ṭiš'' IGI-''ma'' "If Entenabarḫum flickers(?) when it comes out, and rises at the beginning of the month of Du'uzu: bread will be good, business activity will be stable. (This means that) Mercury rises quickly after its disappearance." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:47-48], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:16], MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽a-lu'' "its stars are brilliant"; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''a-bi-il ina'' SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''a-dan-an-šu''2 ''ina'' AN''-e'' DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Entenabarḫum is foggy(?) when it comes out, and becomes visible at the beginning of the month of Abu: bread will not be good, business activity will decrease. (This means that) Mercury will pass its set time in the sky after it disappeared" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:49-50], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:17], where the identity ''a-bi-il'' - mul.meš-''šu''2 ''um-mu-lu'' "its stars are scintillating" is given, cf. [3. Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 289].

(10) The position of the constellation during risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-''šu''2 AN-''e i-na-ṭa-la ina'' MU.B[I...] "If Entenabarḫum, its head, (at his appearance) sees the sky: this year [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ana'' ABZU ''šu-ur''2 ''ina'' MU.BI [...] "If Entenabarḫum (at its appearance) turns (?) towards Apsu: this year [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) The view of the constellation; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ma-diš'' SA5 ... "If Entenabarḫum is very red..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''ḫi-i-pu'' DIŠ-''niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu''3 [...] "If Entenabarḫum, its stars (originally damaged) together are very bright [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:54; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 104:6, 120:17; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''da-᾽a-mu'' IGI-''šu''2''-nu ana'' dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-''nu'' [...] "If Entenabarḫum, its stars, are dark (and) their faces are facing the west [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:55].

(12) Sunset in the region of Ḫabaṣi; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''Ḫa-ba-ṣi'' GUB [...] "If the Sun, during its setting in the region of Ḫabaṣi, stands [...]". [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":16" />, 16:14]. ''<nowiki>[[this entry needs to collated???? because of name Habatsi]]</nowiki>''

(13) The pest reaches Entenabarḫum; see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/LUM/ḪUŠ; = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'';
возможные значения: шум. «Косматая зимняя звезда», акк. «Подобный мыши» [CAD Ḫ, 8a; Landsberger, Fauna 105f; AHw, 303a, 355b; Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 12]. См. также h01Ḫabaṣīrānu.
|Example
|-
|Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu A / mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru B [Emar VI/4, 151:163; Bloch–Horowitz 2016, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum] = ˹ḫu-mu-un˺-si3-ru [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar.lum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [SpTU III, 114 A v 41]. (3) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = UZU.GU2.MUR7 da-˹nim˺ «Косматая зимняя звезда = Подобный мыши = Главная опора Ану» [MSL XI, 41:45], см. также [SpTU III, 116 Rs. III 14]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа, 40 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (Section B i 26). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] … mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц ташриту: … Энтенабархум (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход – ташриту, заход – нисану [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40–41]; см. n37NIN.MAḪ. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] «Энтенабархум // 40 // Оружие, звезда […]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:21]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:8], см. u19UR.GI7. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum «(Звезды Энлиля, месяц тебету), [Энтена]бархум» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 7): ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg–Halton 1987b, 212]. Текст Sm. 162 rev. 8. […mu]lḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 154]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 5, 5b, 35–35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3, 281]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (I ii 22). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту» (I iii 1), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 23), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Астрологические предсказания: MUL [TA i]mKUR ana imU18 SUR-ma mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-ma / ina imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI «(Если) звезда вспыхивает от востока по направлению к западу, проходит Энтенабархум и садится на западе: в течение трех лет страна будет наслаждаться изобилием» (II iii 46–47) [MA, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 158 r. 7]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959, 283:14]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = dnin.gir2.su «Подобный Мыши = Нингирсу»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum]; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959–60, 107:19]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:24, 48. (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = dUraš(IB) «Энтенабархум = Ураш»; (2) mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su: iḫ-bu-tu2 edin dA-nu «Хабацирану, Нингирсу, (кто) расхищает поле Ану» [CAD Ḫ, 7; HBA, 52:48; G. 179; Wee 2016, 162–3]. MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹dNin˺-[gir2-s]u2 / ṣa-lam SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ina ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15?]-˹šu2˺ xx [xxxxxx] «Энтенабархум, Нин[гирс]у, / человеческая фигура, на голове одна зв[езда …] / в ее [правой] руке […]» (col. iii 7–9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум» (δ Cen) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. также u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? […] 3 mul.meš [… 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 …] «Левая нога [Энте]набархум (κ Cen?), Шуллат […], […]: 3 звезды. [… 2 интерв]ала, интервал. Ле[вая] нога […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? […] = mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), […] = [mulḪaniš(LUGAL)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen?). «Таблица Дилбат». mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — имя Венеры в месяце ташриту, см. d06Dilbat.
См. также [SpTU II, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su dUDU.[IDIM] «Хабацирану = Нингирсу = Планета» [ACh Sin, 19:22].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия фиксируется нередко с детерминативом d, упоминается в списке ночных богов в новоассирийской молитве к ночным богам [Tallqvist 1938, 14]. Однако в стандартных списках богов его имя отсутствует. Отождествляется с Нингирсу и Урашем, которые были тесно связаны с Нинуртой [Tallqvist 1938, 404–405, 480; Litke 1998, 233, A 71]. Мифологический сюжет, объясняющий связь этих божеств с созвездием, остается нераскрытым. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:14].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. По-видимому, это была антропоморфная фигура. В текстах упоминаются голова, левая нога и рука фигуры.

IV. Отождествление.

= Центавр (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 11; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= большая часть Центавра и, вероятно, Крест (Centaurus, Crux) [MA, 138].

= часть Центавра, Центавр (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= большая часть Центавра [ASM, 272–273].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум», см. GU-текст, MLC 1866.

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum «Левая нога Энтенабархум», см. dbn-текст (§X).

(3) «Голова (Энтенабархум)», см. MLC 1866.

VI.,m Астрология.

Отождествления.

(1) = Венера в месяце ташриту; см. d06Dilbat.

(2) = Меркурий; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:30].

(3) = Юпитер(?), см. [Bezold 1920, 123:205].

(4) = Сатурн(?); отождествление Энтенабархум с Нингирсу, местной формой Нинурты, наводит на мысль о возможной связи созвездия с Сатурном, однако явных подтверждений в текстах мы не находим.

(5) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 3.

Предсказания.

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM a-na IM.SAG IM.SAG: ḫa-ru-up-tu2: / DIŠ MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-[gir2-su] «Энтенабархум для (предсказания) раннего ветра. IM.SAG = ḫaruptu «рано». Звезда, которая на его стороне стоит, (это) Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» [ACh Ištar, 25:10–11; BPO 2, III 5–5b].

(7) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulA[n-nu-ni-tum BE-ma ina] UD.DU[G4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa] / KI.ḪAL GUN-ša2 IL2 BE-ma ina NU UD.[DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa KI.ḪAL] GUN-ša2 [NU? IL2] «В месяце ташриту Энтенабархум, Ан[униту, если он восходит] в свое установленное время: борозда принесет свой урожай, если [он восходит] не в свое установленное время: [борозда не принесет] свой урожай» [BPO 2, X 18].

(8) Гелиакический восход в месяце ташриту; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-šu2 GID2.MEŠ «Если в месяце ташриту Энтенабархум восходит гелиакически: дни царя будут долгими» [BPO 2, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) Вид созвездия при гелиакическом восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mul-lu-uḫ / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA «Если Энтенабархум (=Меркурий) при своем появлении вспыхивает: нормальный урожай, деловая активность будет стабильной» [ARAK, 158 r. 7–8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mu-lu-uḫ ina SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 ḫa-an-ṭiš IGI-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении вспыхивает, в начале месяца дуузу восходит: хлеб будет хорошим, деловая активность нормальной. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после своего исчезновения быстро восходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:47–48], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:16], где дано тождество mulluC — mul.meš-šu2 ba-᾽a-lu «его звезды блестящие»; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 a-bi-il ina SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 a-dan-an-šu2 ina AN-e DIB-iq-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении туманный, в начале месяца абу восходит: хлеба не будет, деловая активность уменьшится. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после (своего) исчезновения в свое установленное время на небе отсутствует» [ACh Ištar, 21:49–50], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:17], где дано тождество a-bi-il — mul.meš-šu2 um-mu-lu «его звезды туманные», cм. [3. Erg., 289].

(10) Положение созвездия при восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-šu2 AN-e i-na-ṭa-la ina MU.B[I…] «Если Энтенабархум., голова его, (при его появлении) небо видит: в этом году […] [ACh Ištar, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ana ABZU šu-ur2 ina MU.BI […] «Если Энтенабархум (при своем появлении) к Апсу обращен(?): в этом году […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) Вид созвездия; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ma-diš SA5 … «Если Энтенабархум очень красный…» [ACh Ištar, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 ḫi-i-pu DIŠ-niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu3 […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его (оригинал поврежден) вместе очень яркие […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:54; LKU, 104:6, 120:17; CAD N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 da-᾽a-mu IGI-šu2-nu ana dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-nu […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его, темные (и) лица их на запад обращены […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:55].

(12) Заход Солнца в области Хабаци; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dḪa-ba-ṣi GUB […] «Если Солнце при своем заходе в области Хабаци стоит […]» [ACh Šamaš, 16:14].

(13) Вредитель достигает Энтенабархума; см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 4.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, h01)
!
|-
|вар. записи: d''Ḫa-ba-ri''; аккадская параллель к mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/SIG4; значение аккадского слова не вполне ясно, возможна связь с ''ḫumṣīru'' «(большая) мышь» и значение: «Подобный Мыши» [AHw, 355b; CAD Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934, 105f.]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 179; BPO 2, 12; AHw, 303].
См. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:Cen]]

EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ

2026-01-08T09:15:30Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

[[File:ENTENABARGUZ stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul /d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'', 'The Mousey One', Jessica Gulberg's interpretation of a "mousey man" in the winter sky. Map in Stellarium, position rather uncertain.]]
[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|Mouse (CC BY George Shuklin)]]mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (𒀯𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝) now to be read mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'' (𒀯𒀭𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡)'','' 'The Mousey One'.

A constellation in the area of [[Centaurus]] but not identical to the classical constellation. A partially preserved description is available in the expanded version of the Uranology Text from late-period Uruk. The Akkadian name indicates that at least some elements of the constellation had rodent-like features.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The reading needs to be changed from conventionally mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM to now read EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>Theoretically the BAR could also be read MAŠ since the two originally distinct signs merged in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. However, at least one Old Babylonian lexical text clearly has the old form of BAR (CBS 6074 + UM 29-16-44 + N 6069 rev. iii’ 1, Nippur forerunner to Hh XX-XXII, cf. photo cdli P229320: [mul]EN.TE.EN.NA.BAR.GUZ). The reading GUZ of the last sign LUM (= ḪUM) is confirmed by the spelling mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUŠ in a mB forerunner of the same list from Emar (Msk 47187 rev. ii’ 10’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.2, 461, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 215, II 127), where the name is translated ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-rù''. The usual form of the Akk. equivalent is, however, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu''. Once the name is explained as uzuGU2.MURGU d''A-num'' “Back-bone of Anum”, see N. Veldhuis, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dcclt/corpus#P393814.19 . MURGU obviously resulted from a misinterpretation of the similar sign LUM. There and elsewhere the sumerogram is interpreted as “Shaggy Winter Star” or the like. This interpretation is based on Sum. enten “winter” and barguz = Akk. ''(ḫ)apparû'' “(with) shaggy (hair)” (cf., e.g., Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246, fn. 1620). In the dictionaries, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' is found under ''ḫums/ṣīru'' (AHw.), ''ḫumṣiru'' (CAD), a term for a (big) “mouse”, which displays a variety of different forms. The ancient scribes understood ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' by means of folk etymology as ''*ḫabbāt-ṣēr-Anu'' “Raider of the back/steppe of Anum” according to the commentary ''iḫbut ṣēr Anu'' “he raided the back/steppe of Anu” in a star list (5R 46: 48, cf. Weidner, HbA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51–52). mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ (EA 4l). </blockquote>Var. readings:
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/HUŠ;
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/ḪUM/SIG4
* = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu''; the meaning of the Akkadian word is not quite clear, possible connections with ''ḫumṣīru'' "(big) mouse" with the meaning: "Mouse-like". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 355b; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 105f.]; a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 179; BPO 2<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; AHw<ref name=":2" />, 303]. For discussion of the Sumerian and Akkadian names see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 54. For previous readings see below Krebernik (2023).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu'' A / mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru'' B [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:163; Bloch-Horowitz 2016<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = ˹''ḫu-mu-un''˺-''si''3-''ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar. lum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7">''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 A v 41].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = UZU.GU2.MUR7 ''da-''˹''nim''˺ "Cosmic winter asterism = Mouse-like = Main support of Anu" [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 41:45], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":8" />, 116 Rs. III 14].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' '''''Problems with Albs that we need to address - how to deal w/ new Horowitz edition'''''
Astrolabe B.
* (1) List (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su "Entenabarhum, Ningirsu" (Section B i 26).
* (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] ... mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum ''šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] " month Tašritu: ... Entenabarhum (on the way of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 7).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — Tašritu, sunset — Nisanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40-41]; see (Kurtik n37) [[NIN.MAḪ]].
Astrolabe P. Month of Tašritu, stars Ea, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

BM 82923.

* Month Tašritu, Enlil stars: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] "Entenabarhum // 40 // Weapon, star [...]". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:21].

BM 34713.

* The month of Arahsamnu, the star of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8], see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].

"Circular Astrolabes".

* K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum "(Stars of Enlil, month Ṭebetu), [Entena]barhum" [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 7):
* ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].

Text Sm. 162 rev. (Parallel to The Hilprecht Text)

* rev. 8. [...mu]l''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 154].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5, 5b, 35-35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' "Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" (I ii 22).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "15th Tašritu" (I iii 1), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
* (3) Simultaneous daily rising and setting: a) (I iii 23), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) [[IKU|AŠ.GAN2.]]
* (4) Astrological predictions: MUL [TA i]mKUR ''ana'' imU18 SUR-''ma'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-''ma'' / ''ina'' imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI "(If) the star flashes from the east towards the west, passes Entenabarhum, and sets in the west: for three years the country will enjoy abundance" (II iii 46-47) [MA<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":12">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 158 r. 7].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* ''Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959''<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>'', 283:14]. <nowiki>[[need to chek]]</nowiki>''
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* (1) mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = dnin.gir2.su "The Mousey One = Ningirsu";
* (2) 12 asterisms of Elam: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum;
* (3) ''7'' ''lumāšu''-stars: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7" />, 107:19].
* (2) mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'': ''iḫ-bu-tu''2 edin d''A-nu'' "Habaṣiranu, Ningirsu, (who) plunders the field of Anu." [CAD<ref name=":3" /> Ḫ, 7; HBA<ref name=":1" />, 52:48;
|
|-
| '''List of stars VR 46, 1:24, 48.'''
* (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = d''Uraš''(IB)
* (2) "Entenabarḫum = Uraš"; [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 179; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹d''Nin''˺-[''gir''2''-s'']''u''2 / ''ṣa-lam'' SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ''ina'' ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15? ]-˹''šu''2˺ xx [xxxxxx] "Entenabarḫum, Nin[girs]u, / a human figure, on its head, one s[tar ...] / in her [right] hand [...]" (col. iii 7-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Entenabarḫum's hand" (δ Cen) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:16], see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? [...] 3 mul.meš [... 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 ...]
* "Left leg of [Ente]nabarḫum (κ Cen?), Šullat [...], [..:] 3 stars. [... 2 interv]als, interval. Le[ft] leg [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM<ref name=":15">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107];
* According to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? [...] = mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Šullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), [...] = [mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL)] "[Ḫaniš]" (α Cen?). "Dilbat tablet." mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — the name of Venus in the month of Tašritu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
|
|}
See also [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' dUDU.[IDIM] "Habaṣiranu = Ningirsu = Planet" [ACh Sin<ref name=":16">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 19:22].
[[File:ENTENARBARGUZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 181343.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside EN.TE.NAR.BAR.GUZ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|υ 4 Eridani
|HIP 20042
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.56
|-
| 2
|τ 4 Eridani
|HIP 15474
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|3
|[[Theemin]]
|HIP 21393
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|4
|[[Beemim]]
|HIP 20535
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.96
|-
|5
| [[Dalim]]
|HIP 14879
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.98
|-
|6
|τ 3 Eridani
|HIP 14146
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|7
|τ 6 Eridani
|HIP 17651
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.2
|-
|8
|τ 5 Eridani
|HIP 16611
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|9
|τ 1 Eridani
|HIP 12843
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|10
|τ 8 Eridani
|HIP 18216
| Inside the Hull
|4.623
|-
|11
|15 Eri
|HIP 15382
| Inside the Hull
|4.875
|-
|12
|τ 7 Eridani
| HIP 17717
|Inside the Hull
|5.235
|-
|13
|83 G. Eri
|HIP 15643
|Inside the Hull
| 5.496
|-
| 14
|ρ Fornacis
|HIP 17738
|Inside the Hull
|5.54
|-
|15
|174 G. Eri
|HIP 19095
|Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|16
|AI For
|HIP 15479
| Inside the Hull
|5.622
|-
| 17
|σ Fornacis
| HIP 17618
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|18
|163 G. Eri
|HIP 18723
|Inside the Hull
|5.919
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 15357
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 16029
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|21
|τ Fornacis
| HIP 17007
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 15125
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 15700
| Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 16449
|Inside the Hull
|6.372
|-
| 25
|65 G. Eri
|HIP 14757
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 15585
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 16697
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The name of the constellation is recorded often with the divine (DINGIR) determinative and is mentioned in the list of Gods of the Night in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 14]. However, in the standard lists of gods, his name is absent. He is identified with Ningirsu and Uraš, who were closely connected with Ninurta (Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17" />, 404-405, 480; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 233, A 71). The mythological background explaining the connection between these deities with the constellation remains unresolved.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (2) A ritual against epidemics [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:14].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Unknown. Apparently, it was a hybrid figure (Mischwesen) including human and non-human elements. The texts mention the figure's head, left leg and arm.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Centaurus (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 123; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, 11; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14" />, 72].

= most of Centaurus and probably the Cross (Centaurus, Crux) [MA<ref name=":11" />, 138].

= part of Centaurus (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C].

= most of Centaurus [ASM<ref name=":15" />, 272-273].

==== V. Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Hand of Entenabarḫum", see GU-text, MLC 1866. (Uranology-text)

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum "Left foot of Entenabarḫum," see Dalbanna-text (§X).

(3) Head (Entenabarḫum)," see MLC 1866 (Uranology-text)

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications. =====
(1) = Venus in the month of Tašritu; see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.

(2) = Mercury; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT<ref name=":9" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; for a parallel see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" /> 2, 66:30].

(3) = Jupiter(?), see [Bezold 1920,<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref> 123:205].

(4) = Saturn(?); the identification of Entenabarḫum with Ningirsu, a local form of Ninurta, suggests a possible connection of the constellation with Saturn, but we find no explicit confirmation in texts.

(5) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 3.

===== Predictions. =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''a-na'' IM.SAG IM.SAG: ''ḫa-ru-up-tu''2: / DIŠ MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-''[''gir''2''-su''] "Entenabarḫum for (predicting) early winds. IM.SAG = ''ḫaruptu'' "early." The asterism that stands on its side, (is) Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 25:10-11; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5-5b].

(7) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR. ḪUM mul''A''[''n-nu-ni-tum'' BE-''ma ina''] UD.DU[G4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa''] / KI.ḪAL GUN-''ša''2 IL2 BE-''ma ina'' NU UD.[DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa'' KI.ḪAL] GUN-''ša''2 [NU? IL2] "In the month of Tašritu Entenabarḫum, An[unitu, if it rises] at its prescribed time: the furrow will bring its harvest, if [it rises] not at its prescribed time: [the furrow will not bring] its harvest." [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, X 18].

(8) Heliacal risings in the month of Tašritu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-''šu''2 GID2.MEŠ "If in the month of Tašritu, Entenabarḫum rises heliacally: the days of the king will be long" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) View of the constellation during heliacal risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''mul-lu-uḫ'' / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA "If Entenabarḫum (=Mercury) flashes as it appears: normal harvest, business activity will be stable" [SAA 8<ref name=":12" />, 158 r. 7-8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina'' ''E''3-''šu''2 ''mu-lu-uḫ ina'' SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''ḫa-an-ṭiš'' IGI-''ma'' "If Entenabarḫum flares up during its appearance, and rises at the beginning of the month of duuzu: bread will be good, business activity will benormal. (This will be the case if) Mercury rises quickly after its disappearance." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:47-48], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:16], MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽a-lu'' "its stars are brilliant"; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''a-bi-il ina'' SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''a-dan-an-šu''2 ''ina'' AN''-e'' DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Entenabarhum is foggy during its appearance is foggy, and rises at the beginning of the month of abu: there will be no bread, business activity will decrease. (This will take place if) Mercury is absent from the sky after (its) disappearance at its set time." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:49-50], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:17], where the identity ''a-bi-il'' - mul.meš-''šu''2 ''um-mu-lu'' "its stars are misty" is given, cf. [3. Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 289].

(10) The position of the constellation during risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-''šu''2 AN-''e i-na-ṭa-la ina'' MU.B[I...] "If Entenabarhum, its head, (at his appearance) sees the sky: this year [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ana'' ABZU ''šu-ur''2 ''ina'' MU.BI [...] "If Entenabarhum (at its appearance) turns (?) towards Apsu: this year [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) The view of the constellation; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ma-diš'' SA5 ... "If Entenabarhum is very red..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''ḫi-i-pu'' DIŠ-''niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu''3 [...] "If Entenabarhum, its stars (originally damaged) together are very bright [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:54; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 104:6, 120:17; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''da-᾽a-mu'' IGI-''šu''2''-nu ana'' dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-''nu'' [...] "If Entenabarhum, its stars, are dark (and) their faces are facing the west [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:55].

(12) Sunset in the region of Habatsi; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''Ḫa-ba-ṣi'' GUB [...] "If the Sun, during its setting in the region of Habatsi, stands [...]". [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":16" />, 16:14]. ''<nowiki>[[this entry needs to collated???? because of name Habatsi]]</nowiki>''

(13) The pest reaches Entenabarhum; see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/LUM/ḪUŠ; = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'';
возможные значения: шум. «Косматая зимняя звезда», акк. «Подобный мыши» [CAD Ḫ, 8a; Landsberger, Fauna 105f; AHw, 303a, 355b; Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 12]. См. также h01Ḫabaṣīrānu.
|Example
|-
|Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu A / mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru B [Emar VI/4, 151:163; Bloch–Horowitz 2016, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum] = ˹ḫu-mu-un˺-si3-ru [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar.lum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [SpTU III, 114 A v 41]. (3) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = UZU.GU2.MUR7 da-˹nim˺ «Косматая зимняя звезда = Подобный мыши = Главная опора Ану» [MSL XI, 41:45], см. также [SpTU III, 116 Rs. III 14]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа, 40 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (Section B i 26). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] … mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц ташриту: … Энтенабархум (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход – ташриту, заход – нисану [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40–41]; см. n37NIN.MAḪ. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] «Энтенабархум // 40 // Оружие, звезда […]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:21]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:8], см. u19UR.GI7. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum «(Звезды Энлиля, месяц тебету), [Энтена]бархум» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 7): ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg–Halton 1987b, 212]. Текст Sm. 162 rev. 8. […mu]lḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 154]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 5, 5b, 35–35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3, 281]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (I ii 22). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту» (I iii 1), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 23), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Астрологические предсказания: MUL [TA i]mKUR ana imU18 SUR-ma mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-ma / ina imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI «(Если) звезда вспыхивает от востока по направлению к западу, проходит Энтенабархум и садится на западе: в течение трех лет страна будет наслаждаться изобилием» (II iii 46–47) [MA, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 158 r. 7]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959, 283:14]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = dnin.gir2.su «Подобный Мыши = Нингирсу»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum]; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959–60, 107:19]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:24, 48. (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = dUraš(IB) «Энтенабархум = Ураш»; (2) mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su: iḫ-bu-tu2 edin dA-nu «Хабацирану, Нингирсу, (кто) расхищает поле Ану» [CAD Ḫ, 7; HBA, 52:48; G. 179; Wee 2016, 162–3]. MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹dNin˺-[gir2-s]u2 / ṣa-lam SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ina ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15?]-˹šu2˺ xx [xxxxxx] «Энтенабархум, Нин[гирс]у, / человеческая фигура, на голове одна зв[езда …] / в ее [правой] руке […]» (col. iii 7–9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум» (δ Cen) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. также u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? […] 3 mul.meš [… 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 …] «Левая нога [Энте]набархум (κ Cen?), Шуллат […], […]: 3 звезды. [… 2 интерв]ала, интервал. Ле[вая] нога […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? […] = mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), […] = [mulḪaniš(LUGAL)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen?). «Таблица Дилбат». mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — имя Венеры в месяце ташриту, см. d06Dilbat.
См. также [SpTU II, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su dUDU.[IDIM] «Хабацирану = Нингирсу = Планета» [ACh Sin, 19:22].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия фиксируется нередко с детерминативом d, упоминается в списке ночных богов в новоассирийской молитве к ночным богам [Tallqvist 1938, 14]. Однако в стандартных списках богов его имя отсутствует. Отождествляется с Нингирсу и Урашем, которые были тесно связаны с Нинуртой [Tallqvist 1938, 404–405, 480; Litke 1998, 233, A 71]. Мифологический сюжет, объясняющий связь этих божеств с созвездием, остается нераскрытым. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:14].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. По-видимому, это была антропоморфная фигура. В текстах упоминаются голова, левая нога и рука фигуры.

IV. Отождествление.

= Центавр (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 11; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= большая часть Центавра и, вероятно, Крест (Centaurus, Crux) [MA, 138].

= часть Центавра, Центавр (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= большая часть Центавра [ASM, 272–273].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум», см. GU-текст, MLC 1866.

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum «Левая нога Энтенабархум», см. dbn-текст (§X).

(3) «Голова (Энтенабархум)», см. MLC 1866.

VI.,m Астрология.

Отождествления.

(1) = Венера в месяце ташриту; см. d06Dilbat.

(2) = Меркурий; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:30].

(3) = Юпитер(?), см. [Bezold 1920, 123:205].

(4) = Сатурн(?); отождествление Энтенабархум с Нингирсу, местной формой Нинурты, наводит на мысль о возможной связи созвездия с Сатурном, однако явных подтверждений в текстах мы не находим.

(5) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 3.

Предсказания.

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM a-na IM.SAG IM.SAG: ḫa-ru-up-tu2: / DIŠ MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-[gir2-su] «Энтенабархум для (предсказания) раннего ветра. IM.SAG = ḫaruptu «рано». Звезда, которая на его стороне стоит, (это) Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» [ACh Ištar, 25:10–11; BPO 2, III 5–5b].

(7) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulA[n-nu-ni-tum BE-ma ina] UD.DU[G4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa] / KI.ḪAL GUN-ša2 IL2 BE-ma ina NU UD.[DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa KI.ḪAL] GUN-ša2 [NU? IL2] «В месяце ташриту Энтенабархум, Ан[униту, если он восходит] в свое установленное время: борозда принесет свой урожай, если [он восходит] не в свое установленное время: [борозда не принесет] свой урожай» [BPO 2, X 18].

(8) Гелиакический восход в месяце ташриту; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-šu2 GID2.MEŠ «Если в месяце ташриту Энтенабархум восходит гелиакически: дни царя будут долгими» [BPO 2, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) Вид созвездия при гелиакическом восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mul-lu-uḫ / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA «Если Энтенабархум (=Меркурий) при своем появлении вспыхивает: нормальный урожай, деловая активность будет стабильной» [ARAK, 158 r. 7–8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mu-lu-uḫ ina SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 ḫa-an-ṭiš IGI-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении вспыхивает, в начале месяца дуузу восходит: хлеб будет хорошим, деловая активность нормальной. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после своего исчезновения быстро восходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:47–48], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:16], где дано тождество mulluC — mul.meš-šu2 ba-᾽a-lu «его звезды блестящие»; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 a-bi-il ina SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 a-dan-an-šu2 ina AN-e DIB-iq-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении туманный, в начале месяца абу восходит: хлеба не будет, деловая активность уменьшится. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после (своего) исчезновения в свое установленное время на небе отсутствует» [ACh Ištar, 21:49–50], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:17], где дано тождество a-bi-il — mul.meš-šu2 um-mu-lu «его звезды туманные», cм. [3. Erg., 289].

(10) Положение созвездия при восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-šu2 AN-e i-na-ṭa-la ina MU.B[I…] «Если Энтенабархум., голова его, (при его появлении) небо видит: в этом году […] [ACh Ištar, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ana ABZU šu-ur2 ina MU.BI […] «Если Энтенабархум (при своем появлении) к Апсу обращен(?): в этом году […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) Вид созвездия; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ma-diš SA5 … «Если Энтенабархум очень красный…» [ACh Ištar, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 ḫi-i-pu DIŠ-niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu3 […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его (оригинал поврежден) вместе очень яркие […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:54; LKU, 104:6, 120:17; CAD N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 da-᾽a-mu IGI-šu2-nu ana dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-nu […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его, темные (и) лица их на запад обращены […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:55].

(12) Заход Солнца в области Хабаци; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dḪa-ba-ṣi GUB […] «Если Солнце при своем заходе в области Хабаци стоит […]» [ACh Šamaš, 16:14].

(13) Вредитель достигает Энтенабархума; см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 4.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, h01)
!
|-
|вар. записи: d''Ḫa-ba-ri''; аккадская параллель к mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/SIG4; значение аккадского слова не вполне ясно, возможна связь с ''ḫumṣīru'' «(большая) мышь» и значение: «Подобный Мыши» [AHw, 355b; CAD Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934, 105f.]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 179; BPO 2, 12; AHw, 303].
См. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:Cen]]

EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA

2026-01-07T18:04:19Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA}}
[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man."
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Lit. "Lord of all me"; Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>The last of Enlil’s primeval ancestors who were killed (in the act of creation?). d''En-me-šár-ra'' (EN 3r). For a late myth in which Enmešarra and his seven sons are defeated by Marduk, see Lambert 2013, 281-298. </blockquote>
* 1) the deity of the constellation [[ŠU.GI|mulŠU.GI]] "Old Man",
* 2) the deity of the constellation [[GIGIR|mul]] [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]] "Chariot",
* 3) the deity of the constellation [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "Stag". [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 122; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 304; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 663],

See also (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR]], (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]]. Note Enmesharra's name with the MUL determinative in examples below sub Sections III/IV.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical Texts.'''
* Series Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ''ša''2 mulLAGAB´BAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Chariot = Chariot constellation, Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVI 8-9, 11-12; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352f.]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

* List (12´3): mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu
* "Old man, Enmešarra, deity-West" (B ii 13-14) [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, col. ii 14], see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars."'''
* Anu 5, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Old man, Enmešarra" (I i 3) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 18].
|[[File:Enmesharra stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:6, 549:1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea."'''
* [...] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:114].
|
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:14, 21.

* (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' = d''Nusku''(PA + TUG2) "Girra, bright (star) which is in front of Enmešarra, Nusku", parallel [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:10', see Steele 2017, 29f. = Steele, J. M., Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy, Cham, Springer, 2017].
* (2) mullu.lim = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' 'Stag = Enmešarra', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51, Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|Text W22281a.
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Enmešarra — an ancient deity associated with the underworld; among his epithets: ''ṣābit kippat kigalli'' "He who holds the circle of the underworld" [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 275, 361]. The name has been known since the third dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 103]. Together with Ninmešarra, he was formulated as the divine pair of Enlil's ancestors in the divine genealogies of the Old Babylonian period [Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 col. i 28-29; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 34, Tablet I 136-137; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4">''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 153]. Later identified with Anu, Dumuzi, and Kingu [TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47 obv. 2-3, rev.; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 145, 190-191, 194,198-199]. Enmešarra was considered the father of the divine Seven: dimin.bi dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Seven, the sons of Enmešarra", 7 dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "The Seven Sons of Enmešarra" [Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 126-127:5, 176-177:29]. In the Neo-Assyrian period in the temple dedicated to Enmešarra (''bīt'' d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'') there were rituals connected with it. The description of one of them (VAT 8917 obv. 24-29) mentions a sacred chariot (gišgigir ''ša''2 kur elam.maki ''ša''2 giš''kussê-ša''2 ''ja''!-''a᾽-nu'' "A chariot of Elam, without a seat") in which the body of the deity was transported (add ''ša''2 d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'') [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 124-125, 147]. The image of this chariot with Enmešarra in it was probably regarded as a symbol of the constellation gišGIGIR, which name is already present in the early monolingual Nippur list of stars, see (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]. The constellation Enmešarra, located in the zodiacal belt north of Taurus, was part of the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man" [Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Therefore Enmešarra as a deity was identified with both mul gišGIGIR and mulŠU.GI.

==== II. Identification. ====
= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11].

= north of Taurus [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== III. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 "Frontal star of Enmešarra", see IV,1 below.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI "The frontal star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra," see below IV,1.

(3) ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Heel of Enmešarra," see below IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' ''šum''-[''šu''] "[Old m]an from his knee to his heel = [his] name is Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352].

==== IV. Astrology. ====
(1) Visibility of the constellation; mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 ''ma-diš e-kil'' EN.TE.NA ''dan-nu'' G[AL2?] "If the front star of Enmešarra is very dark: there will be severe cold" [BPO 2, XVI 8], apodosis version: GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''ma'' "Mercury appeared in the Old Man " [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 18; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 8 + Parallels]; [DIŠ] mul''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI.BI GIM ''ka-ra-ri-e ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' SA5 ''um-šum dan-nu'' [GA]L2 "If the front star of Enmešarra is like the midday sun (and) in its middle one star is very red: [there wi]ll be severe heat" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9], a variant of the apodosis: AN ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' KI ''Dil-bat ina'' MUL [...] "Mars in exceptional brilliance (reaches) the place of Venus within the constellation [...]". [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? [...] "If the front star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra is very red: a strong flood (will ...) the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-''šu''2 ''ma-a᾽-diš'' [SA5] / A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa''-[''pa''] "If Enmešar[ra], its star is very [red]: floodings will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 549:1-3]; parallel: DIŠ d''En-me-šar''2-''ra ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12], apodosis variant: GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI GUR4-''m''[''a''] "Mercury in the Old Man is very bright" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 14; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Venus and Enmešarra; [mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3] d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' DU-''iz'' ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-''an'' / [TA ... mul]ŠU.GI EN ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "[If Venus stands inside] Enmešarra: there will be defeat for Akkad; (it means that it stands) [from ...] the Old Man to Enmešarra’s heels " [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 104-105, K.3632:24]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) The Strange Star (=Mars) and Enmešarra; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 6.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Господин всех ме»; 1) божество созвездия mul gišGIGIR «Колесница», 2) божество созвездия mulŠU.GI «Старик», 3) божество созвездия mulLU.LIM «Олень» [G. 122; Tallqvist 1938, 304; МНМ II, 663], см также g15GIGIR, sh16ŠU.GI, L09LU.LIM.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница = созвездие Колесницы, Энмешарра» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVI 8–9, 11–12; BPO 3, 281; Weidner 1925, 352f.]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Cписок (12´3): mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Старик, Энмешарра, божество–Запад» (B ii 13–14) [Horowitz 2014, 38, col. ii 14], см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5, см. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3) [MA, 18]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 503:6, 549:1]. «Большой список звезд». […] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:114]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:14, 21. (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra = dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, (звезда) с большим блеском, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску», параллель [SpTU I, 95:10']. (2) mullu.lim = dEn-me-šar2-ra «Олень = Энмешарра», см. также [HBA 51, Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Энмешарра — древнее божество, связанное с подземным миром; среди его эпитетов: ṣābit kippat kigalli «Тот, кто держит круг преисподней» [MCG, 275, 361]. Имя известно со времени III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 103]. Вместе с Нинмешаррой составлял божественную пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях старовавилонского времени [Genouillac 1923, AO 5376 col. i 28–29; Litke 1998, 34, Tablet I 136–137; Livingstone 1986, 153]. Позднее отождествлялось с Ану, Думузи и Кингу [TU, 47 obv. 2–3, rev.; Livingstone 1986, 145, 190–191, 194,198–199]. Энмешарра считался отцом божественной Семерки: dimin.bi dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семерка, сыновья Энмешарры», 7 dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семеро сыновей Энмешарры» [Livingstone 1986, 126–127:5, 176–177:29]. В новоассирийский период в храме, посвященном Энмешарре (bīt dEn-me-šar2-ra), совершались связанные с ним ритуалы. В описании одного из них (VAT 8917 obv. 24–29) упоминается священная колесница (gišgigir ša2 kur elam.maki ša2 giškussê-ša2 ja!-a᾽-nu «Эламская колесница без сидения»), в которой перевозилось тело божества (adda ša2 dEn-me-šar2-ra) [ibid., 124–125, 147]. Изображение этой колесницы c Энмешаррой в ней рассматривалось, вероятно, как символ созвездия gišGIGIR, название которого присутствует уже в раннем одноязычном ниппурском списке звезд, см. g15gišGIGIR. Созвездие Энмешарра, расположенное в зодиакальном поясе на севере Тельца, составляло часть созвездия mulŠU.GI «Cтарик» [Weidner 1925, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Поэтому Энмешарра как божество отождествлялось как с mul gišGIGIR, так и с mulŠU.GI.

II. Отождествление.

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11].

= северная часть Тельца [ASM, 271–272].

III. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 «Передняя звезда Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI «Передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(3) a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «Пятка Энмешарры», см. ниже IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Видимость созвездия; mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 ma-diš e-kil EN.TE.NA dan-nu G[AL2?] «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры очень темная: наступит суровый холод» [BPO 2, XVI 8], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI IGI-ma «Меркурий в Старике появился» [TU, 18 r. 18; BPO 2, XVI 8 + Parralels]; [DIŠ] mulEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI.BI GIM ka-ra-ri-e ina MURUB4-šu2 1 MUL ma-diš SA5 um-šum dan-nu [GA]L2 «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры подобна полуденному Солнцу (и) в середине его одна звезда очень красная: [насту]пит жестокая жара» [BPO 2, XVI 9], вариант аподосиса: AN ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru KI Dil-bat ina MUL […] «Марс в возбужденном блеске (достигает) места Венеры в (пределах) созвездия […]» [TU, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? […] «Если передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры очень красная: сильное половодье (наступит в) стране» [BPO 2, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-šu2 ma-a᾽-diš [SA5] / A.KAL uṣ-ṣa-[pa] «Если Энмешар[ра], звезда его (при его восходе) очень [красная]: половодье усилится» [ARAK, 549:1–3]; параллель: DIŠ dEn-me-šar2-ra ma-diš SA5 A.KAL […] [BPO 2, XVI 12], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina ŠU.GI GUR4-m[a] «Меркурий в Старике имеет большой блеск» [TU, 18 r. 14; BPO 2, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Венера и Энмешарра; [mulDil-bat ina ŠA3] dEn-me-šar2-ra DU-iz ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-an / [TA … mul]ŠU.GI EN a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «[Если Венера стоит внутри] Энмешарры: будет поражение Аккада; (это означает, что она) [от …] Старика до пятки Энмешарры (стоит)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3, 104–105, K.3632:24]; параллели см. [ibid., 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) Странная звезда (=Марс) и Энмешарра; см. m05MAN-ma, II 6.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Per]]

EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA

2026-01-07T18:03:20Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA}}
[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man."
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Lit. "Lord of all me"; Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>The last of Enlil’s primeval ancestors who were killed (in the act of creation?). d''En-me-šár-ra'' (EN 3r). For a late myth in which Enmešarra and his seven sons are defeated by Marduk, see Lambert 2013, 281-298. </blockquote>
* 1) the deity of the constellation [[ŠU.GI|mulŠU.GI]] "Old Man",
* 2) the deity of the constellation [[GIGIR|mul]] [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]] "Chariot",
* 3) the deity of the constellation [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "Stag". [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 122; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 304; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 663],

See also (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR]], (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]]. Note Enmesharra's name with the MUL determinative in examples below sub Sections III/IV.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical Texts.'''
* Series Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ''ša''2 mulLAGAB´BAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Chariot = Chariot constellation, Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVI 8-9, 11-12; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352f.]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

* List (12´3): mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu
* "Old man, Enmešarra, deity-West" (B ii 13-14) [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, col. ii 14], see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars."'''
* Anu 5, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Old man, Enmešarra" (I i 3) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 18].
|[[File:Enmesharra stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:6, 549:1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* [...] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:114].
|
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:14, 21.

* (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' = d''Nusku''(PA + TUG2) "Girra, bright (star) which is in front of Enmešarra, Nusku", parallel [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:10', see Steele 2017, 29f. = Steele, J. M., Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy, Cham, Springer, 2017].
* (2) mullu.lim = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' 'Stag = Enmešarra', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51, Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|Text W22281a.
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Enmešarra — an ancient deity associated with the underworld; among his epithets: ''ṣābit kippat kigalli'' "He who holds the circle of the underworld" [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 275, 361]. The name has been known since the third dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 103]. Together with Ninmešarra, he was formulated as the divine pair of Enlil's ancestors in the divine genealogies of the Old Babylonian period [Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 col. i 28-29; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 34, Tablet I 136-137; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4">''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 153]. Later identified with Anu, Dumuzi, and Kingu [TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47 obv. 2-3, rev.; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 145, 190-191, 194,198-199]. Enmešarra was considered the father of the divine Seven: dimin.bi dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Seven, the sons of Enmešarra", 7 dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "The Seven Sons of Enmešarra" [Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 126-127:5, 176-177:29]. In the Neo-Assyrian period in the temple dedicated to Enmešarra (''bīt'' d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'') there were rituals connected with it. The description of one of them (VAT 8917 obv. 24-29) mentions a sacred chariot (gišgigir ''ša''2 kur elam.maki ''ša''2 giš''kussê-ša''2 ''ja''!-''a᾽-nu'' "A chariot of Elam, without a seat") in which the body of the deity was transported (add ''ša''2 d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'') [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 124-125, 147]. The image of this chariot with Enmešarra in it was probably regarded as a symbol of the constellation gišGIGIR, which name is already present in the early monolingual Nippur list of stars, see (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]. The constellation Enmešarra, located in the zodiacal belt north of Taurus, was part of the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man" [Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Therefore Enmešarra as a deity was identified with both mul gišGIGIR and mulŠU.GI.

==== II. Identification. ====
= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11].

= north of Taurus [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== III. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 "Frontal star of Enmešarra", see IV,1 below.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI "The frontal star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra," see below IV,1.

(3) ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Heel of Enmešarra," see below IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' ''šum''-[''šu''] "[Old m]an from his knee to his heel = [his] name is Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352].

==== IV. Astrology. ====
(1) Visibility of the constellation; mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 ''ma-diš e-kil'' EN.TE.NA ''dan-nu'' G[AL2?] "If the front star of Enmešarra is very dark: there will be severe cold" [BPO 2, XVI 8], apodosis version: GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''ma'' "Mercury appeared in the Old Man " [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 18; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 8 + Parallels]; [DIŠ] mul''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI.BI GIM ''ka-ra-ri-e ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' SA5 ''um-šum dan-nu'' [GA]L2 "If the front star of Enmešarra is like the midday sun (and) in its middle one star is very red: [there wi]ll be severe heat" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9], a variant of the apodosis: AN ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' KI ''Dil-bat ina'' MUL [...] "Mars in exceptional brilliance (reaches) the place of Venus within the constellation [...]". [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? [...] "If the front star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra is very red: a strong flood (will ...) the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-''šu''2 ''ma-a᾽-diš'' [SA5] / A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa''-[''pa''] "If Enmešar[ra], its star is very [red]: floodings will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 549:1-3]; parallel: DIŠ d''En-me-šar''2-''ra ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12], apodosis variant: GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI GUR4-''m''[''a''] "Mercury in the Old Man is very bright" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 14; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Venus and Enmešarra; [mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3] d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' DU-''iz'' ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-''an'' / [TA ... mul]ŠU.GI EN ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "[If Venus stands inside] Enmešarra: there will be defeat for Akkad; (it means that it stands) [from ...] the Old Man to Enmešarra’s heels " [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 104-105, K.3632:24]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) The Strange Star (=Mars) and Enmešarra; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 6.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Господин всех ме»; 1) божество созвездия mul gišGIGIR «Колесница», 2) божество созвездия mulŠU.GI «Старик», 3) божество созвездия mulLU.LIM «Олень» [G. 122; Tallqvist 1938, 304; МНМ II, 663], см также g15GIGIR, sh16ŠU.GI, L09LU.LIM.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница = созвездие Колесницы, Энмешарра» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVI 8–9, 11–12; BPO 3, 281; Weidner 1925, 352f.]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Cписок (12´3): mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Старик, Энмешарра, божество–Запад» (B ii 13–14) [Horowitz 2014, 38, col. ii 14], см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5, см. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3) [MA, 18]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 503:6, 549:1]. «Большой список звезд». […] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:114]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:14, 21. (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra = dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, (звезда) с большим блеском, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску», параллель [SpTU I, 95:10']. (2) mullu.lim = dEn-me-šar2-ra «Олень = Энмешарра», см. также [HBA 51, Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Энмешарра — древнее божество, связанное с подземным миром; среди его эпитетов: ṣābit kippat kigalli «Тот, кто держит круг преисподней» [MCG, 275, 361]. Имя известно со времени III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 103]. Вместе с Нинмешаррой составлял божественную пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях старовавилонского времени [Genouillac 1923, AO 5376 col. i 28–29; Litke 1998, 34, Tablet I 136–137; Livingstone 1986, 153]. Позднее отождествлялось с Ану, Думузи и Кингу [TU, 47 obv. 2–3, rev.; Livingstone 1986, 145, 190–191, 194,198–199]. Энмешарра считался отцом божественной Семерки: dimin.bi dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семерка, сыновья Энмешарры», 7 dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семеро сыновей Энмешарры» [Livingstone 1986, 126–127:5, 176–177:29]. В новоассирийский период в храме, посвященном Энмешарре (bīt dEn-me-šar2-ra), совершались связанные с ним ритуалы. В описании одного из них (VAT 8917 obv. 24–29) упоминается священная колесница (gišgigir ša2 kur elam.maki ša2 giškussê-ša2 ja!-a᾽-nu «Эламская колесница без сидения»), в которой перевозилось тело божества (adda ša2 dEn-me-šar2-ra) [ibid., 124–125, 147]. Изображение этой колесницы c Энмешаррой в ней рассматривалось, вероятно, как символ созвездия gišGIGIR, название которого присутствует уже в раннем одноязычном ниппурском списке звезд, см. g15gišGIGIR. Созвездие Энмешарра, расположенное в зодиакальном поясе на севере Тельца, составляло часть созвездия mulŠU.GI «Cтарик» [Weidner 1925, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Поэтому Энмешарра как божество отождествлялось как с mul gišGIGIR, так и с mulŠU.GI.

II. Отождествление.

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11].

= северная часть Тельца [ASM, 271–272].

III. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 «Передняя звезда Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI «Передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(3) a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «Пятка Энмешарры», см. ниже IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Видимость созвездия; mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 ma-diš e-kil EN.TE.NA dan-nu G[AL2?] «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры очень темная: наступит суровый холод» [BPO 2, XVI 8], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI IGI-ma «Меркурий в Старике появился» [TU, 18 r. 18; BPO 2, XVI 8 + Parralels]; [DIŠ] mulEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI.BI GIM ka-ra-ri-e ina MURUB4-šu2 1 MUL ma-diš SA5 um-šum dan-nu [GA]L2 «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры подобна полуденному Солнцу (и) в середине его одна звезда очень красная: [насту]пит жестокая жара» [BPO 2, XVI 9], вариант аподосиса: AN ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru KI Dil-bat ina MUL […] «Марс в возбужденном блеске (достигает) места Венеры в (пределах) созвездия […]» [TU, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? […] «Если передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры очень красная: сильное половодье (наступит в) стране» [BPO 2, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-šu2 ma-a᾽-diš [SA5] / A.KAL uṣ-ṣa-[pa] «Если Энмешар[ра], звезда его (при его восходе) очень [красная]: половодье усилится» [ARAK, 549:1–3]; параллель: DIŠ dEn-me-šar2-ra ma-diš SA5 A.KAL […] [BPO 2, XVI 12], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina ŠU.GI GUR4-m[a] «Меркурий в Старике имеет большой блеск» [TU, 18 r. 14; BPO 2, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Венера и Энмешарра; [mulDil-bat ina ŠA3] dEn-me-šar2-ra DU-iz ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-an / [TA … mul]ŠU.GI EN a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «[Если Венера стоит внутри] Энмешарры: будет поражение Аккада; (это означает, что она) [от …] Старика до пятки Энмешарры (стоит)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3, 104–105, K.3632:24]; параллели см. [ibid., 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) Странная звезда (=Марс) и Энмешарра; см. m05MAN-ma, II 6.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Per]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-01-07T17:35:00Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 2 (e04. dE2-a to i15. is-lê) */

[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. For now, many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations remain in the beta-version. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Hebrew
!Akkadian
!...
!
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|Nisan נִיסָן
|''Nisānu''
|
|
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|''Ayyāru''
|
|
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|Sivan סִיוָן
|''simānu''
|
|
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|''Dûzu''
|
|
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|Av אָב
|''Abu''
|
|
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|Elul אֱלוּל
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|
|
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|''tašrītu''
|
|
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|''Arahsamnu''
|
|
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|''Kisilīmu''
|
|
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|''ṭebētu''
|
|
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|''Šabāṭu''
|
|
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|Adar אֲדָר
|''Adaru''
|
|
|-
|
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Cite ===
Gennady Kurtik, Wayne Horowitz, Susanne M Hoffmann, Hermann Hunger, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Jan Safford (2021-202x). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online.

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik, we added terms without numbers by us.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''Andurruna''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. [[KU.RU.NA|*KU.RU.NA]]
|
|now read [[Andurunna]]
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Bison
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. [[LA.KU.DU|dLA.KU.DU]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. [[LU]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. [[LU2|LU2]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
|Lion's head
|? to UR.GU.LA
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. [[SIPA]]
|True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. [[SUḪUR]]
|Goat-Fish
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''šubtu''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. ''Tak-ša''2''-a-ti'' / ''tu''2
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''[[Tinūru]]''
|Furnace
|
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. [[Ur-um AN.NA|''Ur-um'' AN.NA]]
|Celestial Light
|
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. [[ZI]]
|
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''[[Zibānītum]]''
|Saturn, Mercury, Mars
|
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''[[Zuqaqīpu]]''
|Scorpius
|
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

En-lil2

2026-01-07T14:43:13Z

HermannHunger:

[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|thumb|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
Enlil (𒀭𒂗𒆤) is the King of the Gods, head of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon going back into the third millennium BCE, and King of the Earth's Surface, ruling in the human realm for his holy city of Nippur. In traditional astronomy, Enlil’s stellar path is the northernmost in the sky.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''En-lil''2}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The most supreme of the three supreme gods of the Akkadian pantheon.

The '''astral aspects of Enlil''':

(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, ''kakkabāni''(mul.meš) ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a|d''E''2-''a'']]) or ''ḫarrān'' (kaskal) ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: ''man-za-az'' d''En-lil''2 ''u'' d''E''2-''a'' "standings of Enlil and Ea", see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a|d''E''2-''a'']].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>Head of the Sum. pantheon; created the present cosmos by separating heaven and earth, therefore commonly understood as “Lord Air (sum. líl)”; originally a god of agriculture (= civilization): his mother-in-law is the grain goddess Nissaba, his first-born son Ninurta/Ningirsu, whose emblem is the plough. d''En-líl'' (MUL.APIN I i 1, I ii 7) </blockquote>'''Lists of Enlil stars:'''

* a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39),
* b) 12 Enlil stars in the corrupted list 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1-7],
* c) 12 stars of Enlil in Astrolabe B [KAV 218, B iii 1-27, C 1-12; Horowitz 2014, 39].

[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021 (CC BY).]]
(2) In a number of cases the constellation belonging to the stars of Enlil was emphasized:

* a) mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 "Constellation Plough, Enlil" (MUL.APIN I i 1), parallel to Astrolabe B (B iii 1),
* b) mulŠU.PA d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim-mu'' "Šupa, Enlil, who determines the fate of the country" (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), for a parallel see. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI],
* c) in astrological contexts, Enlil was identified with mulŠU.GI, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4, and also [VR, 46, 1:16].

(3) The list of the "7 astral Enlils" (7 dEN.LIL2.MEŠ), the "star - Enlil - city (or temple)" correspondences:

mulšu.gi d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 ''Nibru''ki "Old man - Enlil of Nippur",

mulka5.a d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 ''E''2-''nam-ti-la'' "Fox — Enlil of Enamtila,

mulur.bar.ra d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 Ḫur-sag-kalam-maki "Wolf — Enlil of Ḫursagkalama,

muldar.lugal d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 Kul.aba4ki "The rooster — Enlil of Kulaba",

mulam.an.na d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 LAM´KUR.RUki "Heavenly Bull - Enlil from Shuruppak (=Aratta)",

mulḪUM.BA d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 ZA.MUŠ2.<UNUG>ki KUR.NIM.MAki "Humba - Enlil from Zabalam, Elam",

mulšu.pa d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 tin.tirki "Šupa - Enlil from Babylon"

en dEN.LIL2.MEŠ damar.utu / mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'' "Lord Enlil, Marduk. Šupa, Enlil, who establishes the fate of the country." [PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI, Text 82,9-18,7292; HBA, 58-59]; for a parallel see. [KAR, 142 iii 3-10].

(4) The list of the "4 Enlils": mulur.gu.la mulur.gi7 / mulur.bar.ra mulka.a5: 4 en.lil2.meš ''ša''2 tur3 dmi2.ša3.e2.gal.meš "Lion, Dog, Wolf, Fox : the '4 Enlils' from the enclosure of 'palace women'". [KAR, 142 iv 9--11].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dBAD, d50; = Энлиль, один из трех верховных богов аккадского пантеона. Играл важную роль на месопотамском небе.
Астральные аспекты Энлиля:

(1) В подразделении неба на три региона с ним связаны звезды, расположенные к северу от экваториальной зоны, в том числе околополярные, kakkabāni(mul.meš) šu-ut dEn-lil2 «звезды Энлиля» (впервые в хеттской молитве ночным богам, см. e04dE2-a) или ḫarrān (kaskal) šu-ut dEn-lil2 «путь Энлиля»; в Ее V 8: man-za-az dEn-lil2 u dE2-a «стоянки Энлиля и Эа», см. e04dE2-a. Cписки звезд Энлиля: a) 33 звезды Энлиля в MUL.APIN (I i 1–39), b) 12 звезд Энлиля в поврежденном списке 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1–7], c) 12 звезд Энлиля в Astr. B [KAV 218, B iii 1–27, C 1–12; Horowitz 2014, 39].

(2) В ряде случаев особо подчеркивалась принадлежность созвездия к звездам Энлиля: а) mul gišAPIN dEn-lil2 «Созвездие Плуг, Энлиль» (MUL.APIN I i 1), параллель Astr. B (B iii 1), b) mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 ša2 ši-mat KUR i-šim-mu «Шупа, Энлиль, который определяет судьбу страны» (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), параллель см. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI], с) в астрологическом контексте Энлиль отождествлялся с mulŠU.GI, см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 4, а также [VR, 46, 1:16].

(3) Список «7 Энлилей» (7 dEN.LIL2.MEŠ), соответствия «звезда – Энлиль – город (или храм)»:

mulšu.gi dEn-lil2 / ša2 Nibruki «Старик ― Энлиль из Ниппура»,

mulka5.a dEn-lil2 / ša2 E2-nam-ti-la «Лиса ― Энлиль из Энамтилы»,

mulur.bar.ra dEn-lil2 / ša2 Ḫur-sag-kalam-maki «Волк ― Энлиль из Хурсагкаламмы»,

muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 / ša2 Kul.aba4ki «Петух ― Энлиль из Кулабы»,

mulam.an.na dEn-lil2 / ša2 LAM´KUR.RUki «Небесный Бык ― Энлиль из Шуруппака (=Аратта)»,

mulḪUM.BA dEn-lil2 / ša2 ZA.MUŠ2.<UNUG>ki KUR.NIM.MAki «Хумба ― Энлиль из Забалама, Элам»,

mulšu.pa dEn-lil2 / ša2 tin.tirki «Шупа ― Энлиль из Вавилона»

en dEN.LIL2.MEŠ damar.utu / mulšu.pa den-lil2 ša2 ši-mat kur i-šim-mu «Господин Энлилей, Мардук. Шупа, Энлиль, который судьбу страны устанавливает» [PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI, Text 82,9—18,7292; HBA, 58–59]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 iii 3–10].

(4) Список «4-х Энлилей»: mulur.gu.la mulur.gi7 / mulur.bar.ra mulka.a5: 4 en.lil2.meš ša2 tur3 dmi2.ša3.e2.gal.meš «Лев, Собака, Волк, Лиса: “4 Энлиля” из окружения “дворцовых женщин”«[KAR, 142 iv 9–-11].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Ekur

2026-01-07T13:33:07Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

The Ekur (''E2-kur''; 𒂍𒆳) is an ancient Mesopotamian super-constellation consisting of the group of the Standing Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš]]) and the Sitting Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.KU.A|DIĜIR.TUŠ.A]]meš), both mentioned in MUL.APIN.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
See glossary of Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
**mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
**"Standing Gods of Ekur" (I i 23),
**for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
| rowspan="2" | [[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
*The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur'' "Sitting Gods of Ekur" (I i 23), see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|}

==== Hoffmann and Krebernik Text Edition ====

===== The path of Enlil in MUL.APIN<ref name=":0" /> =====
{| class="wikitable"
!our numbering
!DIŠ
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
|1
|1
|STAREPINNU (Plough)
|GODEnlil
|-
|2
|1
|STARBARBARU (Wolf)
|seeder of STAREPINNU
|-
|3
|1
|STARŠĪBU (Old Man)
|GODEnmešarra
|-
|4
|<1>
|STARGAMLU (Throwing-stick)
|GODGamlum(Throwing-stick)
|-
|5–6
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·RABÛTU (Great Twins)
|GODLugalirra and GODMeslamtaʾea
|-
|7–8
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU (Little Twins)
|GODAlammuš and GODNingublaga
|-
|9
|1
|STARALLUTTU (Crab)
|seat of GODAnu
|-
|10
|1
|STARURGULÛ (Lion)
|GODLatarak
|-
|11
|1
|STAR opposite STARURGULÛ
|STAR (of the) King
|-
|12
|1
|twinkling STARs in the tail of STARURGULÛ
|‘date-palm spadix’ (jewellery?) (of) GOD<nowiki>Erua | </nowiki>GODZarpanītum
|-
|13
|1
|STARŠU.PA (The Bright?)
|GODEnlil who determines the destinies of the land
|-
|14
|1
|STAR in front of it: STARḪENGALLĀYU (Abundant)
|vizier of GODNinlil
|-
|15
|1
|STAR behind it: STARBĀŠTUM(Dignity)
|vizier of GODTišpak(<*INANNA!?)
|-
|16
|1
|STAREREQQU (Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|1
|STAR by the pole of STAREREQQU: STARŠĒLEBU(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|-
|18
|1
|STAR on the forehead of STAREREQQU: STARLAḪRU(Ewe)
|GODAya
|-
|19
|1
|STARMU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)
|GODAnu-rabû of heaven
|-
|20
|1
|STARMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)
|GODDamkianna
|-
|21
|1
|STAR in its bond: STARAPIL-EMAḪ (Heir of the Emaḫ-temple)
|foremost son of GODAnu
|-
!
!{1}
!STAR·STANDING·GODs of the Ekur
!The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur
|-
!
!({1})
!STAR·SITTING·GODs of the Ekur
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur (temple)
|-
|22
|1
|STARENZU (She-Goat)
|GODGula
|-
|23
|1
|STAR in front of STARENZU
|STARKALBU(Dog) (of GODGula)
|-
|24
|1
|bright STAR of STARENZU
|GOD<nowiki>Lamassatu | vizier of </nowiki>GODBaba (= GODGu-la)
|-
|25–26
|1
|2 STARs behind it
|GODNin-SAR and GODErrakal
|-
|27
|1
|STARU4.KA.DU8.A
|GODU.GUR(Nergal)
|-
|28
|1
|STAR to the right of it
|STAR<nowiki>ŠAḪÛ(Pig) | </nowiki>GODDamu
|-
|29
|1
|STAR to the left of it
|STARSSISÛ(Horse)
|-
|30
|1
|STAR behind it
|STAR<nowiki>LULIMMU | vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)</nowiki>
|-
|31
|1
|twinkling STARs opposite STARLULIMMU(Stag)
|GOD<nowiki>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse) | </nowiki>GODManzât(Rainbow)
|-
|32
|1
|red bright STAR in the kidney of STARLULIMMU
|STARPĀŠITTU (Deleter)
|-
!
!
! colspan="2" |When the STARs of GODEnlil are completed:
|}

===== Constellations of the Gods of the Ekur =====
The Standing Gods and the Sitting Gods are rubric markers (like headlines in modern texts). Then, the rest of the list can be rendered as itemized lists in modern text layout.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!explanandum
(constellations)
!explanans
(deities)
|-
!Standing Gods of the Ekur
|
* Plough
** Wolf
* Old Man
* Throwing Stick
* Great Twins
* Little Twins
* Crab
* Lion
** King
** Date-Palm Spadix
* Dignity
*Abundant One
*Šupa
|
* Enlil
** .
* Enmešarra
* Gamlu
* Lugalirra and Meslamta'ea
* Alamuš and Ningublaga
* Anu
* Latarak
** .
** Erua | Zarpanītum
* Tišpak
*the minister of Ninlil
*Enlil
|-
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur
|
*Wagon
** Fox
** Ewe
* Hitched Yoke
* Wagon of Heaven
* The Heir of the Emaḫ-temple (could be Enlil's or Anu's son)
|
*Ninlil
** Erra
** Aya
* Anu
* Damkianna
* Anu
|-
!Outside the Ekur
|
* She-Goat
** Dog
** Lamassatu
** two stars
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Pig
** Horse
** Stag
*** Field Mouse
*** Deleter
|
* Gula
** .
** Lamassatu
** Ninsar and Erragal
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Damu
** .
** .
*** Manzat (Rainbow)
*** Pašittu
|}

== Historical Dictionaries ==
The historical dictionaries by Kurtik (2007) and Gössmann (1950) both don't include this term, as the discovery of the astronomical unit of The Ekur only happened in a series of papers later (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023,<ref name=":0" /> Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023,<ref>Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143</ref> and Hoffmann 2024<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S.M. (2024): Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272</ref>)

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-01-07T10:23:13Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 2 (e04. dE2-a to i15. is-lê) */

[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. For now, many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations remain in the beta-version. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Hebrew
!Akkadian
!...
!
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|Nisan נִיסָן
|''Nisānu''
|
|
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|''Ayyāru''
|
|
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|Sivan סִיוָן
|''simānu''
|
|
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|''Dûzu''
|
|
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|Av אָב
|''Abu''
|
|
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|Elul אֱלוּל
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|
|
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|''tašrītu''
|
|
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|''Arahsamnu''
|
|
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|''Kisilīmu''
|
|
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|''ṭebētu''
|
|
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|''Šabāṭu''
|
|
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|Adar אֲדָר
|''Adaru''
|
|
|-
|
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Cite ===
Gennady Kurtik, Wayne Horowitz, Susanne M Hoffmann, Hermann Hunger, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Jan Safford (2021-202x). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online.

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik, we added terms without numbers by us.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''Andurruna''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primoridal deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. [[KU.RU.NA|*KU.RU.NA]]
|
|now read [[Andurunna]]
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Bison
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. [[LA.KU.DU|dLA.KU.DU]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. [[LU]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. [[LU2|LU2]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
|Lion's head
|? to UR.GU.LA
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. [[SIPA]]
|True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. [[SUḪUR]]
|Goat-Fish
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''šubtu''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. ''Tak-ša''2''-a-ti'' / ''tu''2
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''[[Tinūru]]''
|Furnace
|
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. [[Ur-um AN.NA|''Ur-um'' AN.NA]]
|Celestial Light
|
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. [[ZI]]
|
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''[[Zibānītum]]''
|Saturn, Mercury, Mars
|
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''[[Zuqaqīpu]]''
|Scorpius
|
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Elamātum

2026-01-07T10:22:46Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Elamātum''}}

(mul)''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈) occurs as an appellation of the goddess Ištar as the planet Venus, ''<nowiki/>'Ištar'' ''Elamātum','' generally understood as 'Ištar, the Elamite-one.' The earlier interpetation as a designation of an asterism is rejected. The reading is confirmed by syllabic spellings (e.g., ''E-la-ma-tum'', Astrolabe B 15). The name is usually rendered as “Elamite (Ištar)”.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769. ''e-la-ma-tum'' is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827]. An Old Babylonian myth tells of the creation of the constellation Elamatum by the supreme deity Enlil:

* ''u3 elam-ma-tum ša ˹te˺-ne-ru-ši-i-ma / ˹li-ṣi˺-a-˹am-ma˺ i-na ˹qa-ab-li˺-tu ša-ma-i /'' [xxx] ''x li-iz-zi-iz-ma''
* "And let Elamatum whom you killed, / come out in the middle of heaven / [. ...] let her stand." [Walker 1983<ref>''Walker Ch.'' The Myth of Girra and Elamatum // Anatolian Studies, 1983, V. 33, p. 145-152.</ref>, BM 78962:36-38].

Earlier, this word was interpreted as a definition in the expression ''qaštum elamātum'' "Elamite Bow". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 196; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q, 152; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73] and was identified with the constellation [[PAN|mulPAN]], considered an astral incarnation of Ištar of Elam, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN|PAN]] as well as [Cooley 2013<ref>Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.</ref>, 124-129]. Here taking ''qaštum elamātum'' as a single asterism would reduce the number of asterisms in the prayer to 9, which is unacceptable given the fact that the parallel ERM 15642 lists 10 asterisms, including ''qaštum'' on its own (Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 118-119). Further, ''Elamātum'' is not the form of the fem. adjective, which would be ''elamītum'' for 'Elamite Bow.' Therefore, the earlier interpretation of ''qaštum'' in the Prayer to the Gods of the Night can be rejected.

This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]'').

There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. If this is the leg of a deity next to the double-constellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar who can be interpreted as the Egyptian Satis (also with bow and arrow), as depicted on the circular Dendera zodiac.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 193-204</ref><blockquote>Note,<ref name=":0" /> however, that the Akk. word for “Elamite” is ''Elam(m)ītu'' whereas ''Elam(a)tum'' is “Elam”. Furthermore, the filiation “daughter of Enlil” contradicts Babylonian mythology where Inanna/Ištar is either the daughter of An/Anum or the daughter of the moon god Nanna/Sîn (who is a son of Enlil and Ninlil). It seems possible that the name is of a different origin, and its association with Elam based on folk etymology.</blockquote><blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). d''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''4 (AN 12r).</blockquote>

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Женщина Элама»(?); отождествление не установлено.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва AO 6769 содержит e-la-ma-tum в списке имен астральных богов [Dossin 1935, 181:17; Куртик 2017, 827]. Ранее это слово интерпретировалось как определение в выражении qaštum elamātum «Эламский Лук» [AHw, 196; CAD Q, 152; Weidner 1957–59, 73] и отождествлялось с созвездием mulBAN, считавшимся астральным воплощением Иштар Эламской, см. b06BAN, а также [Cooley 2013, 124–129]. «Гирра и Эламатум». Старовавилонский миф повествует о сотворении созвездия Эламатум верховным божеством Энлилем: u3 elam-ma-tum ša ˹te˺-ne-ru-ši-i-ma / ˹li-ṣi˺-a-˹am-ma˺ i-na ˹qa-ab-li˺-tu ša-ma-i / [xxx] x li-iz-zi-iz-ma «И пусть Эламатум, которую ты убил, / восходит и в середине небес / [...] пусть она стоит» [Walker 1983, BM 78962:36–38].

Хотя миф «Гирра и Эламатум» свидетельствует как будто о том, что название «Эламатум» связано со светилом, не совпадающим с созвездием Лук, однако более ранняя интерпретация elamātum как определения при qaštum в молитве ночным богам, не может быть, по нашему мнению, безусловно отвергнута.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Asterism]]

Ēdu

2026-01-07T10:13:30Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ēdu''}}
[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=star char|thumb|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺) is the Akkadian for Sumerian mulDILI (𒀯𒀸), adj. 'single, solitary, unique,' derived from the number 1. It is used in reference to single stars in multi-star asterisms. For example, (Kurtik d07) [[DILI]], (Kurtik d08) [[DILI|DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]., 'the single star in its ([[UR.GU.LA]]'s) tail' (GU-text, J).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The Akkadian equivalent to mul/múlDILI, "separate, single, (unique) star"; in the names of ''ziqpu'' stars VI, XXIV.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e07)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul/múlDILI «Отдельная (единственная) звезда»; в названиях ziqpu-звезд VI, XXIV, см. d07DILI, d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 .||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

E2.TUR3

2026-01-07T10:10:06Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2.TUR3}}
[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG|thumb|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
mulE2.TUR3 (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e2.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates mulE2.TUR3.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

Variant designations:

* mulE2.TUR3.RA,
* mulE.TU.RA.ME,
* mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
* = mul''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].
The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genetive MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
Urra XXII series:

* [mul''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum''
** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?-''am-me'' = mulur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].
|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* (1) mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3
** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
* (2) mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM2.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim2 (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim2 = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
* (3) DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I3 GAL2
** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
|Here we are not sure how to read the text

* (1) not translated in BPO 2

* (2) can be read as genetive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea." ??? The word for "mixed stuff" is miscellanea; miscellania occurs in films etc. as a topographic feature ???'''
* mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la)
* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= dBinibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].

==== Previous Identification. ====
According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats mulE2.TUR.RA and mulE2.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. muleturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3|TUR3]] also in this connection. According to Koch, mul''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|''= tarbāṣu'' «Загон (для скота)»; вар. обозначения: mulE2.TUR3.RA, mulE.TU.RA.ME, mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI; = mul''eturammi'' «Звезда Этурамми» [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [mule-TU-r]a-am-me = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum'' «Загон = Посланник Ануниту», [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la «Этурамми? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19–20; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. '''''EAE'''''. '''(1)''' mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3 «Звезда Загон вдоль (движется), (что соответствует) лежащему поперек загону» [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120–121]. '''(2)''' mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na'' ''nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2 : ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e'' ''i-qab-bi'' «Загон (относится к) DIM2.MA.AN.NA / то есть ко всему небу, (потому что) dim2 (означает) “сово[купность”, (кроме того) dim2 = ''banû'' “создавать”], (поэтому) это названо “для созданий? неба”« [BPO 2, III 22–22a; Koch 1989, 121]. '''(3)''' DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 GAL2 «Если Этурамме, посланник Ануниту, к Шупе приближается, в этом году (в конце года) царь умрет; страна будет есть урожай вдоволь; урожай хлеба и сезама» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la) «Этурамми = Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].

II. Божество.

В астрологических и лексических текстах Этурамми связано с богиней Ануниту. В серии AN : d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 «Этурамми — посланник Бирду» [Litke 1998, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= d''Binibu'') ''—'' одно из имен Нергала [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].

III. Отождествление.

Согласно [BPO 2, 11], приведенные варианты названия относятся к одному светилу, отождествление которого неясно. Гёсман трактует mulE2.TUR.RA и mulE2.TU.RA.ME как два разных светила, не аргументируя [G. 130, 131]. mul''eturammi'' в «Большом спиcке звезд» может обозначать часть созвездия UR.GU.LA «Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., 193, notes]. В предсказании [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME движется относительно неподвижных звезд, что делает вероятным его отождествление с планетой (Венерой, Марсом?). См. в этой связи также t10TUR3. Согласно Коху, mul''tarbāṣu'' — это Солнце, точка восхода которого перемещается на протяжении года относительно участка горизонта, имевшего мифологическое название E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989, 123], см. также [BPO 2, III 24b].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Bīt sakkî

2026-01-06T20:28:14Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2 ''sakkî''/ ''bīt sakkî''}}

E2 ''sakkî'' / ''bīt sakkî'' (𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿) is a group of 6 stars within or in the vicinity of [[Hercules]] in Mesopotamian astral science. The meaning of the name is unclear.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= "(Stars) ''Bīt Sakkî''" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, commentary p. 32]; group of stars in [[Serpens]] (The Snake) and [[Ophiuchus]] (The Snake-Carrier) near [[Hercules]](?).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications

|-
|Only in the New Assyrian text VAT 9428

*r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ ''bit sak-ki-i i-ti'' K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ ''š'']''u-ut'' d''A-nim li-me-tam''
**“6 stars of Bit Sakki, located near to the p[ath(?) of the stars o]f Anu, (but) outside of it”
**[Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, Section IX].
|Example
|}

===Additional ===

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
= possibly, stars located on the back portion of Serpens (ζ, η, θ Ser) and the northern end of Ophiuchus [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 84; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59].

= among the stars near the constellation Hercules [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a].

= the stars of Bit Sakki belong to the path of Anu, but are on the border between it and the path of Enlil [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

= six stars in the Dog constellation [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 72].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)

|-
|= «(Звезды) Бит Сакки» [G. 59, CAD S, 79a; AHw, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, 32]; группа звезд в Змее (Serpens) и Змееносце (Ophiuchus) около Геркулеса (Herkules) (?).
I. Источники.

Только в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ bit sak-ki-i i-ti K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ š]u-ut dA-nim li-me-tam «6 звезд Бит Сакки, расположенные рядом [со звездами на пу]ти Ану, (но) вне его» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

II. Отождествление.

= возможно, звезды в задней части Змеи (ζ, η, θ Ser) и в северной части Змееносца [Weidner 1927, 84; G. 59].

= среди звезд около созвездия Геркулес [CAD S, 79a].

= звезды Бит Сакки принадлежат пути Ану, но находятся на границе между ним и путем Энлиля [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]

= шесть звезд в созвездии Пса [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
|Example
|}

==References ==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Her]]

E2-a

2026-01-06T20:23:34Z

HermannHunger:

[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|alt=image of a celestial globe devided by colour into three sections|thumb|schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by Susanne M Hoffmann, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
dEnki = d''Ea'' (𒀭𒂍𒀀) is the ‘water god’ of Ancient Mesopotamia, in particular the subterranean fresh-water ocean Apsu. In traditional Mesopotamian astronomy, Ea’s stellar path is the southernmost in the sky. Thus, it is natural for him to be closely related to the southern constellation mulku6, ‘The Fish’ ([[Piscis Austrinus]]). Yet, he is also represented in a constellation next to it, the constellation of [[GU.LA|mulGU.LA]], The Great One ([[Aquarius]]), as this is a byname of the god.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''E''2-''a'' (Sumerian Enki)}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= dDIŠ; Ea, god of the subterranean ocean Apsu, god of wisdom, lord of fortune and patron of divination; played an important role in the Mesopotamian sky. Among his epithets ''ka-bi-su qe2-reb šamê rūqūti'' "He stands out in the middle of the high heavens" [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 107]. The following astral aspects of Ea can be distinguished.

#In the subdivision of the sky into three regions, there are the "Stars (or 'paths') of Enlil, Anu and Ea", with the stars south of the equatorial zone associated with Ea. Such subdivisions are found for the first time in the Hittite prayers to the Gods of the Night [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46-47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]. The expressions used were ''kakkabāni'' (MUL.MEŠ) ''šu-ut'' d''E''2''-a'' "Stars of Ea" and ''ḫarrān'' (KASKAL) ''šu-ut'' d''E''2''-a'' "The path (or 'road') of Ea"; in Enūma eliš (V 8): ''man-za-az'' d''En-lil''2 ''u'' d''E''2''-a'' "the (heavenly) stations of Enlil and Ea", identified with mulAPIN and mulKU6, 'The Plough' and 'The Fish' (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 6-7). Lists of Ea stars:
##(a) 15 Ea stars in MUL.APIN I ii 19-35,
##(b) 12 Ea stars in 82-5-22,512 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15-21],
##(c) 12 Ea stars in Astrolabe B [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B i 1-28, C 1-12, left column; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37],
##(d) 10 Ea stars in the "Catalog of 30 Stars" (A 1-13, B 1-14) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177].
#[[File:Aqr+vorlage 600dpi.jpg|thumb|Ea, (a) depicted on the Adda Seal (dating 2300 BCE) and (b) repainted for planetarium use by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster, 2016).]]A number of cases emphasize the affiliation between the luminaries and the stars of Ea, including
##(a) mulKU6 d''E''2-''a'', mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'', mulNUNki d''E''2-''a'' in MUL.APIN I ii 19-20, and the Astrolabe tradition (Horowitz 2017: 98),
##(b) múlBIR d''E''2-''a'' in the Astrolabe tradition (Horowitz 2017: 111),
##(c) mulKU6 d''E''2-''a'' the name of Jupiter in the month of Adaru in K.5990 :13 [IIIR, 53:2].
#"Ea star" as a designation for planets in astrological texts;
## DIŠ MUL d''E''2-''a a-dir'' GAN2.ZI NU SI.SA2 ...: dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''u''2-''tan-nat-ma''
##*"If the star of Ea is dim, crops will not prosper ... (it means): Mercury in Capricorn is dim" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:43-44], here "star of Ea" = Mercury in Capricorn;
##DIŠ mulMIN(=d''E''2-''a'') mulAŠ.GAN2 KUR-''ma'' [...]: d''Dil-bat ina'' mul lúḪUN.G[A2 ...]
##*"If the star of Ea reaches the Field [...] (it means): Venus is in the Hired Man [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 22:3-4] ("star of Ea" = Venus);
##[DIŠ mul d''E''2]-''a ina'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 GUB-''iz''
##* "[If the star of E]a stands inside the Field [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 23:24] (and also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 23:25]), (star Ea = Venus?);

For other examples see. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":1" /> 2, 51:12-13, 68 r. 11-13].

===Additional===
On the astral meaning of Ea see also [Galter 1983<ref>''Galter H.D.'' Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überliferung. Dissertationen der Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz 1983.</ref>, 116-120].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dDIŠ; Эа, бог подземного океана Апсу, бог мудрости, господин судьбы и покровитель предсказательства; играл важную роль на месопотамском небе. Среди его эпитетов ka-bi-su qe2-reb šamê rūqūti «Выступающий посреди небес высоких» [Tallqvist 1938, 107]. Можно выделить следующие астральные аспекты Эа.
(1) В подразделении неба на три региона, «Звезды (или ‘пути’) Энлиля, Ану и Эа», с Эа связаны звезды, расположенные к югу от экваториальной зоны. Впервые такое подразделение встречается в хеттской молитве ночным богам [KUB IV, 47 r. 46–47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]. Употреблялись выражения: kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dE2-a «Звезды Эа» и ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dE2-a «Путь (или ‘дорога’) Эа»; в Enūma eliš (V 8): man-za-az dEn-lil2 u dE2-a «стоянки Энлиля и Эа» [Landsb.–Kinier Wilson 1961, 156]. Списки звезд Эа: a) 15 звезд Эа в MUL.APIN I ii 19–35, b) 12 звезд Эа в списке 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 15–21], c) 12 звезд Эа в Astr. B [KAV 218, B i 1–28, C 1–12, левый столбец; Horowitz 2014, 37], d) 10 звезд Эа в «Каталоге 30 звезд» (A 1–13, B 1–14) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177].

(2) В ряде случаев подчеркивается принадлежность светила к звездам Эа, в том числе: а) mulKU6 dE2-a, mulGU.LA dE2-a, mulNUNki dE2-a в MUL.APIN I ii 19–20, mulKU6 dE2-a ― имя Юпитера в месяце аддару в К.5990:13 [IIIR, 53:2], b) múlBIR dE2-a в «Каталоге 30 звезд» (Ea 8, В. 11) и, возможно, в Astr. B [KAV 218, B i 17–18; Horowitz 2014, 37], при этом название самой звезды может опускаться и записываться сокращенно как dE2-a [KAV 218, B i 19, 21, 23; Horowitz 2014, 37; Oelsner– Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 8–10].

(3) «Звезда Эа» как обозначение планет в астрологических текстах; DIŠ MUL dE2-a a-dir GAN2.ZI NU SI.SA2 …: dGU4.UD ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 u2-tan-nat-ma «Если звезда Эа тусклая, урожай не вырастет… (это означает): Меркурий в Козероге имеет малый блеск» [ACh Ištar, 21:43–44], здесь «звезда Эа» = Меркурий в Козероге; DIŠ mulMIN(=dE2-a) mulAŠ.GAN2 KUR-ma […] : dDil-bat ina mul lúḪUN.G[A2 …] «Если звезда Эа достигает Поля […] (это означает): Венера в Наемнике […]» [ACh Ištar, 22:3–4] («звезда Эа» = Венера); [DIŠ mul dE2]-a ina ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 GUB-iz «[Если звезда Э]а в середине Поля стоит […]» [ACh Ištar, 23:24] (а также [ibid., 23:25]), (звезда Эа = Венера?); другие примеры см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 51:12–13, 68 r. 11–13].

Об астральном значении Эа см. также [Galter 1983, 116–120].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

E.TA.NAM.AN

2026-01-06T18:06:51Z

HermannHunger:

dE.TA.NAM.AN (𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭) is a divine name that is listed as a name for the astronomical manifestation of Inanna = Ištar, the goddess associated with the planet Venus.
==Visibility and Appearance==
{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings and signs:

* dE.TA.NA7.AN, dA.TA.NAM.AN; = "not to be hostile"(?); epithet of Venus [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 129; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 287; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
'''Lists of the gods.'''
* dE.ta.nam.an = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "Etanaman = Ištar of the stars" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 31:14]. See also dA.˹ta˺.nam.an [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 161:183 + note].
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e03)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: dE.TA.NA7.AN, dA.TA.NAM.AN; = «быть не враждебным»(?); эпитет Венеры [G. 129; Tallqvist 1938, 287; Litke 1998, 161].
I. Источники.

Списки богов. dE.ta.nam.an = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Этанаман = Богиня звезд» [CT 25, 31:14]. См. также dA.˹ta˺.nam.an [Litke 1998, 161:183 + note].
|...
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

E-ra-ʼa-al-BU

2026-01-06T18:04:50Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''E-ra-ʼa-al-''BU}}

ul''E-ra-ʼa-al'''-'''''BU (𒌌𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian term.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 124; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11]; only in the prediction:

* ul''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU [...] ŠUB-''tim'' ERIN2-[''šu'']
* "Eralbu [...] defeat of [his] army [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 86:5].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e02)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[G. 124; BPO 2, 11]; только в предсказании: ulE-ra-ʼa-al-BU […] ŠUB-tim ERIN2-[šu] «Эральбу […] поражение [его] войска […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 86:5].||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DUMU.ZI

2026-01-06T18:03:35Z

HermannHunger:

[[File:Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi.png|thumb|An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid (public domain).'''''??? they may be a human couple as they have no horned crown ???''''']]
mul / dDUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love. The name written with MUL determinative that indicates him to be an asterism, only occurs in the text called "Great Star List". There, the asterism is identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (dDumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation [[ḪUN.GA2|mul lu2]][[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]] , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) the deity of the constellation mul [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]] "Hired worker" (see h12);
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> dDUMU.ZI (AN 4r).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43].
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and.jpg|alt=star chart with constellation images|thumb|Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of Anu stars: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 112].
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart with images|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= d''ištaran'') "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
* (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:82, 171].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* Sector 0: along the arrow representing mulkak.si.sa2, the inscription is ddumu.zi [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 10; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-61; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* NA // d''En-lil''2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi ... "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>].

==== III. Symbol. ====
During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

==== IV. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

= Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 106]; for objections to the identification of mul / dDUMU.ZI with mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see [ibid.<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>]

= Orion [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C].

As a planet:

= Saturn(?) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 61; Lambert 1987a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.</ref>, 95-96].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d13)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) божество созвездия mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. В списке планет(?) на третьем месте: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43) [MA, 30]; параллель см. [STC 1, 217:9; HBA, 112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran) «Думузи = Иштаран», (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi «Зелено-желтая звезда = Думузи» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:82, 171]. «Планисфера» K 8538. Сектор 0: вдоль стрелы, представляющей mulkak.si.sa2, надпись — ddumu.zi [CT 33, 10; Koch 1989, 56–61; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi … «‘Стоянка’ — Энлиль; Нисану; [Наемник], Думузи» [SpTU IV, 159:1–2]; здесь Думузи, по-видимому, соответствует mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995, 78].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа, объясняющая связь Думузи с созвездием Наемный работник, неясна. Вероятно, при этом имела значение роль Думузи как пастуха Ана. Об отождествлении Думузи с Иштараном см. [Livingstone 1986, 137]. О Думузи как возрождающемся лунном месяце см. [Foxvog 1993].

III. Символ.

Во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. фигурой созвездия Наемный работник считался баран, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

IV. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Наемный работник (Aries) [Foxvog 1993, 106]; возражения против отождествления mul / dDUMU.ZI с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA см. [ibid.].

= Орион (Orion) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

Как планета:

= Сатурн(?) [HBA 61; Lambert 1987a, 95–96].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD

2026-01-06T17:55:11Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD (𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓) is perhaps a name for Mercury implying KAŠx.E = GU4.UTU
{{DISPLAYTITLE:DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD}}

{{Template:Mercury}}

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
This writing occurs once in what is apparently a commentary to a line of Enuma Anu Enlil (ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:44, now K.75+ rev. 16'). The signs DU and ŠE when interposed (DU×ŠE) have the reading KAŠ4 = ''lasāmu'', 'to run fast'. Here we have the two signs written consecutively (DU.ŠE) for which we can suppose a reading KAŠx allowing for a rendering KAŠx..E = ''lāsimu'' ,'fast runner, fleet-footed,' as a name for the planet Mercury 'GU4.UTU.' [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 107*, CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L 106; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 539; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref>, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. If so, we have here a precursor to the identification of the planet with the fleet footed Roman messenger deity Mercury, and of the Greek Hermes.

The DU sign can be read KAŠ5, and may be used instead of KAŠ4 in KAŠ4.E = ''lāsimu'' "runner, messenger". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 539; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref>, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. In the Mesopotamian pantheon there was the deity dLāsimu [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 346]. If this assumption is correct, the name takes on an astronomical meaning and could mean: "Fast-moving - Mercury"(?).
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d12)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[G. 107*]; только в [ACh Suppl., 7:44] в неясном контексте.
Знак DU допускает прочтение KAŠ5 и может употребляться вместо KAŠ4 в выражении KAŠ4.E = lāsimu «бегун, курьер» [AHw, 539; Borger 1978, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. В месопотамском пантеоне существовало божество dLāsimu [Tallqvist 1938, 346]. Если данное предположение верно, название приобретает астрономический смысл и может означать: «Быстро движущийся — Меркурий»(?).
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

DINGIR.KU.A

2026-01-06T17:48:46Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

[[File:MULAPIN-circPol smh stellarium.jpg|thumb|A suggestion for identification of the constellations in the circumpolar area of the Mesopotamian star heaven; draft in Stellarium as drawn in Stellarium (2025). The identifications of the Heir and the Yoke are rather uncertain (180° uncertainty; they can also be at the opposite position).]]
mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš (𒀯𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍), The Sitting Gods, is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulAN.KU.Ameš,
* mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš,
* mulAN.TUŠ.Ameš = ''antušû'', ''ankurû''(?) "the Sitting Gods" [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 56; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 124; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 28, 113; Labat 1976<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref>, 49; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35]; a group of stars (?).
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate:<blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. '''''??? So we should have a heading DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ???'''''

The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively.</blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI, see (Kurtik d10) [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
Text Nv. 10.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: muldingir.tuš.a.˹m˺eš êa as star Anu — star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Šabaṭu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].
* (2) mulur.gi7 is the star of AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of Abu, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.'''
* a) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 11): mulan.KU.ameš [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur'' "Sitting Gods of Ekur" (I i 23), see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The MUL.APIN-"The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:16.'''
* muldingir.ku.ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur'' = d''A-nu u'' d''En-lil''2 "Sitting Gods of Ekur = Anu and Enlil". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:16; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:16].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (L) ˹½ danna˺ egir [mu]l''E''4-''ru''6(A.EDIN) kimin dingir.ku.ameš ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 / ˹mulnu.muš.˺da ''u'' udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub gu "(The point at a distance of) half ''bēru''(=150) behind Erua, or the Sitting Gods (μ Vir), the frontal pan of Libra (α Lib), Numušda (κ Cen), and Saturn, which stands in front of Libra, a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 314-315, BM 78161:19-20; ASM<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 92]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58], ''an''-KU''-a-meš'' = υ Vir, ''kal-lum'' mulgiš-erin2 igi-''u''2 = α Lib, mul''Nu-muš-da'' = ω Lup, Lup d, Lup g.
|[[File:SittingGods 1hafterErua stellarium-004 smh cut.jpg|thumb|GU XII (greenish line in the middle).]]
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Deities-protectors, guardians; mentioned as a pair with DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš 'Standing deities', see previous article. Among the epithets: dingir.meš ''na-bu-u-ti'' "Brilliant gods". [Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 569:17, note 5].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 9 MUL.MEŠ DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš "9 stars, Sitting Gods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":5">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, Section IX].

==== IV. Identification. ====
= "perhaps, the stars in the front part of the Serpent, in the southern part of Hercules, and in the northwestern part of Ophiuchus." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":5" />, 84; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 28];

= "(9) seated gods," stars in Serpent, Hercules, and Ophiuchus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ε, π, ρ, θ Herculis (?) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138];

= ι Vir (?) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 320];

= υ Vir [Koch 1992<ref name=":4" />, 58; Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":6">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>];

= Virgo stars in the vicinity of Libra [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":6" />, 71];

= μ Virginis [ASM<ref name=":3" />, 275].

The transition from Hercules to Virgo may serve to illustrate how unreliable some identifications of Mesopotamian constellations are.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d11)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.KU.Ameš, mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Amul, mulAN.TUŠ.Ameš = antušû, ankurû(?) «Сидящие Боги» [AHw, 56; BPO 2, 11; CAD A/2, 124; G. 28, 113; Labat 1976, 49; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35]; группа звезд в созвездии Девы (Virgo) (?).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI, см. d10DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 11): mulan.KU.ameš [CT 33, 9 r. 13; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš šu-ut E2-kur «Сидящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. Список звезд V R 46, 1:16. muldingir.ku.ameš šu-ut E2-kur = dA-nu u dEn-lil2 «Сидящие Боги = Ану и Энлиль» [HBA 51:16; Wee 2016, 162–3:16]. GU-текст. (L) ˹½ danna˺ egir [mu]lE4-ru6(A.EDIN) kimin dingir.ku.ameš kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 / ˹mulnu.muš.˺da u udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub gu «(Точка, находящаяся на расстоянии) половины bēru(=150) позади Эруа, или Сидящие Боги (μ Vir), передняя чаша Весов (α Lib), Нумушда (κ Cen), и Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов, ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 314–315, BM 78161:19–20; ASM, 92]; согласно [Koch 1992, 58], an-KU-a-meš = υ Vir, kal-lum mulgiš-erin2 igi-u2 = α Lib, mulNu-muš-da = ω Lup, Lup d, Lup g. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: muldingir.tuš.a.˹m˺eš êак звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце шабату, см. u19UR.GI7. (2) mulur.giˆ — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3.

II. Божество.

Божества-защитники, охранители; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš «Стоящими божествами», см. предыдущую статью. Среди эпитетов: dingir.meš na-bu-u-ti «Блестящие боги» [Sidersky 1920, 569:17, note 5].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 9 MUL.MEŠ DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš «9 звезд, Сидящие Боги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

IV. Отождествление.

= «возможно, звезды в передней части Змеи, в южной части Геркулеса и в северо-западной части Змееносца» [Weidner 1927, 84; G. 28];

= «(9) сидящих богов», звезды в Змее, Геркулесе и Змееносце [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ε, π, ρ, θ Herculis (?) [MA, 138];

= ι Vir (?) [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320];

= υ Vir [Koch 1992, 58; Donbaz–Koch 1995];

= звезды Девы в окрестности Весов [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 71];

= μ Virginis [ASM, 275].

Переход от Геркулеса к Деве может служить иллюстрацией того, насколько еще ненадежны некоторые отождествления месопотамских созвездий.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]ˆ

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR.GUB.BA

2026-01-06T17:33:52Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ;
* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* a) m[ulan.gub].bameš<''u'' mul>an.tuš.ameš = d''sin u'' dutu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:52],
* b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = d''sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 20].

|
|-
|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
* ''ina'' itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba<meš> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''2-''e''...] / mul''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in [...] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
** for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings: (I iii 27):
** a) mulPAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi''
** "The Bow and the King rise, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
** b) mul''Pa-bil-sag'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''u'' DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš KURmeš-''ma'' / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulPAN ''u'' mulGAM3 ŠU2meš
** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Standing Gods rise, and the Arrow, the Bow and the Crook set" (I iii 27-28).
see also (Kurtik b06) [[PAN]].
|[[File:StandGods MUL.APIN-Iiii27stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27. ]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (3) List of ziqpu stars:
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš in the third place after mulBAL.TEŠ2.A, before mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4).
|This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between mulBAL.TEŠ2.A and mulUR.GI7 where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
** "The 15th of Ṭebetu, the Standing Gods stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea."'''
* muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 ''u'' dutu
* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
* mul<dingir>.gub.bameš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur'' = d30 ''u'' du.gur
* "Standing <Gods> of Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was dingir.gub.bameš ''ša''2 ''e''2-''kur'' "Standing gods of Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities of Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' MUL.MEŠ A]N.GUB.BAmeš "3 are the b[right] stars of the Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation in [[Hercules]], see also [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118].

= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];

= probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":4" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 278].

= part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5" />, 208, App. C].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d10)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = angubbû «Стоящие Боги» [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules), см. также [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: a) m[ulan.gub].bamešmul>an.tuš.ameš = dsin u dutu = mul-te-šir SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52], b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ḫi-pí eš-šú = dsîn(30) u dŠamaš(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20]. Текст BM 77054. ina itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba.<meš> ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulši-nu-nu-tum […] «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в[осходят…] / Ласточка […]» [George 1991, 304–305, r. 9′–10′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 21): mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut E2-kur «Стоящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN. (3) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš на третьем месте после mulBAL.TEŠ2.A перед mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-ḫa «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоят, и Ласточка восходит» (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66]. «Большой список звезд». muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:15. mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162–3:15].

II. Божество.

«Стоящие божества» (среди эпитетов: ilū ṣīrūtu «Высокие боги») известны как из списков богов, так и из других текстов. Почитались как защитники, охранители храмов; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.KU.Ameš «Сидящими божествами» [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. Особую группу составляли an.gub.bameš ša2 e2-kur «Стоящие боги из Экура», имевшие, по-видимому астральное значение. В серии AN:dAnum (I 364–366) они определяются как: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 «Ульмаш, AŠ.daḫ = 2 стоящих божества из Экура» [CT 24, 24:67–68; Litke 1998, 65]. Другие варианты отождествления «Стоящих богов» см. [CAD A/2, 117–118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ n[a-bu-ti mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš «3 бл[естящие] звезды, Стоящие [Б]оги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Ophiuchi до приблизительно α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333–334; G. 22];

= вероятно, α Herculis и α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ζ и η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].

= часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR.GUB.BA

2026-01-06T17:31:50Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ;
* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* a) m[ulan.gub].bameš<''u'' mul>an.tuš.ameš = d''sin u'' dutu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:52],
* b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = d''sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 20].

|
|-
|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
* ''ina'' itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba<meš> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''2-''e''...] / mul''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in [...] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
** for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings: (I iii 27):
** a) mulPAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi''
** "The Bow and the King rise, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
** b) mul''Pa-bil-sag'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''u'' DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš KURmeš-''ma'' / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulPAN ''u'' mulGAM3 ŠU2meš
** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Standing Gods rise, and the Arrow, the Bow and the Crook set" (I iii 27-28).
see also (Kurtik b06) [[PAN]].
|[[File:StandGods MUL.APIN-Iiii27stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27. ]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (3) List of ziqpu stars:
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš in the third place after mulBAL.TEŠ2.A, before mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4).
|This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between mulBAL.TEŠ2.A and mulUR.GI7 where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
** "The 15th of Ṭebetu, the Standing Gods stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 ''u'' dutu
* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
* mul<dingir>.gub.bameš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur'' = d30 ''u'' du.gur
* "Standing <Gods> of Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was dingir.gub.bameš ''ša''2 ''e''2-''kur'' "Standing gods of Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities of Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' MUL.MEŠ A]N.GUB.BAmeš "3 are the b[right] stars of the Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation in [[Hercules]], see also [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118].

= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];

= probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":4" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 278].

= part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5" />, 208, App. C].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d10)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = angubbû «Стоящие Боги» [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules), см. также [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: a) m[ulan.gub].bamešmul>an.tuš.ameš = dsin u dutu = mul-te-šir SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52], b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ḫi-pí eš-šú = dsîn(30) u dŠamaš(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20]. Текст BM 77054. ina itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba.<meš> ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulši-nu-nu-tum […] «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в[осходят…] / Ласточка […]» [George 1991, 304–305, r. 9′–10′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 21): mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut E2-kur «Стоящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN. (3) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš на третьем месте после mulBAL.TEŠ2.A перед mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-ḫa «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоят, и Ласточка восходит» (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66]. «Большой список звезд». muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:15. mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162–3:15].

II. Божество.

«Стоящие божества» (среди эпитетов: ilū ṣīrūtu «Высокие боги») известны как из списков богов, так и из других текстов. Почитались как защитники, охранители храмов; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.KU.Ameš «Сидящими божествами» [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. Особую группу составляли an.gub.bameš ša2 e2-kur «Стоящие боги из Экура», имевшие, по-видимому астральное значение. В серии AN:dAnum (I 364–366) они определяются как: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 «Ульмаш, AŠ.daḫ = 2 стоящих божества из Экура» [CT 24, 24:67–68; Litke 1998, 65]. Другие варианты отождествления «Стоящих богов» см. [CAD A/2, 117–118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ n[a-bu-ti mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš «3 бл[естящие] звезды, Стоящие [Б]оги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Ophiuchi до приблизительно α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333–334; G. 22];

= вероятно, α Herculis и α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ζ и η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].

= часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR.GUB.BA

2026-01-06T15:50:22Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ;
* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* a) m[ulan.gub].bameš<''u'' mul>an.tuš.ameš = d''sin u'' dutu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:52],
* b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = d''sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 20].

|
|-
|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
* ''ina'' itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba<meš> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''2-''e''...] / mul''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
** for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings: (I iii 27):
** a) mulPAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi''
** "The Bow and the King rises, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
** b) mul''Pa-bil-sag'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''u'' DINGIR. GUB.BAmeš-''ma'' / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulPAN ''u'' mulGAM3 ŠU2meš
** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Staff rise, the Arrow, Bow and thee Staff goes down" (I iii 27-28).
see also (Kurtik b06) [[PAN]].
|[[File:StandGods MUL.APIN-Iiii27stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27. ]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (3) List of ziqpu stars:
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš on the third place after mulBAL.TEŠ2.A before mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4).
|This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between mulBAL.TEŠ2.A and mulUR.GI7 where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
** "The 15th of Tebet, the Standing Gods in the middle of heaven against your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 ''u'' dutu
* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
* mul<dingir>.gub.bameš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur'' = d30 ''u'' du.gur
* "Standing (Gods) from Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.bameš ''ša''2 ''e''2-''kur'' "Standing gods from Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities from Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš "3 bl[essed] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation in [[Hercules]], see also [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118].

= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];

= probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":4" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 278].

= part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5" />, 208, App. C].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d10)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = angubbû «Стоящие Боги» [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules), см. также [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: a) m[ulan.gub].bamešmul>an.tuš.ameš = dsin u dutu = mul-te-šir SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52], b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ḫi-pí eš-šú = dsîn(30) u dŠamaš(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20]. Текст BM 77054. ina itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba.<meš> ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulši-nu-nu-tum […] «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в[осходят…] / Ласточка […]» [George 1991, 304–305, r. 9′–10′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 21): mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut E2-kur «Стоящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN. (3) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš на третьем месте после mulBAL.TEŠ2.A перед mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-ḫa «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоят, и Ласточка восходит» (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66]. «Большой список звезд». muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:15. mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162–3:15].

II. Божество.

«Стоящие божества» (среди эпитетов: ilū ṣīrūtu «Высокие боги») известны как из списков богов, так и из других текстов. Почитались как защитники, охранители храмов; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.KU.Ameš «Сидящими божествами» [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. Особую группу составляли an.gub.bameš ša2 e2-kur «Стоящие боги из Экура», имевшие, по-видимому астральное значение. В серии AN:dAnum (I 364–366) они определяются как: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 «Ульмаш, AŠ.daḫ = 2 стоящих божества из Экура» [CT 24, 24:67–68; Litke 1998, 65]. Другие варианты отождествления «Стоящих богов» см. [CAD A/2, 117–118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ n[a-bu-ti mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš «3 бл[естящие] звезды, Стоящие [Б]оги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Ophiuchi до приблизительно α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333–334; G. 22];

= вероятно, α Herculis и α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ζ и η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].

= часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR

2026-01-05T21:53:37Z

HermannHunger:

DINGIR (𒀭) is the ancient Sumerian term for "god"; the Akkadian equivalent is ''ilu(m)'' (𒄿𒇻𒌝).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''ilu''(''m'') "God";
the generic term for deities in Sumerian and Akkadian. The term used a few times with reference to the Moon or the Sun within astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 194].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Shileiko Tablet."'''
Old Babylonian predictions on the observations of the Moon:

* DIŠ ''i-na ša-me-e i-lu-um i-na u''4-''mi bi-bu-li-im'' / ''ar-ḫi-iš la it-ba-al'' / ''a-ru-ur''2-''tum i-na ma-a-tim iš-ša-ka-an''
** "If the god(= Moon) does not disappear quickly from the sky during the day of disappearance: there will be drought in the country". [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 204-205: 8-10], see also [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref> 204-205: 11-12, 15].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 179-227 passim; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 221-222].
|
|-
|'''"Reports" and "Letters."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 320a; LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 333a].
|
|-
|'''Neo-Assyrian Texts'''
In Neo-Assyrian texts we find standard expressions concerning the opposition of the Sun and the Moon:
* UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-''ma''
** "On the 14th day (of the month) the god will be seen with (another) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 294 r. 2];
* UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR ''la in''- / [''nam-mar-ma'']
** "On the 14th day the god is not seen with (another) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 295:3];
* DIŠ 30 ''u'' dUTU ''šu-ta-ta-u''2 / LUGAL KUR ''uz-nu u''2-''rap-pa-aš''2 / UD-14-KAM2 ITI-''us-su'' DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-''ma''
** "If the Moon and the Sun are in opposition, the king of the country will expand his understanding: on the 14th day of each month one god will be seen with (another) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 371: 1-3];
* ''ina'' UD-15-KAM2 / DINGIR KI DINGIR / ''it-ta-mar''
** "On the 15th day a god appeared with (another) god" (report of observations made) [LABS, 135 r. 3-5], see also [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 157].

These reports and letters refer to the observation of the Sun and the Moon when they stand in opposition to each other during mid-lunar month, and are observed simultaneously on opposite sides of the horizon at sunrise and sunset.
|Example
|}
===Additional===
See also: DINGIR KUR-''ma'' KU NU ZAḪ3 "a god (=Mars) will rise and will not cause destruction [...]". [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 125, D ii 5 + note 7].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d09)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ilu(m) «Бог»; не часто используемое название Луны и Солнца в астрологических текстах [G. 194].
I. Источники.

«Табличка Шилейко». Старовавилонские предсказания по наблюдениям Луны: DIŠ i-na ša-me-e i-lu-um i-na u4-mi bi-bu-li-im / ar-ḫi-iš la it-ba-al / a-ru-ur2-tum i-na ma-a-tim iš-ša-ka-an «Если Бог(=Луна) на небе в день (своего) появления не исчезает быстро: в стране будет засуха» [Horowitz 2000, 204–205: 8–10], см. также [ibid. 204–205: 11–12, 15]. EAE. См.[ABCD, 179–227 passim; NSAM 2, 221–222]. «Рапорты» и «Письма». См. [ARAK, 320a; LBAT, 333a].

В новоассирийских текстах встречаем стандартные выражения, касающиеся оппозиции Солнца и Луны: UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-ma «В 14-й день (месяца) бог увидит (другого) бога « [ARAK, 294 r. 2]; UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR la in- / [nam-mar-ma] «В 14-й день бог не увидел (другого) бога» [ARAK, 295:3]; DIŠ 30 u dUTU šu-ta-ta-u2 / LUGAL KUR uz-nu u2-rap-pa-aš2 / UD-14-KAM2 ITI-us-su DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-ma «Если Луна и Солнце находятся в оппозиции, царь страны пусть расширит свое понимание: в 14-й день каждого месяца один бог увидится с (другим) богом» [ARAK, 371: 1–3]; ina UD-15-KAM2 / DINGIR KI DINGIR / it-ta-mar «В 15-й день бог с (другим богом) появились (вместе)» (сообщение о проведенном наблюдении) [LABS, 135 r. 3–5], см. также [Koch–Westenholz 1999, 157]. В этих рапортах и письмах речь идет о наблюдении Солнца и Луны в момент, когда они находятся в оппозиции в середине лунного месяца и могут наблюдаться одновременно в противоположных сторонах горизонта.

См. также: DINGIR KUR-ma KU NU ZAḪ3 «Бог (=Марс) взойдет и не станет причиной разрушения […]» [ABCD, 125, D ii 5 + note 7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, i05)
|
|-
|«Бог», обозначение Луны в старовавилонском предсказательном тексте, так называемой «Табличке Шилейко»; см. d09DINGIR.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DILI

2026-01-05T21:05:31Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

(mul)DILI (𒀯𒀸) is a general term referring to single-star asterisms, typically one-star features of constellations or constellation parts. Examples include MUL DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu'', the single star of its (the Lion's) tail (β [[Leo]]<nowiki/>nis) and the single star in the knee of the ‘the Goat’ (μ [[Hercules|Her]]). Kurtik (2007) has two entries, (d07) [[DILI]] and (d08) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' (the single star in Leo) that we merge here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Variant readings:

* mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ''ēdu'' "single, unique, separate (star)";
Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu VI, a group of stars in Hercules [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 108; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1495a],
* 2) in the title of ziqpu XXIV, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2.
Special Case (Kurtik, d08):
*"the single star on its (Leo's) tail" = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 3].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša2'' ''taš''!''-ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the triplets star to the single star",
** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI. MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star to the Lady of Life" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13-16; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:13-16; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:4-5]
** c) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ. KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars of its hips to the single star of its tail",
** d) 1⅔ MA. NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the single star on its tail to the Branch" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17-20; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 17-20; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** (a) MUL2 ''e-du'' // 1 ''ša''2-''niš'' 2 // 10 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Individual star // 1 or 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:23].
** (b) MUL2 DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 // 1 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "A single star on its tail // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:15].
* (3) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na e''-DIL ''ša''2 K[UN] "10° to the single (star) on the tail." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 225:18].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu''-]''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From the 2 st[ars] on its hi[ps], to the talon of its tail ½ m[ile] (=150)",
** b) [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] "[From the ta]lon of [its] tail to ŠU.PA 1 mi[le] (300)." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:16-19].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a) 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''e-du'' "10° to the Single Star" (rev. 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:6]; for a parallel, see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 180:3'].
** (b) [10 U]Š DANNA ''ana e''-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 MUL KUN-''šu''2 "[10°] to the single star on its tail" (rev. 23),
** (c) ''e''!-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "single (star) on its tail," the diagram shows 1 point (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:23, 176-178].
|Example
|-
| '''GU text.'''
* (J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (S) [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 "single star on the knee of the Goat" (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|Example
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ''e-du ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "[...] — the stars of Antašurra. The single (star) culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 13, ii 12'].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) LBAT 1502. [...] ''u'' DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ''ša''2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' ˹10˺ [...] "[...] and the Rooster — the Antagub star. One (star) on its tail culminates. 10 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 4', ii 3'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* A 3427: múlDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth sections of the zodiacal sign of Scorpius and Sagittarius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239: 1, 12-13, 15, 19].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483: [...] múl''e-du'' E3-''a'' uku2-''in'' "(If a child is born, when) [...] a single star appears: he will be poor" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL ''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU DUMU.MUNUSmeš [...] "[If] he is born when the single star on its tail (culminates): daughters [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:7'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification '''('''DILI). ====
Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

See. also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], V 2

==== III. Identification (DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2). ====
Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 86].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d07 & d08)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022, d7) DILI ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ēdu «единственная, отдельная (звезда)»; 1) = ziqpu VI, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [G. 108; AHw, 1495a], 2) в названии ziqpu XXIV, см. d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Госпожи жизни» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13–16; TU, 21:13–16; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:4–5]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 e-du // 1 ša2-niš 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда // 1 или 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:23]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL e-du «100 до Отдельной звезды» (rev. 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:6]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid. 180:3']. GU-текст. (S) [mul] e-˹du˺ [ša2] kin-ṣi muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30], см. также u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | e-du ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезды Анташурра. Отдельная (звезда) кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 13, ii 12']. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […] múle-du e3-a uku2-in «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Отдельная звезда появляется: он будет беден» [TU, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 60; ASM, 86].

См. также u31UZ3, V 2.
|Example
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022, d8) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' ===
|
|-
|«Отдельная звезда на его (Льва) хвосте»; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [G. 162, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его хвосте до Отдельной звезды на его бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды на его хвосте до Ветви» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17–20; TU, 21 r. 17–20; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na e-DIL ša2 K[UN] «100 до отдельной (звезды) на хвосте» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:18]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:15]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)», b) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] хвоста до ŠU.PA 1 ми[ля] (300)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:16–19]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 U]Š DANNA ana e-˹du˺ ša2 MUL KUN-šu2 «[100] до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» (rev. 23), b) e!-˹du˺ ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная (звезда) на его хвосте», на диаграмме изображена 1 точка (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:23, 176–178]. GU-текст. (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. u17UR.A. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. […] u DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ša2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-pi ˹10˺ […] «[…] и Петух — звезда Антагуб. Одна (звезда) на его хвосте кульминирует. 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 4', ii 3']. Aнафора. A 3427: múlDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион и Стрелец) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239: 1, 12–13, 15, 19]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL e-du ša2 KUN-šu2 U3.TU DUMU´MUNUSmeš […] «[Если] он, когда Отдельная звезда на его хвосте (кульминирует), родился: дочери […]» [SpTU V, 265:7'].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 58; ASM 86].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]

DILI

2026-01-05T20:16:13Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

(mul)DILI (𒀯𒀸) is a general term referring to single-star asterisms, typically one-star features of constellations or constellation parts. Examples include MUL DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu'', the single star of its (the Lion's) tail (β [[Leo]]<nowiki/>nis) and the single star in the knee of the ‘the Goat’ (μ [[Hercules|Her]]). Kurtik (2007) has two entries, (d07) [[DILI]] and (d08) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' (the single star in Leo) that we merge here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Variant readings:

* mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ''ēdu'' "single, unique, separate (star)";
Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu VI, a group of stars in Hercules [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 108; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1495a],
* 2) in the title ziqpu XXIV, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2.
Special Case (Kurtik, d08):
*"the single star on its (Leo's) tail"; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 3].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša2'' ''taš''!''-ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the triplets star to the single star",
** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI. MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star to the Lady of Life" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13-16; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:13-16; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:4-5]
** c) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ. KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars on its tail to the single star on its hips",
** d) 1⅔ MA. NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ min weight, 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the single star on its tail to the Branch" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17-20; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 17-20; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** (a) MUL2 ''e-du'' // 1 ''ša''2-''niš'' 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 "Individual star // 1 or 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:23].
** (b) MUL2 DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "A single star on its tail // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:15].
* (3) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na e''-DIL ''ša''2 K[UN] "100 to the single (star) on the tail." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 225:18].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu''-]''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From the 2 st[ars] on its hi[ps], to the talon of its tail ½ m[ile] (=150)",
** b) [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] "[From the ta]lon of [its] tail to ŠU.PA 1 mi[e] (300)." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:16-19].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a) 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''e-du'' "100 to the Detached Star" (rev. 6) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:6]; for a parallel, see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 180:3'].
** (b) [10 U]Š DANNA ''ana e''-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 MUL KUN-''šu''2 "[100] to the single star on its tail" (rev. 23),
** (c) ''e''!-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "single (star) on its tail," the diagram shows 1 point (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:23, 176-178].
|Example
|-
| '''GU text.'''
* (J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (S) [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 "single star on the knee of the Goat" (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|Example
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ''e-du ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "[...] — the stars of Antashurra. The individual (star) culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 13, ii 12'].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) LBAT 1502. [...] ''u'' DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ''ša''2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' ˹10˺ [...] "[...] and the Cock — the Antagub star. One (star) on its tail culminates. 10 [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 4', ii 3'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* A 3427: múlDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth sections of the zodiac sign of the Scorpius and Sagittarius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239: 1, 12-13, 15, 19].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483: [...] múl''e-du e''3-''a'' uku2-''in'' "(If a child is born, when) [...] a single star appears: he will be poor" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL ''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU DUMU.MUNUSmeš [...] "[If] it, when the single Star, on its tail (culminates), is born: daughters [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:7'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification '''('''DILI). ====
Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

See. also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], V 2

==== III. Identification (DILI ''ša''2 KUN ''šu''2). ====
Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 86].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d07 & d08)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022, d7) DILI ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ēdu «единственная, отдельная (звезда)»; 1) = ziqpu VI, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [G. 108; AHw, 1495a], 2) в названии ziqpu XXIV, см. d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Госпожи жизни» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13–16; TU, 21:13–16; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:4–5]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 e-du // 1 ša2-niš 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда // 1 или 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:23]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL e-du «100 до Отдельной звезды» (rev. 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:6]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid. 180:3']. GU-текст. (S) [mul] e-˹du˺ [ša2] kin-ṣi muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30], см. также u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | e-du ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезды Анташурра. Отдельная (звезда) кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 13, ii 12']. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […] múle-du e3-a uku2-in «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Отдельная звезда появляется: он будет беден» [TU, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 60; ASM, 86].

См. также u31UZ3, V 2.
|Example
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022, d8) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' ===
|
|-
|«Отдельная звезда на его (Льва) хвосте»; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [G. 162, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его хвосте до Отдельной звезды на его бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды на его хвосте до Ветви» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17–20; TU, 21 r. 17–20; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na e-DIL ša2 K[UN] «100 до отдельной (звезды) на хвосте» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:18]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:15]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)», b) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] хвоста до ŠU.PA 1 ми[ля] (300)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:16–19]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 U]Š DANNA ana e-˹du˺ ša2 MUL KUN-šu2 «[100] до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» (rev. 23), b) e!-˹du˺ ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная (звезда) на его хвосте», на диаграмме изображена 1 точка (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:23, 176–178]. GU-текст. (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. u17UR.A. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. […] u DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ša2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-pi ˹10˺ […] «[…] и Петух — звезда Антагуб. Одна (звезда) на его хвосте кульминирует. 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 4', ii 3']. Aнафора. A 3427: múlDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион и Стрелец) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239: 1, 12–13, 15, 19]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL e-du ša2 KUN-šu2 U3.TU DUMU´MUNUSmeš […] «[Если] он, когда Отдельная звезда на его хвосте (кульминирует), родился: дочери […]» [SpTU V, 265:7'].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 58; ASM 86].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]

Dilbat

2026-01-05T19:56:48Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dilbat''}}
mul / d''Dilbat'' (𒀯𒀸𒁁) is an ancient Mesopotamian planet name. It is the standard reading of the most common name for the planet Venus, for which a number of other options are listed below. Venus is also commonly identified by the name of the Venus-goddess in the Mesopotamian pantheon: Inanna = ''Ištar''.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* muldili.bad,
* mulDilibat,
* mulDIL.BAD,
* DILΙ.BAT
* mul''dili-bad'',
* (d)''dili-pat''2,
* ''dele-bat''; = "the one that sparkles";
* from dili.bad = ''nebû'' "to shine, to sparkle".

Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XX century BC) as mul dalla dili mul''dili-bad'' "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 774; Bruschweiler 1987<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref>, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973<ref>''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.</ref>; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 109; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 282]; see Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>In bilingual and lexical texts, Sum. dili-bad(-rá) is translated by ''na/ebītu'' “the bright one” (fem.). As a star name it is conventionally read Dil(i)bat. If Δελεφατ (delephat) in Hesychius v. 558 is correctly understood as a Greek transcription of this name, it points to a reading Dil(i)pat, which could be derived from Akk. ''dalāpu'' “to be sleepless”. '''''?? really? ??''''' mulDILΙ.BAT (AN 20l).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: mul[''dil'']-''bat'' = ''di-il-bat'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:154].
*(2) Antagal series (G 306): d zibZIG = d''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
*(3) AN:dAnum series (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
*Astrolabe P.
**Month of Nisan, Anu stars, 100 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
**(1) List (12´3): mul gal ''ša'' ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu gub-''zu'' / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mul''Dil-bat'' / ''a-lik pa-ni'' mul.meš ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' “The great star which is above the great stars / which stands at the rising of the south wind / (and) changes position: half a year (it stands) in the east, / half a year in the west. This star is Venus, / (which) goes in front of the stars of Anu" (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 1].
**(2) List (3´12): itibara2 ...mul''Dil-bat šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "month Nisanu: ...Venus of (the stars) of Anu" (C ii 1).
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m): rising - Nisanu, setting - Tašritu (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: mul''Dil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar'' "Venus changes (her position)". '''''??? I cannot find these words in KAV 218!! ???''''' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8]; see also (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923.
**Month of Nisan, the stars of Anu: [mul''Dili-bat''] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly" [BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 237, 241].
*BM 34713.
**Month of Ayaru, the stars of Anu: múl''Dil-bat'' [LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A
**List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): mul''Dil-bat'' [TCL 6<ref name=":4">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see. [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />]; see also [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiraduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).</ref>, 8; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23:33; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 247; Pingree 1993<ref>''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 259-273.</ref>; SpTU I<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 91:12-14; SpTU II<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:17; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:7', 9'; Babyloniaca 7<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars".'''
*Anu 1. mul''Dil-bat ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A x [. ]
* "Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177], see also (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
|
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
* See. [LABS<ref name=":3" />, 378; SAA 8<ref name=":11">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349-350].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (no. 20): mul''Dili-bat'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Venus changes her position constantly and crosses the sky" (I ii 13).
*(2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' mul''Dili-bat'' DU-''ak'' "Venus travels (the same) path as the Moon travels" (II i 3).
*(3) List and definition of the planets: Venus is second after Jupiter, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**a) [mul''Di'']''li-bat <ina>'' dUTU.E3 TUM3-''ma'' ITI ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ra'' / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 2 ITI ''uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI. LA2 "Venus disappears in the east and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for a month and 15 days, or it remains invisible for 2 months and / becomes visible in the west" (II i 44-46),
**(b) mul''Dili-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-''ma ina u''4-''me'' TUM3 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' KIMIN 3 ''u''4-''mi'' / KI.3 7 ''u''4-''mi'' KI.4 14 ''u''4-''mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' KUR-''ḫa'' "Venus disappears in the west and becomes (again) visible in the east on the day on which she disappeared; or, (she disappears) for 3 days, / thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, she remains (invisible) and then rises" (II i 47-48),
**c) mul''Dili-bat lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 9 ITImeš ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma i-tab-bal'' "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months, and disappears" (II i 61) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
*Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for mul''Dil-bat'' for each day of the month [Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*(1) [ddil].bat = ''ana'' si.sa2 ''bu-lim'' "Venus — for the prosperity of cattle."
*(2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat "Widow's Furnace = Venus".
*(3) muldil.bat = d''iš-tar bēlet'' kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
*(4) The 12 stars of Elam: [mul]dil.bat in the first place.
*(5) List of planets: muldil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:28-30, 201, 242]. List of stars VR 46, 1:40. mul''Dil-bat'' = ''na-ba-at kak-ka-bu'' "Venus is the brightest of star(s)", see also [HBA<ref name=":13">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:40; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:40]; parallel: d''dil-bat na-bat'' MUL.MEŠ [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 46, 428].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2(?) mul''a-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat'' "Swallow and extended neck(?) Anunitu - Venus' place" (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39].
|
|-
| '''"The Dilbat Tablet.”'''
Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text of LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):

*(1) mulnin.si4?.an. na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itibar2 "Ninsianna — Venus in the month of Nisan",
*(2) mul''A-ri-tu''4 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigu4 "Shield — Venus in the month of Ayaru",
*(3) mulban mul''Dil-bat ina'' itine "The bow — Venus in the month of Abu" (the order of months in the text does not correspond to the standard),
*(4) mulnunki mul''Dil-bat ina'' itikin "Eridu — Venus in the month of Ululu",
*(5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mul''Dil-bat ina'' itidu6 "Entenabarhum — Venus in the month of Tašritu",
* (6) mul''Rap-pu'' mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiapin "The bridle — Venus in the month of Arahsamnu",
*(7) mulgir2.an.na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month of Kislimu" (in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 8:2] the month of Kislimu corresponds to ulgu.la "Giant"),
*(8) muluz3 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiab "Goat — Venus in the month of Ṭebetu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:3, uluz3 "Goat"),
*(9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiziz2 "Field — Venus in the month of Šabaṭu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:4, ulAŠ.GAN ''Bābilī''(ka2.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
*(10) mulku6 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiše "Fish — Venus in the month of Addaru" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' d''Dil-bat'' "In the month of Addaru Fish Ea, Dilbat"),
* (11) [muls]ag mul''Dil-bat ina'' itisig4 "Head — Venus in the month of Simanu" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
*(12) [mulmu]š. a.sag.ga mul''Dil-bat ina'' itišu "Mušasaga — Venus in the month of Du'uzu" (so in [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA<ref name=":13" />, 119; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, I].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* (d)dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [ADRT I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influences.
**a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[''Dil-bat pa-aš''2-''ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) exceptionally calm; wherever it goes, (it will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
**b) DIŠ KI d''Dil-bat'' DUMU.MEŠ ''u'' DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallels: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' d''Dil-bat E''3-''a pa-aš''2''-ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (his life will be) particularly(?) calm; wherever he will go, it will be favorable; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) Horoscopes. (d)''dele-bat'', see. [BH, passim].
*(3) "Hypsoma."
**(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti'' KUR-''ud'' SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ma'': ''ana'' 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' "If Venus reaches the secret place: (it) foreshadows good; (it means that) she reaches Leo, var.: she rises to 1⅔ ''bēru''" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:27; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 53].
** (b) [DIŠ mu]l''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti la'' KUR-''ud-ma u it-bal'' KUR ''ut-ta''[''ḫ-ḫas''] "If Venus does not reach the secret place and disappears: the country will suffer" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:28; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]; for a parallel see. [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirti'' of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
**c) [m]ul''Dilbat nabât kakkabāni'' / ''ina amurri'' / [''ina ḫarrān šū'']''t'' d''Ea'' / ''innamirma'' ... ''niṣirtu'' / ''ikšudamma itbal'' / mul''Ṣalbatānu pāris'' / ''pursê māt amurri'' / ''ina ḫarrān šūt'' d''Ea'' / ''ib᾽il'' "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the path of (the stars of) Ea, ... reached the secret (place) and (then) disappeared. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, had great brilliance in the path of Ea" [Borger Esarh.<ref>''Borger (1956).'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrian, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).</ref>, §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54 '''''??? quote new edition in RIMA? ???''''']. Here, according to calculations, the place of niṣirtu is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54, 57; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 28, 138], see also e).
**(d) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E2 ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 / ''ša''2 ''dele-bat'' LU2.TUR ''a-lid'' "In the house of niṣirtu of Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
** (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
*(4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (d''Dili-pat''2) [SpTU I<ref name=":8" />, 94:23, 28].
* (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID2 BA3 [... i]tiŠE MUL!meš d''Dil-bat'' " ...: month of Addaru, stars?, Venus". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: d''Dil-bat'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].
*(7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 213-214, 216].

See also [SpTU II<ref name=":9" />, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":10" />, 261:13'-18', 271:7'].
|Example
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ištar. The name mul / d''Dilbat'' was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc.<ref name=":16">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine: Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:

* (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deity; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma sin-ni-šat'' / DIŠ SIG5 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-''ma zik-rat'' BAR-''tum'' "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
* (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female one; d''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-šat'': TA dUTU.SU2.A "Venus, female, from the west", d''Dil-bat'': ''zi-ka-rat'': TA dUTU.E3 "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].

In the list of Anum gods: d''be-el dil-bat'' "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 98:221]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 125-126; Reiner 1985<ref>''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.</ref>, 591; 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 6; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2-''su'' d''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN''-ma'' "Entenabarḫum = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik s12) [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]].

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
* (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, mul''Dil-bat'' comes second after mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29:13, 61:428].
* (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of Simanu and the 14th of Ṭebeut: PAD-''su ana'' damar.ud / d''gu-la'' mul''dil-bat'' GAR''-ma ma-ḫir'' "he brings his offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, and (it) is accepted". [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 88-87, 134-135].
* (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as d''Ištar''(15) mul.meš è, as d''Dil-bat'' [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 104; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], II.
* (4) Namburbi series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) the eclipse of Venus." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
* (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: múl''Dil-bat na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref name=":16" /> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17" />, 219:325].
* (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.</ref>, 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]], (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'', (Kurtik a26) [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]], (Kurtik e03) [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]], (Kurtik g04) [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]], (Kurtik g16) [[GILIM.MA]], (Kurtik i10) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA|IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA]], (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA|dINANNA]], (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']], (Kurtik k07) [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]], (Kurtik k16) [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]], (Kurtik m30) [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]], (Kurtik m33) [[MUL.KI.GAL]], (Kurtik n26) [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n30) [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]], (Kurtik n31) [[NIN.GUL.TI]], (Kurtik n42) [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], (Kurtik s16) [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik sh01) [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]], (Kurtik t02) [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik u02) [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]], (Kurtik z09) [[ZIB2|dZIB2]].

==== Symbol. ====
The standard symbol of Ištar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the ''kudurru''s is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 100-101; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection with Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").

In the east:

* (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mul''Dil-bat ina'' d[UTU.E3].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109 I; HBA<ref name=":13" />, 118; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 58]);
* (2) ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM ul''Dil-bat'' ulBAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248-249, K.2346+:57];
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 dUTU "Venus in the east is Šamaš" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
* (4) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Innin A-ka''3-''de''3ki "Venus in the east is Ištar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
* (5) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Ištar''(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is Ištar of the stars" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

In the West:

* (1) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
* (2) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''Innin'' UNUGki "Venus in the west is Ištar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the mistress of the gods" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Erua; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.

(2) = Goat; mulUZ3 = d''Dil-bat'' "Goat = Venus." [SAA 8<ref name=":11" />, 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]],

(3) = Wagon; [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-''u''2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' d''Dil-bat'' dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD GUB-''ma''] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = True Shepherd of Anu; [... Sipa]-zi-an-na d''Dil-bat'' "True Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Green-yellow star; MUL SIG7 = d''Dil-bat'' [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

===== Predictions: =====
See. [BPO 1<ref name=":6" />; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d06)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====Kurtik (b02) BAL.ME.GAR (Reading corrected by Weidner 1966: (AfO 21) 46 Z. 24 = dili.bad = K 4387 = IIR 47)====
только в [II R, 47, 24 c d]: mulBAL.ME.GAR I.GAR.IM = i-gar-ri-im i-šid «Стена фундамента» (?) [G. 46].
|
|-
|
====Kurtik (d06) Dilbat====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: muldili.bad, ulDilibat, mulDIL.BAD, muldili-bad, (d)dili-pat2, dele-bat; = «та, что сверкает»; от dili.bad = nebû «сиять, сверкать». Общепринятое название Венеры в астрономических и астрологических текстах II–I тыс. до н.э.; впервые в гимне Иддин-Дагана (XX в. до н.э.) как mul dalla dili muldili-bad «блестящая/единственная звезда, Венера» [AHw, 774; Bruschweiler 1987, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973; ETCSL, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Венеры: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. «Делефат: звезда Афродиты: от халдеев» [TLG 4085–002, Δ 590], происходящее от Dilbat [G. 109; Tallqvist 1938, 282].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul[dil]-bat = di-il-bat [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = ddil-bat (в списке планет) [MSL XVII, 229]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Венера = Богиня звезд» [Litke 1998, 161]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) В списке (12´3): mul gal ša ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu gub-zu / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mulDil-bat / a-lik pa-ni mul.meš šu-ut dA-nim «Великая звезда, которая выше великих звезд / при восходе южного ветра стоит, / место (свое) изменяет: половину года (она) на востоке (стоит), / половину года — на западе. (Это) звезда Венера, / (которая) первой из звезд Ану идет» (B ii 1–5); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1]. (2) Список (3´12): itibara2 …mulDil-bat šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц нисану: … Венера (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 1). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту (С 13, 26); кроме того о Венере сказано: mulDil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar «Венера изменяет (свое положение)» [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]; см. также a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: [mulDili-bat] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ «[Венера] // 100 // Самая блестящая из звезд» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; здесь RI = nabāṭu «сиять, сверкать», как в ND 4362:26, где дано тождество: RI = nabāṭu «to shine brightly» [BPO 3, 237, 241]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: múlDil-bat [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): mulDil-bat [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Венерой, анализ используемых в них терминов cм. [BPO 3]; см. также [ABCD, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987, 10: r. 11–17, 25–29; BPO 1, 8; BPO 2, 11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957, 240–243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; NSAM 2, 247; Pingree 1993; SpTU I, 91:12–14; SpTU II, 41:17; SpTU III, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T: Pl. XVII, 11–13]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 1. mulDil-bat ša2 ina ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ina dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A x [...] «Венера, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра, положение (свое) изменяет, половину года (она) на востоке, половину года на западе […]» (B. 15) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177], см. также i18Ištar. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [LABS, 378; ARAK, 349–350]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 20): mulDili-bat KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Венера свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 13). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku mulDili-bat DU-ak «Венера проходит (тот же) путь, что и Луна проходит» (II i 3). (3) Список и определение планет: Венера на втором месте после Юпитера, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) [mulDi]li-bat dUTU.E3 TUM3-ma ITI ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ra / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM u4-mi KIMIN 2 ITI uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 «Венера исчезает на востоке и остается (невидимой) на небе в течение месяца / или в течение месяца и 15 дней, или она остается в течение 2 месяцев, и / становится видна на западе» (II i 44–46), b) mulDili-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-ma ina u4-me TUM3 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa KIMIN 3 u4-mi / KI.3 7 u4-mi KI.4 14 u4-mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma KUR-ḫa «Венера исчезает на западе и становится (опять) видна на востоке в день, в который она исчезает; или, (она исчезает) на 3 дня, / в-третьих, на 7 дней, в-четвертых, на 14 дней, она остается (невидимой), и затем восходит» (II i 47–48), c) mulDili-bat lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 9 ITImeš ina AN-e GUB-ma i-tab-bal «Венера становится видна либо на востоке, либо на западе, / стоит на небе в течение 9 месяцев и исчезает» (II i 61) [MA, 33, 70, 80, 81–82, 85]. Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82–86 содержат предсказания для mulDil-bat на каждый день месяца [Labat 1965]. «Большой список звезд». (1) [ddil].bat = ana si.sa2 bu-lim «Венера ― для процветания скота». (2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat «Вдовья Печь = Венера». (3) muldil.bat = diš-tar bēlet kur.kur «Венера ― Иштар, владычица стран». (4) 12 звезд Элама: [mul]dil.bat на первом месте. (5) Список планет: muldil.bat на 4-м месте (после Луны, Солнца и Юпитера) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:28–30, 201, 242]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:40. mulDil-bat = na-ba-at kak-ka-bu «Венера ― звезда с наибольшим блеском», см. также [HBA, 52:40; Wee 2016, 162–3:40]; параллель: ddil-bat na-bat MUL.MEŠ [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 46, 428]. MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ u GU2.LA2(?) mula-nu-ni-tu4 man-za-za muldil-bat «Ласточка и вытянутая шея(?) Ануниту — место Венеры» (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39]. «Таблица Дилбат». На каждый месяц вавилонского календаря указано созвездие, отождествляемое с Венерой. Основной текст LBAT, 1564:1–12 (= 81-7-6,102, публикация Пинчеса см. [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]): (1) mulnin.si4?.an.na mulDil-bat ina itibar2 «Нинсианна ― Венера в месяце нисану», (2) mulA-ri-tu4 mulDil-bat ina itigu4 «Щит ― Венера в месяце айяру», (3) mulban mulDil-bat ina itine «Лук ― Венера в месяце абу» (порядок месяцев в тексте не соответствует стандартному), (4) mulnunki mulDil-bat ina itikin «Эриду ― Венера в месяце улулу», (5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mulDil-bat ina itidu6 «Энтенабархум ― Венера в месяце ташриту», (6) mulRap-pu mulDil-bat ina itiapin «Уздечка ― Венера в месяце арахсамну», (7) mulgir2.an.na mulDil-bat ina itigan «Небесный меч (=Скорпион) ― Венера в месяце кислиму» (в [ACh Ištar, 8:2] месяцу кислиму соответствует ulgu.la «Великан»), (8) muluz3 mulDil-bat ina itiab «Коза ― Венера в месяце тебету» (в ACh Ištar, 8:3 ― uluz3 «Коза»), (9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiziz2 «Поле ― Венера в месяце шабату» (в ACh Ištar, 8:4 ― ulAŠ.GAN Bābilī(ka2.dingir.meš) «Поле Вавилона»), (10) mulku6 mulDil-bat ina itiše «Рыба ― Венера в месяце аддару» (ACh Ištar, 8:6 ― ina itiše ulku6 dE2-a dDil-bat «В месяце аддару Рыба Эа, Дилбат»), (11) [muls]ag mulDil-bat ina itisig4 «Голова ― Венера в месяце симану» (речь идет, по-видимому, о части какого-то созвездия, но какого именно — неясно), (12) [mulmu]š.a.sag.ga mulDil-bat ina itišu «Мушaсагга ― Венера в месяце дуузу» (так в [LBAT, 1564:12], но в [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] ― [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga «Двухголовый Змей» [MSL VIII/2, 93]), см. также [HBA, 119; G. 109, I]. «Дневники наблюдений». (d)dele-bat ― стандартное обозначение Венеры в дневниках [AD I–III]. «Математическая астрономия». См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[Dil-bat pa-aš2-ḫat at-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] «Если [Венера (появляется): (этот знак) очень мирный; куда бы он ни пошел, (ему будет сопутствовать) успех; (он будет) долго жить]», b) DIŠ KI dDil-bat DUMU.MEŠ u DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI «Если область Венеры: сыновья и дочери у тех людей» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dDil-bat E3-a pa-aš2-ḫat at/d-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Венера вышла вперед: (его жизнь будет) в особенности(?) спокойной; куда бы он не направил свои стопы, ему будет сопутствовать удача; (его) дни будут долгими» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». (d)dele-bat, см. [BH, passim]. (3) «Гипсома». a) DIŠ mulDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti KUR-ud SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ma: ana 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma «Если Венера достигает места niṣirtu: (это) предвещает добро; (это означает, что) она достигает Льва, вар.: она поднимается? на 1⅔ bēru» [ACh Suppl., 34:27; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 53]. b) [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti la KUR-ud-ma u it-bal KUR ut-ta[ḫ-ḫas] «Если Венера не достигает места niṣirtu и исчезает: страна подвергнется удару» [ACh Suppl., 34:28; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]; параллель см. [BPO 3, 250, K.3708:3–4]; другие примеры предсказаний, в которых речь идет об ašar(KI) niṣirtu Венеры (однако без указания его положения относительно звезд), см. [ACh Suppl., 34:29–32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:15–16; 244, K.2346+:21–22; 250, K.3708+:5–8; 256, K.7050 ii 6']. с) [m]ulDilbat nabât kakkabāni / ina amurri / [ina ḫarrān šū]t dEa / innamirma … niṣirtu / ikšudamma itbal / mulṢalbatānu pāris / pursê māt amurri / ina ḫarrān šūt dEa / ib᾽il «Венера, самая блестящая из звезд, появилась на западе [на пут]и Эа, … достигла (места niṣirtu) и (затем) исчезла. Марс, который выносит решение, касающееся Амурру, (находился) на пути Эа и имел большой блеск» [Borger Esarh., §2 i 39 – ii 9], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]. Здесь, согласно расчетам, место niṣirtu находилось в Рыбах (Pisces), как это имело место в греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54, 57; ASM, 28, 138], см. также e). d) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-tu4 / ša2 dele-bat LU2.TUR a-lid «В доме niṣirtu Венеры ребенок родился» [BH 46–50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2–3]. e) см. выше MLC 1866 i 8. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (dDili-pat2) [SpTU I, 94:23, 28]. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ID2 BA3 dx[… i]tiŠE MUL!meš dDil-bat «…: месяц аддару; звезды?, Венера» [SpTU IV, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dDil-bat, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (7) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

См. также [SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261:13'–18', 271:7'].

II. Божество.

В III тыс. до н.э. Венера почиталась как астральное воплощение богини Инанны (Inanna), во II–I тыс. до н.э. ― богини Иштар (Ištar). Имя mul / dDilbat использовалось также в молитвенных обращениях к другим богиням, см., например, [LABS, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 321:325]. Венера мужская и женская. Венера как божество изменяла свой пол в зависимости от ее положения относительно Солнца. В астрологических текстах засвидетельствованы две противоположные традиции: (1) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась женским божеством, как вечерняя звезда ― мужским; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma sin-ni-šat / DIŠ SIG5 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma zik-rat BAR-tum «Если Венера восходит на востоке, она женская, благоприятный (знак); если она видна на западе, она мужская, неблагоприятный (знак)» [BPO 3, 218, K. 3601 r. 31–32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81–2–4,239:2; BPO 2, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels]; (2) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась мужским божеством, как вечерняя звезда — женским; dDil-bat: sin-ni-šat: TA dUTU.SU2.A «Венера, женская, от запада», dDil-bat: zi-ka-rat: TA dUTU.E3 «Венера, мужская, от востока» [ACh Ištar, 8:8–9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30–33]. В списке богов Anum: dbe-el dil-bat «Господин Дилбат» [Cavigneaux 1981, 98:221]; см. также [LAS 2, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol., 125–126; Reiner 1985, 591; 1995, 6; Heimpel 1982, 14–15]. Как мужское божество Венера отождествлялась с Нингирсу: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Энтенабархум = Нингирсу, Венера ditto» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. О мужской и женской Венере см. также s11SAL.A.ŠE3, n46NITA.A.ŠE3, s12SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В новоассирийском списке 6 астральных богов, свидетелей договора, mulDil-bat стоит на втором месте после mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13–15], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:13, 61:428]. (2) Гемерологии на 16-е симану и 14-е тебету: pad-su ana damar.ud / dgu-la muldil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Мардуку(=Юпитер), Гуле, Венере, он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 col. v 44–45, rev, ii 53–54; Labat 1939, 88–87, 134–135]. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: Венера упоминается дважды как dIštar(15) mul.meš è как dDil-bat [Smith 1925, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL, 104; SAALT I, 71:25, 29]; см. также s09SAG.ME.GAR, II. (4) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Венеры» [CT 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954, 10–11]. (5) Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: múlDil-bat na-bat mul.<meš> «Дилбат — самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 219:325]. (6) Ритуал в храме Ану в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (7) Предупреждающие сны: «Если он ditto (в своем сне восходит на небе) и Венера […]» [Oppenheim 1956, 282, 327:41]. См. также [Mayer 1976, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

Названия, характеризующие Венеру как божество и как планету, см. также a05A2.GU2.ZI.GA, a14a-ḫa-ti, a26dAMA.ME.TIL, e03dE.TA.NAM.AN, g04dGAL.A.RU.RU, g16GILIM.MA, i10IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, i13dINANNA, i18dIštar, k07dKAB.TA, k16KAR2.ŠUL, m30dMUL.AN.DIRI.A, m33MUL.KI.GAL, n26dNIN.AN.NA, n30NIN.GIRIM3, n31NIN.GUL.TI, n42NIN.SI4.AN.NA, n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, s16dSI.MU2.A, sh01ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3, t02dTI.MU2.A, u02U4.ZAL.LE, z09dZIB2.

III. Символ.

Стандартный символ Иштар как планеты Венеры на печатях и на кудурру — восьмилучевая звезды в круге или без него [Seidl 1968, 100–101; Van Buren 1945, 82–85; Куртик 1998, 20–21] (илл. 48). В селевкидский период тот же символ использовался также в связи с Меркурием и Сатурном [Weidner 1967, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

IV. Венера как утренняя и вечерняя звезда (букв. «Венера на востоке, на западе»).

На востоке: (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mulDil-bat ina d[UTU.E3].A «Повозка ― Венера на востоке» [LBAT, 1564:13] (см. также [BPO 3, 262–263, K. 3384 rev. 1; G. 109 I; HBA, 118; Reiner 1995, 58]); (2) ina GIŠ.NIM ulDil-bat ulBAN... «На востоке Венера ― Лук» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:57]; (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dUTU «Венера на востоке ― Шамаш» [ACh Ištar, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32], (4) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dInnin A-ka3-de3ki «Венера на востоке ― Иштар Аккада» [ACh Ištar, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34], (5) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dIštar(15) MUL.MEŠ «Венера на востоке ― Владычица звезд» [ACh Ištar, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

На западе: (1) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ «Венера на западе ― Нинурта» [ACh Ištar, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33], (2) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dInnin UNUGki «Венера на западе ― Иштар Урукская» [ACh Ištar, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35], (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ «Венера на западе ― госпожа богов» [ACh Ištar, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Эруа; см. a02A.EDIN, V 1.

(2) = Коза; mulUZ3 = dDil-bat «Коза = Венера» [ARAK, 175 r. 7], см. также u31UZ3,

(3) = Повозка; [DIŠ e-le-nu m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «Если выше Повозки небо темное: произойдет затмение; (это означает): выше Венеры Меркурий стоит» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r. 33], см. также [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Праведный Пастух Ану; […Sipa]-zi-an-na dDil-bat «Праведный Пастух Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Зелено-желтая звезда; MUL SIG7 = dDil-bat [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

См. [BPO 1; BPO 2; BPO 3; G. 109, III], а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]

[[Category:Venus]]

Dilbat

2026-01-04T21:14:51Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dilbat''}}
mul / d''Dilbat'' (𒀯𒀸𒁁) is an ancient Mesopotamian planet name. It is the standard reading of the most common name for the planet Venus, for which a number of other options are listed below. Venus is also commonly identified by the name of the Venus-goddess in the Mesopotamian pantheon: Inanna = ''Ištar''.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* muldili.bad,
* mulDilibat,
* mulDIL.BAD,
* DILΙ.BAT
* mul''dili-bad'',
* (d)''dili-pat''2,
* ''dele-bat''; = "the one that sparkles";
* from dili.bad = ''nebû'' "to shine, to sparkle".

Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XX century BC) as mul dalla dili mul''dili-bad'' "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 774; Bruschweiler 1987<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref>, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973<ref>''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.</ref>; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 109; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 282]; see Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>In bilingual and lexical texts, Sum. dili-bad(-rá) is translated by ''na/ebītu'' “the bright one” (fem.). As a star name it is conventionally read Dil(i)bat. If Δελεφατ (delephat) in Hesychius v. 558 is correctly understood as a Greek transcription of this name, it points to a reading Dil(i)pat, which could be derived from Akk. ''dalāpu'' “to be sleepless”. '''''?? really? ??''''' mulDILΙ.BAT (AN 20l).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: mul[''dil'']-''bat'' = ''di-il-bat'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:154].
*(2) Antagal series (G 306): d zibZIG = d''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
*(3) AN:dAnum series (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
*Astrolabe P.
**Month of Nisan, Anu stars, 100 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
**(1) List (12´3): mul gal ''ša'' ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu gub-''zu'' / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mul''Dil-bat'' / ''a-lik pa-ni'' mul.meš ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' “The great star which is above the great stars / which stands at the rising of the south wind / (and) changes position: half a year (it stands) in the east, / half a year in the west. This star is Venus, / (which) goes in front of the stars of Anu" (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 1].
**(2) List (3´12): itibara2 ...mul''Dil-bat šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "month Nisanu: ...Venus of (the stars) of Anu" (C ii 1).
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m): rising - Nisanu, setting - Tašritu (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: mul''Dil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar'' "Venus changes (her position)". '''''??? I cannot find these words in KAV 218!! ???''''' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8]; see also (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923.
**Month of Nisan, the stars of Anu: [mul''Dili-bat''] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly" [BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 237, 241].
*BM 34713.
**Month of Ayaru, the stars of Anu: múl''Dil-bat'' [LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A
**List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): mul''Dil-bat'' [TCL 6<ref name=":4">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see. [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />]; see also [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiraduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).</ref>, 8; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23:33; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 247; Pingree 1993<ref>''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 259-273.</ref>; SpTU I<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 91:12-14; SpTU II<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:17; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:7', 9'; Babyloniaca 7<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars".'''
*Anu 1. mul''Dil-bat ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A x [. ]
* "Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177], see also (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
|
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
* See. [LABS<ref name=":3" />, 378; SAA 8<ref name=":11">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349-350].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (no. 20): mul''Dili-bat'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Venus changes her position constantly and crosses the sky" (I ii 13).
*(2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' mul''Dili-bat'' DU-''ak'' "Venus takes (the same) path as the Moon takes" (II i 3).
*(3) List and definition of the planets: Venus is second after Jupiter, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**a) [mul''Di'']''li-bat <ina>'' dUTU.E3 TUM3-''ma'' ITI ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ra'' / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 2 ITI ''uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI. LA2 "Venus disappears in the east and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for a month and 15 days, or it remains invisible for 2 months and / becomes visible in the west" (II i 44-46),
**(b) mul''Dili-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-''ma ina u''4-''me'' TUM3 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' KIMIN 3 ''u''4-''mi'' / KI.3 7 ''u''4-''mi'' KI.4 14 ''u''4-''mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' KUR-''ḫa'' "Venus disappears in the west and becomes (again) visible in the east on the day on which she disappeared; or, (she disappears) for 3 days, / thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, she remains (invisible) and then rises" (II i 47-48),
**c) mul''Dili-bat lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 9 ITImeš ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma i-tab-bal'' "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months, and disappears" (II i 61) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
*Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for mul''Dil-bat'' for each day of the month [Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*(1) [ddil].bat = ''ana'' si.sa2 ''bu-lim'' "Venus — for the prosperity of cattle."
*(2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat "Widow's Furnace = Venus".
*(3) muldil.bat = d''iš-tar bēlet'' kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
*(4) The 12 stars of Elam: [mul]dil.bat in the first place.
*(5) List of planets: muldil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:28-30, 201, 242]. List of stars VR 46, 1:40. mul''Dil-bat'' = ''na-ba-at kak-ka-bu'' "Venus is the brightest of star(s)", see also [HBA<ref name=":13">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:40; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:40]; parallel: d''dil-bat na-bat'' MUL.MEŠ [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 46, 428].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2(?) mul''a-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat'' "Swallow and extended neck(?) Anunitu - Venus' place" (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39].
|
|-
| '''"The Dilbat Tablet.”'''
Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text of LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):

*(1) mulnin.si4?.an. na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itibar2 "Ninsianna — Venus in the month of Nisan",
*(2) mul''A-ri-tu''4 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigu4 "Shield — Venus in the month of ayar",
*(3) mulban mul''Dil-bat ina'' itine "The bow — Venus in the month of abu" (the order of months in the text ssdoes not correspond to the standard),
*(4) mulnunki mul''Dil-bat ina'' itikin "Eridu — Venus in the month of ulul",
*(5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mul''Dil-bat ina'' itidu6 "Entenabarhum — Venus in the month of Tashritu",
* (6) mul''Rap-pu'' mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiapin "The bridle — Venus in the month of arahsamnu",
*(7) mulgir2.an.na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month of kislim" (in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 8:2] the month of kislim corresponds to ulgu. la "Giant"),
*(8) muluz3 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiab "Goat — Venus in the month of tebetu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:3, uluz3 "Goat"),
*(9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiziz2 "Field — Venus in the month of Shabbat" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:4, ulAŠ.GAN ''Bābilī''(ka2.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
*(10) mulku6 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiše "Fish — Venus in the month of addar" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' d''Dil-bat'' "In the month of Addar Fish Ea, Dilbat"),
* (11) [muls]ag mul''Dil-bat ina'' itisig4 "Head — Venus in the month of siman" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
*(12) [mulmu]š. a.sag.ga mul''Dil-bat ina'' itišu "Mushasagga — Venus in the month du'uzu" (so in [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA<ref name=":13" />, 119; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, I].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* (d)dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [AD I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influences.
**a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[''Dil-bat pa-aš''2-''ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) very peaceful; wherever it goes, (it will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
**b) DIŠ KI d''Dil-bat'' DUMU.MEŠ ''u'' DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallels: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' d''Dil-bat E''3-''a pa-aš''2''-ḫat at''/''d-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (his life will be) particularly(?) calm; wherever he directs his feet, good fortune will accompany him; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) Horoscopes. (d)''dele-bat'', see. [BH, passim].
*(3) "Hypsoma."
**(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti'' KUR-''ud'' SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ma'': ''ana'' 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' "If Venus reaches the place of niṣirtu: (it) foreshadows good; (it means that) it reaches Leo, var.: does it rise? to 1⅔ bēru" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:27; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 53].
** (b) [DIŠ mu]l''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti la'' KUR-''ud-ma u it-bal'' KUR ''ut-ta''[''ḫ-ḫas''] "If Venus does not reach the place of niṣirtu and disappears: the country will be struck" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:28; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]; for a parallel see. [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirtu'' of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
**c) [m]ul''Dilbat nabât kakkabāni'' / ''ina amurri'' / [''ina ḫarrān šū'']''t'' d''Ea'' / ''innamirma'' ... ''niṣirtu'' / ''ikšudamma itbal'' / mul''Ṣalbatānu pāris'' / ''pursê māt amurri'' / ''ina ḫarrān šūt'' d''Ea'' / ''ib᾽il'' "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the wa]y towards Ea, ... reached (the place ''niṣirtu'') and (then) vanished. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, (was) in the way of Ea and had great brilliance" [Borger Esarh.<ref>''Borger (1956).'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrian, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).</ref>, §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]. Here, according to calculations, the place of niṣirtu is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54, 57; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 28, 138], see also e).
**(d) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E2 ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 / ''ša''2 ''dele-bat'' LU2.TUR ''a-lid'' "In the house of niṣirtu Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
** (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
*(4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (d''Dili-pat''2) [SpTU I<ref name=":8" />, 94:23, 28].
* (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID2 BA3 dx[... i]tiŠE MUL!meš d''Dil-bat'' " ...: month of addar; stars?, Venus". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: d''Dil-bat'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].
*(7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 213-214, 216].

See also [SpTU II<ref name=":9" />, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":10" />, 261:13'-18', 271:7'].
|Example
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ishtar. The name mul / d''Dilbat'' was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc.<ref name=":16">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine. Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:

* (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deity; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma sin-ni-šat'' / DIŠ SIG5 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-''ma zik-rat'' BAR-''tum'' "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
* (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female one; d''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-šat'': TA dUTU.SU2.A "Venus, female, from the west", d''Dil-bat'': ''zi-ka-rat'': TA dUTU.E3 "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].

In the list of Anum gods: d''be-el dil-bat'' "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 98:221]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 125-126; Reiner 1985<ref>''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.</ref>, 591; 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 6; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2-''su'' d''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN''-ma'' "Entenabarchum = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik s12) [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]].

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
* (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, mul''Dil-bat'' comes second after mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29:13, 61:428].
* (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of siman and the 14th of tebet: ''pad''-''su ana'' damar.ud / d''gu-la'' mul''dil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir'' "The sacrifice offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, he brings, and (it) is accepted". [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 88-87, 134-135].
* (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as d''Ištar''(15) mul.meš è as d''Dil-bat'' [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 104; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], II.
* (4) Namburbi's series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) the eclipse of Venus." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
* (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: múl''Dil-bat na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref name=":16" /> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17" />, 219:325].
* (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.</ref>, 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]], (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'', (Kurtik a26) [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]], (Kurtik e03) [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]], (Kurtik g04) [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]], (Kurtik g16) [[GILIM.MA]], (Kurtik i10) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA|IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA]], (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA|dINANNA]], (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']], (Kurtik k07) [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]], (Kurtik k16) [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]], (Kurtik m30) [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]], (Kurtik m33) [[MUL.KI.GAL]], (Kurtik n26) [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n30) [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]], (Kurtik n31) [[NIN.GUL.TI]], (Kurtik n42) [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], (Kurtik s16) [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik sh01) [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]], (Kurtik t02) [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik u02) [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]], (Kurtik z09) [[ZIB2|dZIB2]].

==== Symbol. ====
The standard symbol of Ishtar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the kudurru is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 100-101; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection to Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").

In the east:

* (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mul''Dil-bat ina'' d[UTU.E3].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109 I; HBA<ref name=":13" />, 118; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 58]);
* (2) ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM ul''Dil-bat'' ulBAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248-249, K.2346+:57];
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 dUTU "Venus in the east is Shamash" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
* (4) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Innin A-ka''3-''de''3ki "Venus in the east is Ishtar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
* (5) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Ištar''(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is the Lord of the stars" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

In the West:

* (1) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
* (2) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''Innin'' UNUGki "Venus in the west is Ishtar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the Lady of the gods" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Erua; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.

(2) = Goat; mulUZ3 = d''Dil-bat'' "Goat = Venus." [ARAK<ref name=":11" />, 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]],

(3) = Wagon; [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-''u''2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' d''Dil-bat'' dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-''ma''] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = True Shepherd of Anu; [...''Sipa'']-''zi-an-na'' d''Dil-bat'' "True Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Green-yellow star; MUL SIG7 = d''Dil-bat'' [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

===== Predictions: =====
See. [BPO 1<ref name=":6" />; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d06)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====Kurtik (b02) BAL.ME.GAR (Reading corrected by Weidner 1966: (AfO 21) 46 Z. 24 = dili.bad = K 4387 = IIR 47)====
только в [II R, 47, 24 c d]: mulBAL.ME.GAR I.GAR.IM = i-gar-ri-im i-šid «Стена фундамента» (?) [G. 46].
|
|-
|
====Kurtik (d06) Dilbat====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: muldili.bad, ulDilibat, mulDIL.BAD, muldili-bad, (d)dili-pat2, dele-bat; = «та, что сверкает»; от dili.bad = nebû «сиять, сверкать». Общепринятое название Венеры в астрономических и астрологических текстах II–I тыс. до н.э.; впервые в гимне Иддин-Дагана (XX в. до н.э.) как mul dalla dili muldili-bad «блестящая/единственная звезда, Венера» [AHw, 774; Bruschweiler 1987, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973; ETCSL, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Венеры: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. «Делефат: звезда Афродиты: от халдеев» [TLG 4085–002, Δ 590], происходящее от Dilbat [G. 109; Tallqvist 1938, 282].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul[dil]-bat = di-il-bat [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = ddil-bat (в списке планет) [MSL XVII, 229]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Венера = Богиня звезд» [Litke 1998, 161]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) В списке (12´3): mul gal ša ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu gub-zu / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mulDil-bat / a-lik pa-ni mul.meš šu-ut dA-nim «Великая звезда, которая выше великих звезд / при восходе южного ветра стоит, / место (свое) изменяет: половину года (она) на востоке (стоит), / половину года — на западе. (Это) звезда Венера, / (которая) первой из звезд Ану идет» (B ii 1–5); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1]. (2) Список (3´12): itibara2 …mulDil-bat šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц нисану: … Венера (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 1). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту (С 13, 26); кроме того о Венере сказано: mulDil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar «Венера изменяет (свое положение)» [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]; см. также a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: [mulDili-bat] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ «[Венера] // 100 // Самая блестящая из звезд» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; здесь RI = nabāṭu «сиять, сверкать», как в ND 4362:26, где дано тождество: RI = nabāṭu «to shine brightly» [BPO 3, 237, 241]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: múlDil-bat [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): mulDil-bat [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Венерой, анализ используемых в них терминов cм. [BPO 3]; см. также [ABCD, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987, 10: r. 11–17, 25–29; BPO 1, 8; BPO 2, 11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957, 240–243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; NSAM 2, 247; Pingree 1993; SpTU I, 91:12–14; SpTU II, 41:17; SpTU III, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T: Pl. XVII, 11–13]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 1. mulDil-bat ša2 ina ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ina dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A x [...] «Венера, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра, положение (свое) изменяет, половину года (она) на востоке, половину года на западе […]» (B. 15) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177], см. также i18Ištar. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [LABS, 378; ARAK, 349–350]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 20): mulDili-bat KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Венера свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 13). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku mulDili-bat DU-ak «Венера проходит (тот же) путь, что и Луна проходит» (II i 3). (3) Список и определение планет: Венера на втором месте после Юпитера, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) [mulDi]li-bat dUTU.E3 TUM3-ma ITI ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ra / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM u4-mi KIMIN 2 ITI uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 «Венера исчезает на востоке и остается (невидимой) на небе в течение месяца / или в течение месяца и 15 дней, или она остается в течение 2 месяцев, и / становится видна на западе» (II i 44–46), b) mulDili-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-ma ina u4-me TUM3 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa KIMIN 3 u4-mi / KI.3 7 u4-mi KI.4 14 u4-mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma KUR-ḫa «Венера исчезает на западе и становится (опять) видна на востоке в день, в который она исчезает; или, (она исчезает) на 3 дня, / в-третьих, на 7 дней, в-четвертых, на 14 дней, она остается (невидимой), и затем восходит» (II i 47–48), c) mulDili-bat lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 9 ITImeš ina AN-e GUB-ma i-tab-bal «Венера становится видна либо на востоке, либо на западе, / стоит на небе в течение 9 месяцев и исчезает» (II i 61) [MA, 33, 70, 80, 81–82, 85]. Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82–86 содержат предсказания для mulDil-bat на каждый день месяца [Labat 1965]. «Большой список звезд». (1) [ddil].bat = ana si.sa2 bu-lim «Венера ― для процветания скота». (2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat «Вдовья Печь = Венера». (3) muldil.bat = diš-tar bēlet kur.kur «Венера ― Иштар, владычица стран». (4) 12 звезд Элама: [mul]dil.bat на первом месте. (5) Список планет: muldil.bat на 4-м месте (после Луны, Солнца и Юпитера) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:28–30, 201, 242]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:40. mulDil-bat = na-ba-at kak-ka-bu «Венера ― звезда с наибольшим блеском», см. также [HBA, 52:40; Wee 2016, 162–3:40]; параллель: ddil-bat na-bat MUL.MEŠ [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 46, 428]. MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ u GU2.LA2(?) mula-nu-ni-tu4 man-za-za muldil-bat «Ласточка и вытянутая шея(?) Ануниту — место Венеры» (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39]. «Таблица Дилбат». На каждый месяц вавилонского календаря указано созвездие, отождествляемое с Венерой. Основной текст LBAT, 1564:1–12 (= 81-7-6,102, публикация Пинчеса см. [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]): (1) mulnin.si4?.an.na mulDil-bat ina itibar2 «Нинсианна ― Венера в месяце нисану», (2) mulA-ri-tu4 mulDil-bat ina itigu4 «Щит ― Венера в месяце айяру», (3) mulban mulDil-bat ina itine «Лук ― Венера в месяце абу» (порядок месяцев в тексте не соответствует стандартному), (4) mulnunki mulDil-bat ina itikin «Эриду ― Венера в месяце улулу», (5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mulDil-bat ina itidu6 «Энтенабархум ― Венера в месяце ташриту», (6) mulRap-pu mulDil-bat ina itiapin «Уздечка ― Венера в месяце арахсамну», (7) mulgir2.an.na mulDil-bat ina itigan «Небесный меч (=Скорпион) ― Венера в месяце кислиму» (в [ACh Ištar, 8:2] месяцу кислиму соответствует ulgu.la «Великан»), (8) muluz3 mulDil-bat ina itiab «Коза ― Венера в месяце тебету» (в ACh Ištar, 8:3 ― uluz3 «Коза»), (9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiziz2 «Поле ― Венера в месяце шабату» (в ACh Ištar, 8:4 ― ulAŠ.GAN Bābilī(ka2.dingir.meš) «Поле Вавилона»), (10) mulku6 mulDil-bat ina itiše «Рыба ― Венера в месяце аддару» (ACh Ištar, 8:6 ― ina itiše ulku6 dE2-a dDil-bat «В месяце аддару Рыба Эа, Дилбат»), (11) [muls]ag mulDil-bat ina itisig4 «Голова ― Венера в месяце симану» (речь идет, по-видимому, о части какого-то созвездия, но какого именно — неясно), (12) [mulmu]š.a.sag.ga mulDil-bat ina itišu «Мушaсагга ― Венера в месяце дуузу» (так в [LBAT, 1564:12], но в [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] ― [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga «Двухголовый Змей» [MSL VIII/2, 93]), см. также [HBA, 119; G. 109, I]. «Дневники наблюдений». (d)dele-bat ― стандартное обозначение Венеры в дневниках [AD I–III]. «Математическая астрономия». См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[Dil-bat pa-aš2-ḫat at-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] «Если [Венера (появляется): (этот знак) очень мирный; куда бы он ни пошел, (ему будет сопутствовать) успех; (он будет) долго жить]», b) DIŠ KI dDil-bat DUMU.MEŠ u DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI «Если область Венеры: сыновья и дочери у тех людей» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dDil-bat E3-a pa-aš2-ḫat at/d-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Венера вышла вперед: (его жизнь будет) в особенности(?) спокойной; куда бы он не направил свои стопы, ему будет сопутствовать удача; (его) дни будут долгими» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». (d)dele-bat, см. [BH, passim]. (3) «Гипсома». a) DIŠ mulDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti KUR-ud SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ma: ana 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma «Если Венера достигает места niṣirtu: (это) предвещает добро; (это означает, что) она достигает Льва, вар.: она поднимается? на 1⅔ bēru» [ACh Suppl., 34:27; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 53]. b) [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti la KUR-ud-ma u it-bal KUR ut-ta[ḫ-ḫas] «Если Венера не достигает места niṣirtu и исчезает: страна подвергнется удару» [ACh Suppl., 34:28; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]; параллель см. [BPO 3, 250, K.3708:3–4]; другие примеры предсказаний, в которых речь идет об ašar(KI) niṣirtu Венеры (однако без указания его положения относительно звезд), см. [ACh Suppl., 34:29–32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:15–16; 244, K.2346+:21–22; 250, K.3708+:5–8; 256, K.7050 ii 6']. с) [m]ulDilbat nabât kakkabāni / ina amurri / [ina ḫarrān šū]t dEa / innamirma … niṣirtu / ikšudamma itbal / mulṢalbatānu pāris / pursê māt amurri / ina ḫarrān šūt dEa / ib᾽il «Венера, самая блестящая из звезд, появилась на западе [на пут]и Эа, … достигла (места niṣirtu) и (затем) исчезла. Марс, который выносит решение, касающееся Амурру, (находился) на пути Эа и имел большой блеск» [Borger Esarh., §2 i 39 – ii 9], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]. Здесь, согласно расчетам, место niṣirtu находилось в Рыбах (Pisces), как это имело место в греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54, 57; ASM, 28, 138], см. также e). d) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-tu4 / ša2 dele-bat LU2.TUR a-lid «В доме niṣirtu Венеры ребенок родился» [BH 46–50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2–3]. e) см. выше MLC 1866 i 8. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (dDili-pat2) [SpTU I, 94:23, 28]. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ID2 BA3 dx[… i]tiŠE MUL!meš dDil-bat «…: месяц аддару; звезды?, Венера» [SpTU IV, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dDil-bat, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (7) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

См. также [SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261:13'–18', 271:7'].

II. Божество.

В III тыс. до н.э. Венера почиталась как астральное воплощение богини Инанны (Inanna), во II–I тыс. до н.э. ― богини Иштар (Ištar). Имя mul / dDilbat использовалось также в молитвенных обращениях к другим богиням, см., например, [LABS, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 321:325]. Венера мужская и женская. Венера как божество изменяла свой пол в зависимости от ее положения относительно Солнца. В астрологических текстах засвидетельствованы две противоположные традиции: (1) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась женским божеством, как вечерняя звезда ― мужским; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma sin-ni-šat / DIŠ SIG5 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma zik-rat BAR-tum «Если Венера восходит на востоке, она женская, благоприятный (знак); если она видна на западе, она мужская, неблагоприятный (знак)» [BPO 3, 218, K. 3601 r. 31–32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81–2–4,239:2; BPO 2, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels]; (2) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась мужским божеством, как вечерняя звезда — женским; dDil-bat: sin-ni-šat: TA dUTU.SU2.A «Венера, женская, от запада», dDil-bat: zi-ka-rat: TA dUTU.E3 «Венера, мужская, от востока» [ACh Ištar, 8:8–9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30–33]. В списке богов Anum: dbe-el dil-bat «Господин Дилбат» [Cavigneaux 1981, 98:221]; см. также [LAS 2, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol., 125–126; Reiner 1985, 591; 1995, 6; Heimpel 1982, 14–15]. Как мужское божество Венера отождествлялась с Нингирсу: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Энтенабархум = Нингирсу, Венера ditto» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. О мужской и женской Венере см. также s11SAL.A.ŠE3, n46NITA.A.ŠE3, s12SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В новоассирийском списке 6 астральных богов, свидетелей договора, mulDil-bat стоит на втором месте после mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13–15], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:13, 61:428]. (2) Гемерологии на 16-е симану и 14-е тебету: pad-su ana damar.ud / dgu-la muldil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Мардуку(=Юпитер), Гуле, Венере, он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 col. v 44–45, rev, ii 53–54; Labat 1939, 88–87, 134–135]. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: Венера упоминается дважды как dIštar(15) mul.meš è как dDil-bat [Smith 1925, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL, 104; SAALT I, 71:25, 29]; см. также s09SAG.ME.GAR, II. (4) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Венеры» [CT 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954, 10–11]. (5) Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: múlDil-bat na-bat mul.<meš> «Дилбат — самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 219:325]. (6) Ритуал в храме Ану в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (7) Предупреждающие сны: «Если он ditto (в своем сне восходит на небе) и Венера […]» [Oppenheim 1956, 282, 327:41]. См. также [Mayer 1976, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

Названия, характеризующие Венеру как божество и как планету, см. также a05A2.GU2.ZI.GA, a14a-ḫa-ti, a26dAMA.ME.TIL, e03dE.TA.NAM.AN, g04dGAL.A.RU.RU, g16GILIM.MA, i10IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, i13dINANNA, i18dIštar, k07dKAB.TA, k16KAR2.ŠUL, m30dMUL.AN.DIRI.A, m33MUL.KI.GAL, n26dNIN.AN.NA, n30NIN.GIRIM3, n31NIN.GUL.TI, n42NIN.SI4.AN.NA, n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, s16dSI.MU2.A, sh01ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3, t02dTI.MU2.A, u02U4.ZAL.LE, z09dZIB2.

III. Символ.

Стандартный символ Иштар как планеты Венеры на печатях и на кудурру — восьмилучевая звезды в круге или без него [Seidl 1968, 100–101; Van Buren 1945, 82–85; Куртик 1998, 20–21] (илл. 48). В селевкидский период тот же символ использовался также в связи с Меркурием и Сатурном [Weidner 1967, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

IV. Венера как утренняя и вечерняя звезда (букв. «Венера на востоке, на западе»).

На востоке: (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mulDil-bat ina d[UTU.E3].A «Повозка ― Венера на востоке» [LBAT, 1564:13] (см. также [BPO 3, 262–263, K. 3384 rev. 1; G. 109 I; HBA, 118; Reiner 1995, 58]); (2) ina GIŠ.NIM ulDil-bat ulBAN... «На востоке Венера ― Лук» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:57]; (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dUTU «Венера на востоке ― Шамаш» [ACh Ištar, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32], (4) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dInnin A-ka3-de3ki «Венера на востоке ― Иштар Аккада» [ACh Ištar, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34], (5) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dIštar(15) MUL.MEŠ «Венера на востоке ― Владычица звезд» [ACh Ištar, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

На западе: (1) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ «Венера на западе ― Нинурта» [ACh Ištar, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33], (2) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dInnin UNUGki «Венера на западе ― Иштар Урукская» [ACh Ištar, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35], (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ «Венера на западе ― госпожа богов» [ACh Ištar, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Эруа; см. a02A.EDIN, V 1.

(2) = Коза; mulUZ3 = dDil-bat «Коза = Венера» [ARAK, 175 r. 7], см. также u31UZ3,

(3) = Повозка; [DIŠ e-le-nu m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «Если выше Повозки небо темное: произойдет затмение; (это означает): выше Венеры Меркурий стоит» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r. 33], см. также [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Праведный Пастух Ану; […Sipa]-zi-an-na dDil-bat «Праведный Пастух Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Зелено-желтая звезда; MUL SIG7 = dDil-bat [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

См. [BPO 1; BPO 2; BPO 3; G. 109, III], а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]

[[Category:Venus]]

DAR.LUGAL

2026-01-03T13:37:22Z

HermannHunger:

[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
mulDAR.LUGALmušen (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative mušen indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtatâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”

The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

= mulTAR2.LUGALmušen;

= ''tarlugallu'' "Rooster";

= ''tarnugallu'' “rooster”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) the constellation,
* 2) a name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* Late commentaries [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''
* The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Anu (No. 10): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulDAR.LUGAL "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see. MLC 1866.
|[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.'''
* muldar.lugal d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da "Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* (mul)DAR.LUGAL — asterism of Antagubba, see (Kurtik d08) [[DILI|DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]. The list of the "7 Enlils". The cock correlates with Enlil of Kulaba, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; ASM, 91], the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here mulsipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, muldar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].
* (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ ''u''3 ˹šu˺II.meš ''ša''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''2 šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulsipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu "The legs and arms of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; ASM, 91]; according to Koch, gir3II.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''2 is λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].
|[[File:GU II.jpg|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations|thumb|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' mulDAR.LUGAL "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
|
|}
[[File:DARLUGAL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 165054.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside DAR.LUGAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Arneb
|HIP 25985
|Constellation lines
|2.57
|-
|2
|Nihal
|HIP 25606
| Constellation lines
|2.84
|-
|3
|ϵ Leporis
|HIP 23685
|Constellation lines
| 3.18
|-
|4
|μ Leporis
|HIP 24305
|Constellation lines
|3.29
|-
|5
|ζ Leporis
|HIP 27288
|Constellation lines
|3.525
|-
|6
|γ Leporis
|HIP 27072
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.6
|-
|7
|η Leporis
| HIP 28103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.72
|-
| 8
|δ Leporis
|HIP 27654
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|9
|λ Leporis
|HIP 24845
|Constellation lines
| 4.29
|-
|10
| κ Leporis
| HIP 24327
| Constellation lines
|4.44
|-
|11
|ι Leporis
|HIP 24244
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.45
|-
|12
| θ Leporis
|HIP 28910
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.663
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 24927
|Inside the Hull
|4.729
|-
|14
|17 Lep
|HIP 28816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|-
|15
| -
| HIP 23430
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.002
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.06
|-
|17
|8 Lep
|HIP 25202
|Constellation lines
|5.229
|-
| 18
|ν Leporis
|HIP 24873
|Constellation lines
| 5.284
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines
| 5.34
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 24679
|Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 27517
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|22
|10 Lep
|HIP 25853
|Inside the Hull
|5.525
|-
|23
| -
|HR 2021
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 23554
|Inside the Hull
|5.582
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 25280
| Inside the Hull
|5.636
|-
| 26
| -
|HIP 26966
|Inside the Hull
|5.727
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 25397
| Inside the Hull
| 5.817
|-
| 28
|12 Lep
|HIP 26865
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 24786
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 25532
|Inside the Hull
|6.065
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 26866
|Inside the Hull
|6.144
|-
| 32
| V* AK Lep
|HR 1982
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 27308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.157
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 26821
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 24394
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 27075
|Inside the Hull
|6.341
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 24825
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 23818
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 25059
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In astronomical contexts mulDAR.LUGALmušen is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGALmušen is associated with d˹''En''˺-[''me-šar''2]-''ra'' and d''Nusku'' [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.

==== Symbol. ====
There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.

==== Identification. ====
(1) Constellation:

= stars east of Orion to Procyon (α CMi) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= Lepus [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(2) Mars; cf. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

==== Parts of the constellation. ====
murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].

(2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: mulDAR.LUGAL = d''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d04)!!Gössmann (1950, 396)
|-
|вар. чтения: = mulTAR2.LUGALmušen; = tarlugallu «Петух»; 1) созвездие в Малом Псе (Canis Minor) (?), 2) название Марса (?) [G. 396].
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [ABCD 289; NSAM 2, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 ša2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. (mul)DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil2. GU-текст. (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; ASM, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь mulsipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, muldar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u2 šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2 mulsipa.zi.an.na u murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; ASM, 91]; согласно Коху, gir3II.meš ― η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du egir-u2 ― λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša2 ina šap-li / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mulDAR.LUGALmušen связан только с Лугальбандой (см. выше), легендарным героем и правителем Урука, персонажем ряда шумерских мифов [MHM II, 75]. В так называемых «The birdcall texts» DAR.LUGALmušen связан с d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra и dNusku [Lambert 1970, 112–113, STT 341+:2; 114–115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973, 155]. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах и в текстах предсказаний свидетельствует о его позднем происхождении.

III. Символ.

Неизвестны изображения, которые можно было бы связать с фигурой созвездия Петух.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Созвездие:

= звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [G. 396];

= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Lepus [MA, 138; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].

(2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; G. 396];

V. Части созвездия.

murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal «Середина Петуха», см. выше GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [ABCD, 289; TU, 17:9].

(2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; NSAM 2, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: mulDAR.LUGAL = dṢalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.
|mulTAR2 · LUGAL mušen (106)
Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136k. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20).

Identifizierungen:

* = Rigel (Bez. ZÄF S. 10. 48).
* = Prokyon (Kugl. Erg. S. 155 f. 218). mulTAR2 · LUGAL ist

# Unter den Ea-Gestirnen , 82-5-22, 512, Rs. 17.
# Unter den 7 Enlillen: VR 46 Vs. 27 (Enlil von Kullab); VAT 9418 III 8.
# Deckname für Mars (??); VACh Sup. VI 3 f. Bez. Farb.S. 110, 79; 123, 194.
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Dāpinu

2026-01-03T12:28:33Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dāpinu''}}
d''Dāpinu'' (𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡) is an Akkadian name for Jupiter.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul/dUD.AL.TAR "Heroic, Military" is an epithet of Marduk; used as a name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 99; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> I A/3, 154], see also (Kurtik a19) [[UD.AL.TAR|AL.TAR]], (Kurtik u05) [[UD.AL.TAR]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:26].
* (2) Antagal series (G 305): dda.pi.nu = d''šul-pa-e''3-''a'' [MSL XVII, 229].

|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 230, K.3124:6'; van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 89-90, Ca 9]. ||Example
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk:'''
* ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.ud "In the month of Du'uzu - Dapinu, Marduk". [III R 53, 2:5]; for a parallel see. S.777 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:4, HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 24].
|
|-
|'''The names of Jupiter according to its position relative to the horizon.'''
* [DIŠ mul dAMAR.UD ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''Šu'']''l-pa-e''3 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' mulSAG.ME.GAR! / [''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' DU-''ma''] ''Ni-bi-ru ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A DU-''iz'' d''Da-pi-nu'' "[The asterism of Marduk at its appearance (is called) Šu]lpae; when it rises one double hour - Sagmegar; (when) it stands in the middle of the sky, - Nēbiru, (when) it stands in the west, - Dapinu." [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 230, K. 3124:6′], for a parallel see [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 147:7-r.1] (see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UD]], IV 8). See also <d>''da''-[''pi-nu''] (?) (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]) in the text of the extispicy [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:8] (Kurtik a21 [[ALLA]]).
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Identification. ====
= Jupiter, see above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Sun and Jupiter; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''da-pi-nu'' G[UB...] ''ina'' AN.MI dUTU ˹d˺[''da-pi-nu''...] "If the Sun sets and Jupiter stands in ...], during an eclipse of the Sun [Jupiter ...] [ACh Šamaš<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 16:12; van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 89-90, Tablet 27, Ca 9]; see also [3. Erg.<ref>Kugler F.X. Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 305].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d03)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul/dUD.AL.TAR «Героический, Воинственный» ― эпитет Мардука; употреблялся в качестве названия Юпитера [G. 99; PSD I A/3, 154], см. также a19AL.TAR, u05UD.AL.TAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = da-pi-nu [MSL XI, 40:26]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 305): dda.pi.nu = dšul-pa-e3-a [MSL XVII, 229]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 3, 230, K.3124:6; van Soldt 1995, 89–90, Ca 9]. Список 12 имен Мардука: ina itišu dDa-pi-nu = damar.ud «В месяце дуузу — Дапину, Мардук» [III R 53, 2:5]; параллель см. S.777 [CT 26, 49:4, HBA, 24]. Названия Юпитера в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта. [DIŠ mul dAMAR.UD ina IGI.LA2-šu2 Šu]l-pa-e3 1 KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma mulSAG.ME.GAR! / [ina MURUB4 AN-e DU-ma] Ni-bi-ru ina dUTU.ŠU2.A DU-iz dDa-pi-nu «[Если звезда Мардука (стоит) при своем появлении (на востоке, ее имя) Шу]льпаэ; если проходит 1 двойной час после восхода, — Сагмегар; (если) она стоит в середине неба, — Нибиру, (если) стоит при заходе Солнца, — Дапину» [BPO 3, 230, K. 3124:6′], параллель см. [ARAK, 147:7–r.1] (см. a28dAMAR.UD, IV 8). См. также <d>da-[pi-nu] (?) в тексте экстиспиции [SpTU IV, 159:8] (a21ALLA).

II. Отождествление.

= Юпитер, см. выше.

II. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Солнца и Юпитер; DIŠ MAN ŠU-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dda-pi-nu G[UB…] ina AN.MI dUTU ˹d˺[da-pi-nu…] «Если Солнце заходит и Юпитер на его месте сто[ит …], во время затмения Солнца [Юпитер …] [ACh Šamaš, 16:12; van Soldt 1995, 89–90, Tablet 27, Ca 9]; см. также [3. Erg. 305].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

DAMU

2026-01-02T21:07:49Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dDAMU}}

mul / d''Da-mu'' (𒀯𒁕𒈬), when written with the star-determinative MUL, is a name for the star ‘The Pig,’ [[ŠAḪ|(mulŠAH = ''šâhu'').]] Damu is a healing goddess synchronized with the great healing goddess of Ancient Mesopotamia, Gula of the city Isin. Outside of astronomical texts, the divine name can also be used as a name for the god Dumuzi.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Deity (goddess?) of the constellation ŠAḪ "Pig", whose name was sometimes used as the name of the constellation [Gössmann<ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 97].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) denote:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Son of the healing goddess Gula/Ninisina/ Ninkarrak. Also a hypocoristic form of “Dumuzi”. d''Da-mu'' (EN 28r).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
* Urra XXII series: mulšaḫ = d''Da-mu'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114, Rs. IV 114; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:307′].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)”'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Šabaṭu, stars of Enlil, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša'' [xxx] / mul.bi d''Da''-[''mu'']..." The red star [...] / This star (is) the goddess of Damu" (B iii 19-20).
* (2) List (3´12): [itiziz2] ... mul''Da-mu šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[month Šabaṭu : ... Damu (the path of) Enlil " (C iii 11).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—Šabaṭu , sunset—Abu [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-8], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]].

BM 82923.

* Month Šabaṭu, stars of Enlil: mul''Da-mu'' // [40] // ''bēlet'' TIN "Damu // [40] // Lady of life." [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:33].

BM 34713.

* The month of Adaru, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:12], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil'''
* A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 11): mul''Da-mu'' [TCL 6<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 5; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 199, VIo: v. 3′-5′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 28): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulŠAḪ d''Da-mu'' "The star which stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A) right side: the Pig, Damu" (I i 29) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 26, 126].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List"'''
* (1) mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la'' "Damu = Gula";
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: mul''da-mu'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:158, 213].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1.'''
* mulšaḫ d''Da-mu'' = d''A-nu'', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:19; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:19]. See also: mulšul = d''Da''-[''mu''] = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 49:6].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Damu — deity of health, with the ability to drive away demons and heal diseases. Worshiped in Isin, and also in Larsa and Ur. Believed to be the son of the healer goddess Ninisina (Lady of Isin), who passed on to him the ability to heal. In some Akkadian texts, including astronomical texts (see above) he is considered a goddess and is identified with Gula. It is likely that Damu had both masculine and feminine features [MNM 1<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 349; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 57; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 80-81; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 279]. In astronomical texts, Damu always seems to be a goddess. The separation of the constellation ŠAḪ "Pig" and its identification with d''Da-mu'' seems to have occurred rather late; this name does not appear in early lexical texts.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Red Damu; DIŠ mul''Da-mu'' SA5 GIG.AN.TI.LA ''ina'' [...]" If the Damu constellation is red: the sick will be cured; in [...]" [BPO 2<ref>Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 5].

(2) Damu and the Moon; DIŠ mul''Da-mu ana'' IGI d30 TE-''ma'' [...] "If Damu approaches the front portion of the Moon [...]", DIŠ MUL MIN ''ana'' UGU d30 SI4-''ma'' GUB [...] "If that same star (= Damu) approaches the upper portion of the Moon? and stands there [...]" [NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 199, VIo: v. 3′-5′]; for a discussion of the meaning of SI4-''ma'' see [ibid.<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 192]. The last two predictions suggest correlations between Damu with some planet, possibly Mars, see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d02)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|божество (богиня?) созвездия ŠAḪ «Свинья», имя которого иногда использовалось как название созвездия [G. 97].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mulšaḫ = dDa-mu [SpTU III, 114, Rs. IV 114; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:307′]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля, 40 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul sa5 ša [xxx] / mul.bi dDa-[mu]...» Красная звезда [...] / Звезда эта, богиня Даму» (B iii 19–20). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiziz2] … mulDa-mu šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц шабату: …Даму (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 11). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — шабату, заход — абу [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowiz 2014, Ch. 5–8], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. BM 82923. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля: mulDa-mu // [40] // bēlet TIN «Даму // [40] // Владычица жизни» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:33]. BM 34713. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:12], см. k24KU6. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 11): mulDa-mu [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVII 5; NSAM 2, 199, VIo: v. 3′–5′]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 28): MUL ša2 ina ZAG-šu2 GUB-zu mulŠAḪ dDa-mu «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A) правой стороны: Свинья, Даму» (I i 29) [MA 26, 126]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула»; (2) 12 звезд Аккада: mulda-mu [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158, 213]. Список звезд VR 46, 1. mulšaḫ dDa-mu = dA-nu, см. также [HBA 51:19; Wee 2016, 162–3:19]. См. также: mulšul = dDa-[mu] = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Даму — божество здоровья, обладавшее способностью прогонять демонов и целить болезни. Почиталось в Исине, а также в Ларсе и Уре. Считалось сыном богини-целительницы Нинисины (Госпожи Исина), которая передала ему способность к врачеванию. В некоторых аккадских текстах, в том числе астрономических (см. выше), считается богиней и отождествляется с Гулой. Вероятно, Даму обладало как мужскими, так и женскими чертами [МНМ 1, 349; Black–Green 1992, 57; Kraus 1951, 80–81; Tallqvist 1938, 279]. В астрономических текстах Даму, по-видимому, всегда богиня. Выделение созвездия ŠAḪ «Свинья» и его отождествление с dDa-mu произошло, по-видимому, достаточно поздно; в ранних лексических текстах это имя не встречается.

III. Астрология.

(1) Даму красное; DIŠ mulDa-mu SA5 GIG.AN.TI.LA ina [...]» Если созвездие Даму красное: лечение больного (будет) в [...]» [BPO 2, XVII 5].

(2) Даму и Луна; DIŠ mulDa-mu ana IGI d30 TE-ma […] «Если Даму к передней части Луны приближается […]», DIŠ MUL MIN ana UGU d30 SI4-ma […] «Если эта же звезда (= Даму) к верхней части Луны подходит? […]» DIŠ MUL MIN ana UGU d30 SI4-ma GUB […] «Если эта же звезда (= Даму) к верхней части Луны подходит? и стоит там […]» [NSAM 2, 199, VIo: v. 3′–5′]; обсуждение значения SI4-ma см. [ibid., 192]. В двух последних предсказаниях предполагается отождествление Даму с какой-то планетой, возможно, Марсом, см. sh02ŠAḪ.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Del]]

BIR

2026-01-02T20:46:14Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

BIR = ''kalītu''

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

'''??The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].??'''
* '''1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),'''
* '''2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromedae) [BPO 2'''<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>''', 11; Gössmann'''<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> '''56].??'''

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII series: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see. [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mul''šudun'' gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea", see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 7, B], and also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31, IX 6].
** (2) List (3´12): itikin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea (rising) … " (C i 6); for a parallel see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m):
*** a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),
*** b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].
* BM 82923.
** Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].
* BM 34713.
** [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
** "Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].
| no. (1)
|-
|"'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"

* Ea 7:
** MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']
** "The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is 'The Kidney', Ea" (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the Stag's kidney: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like the) Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam bir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea, provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm. [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellenia.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellenia" above.

(2) = Mercury; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eridu; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yoke; MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars become dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is approaching Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney approaches a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands (?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''x(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stands near the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet approaches the Kidney: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month of Ululu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month of Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidney; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in the month of Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidney; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney approaches the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; G. 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [G. 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [ARAK, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [G. 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [ARAK, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

BIR

2026-01-02T20:45:27Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

BIR = ''kalītu''

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

'''??The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].??'''
* '''1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),'''
* '''2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromedae) [BPO 2'''<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>''', 11; Gössmann'''<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> '''56].??'''

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII series: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see. [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mul''šudun'' gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea", see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 7, B], and also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31, IX 6].
** (2) List (3´12): itikin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea (rising) … " (C i 6); for a parallel see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m):
*** a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),
*** b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].
* BM 82923.
** Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].
* BM 34713.
** [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
** "Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].
| no. (1)
|-
|"'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"

* Ea 7:
** MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']
** "The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is 'The Kidney', Ea" (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the Stag's kidney: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like the) Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam bir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea, provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm. [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellenia.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellenia" above.

(2) = Mercury; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eridu; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yoke; MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars become dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is approaching Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney approaches a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands (?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''x(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stands near the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet approaches the Kidney: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month of Ululu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month of Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidney; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in the month of Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidney; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney approaches the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; G. 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [G. 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [ARAK, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [G. 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [ARAK, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Bibbu

2026-01-02T19:59:25Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter and Mars at dawn (SMH 2024). ]]
mul / d''Bibbu'' (𒀯𒁉𒅁𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. The generic Akkadian term for planets. Typically equated with Sumerian UDU.IDIM. For varying sequences in lists of the 7 ''bibbu'', Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and Moon, see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 57-58.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bibbu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Equated with Sumerian UDU.BAD (now read mul / dudu-til but also mul / dudu-idim).

"Wild sheep"; a designation of the planets as a special category of luminaries, and especially of Mercury, Saturn and Mars, found mainly in lexical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 55; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 217-218].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Aa II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Star = wild sheep". [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
* (2) Series Urra XXII:
** (a) muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:174],
** (b) [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = ''bi-ib-bi'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280′]; for a parallel see. [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:14; 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105 iv 5; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. V 24?].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:42]; parallel [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 iii 11].
* (4) Antagal series (G 308) (in the list of planets between Saturn and Mars): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Wild Sheep = Mercury" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308].
* (5) [''bi'']''-ib-bu'' = d''zi-b''[''a-ni-tum''] "Wild Sheep = Libra (= Mercury or Saturn?) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 41, K.11283:3].
* (6) Erimḫuš series: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Saturn? = Wild Sheep." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 48 ii 26].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
In astrological texts the word ''bibbu'', written syllabically, is not often used, cf. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; NSAM 2, 246]. "i." See [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:4].
|-
|'''Šumma Izbu.'''
Comm. 206: ''bi-ib-bu'' = Nergal, quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218]. See also: d''bi-ib-bu'' = dUDU.IDIM in astrological commentaries [AfO 14<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, Taf. VII i 24; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'' [LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 30:5].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL occurs in the earliest Sumerian lists of stars [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400]. Its Akkadian equivalent ''bibbu'' appears for the first time in texts of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (Urra XXII series, a copy from Emar) sometimes with the determinative d. Initially, the term apparently referred only to the three planets - Mercury, Saturn and Mars, then was extended to the 7 luminaries (including the Moon and the Sun), whose position changes relative to the fixed stars. The planets were already worshipped as deities, apparently, in the Old Babylonian period, and possibly earlier. It is unknown, however, when exactly in Mesopotamia all the five planets, observable with the naked eye, were identified. The evidence from the Old Babylonian period concerns only Venus, Jupiter and Mars.

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Planet; meaning reliably attested in lexical and astrological texts, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

(2) = Mercury; see above, also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].

(3) = Saturn; see above, and also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].

(4) = Mars; see above, also (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.

(5) = meteor, comet; cf. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218], see, however, [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) A Planet and Goat: DIŠ mul''bi-ib-bu ana'' mulUZ3 [TE] ... "If a planet approaches the Goat (= Venus?): the country of Akkad will fall apart, the king of Akkad will die" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:106].

(2) A planet and the Jaw of the Bull; see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''10]], VI 2.

(3) Mercury as a planet; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''bi''-˹''ib-bu''˺ ''ša''2 d''nin-urta'' MU.NE ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' ... "If a planet, (read) ''bi-ib-bu'', whose name is Ninurta, appears at sunrise or at sunset..." [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99ff.]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL «Дикая овца»; обозначение планет как особой категории светил, и, в особенности, Меркурия, Сатурна и Марса, встречающееся главным образом в лексических и астрологических текстах [G. 55; AHw, 124; CAD B, 217–218].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Аа II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = bi-ib-bu «Звезда = дикая овца» [MSL XIV, 291]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], b) [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = bi-ib-bi [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280′]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:14; 1981, 105 iv 5; SpTU III, 114 Rs. V 24?]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) Серия Antagal (G 308) (в списке планет между Сатурном и Марсом): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [CT 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. (5) [bi]-ib-bu = dzi-b[a-ni-tum] «Дикая овца = Весы (= Меркурий или Сатурн?) [CT 26, 41, K.11283:3]. (6) Серия Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = bi-ib-bu «Сатурн? = Дикая овца» [CT 18, 48 ii 26]. ЕАЕ. В астрологических текстах слово bibbu, записанное силлабически, употребляется не часто, cм. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; NSAM 2, 246]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 503:4]. Šumma Izbu. Comm. 206: bi-ib-bu = Nergal, цит. по [CAD B, 218]. Cм. также: dbi-ib-bu = dUDU.IDIM в астрологическом комментарии [AfO 14, Taf. VII i 24; NSAM 2, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIMbi-ib-bu [LKU, 30:5].

II. Божество.

Название mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL встречается в самых ранних шумерских списках звезд [MSL XI, 108:400]. Его аккадский эквивалент bibbu появляется впервые в текстах второй половины II тыс. до н.э. (серии Urra XXII, копия из Эмара) иногда с детерминативом d. Первоначально термин относился, по-видимому, только к трем планетам ― Меркурию, Сатурну и Марсу, затем был распространен на 7 светил (включая Луну и Солнце), положение которых меняется относительно неподвижных звезд. Планеты почитались как божества уже, по-видимому, в старовавилонский период, а возможно, и раньше. Неизвестно, однако, когда именно в Месопотамии были выделены все пять планет, наблюдаемые невооруженным глазом. Относящиеся к старовавилонскому периоду свидетельства касаются только Венеры, Юпитера и Марса.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Планета; значение надежно засвидетельствовано в лексических и астрологических текстах, см. u07UDU.IDIM.

(2) = Меркурий; см. выше, а также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.

(3) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.

(4) = Марс; см. выше, а также ts02Ṣalbatānu.

(5) = метеор, комета; см. [AHw, 124; CAD B, 218], см., однако, [Chadwick 1993, 171].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Коза; DIŠ mulbi-ib-bu ana mulUZ3 [TE] … «Если планета к Козе (= Венера?) приближается: страна Аккада распадется, царь Аккада умрет» [TU, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957, 252:106].

(2) Планета и Челюсть Быка; см. i15Is lê, VI 2.

(3) Меркурий как планета; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM bi-˹ib-bu˺ ša2 dnin-urta MU.NE ina dUTU.E3.A lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma … «Если планета, (читай) bi-ib-bu, чье имя Нинурта, при восходе Солнца или при заходе Солнца появляется…» [TU, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957, 252:99ff.].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

Bašmu

2026-01-02T17:22:57Z

HermannHunger:

[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]
[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png|thumb|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two clay tablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Hydra]].(mul) d''Bašmu'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the form of a mythological sea-serpent of some type which is for now attested in Akkadian just once in the St. Petersburg edition of the ‘Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.’ Outside astronomical/astrological texts, ''bašmu'' is a regular member of the group of monsters of the sea-goddess Tiamat who are defeated by Marduk which also include the ''mušhuššu'' [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ]] (Lambert 2013: 230-234). An identification with [[Hydra]] has been proposed in the past but cannot be proved on the basis of the single occurrence of the name in the prayer.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].

* (a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL,
* (b) MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3/TUR,
* (c) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = "(mythological) poisonous snake", according to [Landsberger 1934, 3:6-8, 58; AHw, 112a];
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
Erm. 15642: (mul)''ba-aš-mu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-8:20], and also see [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306].
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with Iškara (see i17) and some other deities.

Urra XIV cites identities: muš.ušum.gal, muš.ša3.tur3, muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' [Landsberger 1932, 3:6-8], describing three aspects of ''bašmu''. One Akkadian word corresponds to three Sumerian terms. Perhaps, we are talking here about different mythological characters. Wiggermann distinguishes two characters:

* (1) ušum, ušumgal = ''bašmu'' 'The poisonous snake' or 'The great poisonous snake'; a horned snake with clawed front paws, depicted vertically or horizontally; its main function — to frighten the gods, killing, probably with the help of its poison;
* (2) muš.ša3.tur3/tur = ''bašmu'', lit. "Snake - mother's womb", or "Snake - birth"; a horned snake with no front paws [Wiggermann 1992, 166-8].

To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:

* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni'' MUŠ ''ba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''2-''kin''2 ''u''2-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; MCG, 35].

==== Symbol. ====
Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black and Green 1992, 167-8; LABS, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: mulMUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggermann thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3 = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here we probably have a direct image of ''bašmu'' presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on ''kudurru''s [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

==== Identification. ====
Bašmu is usually identified with mul dMUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black and Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and his connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL, b) MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3/TUR, с) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = «(мифологическая) ядовитая змея», согласно [Landsberger 1934, 3:6–8, 58; AHw, 112a]; созвездие в Гидре (Hydra) (?) [CAD B, 141–142; G. 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166–168; 1997].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Erm. 15642: (mul)ba-aš-mu-um [Horowitz 2000, 196–8:20], а также см. [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306].

II. Божество.

Bašmu — мифологическое животное, змеиный дракон бога Нингишзиды (см. n29) (согласно Виггерману, последнее утверждение нельзя считать надежно доказанным [Wiggermann 1992, 165–6]). Bašmu был связан также с Ишхарой (см. i17) и некоторыми другими божествами.

В Urra XIV приводятся тождества: muš.ušumgal, muš.ša3.tur3, muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu [Landsberger 1932, 3:6–8], характеризующие три аспекта bašmu. Трем шумерским терминам поставлено в соответствие одно аккадское слово. Возможно, здесь речь идет о разных мифологических персонажах. Виггерман различает два персонажа: (1) ušum, ušumgal = bašmu «Ядовитая змея» или «Большая ядовитая змея»; рогатая змея с передними когтистыми лапами, изображавшаяся вертикально или в горизонтальном положении; основная ее функция — устрашение богов, убийство, вероятно, при помощи яда; (2) muš.ša3.tur3/tur = bašmu, букв. «Змея – материнская утроба», или «Змея – рождение»; рогатая змея, у которой не было передних лап [Wiggermann 1992, 166–8]. К этому, на наш взгляд, необходимо добавить: (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu «Морской змей». В новоассирийском мифе определяются его размеры: ina tāmti(a.ab.ba) ib-ba-ni mušba-[aš-mu] / 1 šu.ši bērū(danna) ša2-kin2 u2-rak-[šu] «Змей Ба[шму] сотворен в море. [Его] длина составляет 60 двойных миль» [KAR, 6 ii 21–22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; MCG, 35].

III. Символ.

Bašmu — рогатый змеиный дракон с короной (или без нее), двумя передними когтистыми лапами (или без них), длинным хвостом, иногда с крыльями [Black–Green 1992, 167–8; LABS, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a–c; 1997]. Похожее изображение (лежащий змеиный дракон с передними лапами льва(?), крыльями и длинным хвостом) находим на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847, рядом надпись: mulMUŠ «Змея» [Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Виггерман полагает, что это сокращение от MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3 = bašmu [ibid., 166], т.е. здесь, возможно, мы имеем изображение непосредственно bašmu, как он мыслился в конце I тыс. до н. э. См. также изображение на кудурру [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

IV. Отождествление.

Bašmu, как правило, отождествляют с mul dMUŠ, месопотамским прообразом греческой Гидры [Black–Green 1992, 140; СAD B, 141–142; G. 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], хотя надежные свидетельства отсутствуют. Однако водный характер Bašmu и его связь с Нингишзидой делают такое отождествление вероятным.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Hya]]

BALUM

2026-01-02T17:14:17Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Balû(m)''}}
[[File:Mars im Bienenschwarm 2x 1551pxl.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Mars in the Praesepe Star Cluster in Cancer, photographs by Susanne M Hoffmann 2023]]
The Mesopotamian term ''mulBalu(m)'' (𒀯𒁀𒈝) in Akkadian is a name of [[:Category:Mars|Mars]] in the Great Star List and the lexical tradition. The name also occurs as an asterism in the vicinity of the [[Pleiades]], replacing the name of [[Orion]] in two parallels to the Hilprecht Text (HS 245) from Assurbanipal's library. See [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 234]. This could have been understood as Mars in Orion.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* ''bālu'',
* ''balû,''
* ''ballu?''
* ''ballû?''

The variant writings of the name indicate uncertainties about its origin and identification.

An Akkadian parallel to mulNU.ME.A, "(Asterism) of Oblivion", lit. "having no me";

Variant designations:

* 1) an epithet of Mars reflecting its nihilistic character as it was perceived in Mesopotamian astrology,
* 2) a constellation (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 304; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 100; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 70; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Ḫg. B VI (in the list of Mars names):
** mulnu.me.a = ''ba-lum'' = min (= d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu]'') "Oblivion = lack (absence, lit. ʻ withoutʼ) = ditto (=Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:31].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* Commentary:
** d''ši''2-''mut'' mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2-''niš'' d''ba-lu šal-š''[''iš''] mulud.ka.duḫ.a
** "Šimut, (first,) Mars, secondly, Balu, thirdly, Demon with the Gaping Mouth." [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:9; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353];
** ''ba-lum'' and d''ba-lu'' are probably one name.

In another context (in an incantation) d''ba-a-lum'' / ''bal-li'' apparently denotes a constellation close to the Pleiades (possibly Orion):

* ''ina bi-rit'' d''Za-ap-pi u'' d''Ba-a-lum'' (var. ''bi-rit zap-pi u bal-li'' [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 51, 202 col. iv 5])
* "Between the Pleiades and Balu" (referring to the position of Venus), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 74], see also [Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 152, note 6; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245; Stol 1989, 262], cf. [Krebernik 1995, 366b].
|
|-
|'''Hilprecht Text HS 245'''
* Neo-Assyrian parallels Sm. 162 and Sm 1113 [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref> 233-234]
* A name of an asterism behind/after the Pleiades, occurs at the place of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA.

This replaces the earlier idea in Horowitz (1993) quoted in Kurtik's work that the term relates to Taurus.
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a24 & b05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
==== Kurtik (a24) ''Alû'' ====
= «Бык», редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык». Встречается только в новоассирийском тексте Sm. 162 rev. 4: …mu]l''a-li'' [Horowitz 1993, 154–156].
|no entry
|-
|
==== Kurtik (b05) Bālu(m) ====
аккадская параллель к mulNU.ME.A, «(Звезда) небытия», букв. «не имеющая ме»; 1) эпитет Марса, отражающий его нигилистический характер, как он воспринимался в месопотамской астрологии, 2) созвездие (?) [G. 304; AHw, 100; CAD B, 70; Reynolds 1998, 353].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI (в списке имен Марса): mulnu.me.a = ba-lum = min(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Небытие = недостаток (отсутствие, букв. ʻбезʼ) = ditto (=Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:31]. EAE. Комментарий: dši2-mut mulṣal-bat-a-nu ša2-niš dba-lu šal-m[u] mulud.ka.duḫ.a «Шимут, (во-первых,) Марс, во-вторых, Балу, в третьих, Демон с Разинутой Пастью» [ACh Suppl., 7:9; Reynolds 1998, 353]; ba-lum и dba-lu, вероятно, одно название.

В другом контексте (в заклинании) dba-а-lum / bal-li обозначает, по-видимому, созвездие, находящееся вблизи Плеяд (возможно, Орион): ina bi-rit dZa-ap-pi u dBa-a-lum (вар. bi-rit zap-pi u bal-li [CT 51, 202 col. iv 5]) «Между Плеядами и Балу» (речь идет о положении Венеры), цит. по [CAD B, 74], см. также [Horowitz 1993, 152, note 6; Horowitz 2014, 245; Stol 1989, 262], ср. [Krebernik 1995, 366b].
|
==== Gössmann (304) mulNU.ME.A ====
Akk. etwa ''kakkabu la hasû''. der nicht seiende Stern = Mars, II R 49 Nr 3, 71: mulNU·ME·A | ba-lum | (=ilṣal-bat-a-nu).
|-
|
==== Kurtik (b01) BA.LIM is a misreading ====
dBA-LIM(?); название содержится только в новоассирийском тексте Sm. 1113:6′ (см. a33AN.TA.GUB) как аккадская параллель к mulSIPA.AN.NA [Weidner 1957–1958, 393–4]. Смысл названия остается неясным; обсуждение проблемы см. [Horowitz 1993, 152, note 6; Reynolds 1998, 353]
|no entry
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

BALAG

2026-01-02T17:01:34Z

HermannHunger: /* Deity and symbol. */

mulBALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘’The Scorpion.’

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Kurtik mentions [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "mulAB2.BIR3(?)" but this may not exist - maybe. [[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]
'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp). Later re-used as a name for a cultic drum.

'''Astronomy'''. The name occurs only once in an exemplar of the Nippur 'forerunner' to Urra XXI (Horowitz 2005: 169). This appears to refer to a constellation since in the list of star names before and after it come the names of constellations. Still, the identification is unclear.

'''Pronunciation:''' The final ‘G’ was pronounced in the original Sumerian something akin to English ‘ng’ or Spanish ‘ñ’ as in ‘señor.’

Gabbay 2019:<ref>Gabbay, U. (2019): ‘The Balaĝ Instrument and Its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia’, in J.G. Westenholz ed., ''Sounds of ancient music of Ancient Mesopotamia'', [https://jewish-music.huji.ac.il/en/yuval/22869 on-line], Hebrew University, original print: see Westenholz (ed. 2007). </ref> 133 n. 7, in his discussion of the ancient Sumerian stringed 'instruments' points out that the name of the Sumerian BALAG is onomatopoetic for the sound one makes when plucking a stringed instrument such as a harp or lyre. In later times BALAG came to be a name for a drum (Gabbay 2019).

'''An identification''' with what would later become classical Lyra remains unproven despite the fact that both Sumerian BALAG and Lyra are in the shape of string instruments: The Lyra-region is known as mul[[UZ3|UZ3,]] 'The She-Goat' in later Sumerian and Akkadian sources. In fact, the constellation name mul[[UZ3|UZ3]] was already in use at the time of the Nippur Forerunner (Horowitz 2005: 169). This suggests that mulBALAG may have been an asterism within the larger 'The She-Goat' constellation, and so that the name mulBALAG was already falling out of use by the early second millennium BCE. Greek sources only start in the early first millennium leaving a time gap of roughly a millennium.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars from Nippur: mulbalag [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:404].
|unknown
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity and symbol. ====
The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997<ref>''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.</ref>; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynasty and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 75-78; Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" style="width: 55%;"|Kurtik (2022, b04)
!scope="col" style="width: 46%;"|Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Лира (Арфа)»; в [G. 3] mulAB2.BIR3(??); по-видимому, это созвездие, поскольку в списке названий звезд до и после него идут названия созвездий, отождествление неясно.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд из Ниппура: mulbalag [MSL XI, 108:404].

II. Божество и символ.

Священная лира как музыкальный инструмент известна с раннединастического периода [Боровская 1997; Stauder 1972–75]. Лиры имелись у многих месопотамских богов. В эпоху III династии Ура и позднее они играли важную роль в храмовом ритуале в Ниппуре и других городах. Название фиксировалось часто без детерминатива d [PSD II, B 75–78; Sallaberger I, 100]. Какая именно лира послужила основой для данного созвездия, неизвестно.
|no entry for "BALAG"
Kurtik refers to Gössman's [G. 3] "mulAB2.BIR3(??)" which may be a misreading
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sco]]

BAL.TEŠ2.A

2026-01-02T16:55:09Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism descriped as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
(MUL.)BAL.TEŠ2.A (𒀯𒁄𒌨𒀀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the area of [[Corona Borealis]].
{{DISPLAYTITLE:(mul)BAL.TEŠ2.A}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note on BAL.TÉŠ.A = ''bāltu'' < ''bāštu'' “dignity”: <blockquote>The spelling can be analysed as TÉŠ.A = ''bāš/ltu'' with the preceding BAL functioning as a phonetic indicator (balTÉŠ.A). mulBAL.TÉŠ.A (EN 15r).</blockquote>Var. readings:
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = ''kakkab bālti'' "Asterism of Dignity". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 112; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44; Labat<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref> 1976, 45];
* ''kakkab baltu(m)''
* ''baštu''

A group of stars in [[Corona Borealis]] (Northern Crown).

This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and in a list of six astral palace goddesses in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref>''Pongratz-Leisten, B''. Ina S̆ulmi Īrub : die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik der akītu-Prozession in Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [Dissertation]. Von Zabern. 1994.</ref> 224).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 14):
** MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2
** "The asterism that stands behind it (= Šupa): Balteša, messenger of Tišpak" (I i 14).
* (2) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 22, 58].
|[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism descriped as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* List of names of Mars: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Balteša = Mars". [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:104].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:10, 45.'''
* (1) mul bal.teš2.a = d''Na-na-a'';
* (2) mul bal.teš2.a = ''kak-kab bal-tum'',

See also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51-2:10, 45; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, '''''??? quotations from Wee 2016 are always wrong, there musts be some basic error ????''''' 162-3:10, 45]; parallel in the prayer lists during the New Year festivals in Babylonian: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul ''bal-tu''2 [RAcc<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. For a list of the "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|-
|'''The lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* mulBAL.TEŠ2.A in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars in MUL.APIN, this seems to correspond to mulGAM-''ti'' (=''kippatu'' "circle, ring") (AO 6478:3), usually identified with α Coronae Borealis (=Gemma) [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 142].
* The number of stars in the constellation, according to VAT 16436:20, is 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88]). Apparently, mul''kip-pat'' and mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — two different designations of the same stellar configuration, cf. [ibid.<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 269-270].
|
|}
[[File:BALTESA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 151500.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside BAL.TEŠ2.A (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alphecca]]
|HIP 76267
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.24
|-
|2
|[[Nusakan]]
|HIP 75695
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.68
|-
|3
|* gam CrB A
| HIP 76952
|Constellation lines
|4.05
|-
|4
|θ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|5
|ϵ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78159
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.13
|-
|6
|* tet CrB A
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.3
|-
| 7
|δ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 77512
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.63
|-
|8
|ι Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78493
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.971
|-
|9
|* gam CrB B
|HIP 76952
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.56
|-
|10
|R CrB
|HIP 77442
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|11
|* tet CrB B
| HIP 76127
| Constellation lines
|6.29
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 76456
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name is always written without the determinative d, but on the New Year's eve in Babylon it is addressed as a goddess, see above; probably, it is one of the names of Venus [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 139]. The connection with Venus is also indicated by the identification with Nanaya, see above, also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 385-386; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>]. The definition of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A as "messenger of Tišpak" in MUL.APIN is difficult to explain.

==== Symbol. ====
The comparison of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A with ''kippatu'' "circle, ring", allows and suggests that the symbol of the constellation mulBAL.TEŠ2.A was a ring-shaped object correspondingly located upon the modern Corona Borealis (?).

==== Identification. ====
= Corona Borealis, especially in [[Alphecca]] (Gemma) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394.</ref>, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellenia."

(2) = Venus, see above.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) Balteša and Scorpius; DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL d''Tišpak ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE... "If Balteša (=Mars?), messenger of Tišpak, approaches Scorpius: within the span of 3 years, there will be severe cold, cough and phlegm will afflict the country" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = kakkab bālti «Звезда Достоинство» [AHw, 112; G. 44; Labat 1976, 45]; группа звезд в Cеверной Короне (Corona Borealis) (?).
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 11d]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 14): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2 «Звезда, которая позади него (= Шупа) стоит: Балтеша, посланник Тишпака» (I i 14), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:3′]. (2) Cписок ziqpu-звезд: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [MA 22, 58]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Балтеша = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:104]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:10, 45. (1) mul bal.teš2.a = dNa-na-a; (2) mul bal.teš2.a = kak-kab bal-tum, см. также [HBA 51–2:10, 45; Wee 2016, 162–3:10, 45]; параллель в списке молитв в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul bal-tu2 [RАcc. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02[[A.EDIN]]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. mulBAL.TEŠ2.A в списке ziqpu-звезд в MUL.APIN соответствует, по-видимому, mulGAM-ti (=kippati «круг, кольцо») (AO 6478:3), обычно отождествляемому с α Coronae Borealis (=Гемма) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142]. Число звезд в созвездии, согласно VAT 16436:20, равно 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [ASM, 88]). По-видимому, mulkip-pat и mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — два разных обозначения одной и той же звездной конфигурации, см. [ibid., 269–270].

II. Божество.

Название всегда пишется без детерминатива d, однако в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне к нему обращаются как к богине, см. выше; возможно это одно из имен Венеры [Reiner 1995, 139]. На связь с Венерой указывает также отождествление с Нанайей, см. выше, а также [Tallqvist 1938, 385–386; Heimpel 1982]. Определение mulBAL.TEŠ2.A как «посланника Тишпака», принятое в MUL.APIN, объяснить трудно.

III. Символ.

Сопоставление mulBAL.TEŠ2.A и kippatu «круг, кольцо» позволяет предположить, что символом созвездия mulBAL.TEŠ2.A был кольцеобразный объект, расположенный на месте современной Corona Borealis (?).

IV. Отождествление.

= Corona Borealis, в особенности Гемма [G. 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957–1959, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [МА, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 271–272].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс, см. «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Венера, см. выше.

Предсказания:

(3) Балтеша и Скорпион; DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dTišpak ana mulGIR2.TAB TE… «Если Балтеша (=Марс?), посланник Тишпака, к Скорпиону приближается: в течение 3 лет будут сильные холода, кашель и мокрота поразят страну» [BPO 2, III 11d + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:CrB]]

Asidu

2026-01-02T16:39:50Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Asīdu''}}
[[File:Heel of UKADUA.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heel of the "Demon with the Gaping Mouth" in Mesopotamian astral science, typically identified with lambda Andromedae (in the first millennium). Depiction in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
The body part ''asīdu'' (𒀀𒋛𒁺) is the heel of human figures and parallel part in composites. For the asidu as part of any constellation see those entries.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Asīdu'' "Heel" is used as designation for a body part of constellations [G. 38; AHw 73-74; CAD A/2, 330], including:

# Heel of mul[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] (The Demon with the Gaping Mouth): '''λ And'''
# Heel of Enmešarra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], V 2 ('''ζ Per'''?, ι Aur would also be possible - within Mesopotamian uranography, there is no argument against it, except for the proposed identification of The Old Man with Greek Perseus).
# Heel of the Old Man, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], III 4 ('''ζ Per'''?).
# The Rear Heel of the True Shepherd of Anu, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], V 1 (GU-text: '''η Lep''')<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>.

The "heel of UD.KA.DU8.A" is a ''ziqpu''-star (= ''ziqpu'' XI, in the constellation of Andromeda) and has, thus, a metrical significance.
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 70%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa''
** "On the 10th of Simanu the Heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky / opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu ascends" (I iv 19-20) [MA 63].
|
* .
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' [KI. MIN] (= ''ina šamê'') / TA mul''kin-ṣi'' EN mul''a-si''-[''di'']
*** "[3⅓] mina weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on the ground, 36000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Knee to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth)",
** b)
*** [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i''[''na'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA mul''a-si-di'' EN 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.[LIM]
*** "[1⅔ mi]na weight, 10° on the ground, 18000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Heel to the 4 (stars) of the Sta[g]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23-26; TU, 21:23-26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14-15].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''a-si-''[''du'']
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Heel (of the Demon with an Gaping Mouth)" [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:6].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múl''a-si-du'' // 1 // 8 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Heel // 1 (star) // 8200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:3].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA d''ki-in-ṣi-šu'' EN ''a-si-di-šu''2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] "From its Knee to its Heel ⅔ [''bēru''],"
** b) TA d''a-si-di-šu'' EN SI ''ša'' mulLU.[LIM ...] "From its Heel to the Horns of the Sta[g]..." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:5-7].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mul''a-si-du''
** "⅔ ''bēru'' (200) to the Heel" [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:11].
|
* (1)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (2) λ And
* (3) λ And
* (4)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (5)
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
** EN ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]];
** TA ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
|
* λ And
* λ And
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.”'''
* múl''a-si-du ziq-pi sin'' AN.KU10 "(When) the Heel culminated, an eclipse of the Moon (took place)." [AD III, no.-90 obv. 6]. For a Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ''ziqpu''-stars, see [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|λ And
|}
See also:

* TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2
** "From its (the Demon with an Open Mouth) knee to its heel" [TCL 6, 18 r. 15];
* ''a-na a-si-du'' [LBAT, 1501:10];
* EN ''a-si-di'' [mul]''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
** "to the heel of Enmešarra" [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15];
* múl''a''-[''si-du''] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [G. 38];

= múl''a-si-du'' includes 1 star, according to VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227-227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [MA 143];

= λ Andromedae [ASM 86, 275].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a47)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Пятка (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)»; 1) = ziqpu XI, звезда в созвездии Андромеды (Andromeda), 2) элемент фигуры ряда созвездий [G. 38; AHw 73–74; CAD A/2, 330].||Example
|-
|MUL.APIN. В списке кульминаций и одновременных гелиакических восходов: ina itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM a-si-du ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mul<nowiki>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-ḫa «10-го симану Пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20) [MA 63]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (= ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mulkin-ṣi EN mula-si-[di] «[3⅓] мины веса, 200<nowiki> на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Колена до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)», b) [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA i[na KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mula-si-di EN IV ša2 mulLU.[LIM] «[1⅔ ми]ны веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Пятки до 4 звезд Оле[ня]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23–26; TU, 21:23–26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14–15]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na mula-si-[du] «200 до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:6]. (3) VAT 16436: múla-si-du // 1 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Пятка // 1 (звезда) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:3]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA dki-in-ṣi-šu EN a-si-di-šu2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] «От его Колена до его Пятки ⅔ [мили]», b) TA da-si-di-šu EN SI ša mulLU.[LIM …] «От его Пятки до Рога Оле[ня]…» [Horowitz 1994а, 91–92:5–7]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ⅔ DANNA ana mula-si-du «⅔ мили (200) до (его) Пятки» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:11]. Анафора. BM 36609+: EN a-si-du, см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ; TA a-si-du, см. a21ALLA. «Дневники наблюдений». múla-si-du ziq-pi sin AN.KU10 «(Когда) Пятка кульминировала, затмение Луны (имело место)» [AD III, No.-90 obv. 6]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251].
Cм. также: TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2 «От его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) колена до его пятки» [TCL 6, 18 r. 15]; a-na a-si-du [LBAT, 1501:10]; EN a-si-di [mul]En-me-šar2-ra «до пятки Энмешарры» [AСh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15]; múla-[si-du] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [G. 38];

= múla-si-du включало 1 звезду, согласно VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227–227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [MA 143];

= λ Andromedae [ASM 86, 275].

Как элемент фигуры созвездия:

(1) Пятка Энмешарры, см. e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, V 2.

(2) Задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, V 1.

(3) Пятка Старика, см. sh16ŠU.GI, e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, III 4.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Asidu

2026-01-02T14:56:35Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Asīdu''}}
[[File:Heel of UKADUA.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heel of the "Demon with the Gaping Mouth" in Mesopotamian astral science, typically identified with lambda Andromedae (in the first millennium). Depiction in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
The body part ''asīdu'' (𒀀𒋛𒁺) is the heel of human figures and parallel part in composites. For the asidu as part of any constellation see those entries.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Asīdu'' "Heel" is used as designation for a body part of constellations [G. 38; AHw 73-74; CAD A/2, 330], including:

# Heel of mul[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] (The Demon with the Gaping Mouth): '''λ And'''
# Heel of Enmesharra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], V 2 ('''ζ Per'''?, ι Aur would also be possible - within Mesopotamian uranography, there is no argument against it, except for the proposed identification of The Old Man with Greek Perseus).
# Heel of the Old Man, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], III 4 ('''ζ Per'''?).
# The Rear Heel of the True Shepherd of Anu, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], V 1 (GU-text: '''η Lep''')<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>.

The "heel of UD.KA.DU8.A" is a ''ziqpu''-star (= ''ziqpu'' XI, in the constellation of Andromeda) and has, thus, a metrical significance.
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 70%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa''
** "On the 10th of Simanu the Heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky / opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu ascends" (I iv 19-20) [MA 63].
|
* .
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' [KI. MIN] (= ''ina šamê'') / TA mul''kin-ṣi'' EN mul''a-si''-[''di'']
*** "[3⅓] mina weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on the ground, 36000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Knee to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth)",
** b)
*** [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i''[''na'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA mul''a-si-di'' EN 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.[LIM]
*** "[1⅔ mi]na of weight, 10° on the ground, 18000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Heel to the 4 stars of the Sta[g]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23-26; TU, 21:23-26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14-15].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na mula-si-''[''du'']
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Heel (of the Demon with an Gaping Mouth)." [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:6].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múl''a-si-du'' // 1 // 8 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Heel // 1 (star) // 8200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:3].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA d''ki-in-ṣi-šu'' EN ''a-si-di-šu''2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] "From its Knee to its Heel ⅔ [''bēru''],"
** b) TA d''a-si-di-šu'' EN SI ''ša'' mulLU.[LIM ...] "From its Heel to the Horns of the Sta[g]..." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:5-7].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mul''a-si-du''
** "⅔ ''bēru'' (200) to the Heel" [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:11].
|
* (1)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (2) λ And
* (3) λ And
* (4)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (5)
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
** EN ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]];
** TA ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
|
* λ And
* λ And
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.”'''
* múl''a-si-du ziq-pi sin'' AN.KU10 "(When) the Heel culminated, an eclipse of the Moon (took place)." [AD III, no.-90 obv. 6]. For a Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ''ziqpu''-stars, see [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|λ And
|}
See also:

* TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2
** "From its (the Demon with an Open Mouth) knee to its heel" [TCL 6, 18 r. 15];
* a-na a-si-du [LBAT, 1501:10];
* EN ''a-si-di'' [mul]''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
** "to the heel of Enmesharra" [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15];
* múl''a''-[''si-du''] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [G. 38];

= múl''a-si-du'' includes 1 star, according to VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227-227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [MA 143];

= λ Andromedae [ASM 86, 275].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a47)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Пятка (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)»; 1) = ziqpu XI, звезда в созвездии Андромеды (Andromeda), 2) элемент фигуры ряда созвездий [G. 38; AHw 73–74; CAD A/2, 330].||Example
|-
|MUL.APIN. В списке кульминаций и одновременных гелиакических восходов: ina itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM a-si-du ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mul<nowiki>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-ḫa «10-го симану Пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20) [MA 63]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (= ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mulkin-ṣi EN mula-si-[di] «[3⅓] мины веса, 200<nowiki> на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Колена до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)», b) [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA i[na KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mula-si-di EN IV ša2 mulLU.[LIM] «[1⅔ ми]ны веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Пятки до 4 звезд Оле[ня]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23–26; TU, 21:23–26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14–15]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na mula-si-[du] «200 до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:6]. (3) VAT 16436: múla-si-du // 1 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Пятка // 1 (звезда) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:3]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA dki-in-ṣi-šu EN a-si-di-šu2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] «От его Колена до его Пятки ⅔ [мили]», b) TA da-si-di-šu EN SI ša mulLU.[LIM …] «От его Пятки до Рога Оле[ня]…» [Horowitz 1994а, 91–92:5–7]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ⅔ DANNA ana mula-si-du «⅔ мили (200) до (его) Пятки» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:11]. Анафора. BM 36609+: EN a-si-du, см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ; TA a-si-du, см. a21ALLA. «Дневники наблюдений». múla-si-du ziq-pi sin AN.KU10 «(Когда) Пятка кульминировала, затмение Луны (имело место)» [AD III, No.-90 obv. 6]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251].
Cм. также: TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2 «От его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) колена до его пятки» [TCL 6, 18 r. 15]; a-na a-si-du [LBAT, 1501:10]; EN a-si-di [mul]En-me-šar2-ra «до пятки Энмешарры» [AСh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15]; múla-[si-du] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [G. 38];

= múla-si-du включало 1 звезду, согласно VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227–227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [MA 143];

= λ Andromedae [ASM 86, 275].

Как элемент фигуры созвездия:

(1) Пятка Энмешарры, см. e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, V 2.

(2) Задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, V 1.

(3) Пятка Старика, см. sh16ŠU.GI, e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, III 4.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

APIN

2026-01-02T11:35:45Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}

[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Horowitz (2022) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var.:

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''''Lexical texts.'''''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Urra XXII series: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''''
*Astrolabe P.
**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
** '''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month of Nisanu ...the Plough (on the way towards) Enlil (rises)" (C iii 1).
**'''(3)''' List (rising-sunset=6m): rising—Nisanu, setting—Tešritu [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923:3. The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].
*BM 34713.
**The month Ayaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
**The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The plough, Enlil, which goes ahead of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN "Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", according to [HBA, 51],
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", according to [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]. '''''??I cannot find AN.ŠAR2 on these pages???'''''
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector of the 1 inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium B.C. it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amier 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected with. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30—with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; ]. [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Mars; [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercury; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke approaches the Plough, (it means:) Venus approaches Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturn; see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?); the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; G. 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Plough; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; G. 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [MA 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [ARAK, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [LABS, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [G. 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [MA 137; ASM 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [MA, 137; ASM, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; G. 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [ARAK, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [ARAK, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [ARAK, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

|-
|
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

References (Babylonian)

2025-12-30T21:29:07Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik's References */

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

== Newer References ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Beaulieu et al. (2018)
|Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
|-
|Bloch and Horowitz (2015)
|Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
|-
|Britton (2010)
|Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', 64(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332.
|-
|Cooley (2013)
|Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.
|-
|Fadhil and Hilgert (2007)
|Abdulillah Fadhil and M. Hilgert (2007). ZUR IDENTIFIKATION DES LEXIKALISCHEN KOMPENDIUMS 2R 50 + (K 2035a + K 4337), Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (Published by: Presses Universitaires de France), Vol. 101, pp. 95-105, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23281275
|-
|Gullberg, Hoffmann and Gullberg (2022)
|Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191
|-
|Hoffmann (2016)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2016): Rekonstruktion der griechischen und mesopotamischen Himmelskartographie(n) im ersten Millennium vor Beginn unserer Zeitrechnung, ''Orbis Terrarum'' 14, S. 33-49
|-
|Hoffmann (2020)||Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172
|-
|Hoffmann (2021)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart
|-
|Hoffmann (2022)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204
|-
|Hoffmann (2024)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2024): Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272
|-
|Hoffmann (2028)
|'''??????????????????????'''
|-
|Hoffmann and Horowitz (2022)
|Hoffmann, S.M. and Horowitz, W. (2022). How to identify “The Plough” MUL.APIN, epinnu? in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 148-170
|-
|Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023)||Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143
|-
|Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)
|Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
|-
|Hoffmann and Hunger (2024)
|Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121
|-
| Hoffmann, S.M. (2024)||Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272
|-
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2025)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 45-53
|-
|Hoffmann, S.M. and Wasserman (2024)
|Hoffmann, S.M. und Wasserman, N. (2024). The Moon and the Scorpion, An Overlooked Astral Configuration in Old Babylonian Incantations and its Astronomical Significance, Centaurus 66, 1-20
|-
|Horowitz (2005)
|Horowitz, W. (2005). Some thoughts on Sumerian star-names and Sumerian astronomy. In Y. Sefati, P. Artzi, C. Cohen, B. L. Eichler, & V. A. Hurowitz (Eds.), An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein (pp. 163-178). CDL Press.
|-
|Horowitz (2012)
|Horowitz, W. (2012). “Sunday in Mesopotamia,” in W. Horowitz, John Steele, and Jonathan Ben- Dov eds., Living the Lunar Calendar, Oxbow Publishers, Oxford: 9-18.
|-
|Horowitz (2011)
|Horowitz W. (2011). Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography (Second Printing, with Corrections and Addenda), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana.
|-
|Horowitz (2014)
|Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
|-
|Horowitz (2016)
|Horowitz, W. (2016): “All About Rainbows,” in K. Schmid and C. Uehlinger eds., Laws of Heaven, Laws of Nature: The Legal Interpretation of Cosmic Phenomena in the Ancient World, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis (OBO, Fribourg: Academic Press, and Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht): 40-51
|-
|Horowitz (2017)
|'''''not Uranology texts?...'''''
|-
|Horowitz (2020)
|Horowitz, W. (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35
|-
|Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)
|Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43
|-
|Hunger and Steele (2019)
|Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
|-
|Jones (2004)
|Jones, A. (2004). A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars, AHES 58, 475–536
|-
|Kechagias and Hoffmann (2022)
|Kechagias, A.-E. and S.M. Hoffmann (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235
|-
|Kurtik (2007)
|Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
|-
|Kurtik (2013)
|????????????????????
|-
|Kurtik (2018)
|???????????????????????
|-
|Kurtik (2019)
|???????????????????????
|-
|Kurtik (2022)
|???????????????????????
|-
|Kurtik (2023)
|Essays on History of Sumerian Astronomy. Moscow: Novoye Literaturnoye Obozreniye (in Russian)
= Куртик Г. Е. 2023. Очерки истории шумерской астрономии. Москва: Новое литературное обозрение
|-
|Kurtik, Horowitz, Hoffmann, Kim, Hilder (2023-2026)
|Kurtik, Horowitz, Hoffmann, Kim, Hilder (2023-2026). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0 ([[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|online edition]]),
|-
|Lambert (2013)
|Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winona Lake, IN.
|-
|Laursen (2021)
|Laursen, S. (2021). Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna? Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 32(S1), 291-300.
|-
|McHugh (2016)
|McHugh, J. (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69-100.
|-
|McHugh (2018)
|McHugh, J. (2018), `How Orion’s Ability to ‘Walk Upon the Sea’ was Attributed to Jesus: The Astronomical Basis for Christ’s Sea-Walk Miracle', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 6/1, 80--110.
|-
|Ossendrijver (2012)
|Ossendrijver, M. (2012), Babylonian Mathematical Astronomy: Procedure Texts, Springer, New York/ Heidelberg/ Dordrecht/ London.
|-
|Reynolds (2019)
|???????????????????
|-
|Rochberg (2010)
|Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
|-
|Selz (2014)
|??????????????????????
|-
|Simons (2018)
|????????????????????????
|-
|Steinkeller (2013)
|'''''??????????????????????????/'''''
|-
|Steinkeller (2013b)
|'''''??????????????????????????/'''''
|-
|Steinkeller (2016)
|Steinkeller, P. (2010). Nanna/Suen, the Shining Bowl. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament: Veröffentlichungen Zur Kultur Und Geschichte Des Alten Orients Und Des Alten Testaments.
|-
|Steele (2015)
|Steele, John M. (2015). Late Babylonian ''ziqpu''-star lists: Written or remembered traditions of knowledge?, in: D. Bawanypeck and A. Imhausen [eds.], Traditions of Written Knowledge in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Proceedings of Two Workshops Held at Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main in December 2011 and May 2012, AOAT 403, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster
|-
|Steele (2018)
|Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.
|-
|Thavapalan (2020)
|Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.
|-
|Wee (2016)
|Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
|-
|Ziegler (1997)
|'''''?????????????????'''''
* « L’armée, – quel monstre ! », dans D. Charpin & J.-M. Durand (éd.), Recueil d’études à la mémoire de Marie-Thérèse Barrelet, Florilegium marianum III, Mémoires de NABU 4, Paris, 1997, p. 145-152
* « Mekum, roi d’Apišal », MARI Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires 8, 1997, p. 243-247 (en coll. avec D. Charpin)
* « Les enfants du palais », Ktèma. Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques 22, 1997, p. 45-57
|}

==Kurtik ==

===Kurtik's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! citation form!!bibliography
|-
|IR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|IVR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|VR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|Aaboe 1980.
|''Aaboe A.'' Observation and Theory in Babylonian Astronomy// Centaurus. Vol. 24, 14-35
|-
|Aaboe-Sachs 1969.
|''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. 14, 1-22.
|-
|AAT.
|''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.
|-
|ABCD.
|''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
|-
|ACh Suppl.
|''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
|-
|ACT
|''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.
|-
|<s>AD I, II, III.</s> ADRT.
|''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
|-
|AHw.
|''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
|-
|Al-Rawi and Black 1989
|''Al-Rawi F.N.H., Black J.A''. The Second Tablet of "Išum and Erra". Iraq 51, 111-122.
|-
|Amiet 1962.
|''Amiet P''. La glyptique mésopotamienne archaique. Paris, 1962.
|-
|Amiet 1963.
|???????????????????????
|-
|ARAK.
|see SAA VIII.
|-
|<s>ASM.</s>
|''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
|-
|AUWE 19.
|''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Endberichte 19).
|-
|Barrelet 1955.
|''Barrelet M.-Th.'' Les déesses armées et ailées. Syria 32, № 3-4, 222-260.
|-
|BCT 1.
|''Watson P.J.'' Catalogue of cuneiform tablets in Birmingham City Museum. Vol. I. Neo-Sumerian Texts from Drehem. Birmingham, 1982.
|-
|BE VIII.
|Clay, A. T., Legal and commercial transactions, dated in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian periods, chiefly from Nippur. Philadelphia 1908.
|-
|Beaulieu 1990.
|??????????????????
|-
|Beaulieu 1992.
|''Beaulieu P.-A.'' Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 47-75.
|-
|Beaulieu-Rochberg, 1996.
|''Beaulieu P.-A., Rochberg F. '' The Horoscope of Anu-Bēlšunu // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 89-94.
|-
|Benito 1969.
|''Benito C.A.'' "Enki and Ninmah" and "Enki and the World Order". A dissertation in Oriental Studies, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1969.
|-
|Bezold 1920.
|Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.
|-
|Bezold 1925.
|'''''????????????????????????????'''''
|-
|Bezold-Kopff-Boll.
|''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.
|-
|BH.
|'''?????????????????'''
|-
|Biggs 1967
|''Biggs R.D. '' ŠÀ.ZI.GA. Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. Locust Valley, J.J.Augustin Publisher, 1967.
|-
|Biggs 1968
|''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.
|-
|Biggs 1987.
|''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B". Festschrift E. Reiner, 1-14.
|-
|Bjorkman 1973.
|''Bjorkman J.'' Meteors and Meteorites in the Ancient Near East // Meteoritics. 1973. Nr. 8.
|-
|Black and Green 1992.
|''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.
|-
|BMS.
|''King L.W.'' Babylonian Magic and Sorcery. London, 1896.
|-
|Boehmer 1965
|''Boehmer R.M.'' Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1965.
|-
|Boll 1903.
|''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.
|-
|Borger 1973.
|''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.
|-
|Borger 1978.
|''Borger R''. Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.
|-
|Borger Esarh.
|''Borger, R..'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrien, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).
|-
|Borger 2004.
|''Borger, R.'' Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004
|-
|BPO 1.
|''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiṣaduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).
|-
|BPO 2.
|''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
|-
|BPO 3.
|''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
|-
|BPO Suppl.
|'''''??????????????????'''''
|-
|Brack-Bernsen and Hunger 1999.
|''Brack-Bernsen, L., Hunger H.'' The Babylonian Zodiac: Speculations on Its Invention and Significance. Centaurus 41, 1999. 280–292.
|-
|Braun-Holzinger 1996.
|''Braun-Holzinger E.A. ''Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM 27, 235-359, Tafel 1-42.
|-
|Britton 1989.
|''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus 32, 1-52.
|-
|BRM.
|''Babylonian Records in the Library of J.Pierpont Morgan''. New Haven, 1920–
|-
|Brown 2000.
|''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.
|-
|Bruschweiler 1987.
|''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.
|-
|CAD.
|''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010
|-
|Çağirgan 1985.
|''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192, 399-416.
|-
|Caplice 1970.
|''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 39, 111-151.
|-
|Caplice 1971.
|''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum V // Or. 40, 133-183.
|-
|Castellino 1972.
|''Castellino G. ''Two Šulgi Hymns. Roma, 1972 (Studi Semitici, 42).
|-
|Cavigneaux 1979.
|''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen 10, 132-134.
|-
|Cavigneaux 1981.
|''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.
|-
|Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2000.
|'''''?????????????????????????????'''''
|-
|Cavigneaux and al-Rawi.
|''Cavigneaux A., Al-Rawi F.N.H''. Gilgameš et taureau de ciel (ŠUL-MÈ-KAM) // RA 87, № 2, 97-129.
|-
|Chadwick 1993.
|''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.
|-
|Civil 1964.
|''Civil M.'' (1964). The “Message of Lú-dingir-ra to His Mother” and a Group of Akkado-Hittite “Proverbs” // JNES 23, 1-11.
|-
|Civil 1974.
|''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES 33, 329-338.
|-
|<s>CS.</s>
|''Frankfort H.'' Cylinder Seals. London, 1939.
|-
|<s>CT.</s>
|''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''
|-
|Dietrich 1996.
|''Dietrich M.'' Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis // WZKM 86, 99-106.
|-
|Donbaz and Koch 1995.
|''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.
|-
|Dossin 1935.
|''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.
|-
|EAT I-III.
|''Neugebauer O., Parker R''. Egyptian Astronomical Texts. Vol. I-III. Providence-London, 1960, 1964, 1969.
|-
|Ebeling 1953.
|''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.
|-
|Ebeling 1953a.
|''Ebeling E.'' Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 21, 357-423.
|-
|Ebeling 1954.
|''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.
|-
|Ebeling 1955.
|''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 49, 30-41, 138-148.
|-
|Ellis 1967.
|''Ellis R.S. ''"Papsukkal" Figures beneath the daises of Mesopotamia // RA 61, No. 1, 51-61.
|-
|Ellis 1989.
|''Ellis, Maria de Jong''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Festschrift Sjöberg, 121-135.
|-
|Ellis 1995.
|????????????????????
|-
|Emar VI/4.
|''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).
|-
|<s>EMIR.</s>
|''Van Dijk J., Goetze A., Hussey M.I.'' Early Mesopotamian Incantations and Rituals. New Haven & L., Yale Univ. Press, 1985 (Yale Oriental Series; Babylonian Texts, Vol. XI).
|-
|Epping 1889.
|''Epping J.'' Astronomisches aus Babylon. Freiburg, 1889.
|-
|ETCSL.
|''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.
|-
|Falkenstein 1963.
|''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA 21, 11-67.
|-
|Falkenstein 1964.
|''Falkenstein A''. Sumerische religiöse Texte. 5. “Enki und Weltordnung” // ZA 22, 44-129.
|-
|Foxvog 1993.
|''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
|-
|From the Beginning of the Beginnings.
|'''''??????????????????'''''
|-
|Fs. Kraus.
|''Zikir Šumim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R.'' ''Kraus''. Leiden: Brill, 1983.
|-
|Fs. Landsberger.
|''Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger'' on His Seventy–Fifth Birthday, April 21, 1965, ed. H.G. Güterbock – T. Jacobsen, Chicago, 1965 (AS 16).
|-
|Fs. Reiner.
|''Language, Literature, and History'': Philological and Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner. Ed. F.Rochberg-Halton. New Haven: Amer. Oriental Soc., 1987.
|-
|Fs. Sachs.
|''A Scientific Humanist'': Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs (Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 9, ed. E. Leichty et al., Philadelphia 1988).
|-
|Fs. Sjöberg.
|''DUMU-E''2-''DUB-BA-A'': Studies in Honour of Ake W. Sjöberg. Philadelphia, 1989 (Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 9, Ed. H. Behren et al.).
|-
|<s>G.</s>
|''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
|-
|Galter 1983.
|''Galter H.D.'' Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überliferung. Dissertationen der Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz 1983.
|-
|Gelb 1950.
|''Gelb I.J.'' Šullat and Ḫaniš // ArOr. 1950. V. 18, № 1-2. P. 189-198.
|-
|Gelb 1960.
|'''''????????????????????????'''''
|-
|Gelb 1987.
|''Gelb I.J.'' Compound Divine Names in the Ur III Period / Fs. Reiner. P. 125-138.
|-
|Genouillac 1923.
|''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA 20, 95-106.
|-
|George 1991.
|''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA 81, 301-306.
|-
|George 1992.
|George, A. R., Babylonian Topographical Texts. Leuven, Peeters, 1992 (Orientalia Lovanensia Analecta 40)
|-
|George 2003.
|''George, A. R.''. The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic : introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts. Oxford University Press. 2003.
|-
|Goetze 1945.
|''Goetze A.'' The Vocabulary of the Princeton Theological Seminary // JAOS. 1945. V. 65, № 4. P. 223-237.
|-
|Goetze 1955.
|''Goetze A.'' An Incantation Against Diseases // JCS. 1955. Vol. 9, № 1. P. 8-18.
|-
|Goff 1963.
|''Goff B.L. ''Symbols of Prehistoric Mesopotamia. New-Haven-L., 1963.
|-
|Green 1983.
|'''''????????????????'''''
|-
|Green 1988a.
|''Green A.'' The Iconography of Meslamtaea // RA 82, 173-175.
|-
|Gundel 1992.
|''Gundel H.G.'' Zodiakos. Tierkreisbilder im Altertum. Mainz am Rhein, 1992.
|-
|Gurney 1974.
|''Gurney O.R. ''The fifth tablet of "The Topography of Babylon" // Iraq. 1974. Vol. 36, pt. 1-2. P. 39-52.
|-
|Hallo 1963.
|''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS 17,
|-
|HAMA.
|''Neugebauer O''. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin-Heidelberg-N.Y., Springer-Verlag 1975.
|-
|HBA.
|''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
|-
|<s>HCH.</s>
|''Hunger H., Stephenson F.R., Walker C.B.F., Yau K.K.C.'' Halley's Comet in History / Ed. by F.R.Stephenson and C.B.F.Walker. L.: British Museum Publ., 1985.
|-
|Heimpel 1968.
|''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).
|-
|Heimpel 1982.
|''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.
|-
|Heimpel 1987.
|??????????????????????????
|-
|Hempelmann 2004.
|''Hempelmann, R.'' „Gottschiff“ und „Zikkurratbau“ auf vorderasiatischen Rollsiegeln des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. Münster, Ugarit-Verl. 2004.
|-
|Hinke 1907.
|''Hinke W.J.'' A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I / The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. Series D. Vol. IV. Philadelphia, 1907.
|-
|Horowitz 1989.
|''Horowitz W''. The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = ''eriqqi šamê'' / ''šamāmi'' // ZA 79, 242-244.
|-
|Horowitz 1989-90.
|''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.
|-
|Horowitz 1990.
|''Horowitz W''. More Writing for Ursa Major with Determinative giš // NABU. 1990, No 1. P. 2-3.
|-
|Horowitz 1990b.
|''Horowitz W.'' Two Notes on Etana's Flight to Heaven // Or. 1990. V. 59, № 4. P. 511-517.
|-
|Horowitz 1993.
|''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.
|-
|Horowitz 1994a.
|''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.
|-
|Horowitz 1994b.
|''Horowitz W.'' A Join to Enuma Anu Enlil 50 // JCS. 1994. V. 46. P. 127-129.
|-
|Horowitz 1997-98.
|''Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and the Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. XLIV und XLV. S. 176-185.
|-
|Horowitz 1998.
|?????????????????????
|-
|Horowitz 2000.
|''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.
|-
|Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001.
|''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.
|-
|Horowitz-Wasserman 1996.
|''Horowitz W., Wasserman N. '' Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.
|-
|Horowitz-Watson 1991.
|''Horowitz W., Watson Ph. J.'' Further Notes on Birmingham Cuneiform Tablets Volume 1 // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13, P. 409-416.
|-
|Hunger 1975.
|''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.
|-
|Hunger 1987.
|''Hunger H.'' Lisi(n) // RlA. 1987. Bd. VI, S. 32.
Hunger 1988. ''Hunger H.'' A 3456: eine Sammlung von Merkurbeobachtungen / Fs. Sachs, 201-223.
|-
|Hunger 1996.
|Ein astrologisches Zahlenschema. WZKM 86 (1996) 191-196.
|-
|Hunger and Pingree 1999.
|Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)
|-
|Jacobsen 1939.
|''Jacobsen, T.'' The Sumerian King List. Assyriological Studies, 11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1939.
|-
|de Jong-Ellis 1989.
|''de Jong-Ellis, Maria''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg, 121-135.
|-
|KAR.
|''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
|-
|KAV.
|''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.
|-
|Koch 1989.
|''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
|-
|Koch 1991.
|''Koch J.'' Der Mardukstern Neberu // WO. 1991. Bd. 22. S. 48-72.
|-
|Koch 1991/92.
|''Koch J.'' Irrungen und Wirrungen einer Rezension // AfO. 1991-92. Bd. 38/39. S. 125-130.
|-
|Koch 1992.
|''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
|-
|Koch 1993.
|''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.
|-
|Koch 1995.
|''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.
|-
|Koch 1999.
|''Koch J.'' Die Planeten-Hypsomata in einem babylonischen Sternenkatalog // JNES 58, 19-31.
|-
|Koch 2001.
|''Koch J.'' Neue Überlegungen zu einigen astrologischen und astronomischen Keilschrifttexten // JCS 53, 69-81.
|-
|Koch, Schaper et al.
|''Koch U., Schaper J., Fischer S., Wegelin M''. Einer neue Interpretation der Kudurru-Symbole // AHES. 1990. Vol. 41, № 2. P. 93-114.
|-
|Koch-Westenholz 1999.
|''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.
|-
|Koch-Westenholz 2001.
|''Koch-Westenholz U''. Babylonian Views of Eclipses // Res Orientales. 2001. Vol. XIII, 71-84.
|-
|Kramer Ann. Volume.
|''Kramer Anniversary Volume''. Cuneiform Studies in Honor of S.N.Kramer. Ed. by B.L.Eichler. Kevelaer, Verlag Butzon & Bercker, 1976.
|-
|Kraus 1951.
|''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS 3,
|-
|Kraus 1971.
|''Kraus F.R. von''. Ein altbabylonischer Privatbrief an eine Gottheit // RA 65, № 1, 27-36.
|-
|Krebernik 1984.
|''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984
|-
|Krebernik 1986.
|''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.
|-
|Krebernik 1995
|'''???????????????????'''
|-
|Krebernik 2000b.
|'''''?????????????????????'''''
|-
|Krebernik 2003-'05
|????????????????????? (in Pabilsag)
|-
|KUB.
|''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin'').
|-
|Kugler 1907.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Buch I. Babylonische Planetenkunde. Münster, 1907.
|-
|Kugler 1909-1910.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Buch II. Babylonische Zeitordnung und ältere Himmelskunde. Teil I. Münster, 1909-1910.
|-
|Kugler 1912.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Buch II, Heft 1. Münster, 1912.
|-
|Kugler 1913.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Ergänzungen zum ersten und zweiten Buch, Teil I. Münster, 1913.
|-
|Kugler 1914.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Ergänzungen zum ersten und zweiten Buch, Teil II. Münster, 1914.
|-
|Kugler 1924
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Buch II, Teil II, Heft 2. Münster, 1924.
|-
|Kurtik 1998.
|'''????????????????????'''
|-
|Kurtik 1999.
|''Kurtik G.E.'' The Identification of Inanna with the Planet Venus: a Criterion for the Time Determination of the Recognition of Constellations in Ancient Mesopotamia // Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions. 1999. Vol. 17. P. 501-513.
|-
|Kurtik 2016.
|'''???????????????????'''
|-
|Kurtik 2019.
|''Kurtik, G.E.'' muluz3, mul dGula, and the Early History of Mesopotamian Constellations, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 50, 3, https://doi.org/10.1177/0021828619853676
|-
|Labat 137.
|'''''Labat 1937 ????????????????? Commentaires???? Poème???'''''
|-
|Labat 1939.
|''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.
|-
|Labat 1965.
|''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.
|-
|Labat 1976.
|''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.
|-
|LABS.
|''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
|-
|Lambert 1957-58.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.
|-
|Lambert 1966.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Ancient Near Eastern Seals in Birmingham Collections // Iraq. 1966. Vol. 28, № 1. P. 63-83.
|-
|Lambert 1966a.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Epic of Criation. Oxford 1966.
|-
|Lambert 1969.
|''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.
|-
|Lambert 1970.
|''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.
|-
|Lambert 1973.
|''Lambert W.G''. Studies in Nergal // BO. 1973. Bd. 30, № 5/6. P. 355-363.
|-
|Lambert 1975.
|''Lambert W.G.'' The Cosmology of Sumer and Babylon / Ancient Cosmologies. Ed. by C.Blacker & M.Loewe. London. 1975.
|-
|Lambert 1984.
|''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-ḫuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.
|-
|Lambert 1985.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Trees, Snakes and Gods in Ancient Syria and Anatolia // BSOAS 48, 435-451.
|-
|Lambert 1987a.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.
|-
|Lambert 1987b.
|''Lambert W.G''. Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea. // RlA. 1987. Bd. 7. Lief. 1/2. S. 143-145.
|-
|Lambert 1988.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Lulal/''Lātarāk'' // RlA. 1988. Bd. 7, Lief. 3/4. S. 163-164.
|-
|Lambert 1989.
|'''''???????????????????'''''
|-
|Lambert 1996.
|''Lambert W.G.'' The etymology and meaning of ialbatānu // NABU. 1996, no 4, p. 108, 123).
|-
|Lambert 2002.
|'''''????????????????'''''
|-
|Landsberger 1923.
|''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.
|-
|Landsberger 1934.
|''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.
|-
|Landsberger 1967.
|''Landsberger B. '' Über Farben in Sumerisch-Akkadischen // JCS. 1967. Bd. 21. S. 139-173.
|-
|Landsberger and Kinnier Wilson.
|''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.
|-
|Lanfranchi-Parpola.
|''Lanfranchi G.B., Parpola S.'' The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part II. Helsinki University Press, 1990 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. V).
|-
|Langdon 1913-23.
|See [Stev.O.T.].
|-
|Langdon and Fotheringham 1928.
|''The Venus Tablets of Ammizaduga''. By. S.Langdon, J.K.Fotheringham with tables for computation by C.Schoch. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 1928.
|-
|Largement 1957.
|''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264. <s>Abbreviated ACh.</s>
|-
|LAS 1.
|''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. I: Texts. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1970.
|-
|LAS 2.
|''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.
|-
|LBAT
|''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, Providence, Brown University Press 1955.
|-
|Leibovici 1957.
|''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, RA 51, No. 1, 21-27, 1957.
|-
|Lewis 1996.
|''Lewis T.J.'' CT 13.33-34 and Ezekial 32: Lion-Dragon Myths // JAOS. 1996. P. 28-47.
|-
|Lewy 1948.
|''Lewy Hildegard and Julius''. The God Nusku // Or. 17, 146-159.
|-
|Lewy 1956.
|''Lewy H.'' Ištar–ṣâd and the Bow Star / Fs. Landsberger, 273–281.
|-
|Limet 1971.
|''Limet H.'' Les légendes des sceaux cassites. Brussel, 1971.
|-
|Linssen 2004
|''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.
|-
|Litke 1998.
|''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
|-
|Livingstone 1986.
|''Livingstone A. ''Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
|-
|Livingstone 1989.
|''Livingstone A. ''Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. Helsinki, 1989 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. 3).
|-
|LKU.
|''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.
|-
|<s>MA.</s>
|<s>''Hunger H., Pingree D''. MUL.APIN An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn, 1989 (AfO, Beiheft 24).</s>now replace by Hunger and Steele (2019): s.a.
|-
|Maass 1958.
|''Commentariorum in Aratum'' reliquiae, collegit recensuit prolegomenis indicibusque instruxit E.Maass. Berlin 1898 (reprint, Berlin 1958).
|-
|Maneveau 1994.
|''Maneveau B.'' À propos de mul HU.NIM // NABU. 1994, 25 No. 24.
|-
|Mayer 1976.
|''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.
|-
|Mayer 1978.
|''Mayer W.R.'' Seleukidische Rituale aus Warka mit Emesal-Gebeten // Or. 47, 431-458.
|-
|McEwan 1983.
|''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.
|-
|<s>MCG.</s>
|''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
|-
|Meier 1937.
|''Meier G.'' Die assyrische Beschwörungssamlung Maqlû. Berlin, 1937 (AfO, Beiheft 2).
|-
|Meier 1942. AfO 14.
|''Meier G..'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.
|-
|Meyer 1983.
|''Meyer, Léon de''. Deux prières ''ikribu'' du temps ďAmmīraduqa / Fs. Kraus. P. 271-278.
|-
|Mesop.Astrol.
|''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
|-
|MHM I-II.
|''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
|-
|Michalowski 1987.
|''Michalowski P.'' Lisin // RlA. 1987. Bd. VI, Lief. 1/2. S. 32-33.
|-
|Michalowski 1993.
|???????????????????????
|-
|Michalowski 2003.
|''Michalowski, P''. An Early Dynastic Tablet of ED Lu A from Tell Brak (Nagar). Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2003(3). https://cdli.earth/articles/cdlj/2003-3.
|-
|MSL II.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. II. ''Ur-e-a = Nâqu''. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1951.
|-
|MSL III.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. III. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1955.
|-
|MSL VIII/2.
|B. Landsberger, The fauna of Ancient Mesopotamia, second part, ḪAR-ra = ḫubullu tablets XIV and XVIII. Roma 1962.
|-
|MSL XI.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
|-
|MSL XIV.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.
|-
|MSL XV.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. ''The Series DIRI = (w)Atru'' . Ed. by M.Civil. Roma, 2004.
|-
|MSL XVII
|Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.
|-
|Mullo-Weir 1929.
|''Mullo-Weir C.J.'' A Prayer to Ea, Shamash and Marduk // JRAS. 1929, 285-288.
|-
|Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53.
|''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO 16 (1952-1953), 65- 66.
|-
|Neugebauer and Sachs 1967.
|''Neugebauer O., Sachs A''. Some Atypical Astronomical Cuneiform Texts. I // JCS. 1967. V. 21. P. 183-218.
|-
|Neugebauer and Van Hoesen.
|''Neugebauer O., Van Hoesen H.B. ''Greek Horoscopes. Philadelphia, 1959.
|-
|Nougayrol 1947.
|''Nougayrol J.'' Textes et documents figurés // RA. 1947. V. 41, № 1. p. 23-53.
|-
|Nougayrol 1971.
|''Nougayrol J.'' Nouveaux textex sur le ''ziCCu'' (II) // RA. 1971. Vol. 65, № 1. P. 67-84.
|-
|NSAM 2.
replace by Verderame 2002 ?
|''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
|-
|OECT.
|''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.
|-
|Oelsner
and Horowitz 1997-98.
|''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.
|-
|Oppenheim 1956.
|''Oppenheim A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.
|-
|Oppenheim 1959.
|''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.
|-
|Oppenheim 1969.
|Divination and celestial observation in the last Assyrian empire. Centaurus 14 (1969) 97ff.
|-
|Oppenheim 1974.
|''Oppenheim A.L. '' Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation // Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1974. Vol. 15. P. 636-666.
|-
|<s>PA.</s>Alm.
|''Ptolemy's Almagest''. Transl. and Annot. by G.J.Toomer. N.Y.-Berlin-Heidelberg-Tokyo, Springer-Verlag, 1984.
|-
|Pantheon.
|''Deimel A.'' Pantheon Babylonicum. Roma, 1914.
|-
|Parpola 1972.
|''Parpola S.'' A Letter from ''Šamaš-šumu-ukīn'' to Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1972. V. 34, № 1. P. 21-34.
|-
|Parpola and Watanabe 1988.
|''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).
|-
|Papke 1978.
|''Papke W''. Die Keilschriftserie MUL.APIN. Dokument Wissenschaftlicher Astronomie in 3. Jahrtausend. Dissertation, Tübingen, 1978
|-
|Pinches 1900.
|''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.
|-
|Pingree 1992.
|''Pingree D.'' Review of Johannes Koch: Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. WO 23 (1992) 168-170.
|-
|Pingree 1993.
|''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Ed. H.D.Galter. 259-273. Graz, 1993.
|-
|Pingree and Walker 1988.
|''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.
|-
|Porada 1987.
|''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.
|-
|Pongratz-Leisten
|''Pongratz-Leisten, B''. Ina S̆ulmi Īrub : die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik der akītu-Prozession in Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [Dissertation]. Von Zabern. 1994.
|-
|PSBA XXXI.
|'''''????????????????????'''''
|-
|PSD.
|''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–
|-
|<s>R</s>
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|RAcc.
|''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.
|-
|Reculeau 2002.
|'''''??????????????????'''''
|-
|Reiner 1959.
|'''''?????????????????????'''''
|-
|Reiner 1960.
|''Reiner E.'' Fortune-telling in Mesopotamia // JNES. 1960. Vol. 19, № 1. Р. 23-35.
|-
|Reiner 1970.
|''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).
|-
|Reiner 1985.
|''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.
|-
|Reiner 1995.
|''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
|-
|Reiner 1999.
|''Reiner E.'' Babylonian Celestial Divination / Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination. Ed. N.M.Swerdlow. Cambridge (Mass.)- L., The MIT Press, 1999. P. 21-37.
|-
|Reiner 2000.
|''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.
|-
|Reisman 1973.
|''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.
|-
|Reynolds 1998.
|''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
|-
|Reynolds 1999.
|''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.
|-
|RlA.
|''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.
|-
|RMA.
|''Thompson R.C.'' The Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh and Babylon. Vol. I-II. London, 1900.
|-
|Roberts 1972.
|''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1983.
|''Rochberg-Halton F''. Stella distances in early Babylonian astronomy: a new perspective of the Hilprecht text (HS 229) // JNES. 1983. Vol. 42. P. 209-217.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1984.
|''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1987a.
|''Rochberg-Halton F. '' The Assumed 29th ''aẖû '' Tablet of ''Enūma Anu Enlil'' / Fs. Reiner, 327-350.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1987b.
|''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1988a.
|''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1988b.
|''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1989.
|''Rochberg-Halton F. ''Babylonian Horoscopes and their Sources // Or. 1989. Vol. 58, Fasc. 1. P. 102-123.
|-
|Römer 1965.
|''Römer W.H.'' Sumerische ‘Königshymnen’ der Isin-Zeit. Leiden, 1965.
|-
|Roughton and Canzoneri.
|''Roughton N.A., Canzoneri G.L''. Babylonian Normal Stars in Sagittarius // JHA. 1992. V. XXIII. P. 193-200.
|-
|Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004.
|''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES 58 (2004) 537-572.
|-
|SAA 8
|''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
|-
|SAA X.
|
|-
|SAALT I.
|''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).
|-
|Sachs 1948.
|''Sachs A.'' A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period // JCS. 1948. V. 2. P.271- 290.
|-
|Sachs 1952.
|''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
|-
|Sachs 1952a.
|''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.
|-
|Sachs 1974.
|''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Observational Astronomy / The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World. Ed. F.R.Hodson et al., London, 1974. P. 43-50 (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Ser. A. 276).
|-
|Sachs and Neugebauer 1956.
|''Sachs A., Neugebauer O.'' A Procedure Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Motion: B.M. 36712 // JCS. 1956. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 131-136.
|-
|Sallaberger I-II.
|''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
|-
|Salonen 1968.
|''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968.
|-
|Salonen 1970.
|''Salonen A.'' Die Fischerei im alten Mesopotamien nach Sumerisch akkadischen Quellen. Helsinki 1970.
|-
|Salonen 1973.
|''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.
|-
|Salonen and Opificius.
|''Salonen A'', ''Opificius R.'' Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.
|-
|Schaumberger, 3.Erg.
|J.Schaumberger, 3. Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von ''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Münster, 1935.
|-
|Schaumberger 1952.
|''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.
|-
|Schaumberger 1955.
|''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA 55 (N.F. 17), 237-251.
|-
|Schott 1934.
|''Schott A''. Das Werden der babylonisch-assyrischen Positions-Astronomie und einige seiner Bedingungen // ZDMG. 1934. Bd. 88. S. 302-337.
|-
|Seidl 1968.
|''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.
|-
|Seidl 1969.
|''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.
|-
|Selz 1989.
|''Selz G.J.'' Nissaba(k) 'Die Herrin der Getreidezuteilungen / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 491-497.
|-
|Selz 2000.
|''Selz G.J.'' Five Divine Ladies: Thoughts on Inana(k), Ištar, In(n)in(a), Annunītum, and Anat, and the Origin of the Title "Queen of Heaven" // Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity. 2000. V. 1. P. 29-62.
|-
|Sidersky 1920.
|''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.
|-
|SLT.
|''Chiera E.'' Sumerian Lexical Texts from the Temple School of Nippur. Chicago, Chic. Univ. Press, 1929.
|-
|Smith 1925.
|''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.
|-
|von Soden 1936.
|''vonS oden W.'' Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.
|-
|von Soden 1957.
|''von Soden W.'' Zu einigen altbabylonischen Dichtungen // Or. 1957. Bd. 26, № 4. S. 306-320.
|-
|von Soden 1959.
|''von Soden W.'' . Akkadisch ''muštarîlu'' "Merkur" und arabisch ''muštari'', türkisch ''müsterī'' "Jupiter" // WZKM. 1959. Bd. 62. S. 83-86.
|-
|von Soden 1987.
|''von Soden W. .'' // AfO. 1987. Bd. 34. S. 71.
|-
|Van Soldt 1995.
|''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.
|-
|Soltysiak 2001.
|''Soltysiak A.'' The Bull of Heaven in Mesopotamian Sources // Culture and Cosmos. 2001. Vol. 5, No. 2. P. 3-21.
|-
|SpTU I.
|''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
|-
|SpTU II.
|''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.
|-
|SpTU III.
|''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
|-
|SpTU IV.
|''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
|-
|SpTU V.
|''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
|-
|Steinkeller 1982.
|''Steinkeller P''. The Mesopotamian God Kakka // JNES. 1982. Vol. 41, № 4. P. 289-294.
|-
|Steinkeller 1992.
|'''''?????????????????'''''
|-
|Steinkeller 1998.
|''Steinkeller P.'' Inanna’s Archaic Symbol / Written on Clay and Stone. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Krystyna Szarzyńska on the Occasion of her 80th Birthday, ed. by J.Braun et al. Warsaw, 1998.
|-
|<s>Stev. O.T.</s>
|''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.
|-
|Stol 1989
|''Stol M.'' Old-Babylonian Ophthalmology, in: Fs. A. Finet (= Akkadica Beih. 6), 1989. 163–166.
|-
|STC I-II.
|''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.
|-
|STT I-II.
|''Gurney O., Finkelstein J.J.'', ''Hulin P.'' The Sultantepe Tablets. Vol. I-II. London 1957, 1964.
|-
|Streck 1998-2001
|'''''????????????????'''''
|-
|Szarzyńska 1993.
|''Szarzyńska K.'' Offering for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk // RA. 1993. Vol. 87. P. 7-27.
|-
|Šileiko 1927.
|Šileiko 1927. ''Šileiko V. '' Mondlaufprognosen aus der Zeit der ersten babylonischen Dynastie // ДАН. Сер. В. 1927. С. 125-128.
|-
|Tallqvist 1938.
|''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
|-
|Van der Toorn 1985.
|''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.
|-
|TCL 6.
|Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.
|-
|TCS 3.
|''Sjoberg Å.W., Bergmann S.J.'' The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. N.Y., Locust Valley, 1969 (Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Vol. 3).
|-
|TLG.
|'''''??????????????????? Thesaurus linguae graecae?'''''
|-
|TuL.
?
|''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.
|-
|TU.
?
|''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
|-
|Thureau-Dangin 1913.
|''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.
|-
|UET 7
|''Gurney, Oliver R.'' Middle Babylonian Legal Documents and Other Texts. Ur Excavations. Texts 7. London: The Trustees of the two museums. 1974.
|-
|Unger 1954.
|''Unger S. E.'' Die Milchstrasse Nibiru, Sternbild des Marduk // WO. 1954. Bd. 2. S. 454-464.
|-
|Ungnad 1941-1944.
|''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.
|-
|Urgud.
|'''''??????????????????????? name of a lex. commentary, in MSL'''''
|-
|Van Buren 1934.
|''Van Buren E.D.'' The God Ningizzida // Iraq. 1934. Vol. 1. P. 60f.
|-
|Van Buren 1945.
|''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.
|-
|Van Buren 1946.
|''Van Buren E.D''. The Dragon in Ancient Mesopotamia // Or. 1946. Vol. 15. P. 1-45.
|-
|Van Dijk 1971.
|''Van Dijk J.'' Nicht-kanonische Beschwörungen und sonstige literarische Texte // Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der staatlichen Museum zu Berlin. Heft 17. Berlin 1971.
|-
|Van Dijk 1980.
|''Texte aus dem Rēs-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka'' / Kopien von Jan van Dijk. Zur Veröff. vorbereitet u. eingeleitet von Werner R.Mayer. — Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980 (BaM, Beiheft 2).
|-
|Verderame 2002.
|''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.
|-
|Waerden 1949.
|''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.
|-
|Waerden 1952-53.
|''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.
|-
|Waerden 1974.
|''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).
|-
|Waerden 1984.
|''Waerden B.L. van der''. Greek Astronomical calendars. I. The Parapegma of Euctemon // AHES. 1984. Vol. 29, № 2. P. 101-114.
|-
|Waerden 1991.
|???????????????????
|-
|Walker 1983.
|''Walker Ch.'' The Myth of Girra and Elamatum // Anatolian Studies, 1983, V. 33, p. 145-152.
|-
|Walker 1983a.
|''Walker Ch.'' // The Bulletin of the Society for Mesopotamian Studies. 1983. Vol. 5. P. 21-23.
|-
|Walker 1993.
|''Bibliography of Babylonian Astronomy and Astrology'', compiled by C.B.F.Walker with add. by H.D.Galter and B.Scholz / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 407- 449.
|-
|Walker 1995.
|'''''??????????????????????'''''
|-
|Walker and Hunger 1977.
|''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.
|-
|Wallenfels 1993.
|''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.
|-
| Watanabe 1991.
|''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.
|-
|Watanabe 1992.
|''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.
|-
|Weidner 1921-23.
|''Weidner E''. Studien zur babylonischen Himmelskunde // Rivista degli studi orientali. 1921-23. Vol. IX. P. 287-300.
|-
|Weidner 1923-24.
|Weidner, E. F., Ein babylonisches Kompendium der Himmelskunde. American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 40, 186-208
|-
|Weidner 1924-25.
|''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.
|-
|Weidner 1925.
|''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.
|-
|Weidner 1927.

|''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
|-
|Weidner 1931-1932.
|''Weidner E. '' Der Tierkreis und Wege am Himmel // AfO. 1931-32. Bd. 7. S. 170-178.
|-
|Weidner 1941-1944.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14. S. 172-195, 308-312.
|-
|Weidner, 1954-1956.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1954-1956. Bd. 17. S. 71-89.
|-
|Weidner 1957-1958.
|''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
|-
|Weidner 1959-1960.
|''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
|-
|Weidner 1963.
|''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.
|-
|Weidner 1967.
|''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).
|-
|Weidner, 1968-1969.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1968-1969. Bd. 22. S. 65-75.
|-
|Weiher 1971.
|''Weiher E. von.'' Der babylonische Gott Nergal. Kevelaer, 1971.
|-
|Wiggermann 1983.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1988.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1989.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1992.
| '''????????????????????''' |'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1993-1997.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1997.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 2001.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wilcke and Seidl.
|''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.
|-
|Wiseman 1958. ||''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.
|-
| Wolters 1993. ||''Wolters A.'' An Allusion to Libra in Daniel 5* / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 291-306.
|}

===Publications in Russian===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
| Боровская 1997.
|''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.
|-
|Ван дер Варден 1991.
|''Ван дер Варден Б.Л''. Пробуждающаяся наука II. Рождение астрономии / Пер. с англ. М.: Наука, 1991.
|-
| Емельянов 1999.
|''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
|-
| Емельянов 2001.
|''Емельянов В.В''. Древний Шумер. СПб: "Петербургское востоковедение", 2001.
|-
|Емельянов 2002.
|''Емельянов В.В.'' Шумерский космогонический миф "Энки и устройство мироздания" // Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 94-122.
|-
|Клочков 1983.
|''Клочков И.С.'' Духовная культура Вавилонии: человек, судьба, время. М.: Наука, 1983
|-
|Кононенко 1997.
|''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.
|-
|Куртик 1990.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Астрономия древнего Египта // ИАИ. 1990. Вып. XXII. C. 207-256.
|-
|Куртик, 1995.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. История Зодиака согласно клинописным источникам // ВДИ, 1995, № 1, с. 175-188.
|-
|Куртик, 1998.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''Астральная символика в древней Месопотамии III тыс. до н.э. // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники. 1998. Вып. 2. С. 20-44.
|-
|Куртик, 1999.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Космология древней Месопотамии // Исследования по истории физики и механики (1995- 1997). М.: Наука, 1999. С. 60-75.
|-
|Куртик, 2000a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Созвездия древней Месопотамии (II-I тыс. до н.э.) // ИАИ. 2000. Вып. XXV. С. 128-154.
|-
|Kуртик, 2000b.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. Отождествление Инанны с планетой Венера как критерий для определения времени выделения созвездий в древней Месопотамии // ВДИ. 2000. Вып. 1. С. 89-98.
|-
|Куртик 2002.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''О происхождении названий греческих зодиакальных созвездий // ВИЕТ. 2002. № 1. С. 76-106.
|-
|Куртик 2002a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Ранняя история месопотамских созвездий (К проблеме происхождения созвездий) // ИАИ. 2002. Вып. 27. С. 259-308 (Перепечатка.: Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 186-229).
|-
|МНМ I-II.
|''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
|-
|От начала начал.
|''От начала начал''. Антология шумерской поэзии / Вступ. статья, перевод, комментарии, словарь В.К.Афанасьевой. СПб.: Центр "Петербургское востоковедение", 1997.
|-
|Россиус 1992.
|''Небо, наука, поэзия''. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.
|-
|Саркисян 1955.
|''Cаркисян Г.Ч.'' Частные клинописные контракты селевкидского времени из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа // ВДИ. 1955. Вып. 54/4. С. 136-170.
|-
|Свят.-Четв. 1998.||''Святополк-Четвертынский И.А''. Корни Зодиака в космологической доктрине Шумера и Вавилона / Древняя астрономия: небо и человек. Труды конференции. Москва, 1998.
|-
|Шилейко 1924.||''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.
|-
|Я открою тебе.||''Я открою тебе сокровенное слово '' (Литература Вавилонии и Ассирии) / Пер. с аккадского. Сост. В.К.Афанасьевой и И.М.Дьяконова. М.: Художественная литература, 1981.
|}

== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
|-
|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
|-
| MSL
|Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|}

[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

References (Babylonian)

2025-12-30T19:32:49Z

HermannHunger: /* Newer References */

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

== Newer References ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Beaulieu et al. (2018)
|Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
|-
|Bloch and Horowitz (2015)
|Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
|-
|Britton (2010)
|Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', 64(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332.
|-
|Cooley (2013)
|Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.
|-
|Fadhil and Hilgert (2007)
|Abdulillah Fadhil and M. Hilgert (2007). ZUR IDENTIFIKATION DES LEXIKALISCHEN KOMPENDIUMS 2R 50 + (K 2035a + K 4337), Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (Published by: Presses Universitaires de France), Vol. 101, pp. 95-105, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23281275
|-
|Gullberg, Hoffmann and Gullberg (2022)
|Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191
|-
|Hoffmann (2016)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2016): Rekonstruktion der griechischen und mesopotamischen Himmelskartographie(n) im ersten Millennium vor Beginn unserer Zeitrechnung, ''Orbis Terrarum'' 14, S. 33-49
|-
|Hoffmann (2020)||Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172
|-
|Hoffmann (2021)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart
|-
|Hoffmann (2022)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204
|-
|Hoffmann (2024)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2024): Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272
|-
|Hoffmann (2028)
|'''??????????????????????'''
|-
|Hoffmann and Horowitz (2022)
|Hoffmann, S.M. and Horowitz, W. (2022). How to identify “The Plough” MUL.APIN, epinnu? in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 148-170
|-
|Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023)||Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143
|-
|Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)
|Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
|-
|Hoffmann and Hunger (2024)
|Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121
|-
| Hoffmann, S.M. (2024)||Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272
|-
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2025)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 45-53
|-
|Hoffmann, S.M. and Wasserman (2024)
|Hoffmann, S.M. und Wasserman, N. (2024). The Moon and the Scorpion, An Overlooked Astral Configuration in Old Babylonian Incantations and its Astronomical Significance, Centaurus 66, 1-20
|-
|Horowitz (2005)
|Horowitz, W. (2005). Some thoughts on Sumerian star-names and Sumerian astronomy. In Y. Sefati, P. Artzi, C. Cohen, B. L. Eichler, & V. A. Hurowitz (Eds.), An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein (pp. 163-178). CDL Press.
|-
|Horowitz (2012)
|Horowitz, W. (2012). “Sunday in Mesopotamia,” in W. Horowitz, John Steele, and Jonathan Ben- Dov eds., Living the Lunar Calendar, Oxbow Publishers, Oxford: 9-18.
|-
|Horowitz (2011)
|Horowitz W. (2011). Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography (Second Printing, with Corrections and Addenda), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana.
|-
|Horowitz (2014)
|Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
|-
|Horowitz (2016)
|Horowitz, W. (2016): “All About Rainbows,” in K. Schmid and C. Uehlinger eds., Laws of Heaven, Laws of Nature: The Legal Interpretation of Cosmic Phenomena in the Ancient World, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis (OBO, Fribourg: Academic Press, and Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht): 40-51
|-
|Horowitz (2017)
|'''''not Uranology texts?...'''''
|-
|Horowitz (2020)
|Horowitz, W. (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35
|-
|Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)
|Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43
|-
|Hunger and Steele (2019)
|Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
|-
|Jones (2004)
|Jones, A. (2004). A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars, AHES 58, 475–536
|-
|Kechagias and Hoffmann (2022)
|Kechagias, A.-E. and S.M. Hoffmann (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235
|-
|Kurtik (2007)
|Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
|-
|Kurtik (2013)
|????????????????????
|-
|Kurtik (2018)
|???????????????????????
|-
|Kurtik (2019)
|???????????????????????
|-
|Kurtik (2022)
|???????????????????????
|-
|Kurtik (2023)
|Essays on History of Sumerian Astronomy. Moscow: Novoye Literaturnoye Obozreniye (in Russian)
= Куртик Г. Е. 2023. Очерки истории шумерской астрономии. Москва: Новое литературное обозрение
|-
|Kurtik, Horowitz, Hoffmann, Kim, Hilder (2023-2026)
|Kurtik, Horowitz, Hoffmann, Kim, Hilder (2023-2026). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0 ([[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|online edition]]),
|-
|Lambert (2013)
|Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winona Lake, IN.
|-
|Laursen (2021)
|Laursen, S. (2021). Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna? Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 32(S1), 291-300.
|-
|McHugh (2016)
|McHugh, J. (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69-100.
|-
|McHugh (2018)
|McHugh, J. (2018), `How Orion’s Ability to ‘Walk Upon the Sea’ was Attributed to Jesus: The Astronomical Basis for Christ’s Sea-Walk Miracle', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 6/1, 80--110.
|-
|Ossendrijver (2012)
|Ossendrijver, M. (2012), Babylonian Mathematical Astronomy: Procedure Texts, Springer, New York/ Heidelberg/ Dordrecht/ London.
|-
|Reynolds (2019)
|???????????????????
|-
|Rochberg (2010)
|Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
|-
|Selz (2014)
|??????????????????????
|-
|Simons (2018)
|????????????????????????
|-
|Steinkeller (2013)
|'''''??????????????????????????/'''''
|-
|Steinkeller (2013b)
|'''''??????????????????????????/'''''
|-
|Steinkeller (2016)
|Steinkeller, P. (2010). Nanna/Suen, the Shining Bowl. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament: Veröffentlichungen Zur Kultur Und Geschichte Des Alten Orients Und Des Alten Testaments.
|-
|Steele (2015)
|Steele, John M. (2015). Late Babylonian ''ziqpu''-star lists: Written or remembered traditions of knowledge?, in: D. Bawanypeck and A. Imhausen [eds.], Traditions of Written Knowledge in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Proceedings of Two Workshops Held at Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main in December 2011 and May 2012, AOAT 403, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster
|-
|Steele (2018)
|Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.
|-
|Thavapalan (2020)
|Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.
|-
|Wee (2016)
|Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
|-
|Ziegler (1997)
|'''''?????????????????'''''
* « L’armée, – quel monstre ! », dans D. Charpin & J.-M. Durand (éd.), Recueil d’études à la mémoire de Marie-Thérèse Barrelet, Florilegium marianum III, Mémoires de NABU 4, Paris, 1997, p. 145-152
* « Mekum, roi d’Apišal », MARI Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires 8, 1997, p. 243-247 (en coll. avec D. Charpin)
* « Les enfants du palais », Ktèma. Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques 22, 1997, p. 45-57
|}

==Kurtik ==

===Kurtik's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! citation form!!bibliography
|-
|IR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|IVR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|VR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|Aaboe 1980.
|''Aaboe A.'' Observation and Theory in Babylonian Astronomy// Centaurus. Vol. 24, 14-35
|-
|Aaboe-Sachs 1969.
|''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. 14, 1-22.
|-
|AAT.
|''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.
|-
|ABCD.
|''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
|-
|ACh Suppl.
|''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
|-
|ACT
|''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.
|-
|<s>AD I, II, III.</s> ADRT.
|''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
|-
|AHw.
|''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
|-
|Al-Rawi and Black 1989
|''Al-Rawi F.N.H., Black J.A''. The Second Tablet of "Išum and Erra". Iraq 51, 111-122.
|-
|Amiet 1962.
|''Amiet P''. La glyptique mésopotamienne archaique. Paris, 1962.
|-
|Amiet 1963.
|???????????????????????
|-
|ARAK.
|see SAA VIII.
|-
|<s>ASM.</s>
|''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
|-
|AUWE 19.
|''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Endberichte 19).
|-
|Barrelet 1955.
|''Barrelet M.-Th.'' Les déesses armées et ailées. Syria 32, № 3-4, 222-260.
|-
|BCT 1.
|''Watson P.J.'' Catalogue of cuneiform tablets in Birmingham City Museum. Vol. I. Neo-Sumerian Texts from Drehem. Birmingham, 1982.
|-
|BE VIII.
|Clay, A. T., Legal and commercial transactions, dated in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian periods, chiefly from Nippur. Philadelphia 1908.
|-
|Beaulieu 1990.
|??????????????????
|-
|Beaulieu 1992.
|''Beaulieu P.-A.'' Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 47-75.
|-
|Beaulieu-Rochberg, 1996.
|''Beaulieu P.-A., Rochberg F. '' The Horoscope of Anu-Bēlšunu // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 89-94.
|-
|Benito 1969.
|''Benito C.A.'' "Enki and Ninmah" and "Enki and the World Order". A dissertation in Oriental Studies, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1969.
|-
|Bezold 1920.
|Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.
|-
|Bezold 1925.
|'''''????????????????????????????'''''
|-
|Bezold-Kopff-Boll.
|''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.
|-
|BH.
|'''?????????????????'''
|-
|Biggs 1967
|''Biggs R.D. '' ŠÀ.ZI.GA. Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. Locust Valley, J.J.Augustin Publisher, 1967.
|-
|Biggs 1968
|''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.
|-
|Biggs 1987.
|''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B". Festschrift E. Reiner, 1-14.
|-
|Bjorkman 1973.
|''Bjorkman J.'' Meteors and Meteorites in the Ancient Near East // Meteoritics. 1973. Nr. 8.
|-
|Black and Green 1992.
|''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.
|-
|BMS.
|''King L.W.'' Babylonian Magic and Sorcery. London, 1896.
|-
|Boehmer 1965
|''Boehmer R.M.'' Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1965.
|-
|Boll 1903.
|''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.
|-
|Borger 1973.
|''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.
|-
|Borger 1978.
|''Borger R''. Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.
|-
|Borger Esarh.
|''Borger, R..'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrien, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).
|-
|Borger 2004.
|''Borger, R.'' Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004
|-
|BPO 1.
|''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiṣaduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).
|-
|BPO 2.
|''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
|-
|BPO 3.
|''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
|-
|BPO Suppl.
|'''''??????????????????'''''
|-
|Brack-Bernsen and Hunger 1999.
|''Brack-Bernsen, L., Hunger H.'' The Babylonian Zodiac: Speculations on Its Invention and Significance. Centaurus 41, 1999. 280–292.
|-
|Braun-Holzinger 1996.
|''Braun-Holzinger E.A. ''Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM 27, 235-359, Tafel 1-42.
|-
|Britton 1989.
|''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus 32, 1-52.
|-
|BRM.
|''Babylonian Records in the Library of J.Pierpont Morgan''. New Haven, 1920–
|-
|Brown 2000.
|''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.
|-
|Bruschweiler 1987.
|''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.
|-
|CAD.
|''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010
|-
|Çağirgan 1985.
|''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192, 399-416.
|-
|Caplice 1970.
|''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 39, 111-151.
|-
|Caplice 1971.
|''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum V // Or. 40, 133-183.
|-
|Castellino 1972.
|''Castellino G. ''Two Šulgi Hymns. Roma, 1972 (Studi Semitici, 42).
|-
|Cavigneaux 1979.
|''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen X, 132-134.
|-
|Cavigneaux 1981.
|''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.
|-
|Cavigneaux-Krebernik 2000.
|'''''?????????????????????????????'''''
|-
|Cavingneaux, al-Rawi.
|''Cavingneaux A., Al-Rawi F.N.H''. Gilgameš et taureau de ciel (ŠUL-MÈ-KAM) // RA. 1993. Vol. 87, № 2. P. 97-129.
|-
|Chadwick 1993.
|''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.
|-
|Civil 1964.
|''Civil M.'' (1964). The “Message of Lú-dingir-ra to His Mother” and a Group of Akkado-Hittite “Proverbs” // JNES. V. 23. P. 1-11.
|-
|Civil 1974.
|''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.
|-
|<s>CS.</s>
|''Frankfort H.'' Cylinder Seals. London,1939.
|-
|<s>CT.</s>
|''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''
|-
|Dietrich 1996.
|''Dietrich M.'' Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis // WZKM. 1996. Bd. 86. S. 99-106.
|-
|Donbaz-Koch 1995.
|''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.
|-
|Dossin 1935.
|''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.
|-
|EAT I-III.
|''Neugebauer O., Parker R''. Egyptian Astronomical Texts. Vol. I-III. Providence-London, 1960, 1964, 1969.
|-
|Ebeling 1953.
|''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.
|-
|Ebeling 1953a.
|''Ebeling E.'' Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 1953. Bd. 21. S. 357-423.
|-
|Ebeling 1954.
|''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.
|-
|Ebeling 1955.
|''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.
|-
|Ellis 1967.
|''Ellis R.S. ''"Papsukkal" Figures beneath the daises of Mesopotamia // RA. 1967. Vol. 61, No. 1. p. 51-61.
|-
|Ellis 1989.
|''Ellis, Maria de Jong''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.
|-
|Ellis 1995.
|????????????????????
|-
|Emar VI/4.
|''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).
|-
|EMIR.
|''Van Dijk J., Goetze A., Hussey M.I.'' Early Mesopotamian Incantations and Rituals. New Haven & L., Yale Univ. Press, 1985 (Yale Oriental Series; Babylonian Texts, Vol. XI).
|-
|Epping 1889.
|''Epping J.'' Astronomisches aus Babylon. Freiburg, 1889. ETCSL.
|-
|ETCSL.
|''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.
|-
|Falkenstein 1963.
|''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.
|-
|Falkenstein 1964.
|''Falkenstein A''. Sumerische religiöse Texte. 5. “Enki und Weltordnung” // ZA. 1964. Bd. 22. S. 44-129.
|-
|Foxvog 1993.
|''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
|-
|From the Beginning of the Beginnings.
|'''''??????????????????'''''
|-
|Fs. Kraus.
|''Zikir Šumim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R.'' ''Kraus''. Leiden: Brill, 1983.
|-
|Fs. Landsberger.
|''Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger'' on His Seventy–Fifth Birthday, April 21, 1965, ed. H.G. Güterbock – T. Jacobsen, Chicago, 1965 (AS 16).
|-
|Fs. Reiner.
|''Language, Literature, and History'': Philological and Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner. Ed. F.Rochberg-Halton. New Haven: Amer. Oriental Soc., 1987.
|-
|Fs. Sachs.
|''A Scientific Humanist'': Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs (Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 9, ed. E. Leichty et al., Philadelphia 1988).
|-
|Fs. Sjöberg.
|''DUMU-E''2-''DUB-BA-A'': Studies in Honour of Ake W. Sjöberg. Philadelphia, 1989 (Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 9, Ed. H. Behren et al.).
|-
|<s>G.</s>
|''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
|-
|Galter 1983.
|''Galter H.D.'' Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überliferung. Dissertationen der Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz 1983.
|-
|Gelb 1950.
|''Gelb I.J.'' Šullat and Daniš // ArOr. 1950. V. 18, № 1-2. P. 189-198.
|-
|Gelb 1960.
|'''''????????????????????????'''''
|-
|Gelb 1987.
|''Gelb I.J.'' Compound Divine Names in the Ur III Period / Fs. Reiner. P. 125-138.
|-
|Genouillac 1923.
|''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.
|-
|George 1991.
|''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.
|-
|George 199.
|'''''???????????????'''''
|-
|George 2003.
|''George, A. R.''. The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic : introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts. Oxford University Press. 2003.
|-
|Goetze 1945.
|''Goetze A.'' The Vocabulary of the Princeton Theological Seminary // JAOS. 1945. V. 65, № 4. P. 223-237.
|-
|Goetze 1955.
|''Goetze A.'' An Incantation Against Diseases // JCS. 1955. Vol. 9, № 1. P. 8-18.
|-
|Goff 1963.
|''Goff B.L. ''Symbols of Prehistoric Mesopotamia. New-Haven-L., 1963.
|-
|Green 1983.
|'''''????????????????'''''
|-
|Green 1988a.
|''Green A.'' The Iconography of Meslamtaea // RA. 1988. V. 82. P. 173-175.
|-
|Gundel 1992.
|''Gundel H.G.'' Zodiakos. Tierkreisbilder im Altertum. Mainz am Rein, 1992.
|-
|Gurney 1974.
|''Gurney O.R. ''The fifth tablet of "The Topography of Babylon" // Iraq. 1974. Vol. 36, pt. 1-2. P. 39-52.
|-
|Hallo 1963.
|''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.
|-
|HAMA.
|''Neugebauer O''. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin-Heidelberg-N.Y., Springer-Verlag 1975.
|-
|HBA.
|''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
|-
|<s>HCH.</s>
|''Hunger H., Stephenson F.R., Walker C.B.F., Yau K.K.C.'' Halley's Comet in History / Ed. by F.R.Stephenson and C.B.F.Walker. L.: British Museum Publ., 1985.
|-
|Heimpel 1968.
|''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).
|-
|Heimpel 1982.
|''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.
|-
|Heimpel 1987.
|??????????????????????????
|-
|Hempelmann 2004.
|''Hempelmann, R.'' „Gottschiff“ und „Zikkurratbau“ auf vorderasiatischen Rollsiegeln des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. Ugarit-Verl. 2004.
|-
|Hinke 1907.
|''Hinke W.J.'' A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I / The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. Series D. Vol. IV. Philadelphia, 1907.
|-
|Horowitz 1989.
|''Horowitz W''. The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = ''eriqqi šamê'' / ''šamāmi'' // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.
|-
|Horowitz 1989-90.
|''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.
|-
|Horowitz 1990.
|''Horowitz W''. More Writing for Ursa Major with Determinative giš // NABU. 1990, No 1. P. 2-3.
|-
|Horowitz 1990b.
|''Horowitz W.'' Two Notes on Etana's Flight to Heaven // Or. 1990. V. 59, № 4. P. 511-517.
|-
|Horowitz 1993.
|''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.
|-
|Horowitz 1994a.
|''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.
|-
|Horowitz 1994b.
|''Horowitz W.'' A Join to Enuma Anu Enlil 50 // JCS. 1994. V. 46. P. 127-129.
|-
|Horowitz 1997-98.
|''Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and the Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. XLIV und XLV. S. 176-185.
|-
|Horowitz 1998.
|?????????????????????
|-
|Horowitz 2000.
|''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.
|-
|Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001.
|''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.
|-
|Horowitz-Wasserman 1996.
|''Horowitz W., Wasserman N. '' Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.
|-
|Horowitz-Watson 1991.
|''Horowitz W., Watson Ph. J.'' Further Notes on Birmingham Cuneiform Tablets Volume 1 // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13, P. 409-416.
|-
|Hunger 1975.
|''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.
|-
|Hunger 1987.
|''Hunger H.'' Lisi(n) // RlA. 1987. Bd. VI, Lief. 1/2. S. 32. Hunger 1988. ''Hunger H.'' A 3456: eine Sammlung von Merkurbeobachtungen / Fs. Sachs. P. 201-223.
|-
|Hunger 1996.
|'''''????????????????????????'''''
|-
|Hunger-Pingree 1999.
|????????????????????
|-
|Jacobsen 1939.
|''Jacobsen, T.'' The Sumerian King List. Assyriological Studies, 11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1939.
|-
|Jong-Ellis 1989.
|''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.
|-
|KAR.
|''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
|-
|KAV.
|''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.
|-
|Koch 1989.
|''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
|-
|Koch 1991.
|''Koch J.'' Der Mardukstern Neberu // WO. 1991. Bd. 22. S. 48-72.
|-
|Koch 1991/92.
|''Koch J.'' Irrungen und Wirrungen einer Rezension // AfO. 1991-92. Bd. 38/39. S. 125-130.
|-
|Koch 1992.
|''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
|-
|Koch 1993.
|''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.
|-
|Koch 1995.
|''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.
|-
|Koch 1999.
|''Koch J.'' Die Planeten-Hypsomata in einen babylonischen Sternenkatalog // JNES. 1999. Vol. 58, no. 1. P. 19-31.
|-
|Koch 2001.
|''Koch J.'' Neue Überlegungen zu einigen astrologischen und astronomischen Keilschrifttexten // JCS. 2001. Vol. 53. P. 69-81.
|-
|Koch-Schaper и др.
|''Koch U., Schaper J., Fischer S., Wegelin M''. Einer neue Interpretation der Kudurru-Symbole // AHES. 1990. Vol. 41, № 2. P. 93-114.
|-
|Koch-Westenholz 1999.
|''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.
|-
|Koch-Westenholz 2001.
|''Koch-Westenholz U''. Babylonian Views of Eclipses // Res Orientales. 2001. Vol. XIII. P.71-84.
|-
|Kramer Ann. Volume.
|''Kramer Anniversary Volume''. Cuneiform Studies in Honor of S.N.Kramer. Ed. by B.L.Eichler. Kevelaer, Verlag Butzon & Bercker, 1976.
|-
|Kraus 1951.
|''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.
|-
|Kraus 1971.
|''Kraus F.R. von''. Ein altbabylonischer Privatbrief an eine Gottheit // RA. 1971. V. 65, № 1. P. 27-36.
|-
|Krebernik 1984.
|''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984
|-
|Krebernik 1986.
|''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.
|-
|Krebernik 1995
|'''???????????????????'''
|-
|Krebernik 2000b.
|'''''?????????????????????'''''
|-
|Krebernik 2003-'05
|????????????????????? (in Pabilsag)
|-
|KUB.
|''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo
|-
|Kugel 1907.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Buch I. Babylonische Planetenkunde. Münster, 1907.
|-
|Kugel 1909-1910.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Buch II. Babylonische Zeitordnung und ältere Himmelskunde. Teil I. Münster, 1909-1910.
|-
|Kugler 1912.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Buch II, Heft 1. Münster, 1912.
|-
|Kugler 1913.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Ergänzungen zum ersten und zweiten Buch, Teil I. Münster, 1913.
|-
|Kugler 1914.
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Ergänzungen zum ersten und zweiten Buch, Teil II. Münster, 1914.
|-
|Kugler 1924
|''Kugler F.X.'' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Buch II, Teil II, Heft 2. Münster, 1924.
|-
|Kurtik 1998.
|'''????????????????????'''
|-
|Kurtik 1999.
|''Kurtik G.E.'' The Identification of Inanna with the Planet Venus: a Criterion for the Time Determination of the Recognition of Constellations in Ancient Mesopotamia // Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions. 1999. Vol. 17. P. 501-513.
|-
|Kurtik 2016.
|'''???????????????????'''
|-
|Kurtik 2019.
|''Kurtik, G.E.'' muluz3, mul dGula, and the Early History of Mesopotamian Constellations, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 50, 3, https://doi.org/10.1177/0021828619853676
|-
|Labat 137.
|'''''Labat 1937 ????????????????????'''''
|-
|Labat 1939.
|''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.
|-
|Labat 1965.
|''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.
|-
|Labat 1976.
|''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.
|-
|LABS.
|''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
|-
|Lambert 1957-58.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.
|-
|Lambert 1966.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Ancient Near Eastern Seals in Birmingham Collections // Iraq. 1966. Vol. 28, № 1. P. 63-83.
|-
|Lambert 1966a.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Epic of Criation. Oxford 1966.
|-
|Lambert 1969.
|''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.
|-
|Lambert 1970.
|''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.
|-
|Lambert 1973.
|''Lambert W.G''. Studies in Nergal // BO. 1973. Bd. 30, № 5/6. P. 355-363.
|-
|Lambert 1975.
|''Lambert W.G.'' The Cosmology of Sumer and Babylon / Ancient Cosmologies. Ed. by C.Blacker & M.Loewe. London. 1975.
|-
|Lambert 1984.
|''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.
|-
|Lambert 1985.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Trees, Snakes and Gods in Ancient Syria and Anatolia // BSOAS. 1985. Vol. 48, Pt. 3. P. 435-451.
|-
|Lambert 1987a.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.
|-
|Lambert 1987b.
|''Lambert W.G''. Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea. // RlA. 1987. Bd. 7. Lief. 1/2. S. 143-145.
|-
|Lambert 1988.
|''Lambert W.G.'' Lulal/''Lātarāk'' // RlA. 1988. Bd. 7, Lief. 3/4. S. 163-164.
|-
|Lambert 1989.
|'''''???????????????????'''''
|-
|Lambert 1996.
|''Lambert W.G.'' The etymology and meaning of ialbatānu // NABU. 1996, no 4, p. 108, 123).
|-
|Lambert 2002.
|'''''????????????????'''''
|-
|Landsberger 1923.
|''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.
|-
|Landsberger 1934. Fauna.
|''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.
|-
|Landsberger 1967.
|''Landsberger B. '' Über Farben in Sumerisch-Akkadischen // JCS. 1967. Bd. 21. S. 139-173.
|-
|Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson.
|''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.
|-
|Lanfranchi-Parpola.
|''Lanfranchi G.B., Parpola S.'' The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part II. Helsinki University Press, 1990 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. V).
|-
|Langdon 1913-23.
|See [Stev.O.T.].
|-
|Langdon-Fother 1928.
|''The Venus Tablets of Ammizaduga''. By. S.Langdon, J.K.Fotheringham with tablet for computation by C.Schoch. L.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1928.
|-
|Largement 1957.
|''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.
|-
|LAS 1.
|''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. I: Texts. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1970.
|-
|LAS 2.
|''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.
|-
|LBAT
|see SAA X.
|-
|Leibovici 1957.
|''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.
|-
|Lewis 1996.
|''Lewis T.J.'' CT 13.33-34 and Ezekial 32: Lion-Dragon Myths // JAOS. 1996. P. 28-47.
|-
|Lewy 1948.
|''Lewy Hildegard and Julius''. The God Nusku // Or. 1948. Vol. 17, Fasc. 2. P.146-159.
|-
|Lewy 1956.
|''Lewy H.'' Ištar–râd and the Bow Star / Fs. Landsberger. P. 273–281.
|-
|Limet 1971.
|''Limet H.'' Les légendes des sceaux cassites. Brussel, 1971.
|-
|Linssen 2004
|''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.
|-
|Litke 1998.
|''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
|-
|Livingstone 1986.
|''Livingstone A. ''Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
|-
|Livingstone 1989.
|''Livingstone A. ''Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. Helsinki, 1989 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. 3).
|-
|LKU.
|''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.
|-
|<s>MA.</s>
|<s>''Hunger H., Pingree D''. MUL.APIN An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn, 1989 (AfO, Beiheft 24).</s>now replace by Hunger and Steele (2019): s.a.
|-
|Maass 1958.
|''Commentariorum in Aratum'' reliquiae, collegit recensuit prolegomenis indicibusque instruxit E.Maass. Berlin 1898 (reprint, Berlin 1958).
|-
|Maneveau 1994.
|''Maneveau B.'' À propos de mul HU.NIM // NABU. 1994, № 2 (June). P. 25 (No. 24).
|-
|Mayer 1976.
|''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.
|-
|Mayer 1978.
|''Mayer W.R.'' Seleukidische Rituale aus Warka mit Emesal-Gebeten // Or. 1978. Vol. 47, № 3. P. 431-458.
|-
|McEwan 1983.
|''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.
|-
|<s>MCG.</s>
|''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
|-
|Meier 1937.
|''Meier G. von''. Die assyrische Beschwörungssamlung Maqlû. Berlin, 1937 (AfO, Beiheft 2).
|-
|Meier 1942. AfO 14.
|''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.
|-
|Meyer 1983.
|''Meyer, Léon de''. Deux prières ''ikribu'' du temps ďAmmīraduqa / Fs. Kraus. P. 271-278.
|-
|Mesop.Astrol.
|''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
|-
|MHM I-II.
|''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
|-
|Michalowski 1987.
|''Michalowski P.'' Lisin // RlA. 1987. Bd. VI, Lief. 1/2. S. 32-33.
|-
|Michalowski 1993.
|???????????????????????
|-
|Michalowski 2003.
|''Michalowski, P''. An Early Dynastic Tablet of ED Lu A from Tell Brak (Nagar). Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2003(3). https://cdli.earth/articles/cdlj/2003-3.
|-
|MSL II.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. II. ''Ur-e-a = Nâqu''. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1951.
|-
|MSL III.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. III. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1955.
|-
|MSL VIII/2.
|'''''?????????????????'''''
|-
|MSL XI.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
|-
|MSL XIV.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.
|-
|MSL XV.
|''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. ''The Series DIRI = (w)Atru'' . Ed. by M.Civil. Roma, 2004.
|-
|MSL XVII
|Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.
|-
|Mullo-Weir 1929.
|''Mullo-Weir C.J.'' A Prayer to Ea, Shamash and Marduk // JRAS. 1929. Рt. II. Р. 285-288.
|-
|Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53.
|''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.
|-
|Neugebauer-Sachs 1967.
|''Neugebauer O., Sachs A''. Some Atypical Astronomical Cuneiform Texts. I // JCS. 1967. V. 21. P. 183-218.
|-
|Neugeb.-Van Hoesen.
|''Neugebauer O., Van Hoesen H.B. ''Greek Horoscopes. Philadelphia, 1959.
|-
|Nougayrol 1947.
|''Nougayrol J.'' Textes et documents figurés // RA. 1947. V. 41, № 1. p. 23-53.
|-
|Nougayrol 1971.
|''Nougayrol J.'' Nouveaux textex sur le ''ziCCu'' (II) // RA. 1971. Vol. 65, № 1. P. 67-84.
|-
|NSAM 2.
|''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
|-
|OECT.
|''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.
|-
|Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98.
|''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.
|-
|Oppenheim 1956.
|''Oppenheim A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.
|-
|Oppenheim 1959.
|''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.
|-
|Oppenheim 1969.
|'''''??????????????????????'''''
|-
|Oppenheim 1974.
|''Oppenheim A.L. '' Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation // Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1974. Vol. 15. P. 636-666.
|-
|<s>PA.</s>Alm.
|''Ptolemy's Almagest''. Transl. and Annot. by G.J.Toomer. N.Y.-Berlin-Heidelberg-Tokyo, Springer-Verlag, 1984.
|-
|Pantheon.
|''Deimel A.'' Pantheon Babylonicum. Roma, 1914.
|-
|Parpola 1972.
|''Parpola S.'' A Letter from ''Šamaš-šumu-ukīn'' to Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1972. V. 34, № 1. P. 21-34.
|-
|Parpola-Watanabe 1988.
|''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).
|-
|Papke 1978.
|''Papke W''. Die Keilschriftserie MUL.APIN. Dokument Wissenschaftlicher Astronomie in 3. Jahrtausend. Dissertation, Tübingen, 1978
|-
|Pinches 1900.
|''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.
|-
|Pingree 1992.
|''Pingree D.'' Review of Johannes Koch: Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989. XI + 157 p. // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 168-170.
|-
|Pingree 1993.
|''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 259-273.
|-
|Pingree-Walker 1988.
|''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
|-
|Porada 1987.
|''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.
|-
|Pongratz-Leisten
|''Pongratz-Leisten, B''. Ina S̆ulmi Īrub : die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik der akītu-Prozession in Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [Dissertation]. Von Zabern. 1994.
|-
|PSBA XXXI.
|'''''????????????????????'''''
|-
|PSD.
|''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–
|-
|<s>R</s>
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|RAcc.
|''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.
|-
|Reculeau 2002.
|'''''??????????????????'''''
|-
|Reiner 1959.
|'''''?????????????????????'''''
|-
|Reiner 1960.
|''Reiner E.'' Fortune-telling in Mesopotamia // JNES. 1960. Vol. 19, № 1. Р. 23-35.
|-
|Reiner 1970.
|''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).
|-
|Reiner 1985.
|''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.
|-
|Reiner 1995.
|''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
|-
|Reiner 1999.
|''Reiner E.'' Babylonian Celestial Divination / Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination. Ed. N.M.Swerdlow. Cambridge (Mass.)- L., The MIT Press, 1999. P. 21-37.
|-
|Reiner 2000.
|''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.
|-
|Reisman 1973.
|''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.
|-
|Reynolds 1998.
|''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
|-
|Reynolds 1999.
|''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.
|-
|RlA.
|''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.
|-
|RMA.
|''Thompson R.C.'' The Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh and Babylon. Vol. I-II. London, 1900.
|-
|Roberts 1972.
|''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1983.
|''Rochberg-Halton F''. Stella distances in early Babylonian astronomy: a new perspective of the Hilprecht text (HS 229) // JNES. 1983. Vol. 42. P. 209-217.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1984.
|''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1987a.
|''Rochberg-Halton F. '' The Assumed 29th ''aCû '' Tablet of ''Enūma Anu Enlil'' / Fs. Reiner. P. 327-350.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1987b.
|''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1988a.
|''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1988b.
|''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.
|-
|Rochberg-Halton 1989.
|''Rochberg-Halton F. ''Babylonian Horoscopes and their Sources // Or. 1989. Vol. 58, Fasc. 1. P. 102-123.
|-
|Römer 1965.
|''Römer W.H.'' Sumerische ‘Königshymnen’ der Isin-Zeit. Leiden, 1965.
|-
|Roughton-Canzoneri.
|''Roughton N.A., Canzoneri G.L''. Babylonian Normal Stars in Sagittarius // JHA. 1992. V. XXIII. P. 193-200.
|-
|Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004.
|''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.
|-
|SAA VIII.
|''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
|-
|SAA X.
|''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
|-
|SAALT I.
|''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).
|-
|Sachs 1948.
|''Sachs A.'' A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period // JCS. 1948. V. 2. P.271- 290.
|-
|Sachs 1952.
|''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
|-
|Sachs 1952a.
|''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.
|-
|Sachs 1974.
|''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Observational Astronomy / The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World. Ed. F.R.Hodson et al., London, 1974. P. 43-50 (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Ser. A. 276).
|-
|Sachs-Neugebauer 1956.
|''Sachs A., Neugebauer O.'' A Procedure Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Motion: B.M. 36712 // JCS. 1956. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 131-136.
|-
|Sallaberger I-II.
|''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
|-
|Salonen 1968.
|''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968.
|-
|Salonen 1970.
|''Salonen A.'' Die Fischerei im alten Mesopotamien nach Sumerisch akkadischen Quellen. Helsinki 1970.
|-
|Salonen 1973.
|''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.
|-
|Salonen-Opificius.
|''Salonen A'', ''Opificius R.'' Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.
|-
|Schaumberger, 3.Erg.
|''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.
|-
|Schaumberger 1952.
|''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
|-
|Schaumberger 1955.
|''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.
|-
|Schott 1934.
|''Schott A''. Das Werden der babylonisch-assyrischen Positions-Astronomie und einige seiner Bedingungen // ZDMG. 1934. Bd. 88. S. 302-337.
|-
|Seidl 1968.
|''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.
|-
|Seidl 1969.
|''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.
|-
|Selz 1989.
|''Selz G.J.'' Nissaba(k) 'Die Herrin der Getreidezuteilungen / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 491-497.
|-
|Selz 2000.
|''Selz G.J.'' Five Divine Ladies: Thoughts on Inana(k), Ištar, In(n)in(a), Annunītum, and Anat, and the Origin of the Title "Queen of Heaven" // Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity. 2000. V. 1. P. 29-62.
|-
|Sidersky 1920.
|''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.
|-
|SLT.
|''Chiera E.'' Sumerian Lexical Texts from Temple School of Nippur. Chicago, Chic. Univ. Press, 1929.
|-
|Smith 1925.
|''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.
|-
|Soden 1936.
|''Soden W. von''. Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.
|-
|Soden 1957.
|''Soden W. von.'' Zu einigen altbabylonischen Dichtungen // Or. 1957. Bd. 26, № 4. S. 306-320.
|-
|Soden 1959.
|''Soden W. von''. Akkadisch ''muštarîlu'' "Merkur" und arabisch ''muštari'', türkisch ''müsterī'' "Jupiter" // WZKM. 1959. Bd. 62. S. 83-86.
|-
|Soden 1987.
|''Soden W. von.'' // AfO. 1987. Bd. 34. S. 71.
|-
|Van Soldt 1995.
|''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.
|-
|Soltysiak 2001.
|''Soltysiak A.'' The Bull of Heaven in Mesopotamian Sources // Culture and Cosmos. 2001. Vol. 5, No. 2. P. 3-21.
|-
|SpTU I.
|''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
|-
|SpTU II.
|''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.
|-
|SpTU III.
|''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
|-
|SpTU IV.
|''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
|-
|SpTU V.
|''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
|-
|Steinkeller 1982.
|''Steinkeller P''. The Mesopotamian God Kakka // JNES. 1982. Vol. 41, № 4. P. 289-294.
|-
|Steinkeller 1992.
|'''''?????????????????'''''
|-
|Steinkeller 1998.
|''Steinkeller P.'' Inanna’s Archaic Symbol / Written on Clay and Stone. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Krystyna Szarzyńska on the Occasion of her 80th Birthday, ed. by J.Braun et al. Warsaw, 1998.
|-
|<s>Stev. O.T.</s>
|''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.
|-
|Stol 1989
|''Stol M.'' Old-Babylonian Ophthalmology, in: Fs. A. Finet (= Akkadica Beih. 6), 1989. 163–166.
|-
|STC I-II.
|''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.
|-
|STT I-II.
|''Gurney O., Finkelstein J.J.'', ''Hulin P.'' The Sultantepe Tablets. Vol. I-II. London 1957, 1964.
|-
|Streck 1998-2001
|'''''????????????????'''''
|-
|Szarzyńska 1993.
|''Szarzyńska K.'' Offering for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk // RA. 1993. Vol. 87. P. 7-27.
|-
|Šileiko 1927.
|Šileiko 1927. ''Šileiko V. '' Mondlaufprognosen aus der Zeit der erster babylonischen Dynastie // ДАН. Сер. В. 1927. С. 125-128.
|-
|Tallqvist 1938.
|''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
|-
|Van der Toorn 1985.
|''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.
|-
|TCL 6.
|Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.
|-
|TCS 3.
|''Sjoberg Å.W., Bergmann S.J.'' The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. N.Y., Locust Valley, 1969 (Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Vol. 3).
|-
|TLG.
|'''''???????????????????'''''
|-
|TuL.
?
|''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.
|-
|TU.
?
|''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
|-
|Thureau-Dangin 1913.
|''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.
|-
|UET 7
|''Gurney, Oliver R.'' Middle Babylonian Legal Documents and Other Texts. Ur Excavations. Texts 7. London: The Trustees of the two museums. 1974.
|-
|Unger 1954.
|''Unger S. E.'' Die Milchstrasse Nibiru, Sternbild des Marduk // WO. 1954. Bd. 2. S. 454-464.
|-
|Ungnad 1941-1944.
|''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.
|-
|Urgud.
|'''''???????????????????????'''''
|-
|Van Buren 1934.
|''Van Buren E.D.'' The God Ningizzida // Iraq. 1934. Vol. 1. P. 60f.
|-
|Van Buren 1945.
|''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.
|-
|Van Buren 1946.
|''Van Buren E.D''. The Dragon in Ancient Mesopotamia // Or. 1946. Vol. 15. P. 1-45.
|-
|Van Dijk 1971.
|''Van Dijk J.'' Nicht-kanonosche Beschwörungen und sonstige literarische Texte // Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der staatlichen Museum zu Berlin. Heft 17 (1). Berlin 1971, 10.
|-
|Van Dijk 1980.
|''Texte aus dem Rēs-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka'' / Kopien von Jan van Dijk. Zur Veröff. vorbereitet u. eingeleitet von Werner R.Mayer. — Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980 (BaM, Beiheft 2).
|-
|Verderame 2002.
|''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.
|-
|Waerden 1949.
|''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.
|-
|Waerden 1952-53.
|''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.
|-
|Waerden 1974.
|''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).
|-
|Waerden 1984.
|''Waerden B.L. van der''. Greek Astronomical calendars. I. The Parapegma of Euctemon // AHES. 1984. Vol. 29, № 2. P. 101-114.
|-
|Waerden 1991.
|???????????????????
|-
|Walker 1983.
|''Walker Ch.'' The Myth of Girra and Elamatum // Anatolian Studies, 1983, V. 33, p. 145-152.
|-
|Walker 1983a.
|''Walker Ch.'' // The Bulletin of the Society for Mesopotamian Studies. 1983. Vol. 5. P. 21-23.
|-
|Walker 1993.
|''Bibliography of Babylonian Astronomy and Astrology'', compiled by C.B.F.Walker with add. by H.D.Galter and B.Scholz / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 407- 449.
|-
|Walker 1995.
|'''''??????????????????????'''''
|-
|Walker-Hunger 1977.
|''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.
|-
|Wallenfels 1993.
|''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.
|-
| Watanabe 1991.
|''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.
|-
|Watanabe 1992.
|''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.
|-
|Weidner 1921-23.
|''Weidner E''. Studien zur babylonischen Himmelskunde // Rivista degli studi orientali. 1921-23. Vol. IX. P. 287-300.
|-
|Weidner 1923-24.
|
|-
|Weidner 1924-25.
|''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.
|-
|Weidner 1925.
|''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.
|-
|Weidner 1927.

|''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
|-
|Weidner 1931-1932.
|''Weidner E. '' Der Tierkreis und Wege am Himmel // AfO. 1931-32. Bd. 7. S. 170-178.
|-
|Weidner 1941-1944.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14. S. 172-195, 308-312.
|-
|Weidner, 1954-1956.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1954-1956. Bd. 17. S. 71-89.
|-
|Weidner 1957-1958.
|''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
|-
|Weidner 1959-1960.
|''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
|-
|Weidner 1963.
|''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.
|-
|Weidner 1967.
|''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).
|-
|Weidner, 1968-1969.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1968-1969. Bd. 22. S. 65-75.
|-
|Weiher 1971.
|''Weiher E. von.'' Der babylonische Gott Nergal. Kevelaer, 1971.
|-
|Wiggermann 1983.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1988.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1989.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1992.
| '''????????????????????''' |'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1993-1997.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1997.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 2001.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wilcke-Seidl.
|''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.
|-
|Wiseman 1958. ||''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.
|-
| Wolters 1993. ||''Wolters A.'' An Allusion to Libra in Daniel 5* / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 291-306.
|}

===Publications in Russian===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
| Боровская 1997.
|''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.
|-
|Ван дер Варден 1991.
|''Ван дер Варден Б.Л''. Пробуждающаяся наука II. Рождение астрономии / Пер. с англ. М.: Наука, 1991.
|-
| Емельянов 1999.
|''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
|-
| Емельянов 2001.
|''Емельянов В.В''. Древний Шумер. СПб: "Петербургское востоковедение", 2001.
|-
|Емельянов 2002.
|''Емельянов В.В.'' Шумерский космогонический миф "Энки и устройство мироздания" // Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 94-122.
|-
|Клочков 1983.
|''Клочков И.С.'' Духовная культура Вавилонии: человек, судьба, время. М.: Наука, 1983
|-
|Кононенко 1997.
|''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.
|-
|Куртик 1990.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Астрономия древнего Египта // ИАИ. 1990. Вып. XXII. C. 207-256.
|-
|Куртик, 1995.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. История Зодиака согласно клинописным источникам // ВДИ, 1995, № 1, с. 175-188.
|-
|Куртик, 1998.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''Астральная символика в древней Месопотамии III тыс. до н.э. // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники. 1998. Вып. 2. С. 20-44.
|-
|Куртик, 1999.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Космология древней Месопотамии // Исследования по истории физики и механики (1995- 1997). М.: Наука, 1999. С. 60-75.
|-
|Куртик, 2000a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Созвездия древней Месопотамии (II-I тыс. до н.э.) // ИАИ. 2000. Вып. XXV. С. 128-154.
|-
|Kуртик, 2000b.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. Отождествление Инанны с планетой Венера как критерий для определения времени выделения созвездий в древней Месопотамии // ВДИ. 2000. Вып. 1. С. 89-98.
|-
|Куртик 2002.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''О происхождении названий греческих зодиакальных созвездий // ВИЕТ. 2002. № 1. С. 76-106.
|-
|Куртик 2002a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Ранняя история месопотамских созвездий (К проблеме происхождения созвездий) // ИАИ. 2002. Вып. 27. С. 259-308 (Перепечатка.: Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 186-229).
|-
|МНМ I-II.
|''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
|-
|От начала начал.
|''От начала начал''. Антология шумерской поэзии / Вступ. статья, перевод, комментарии, словарь В.К.Афанасьевой. СПб.: Центр "Петербургское востоковедение", 1997.
|-
|Россиус 1992.
|''Небо, наука, поэзия''. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.
|-
|Саркисян 1955.
|''Cаркисян Г.Ч.'' Частные клинописные контракты селевкидского времени из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа // ВДИ. 1955. Вып. 54/4. С. 136-170.
|-
|Свят.-Четв. 1998.||''Святополк-Четвертынский И.А''. Корни Зодиака в космологической доктрине Шумера и Вавилона / Древняя астрономия: небо и человек. Труды конференции. Москва, 1998.
|-
|Шилейко 1924.||''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.
|-
|Я открою тебе.||''Я открою тебе сокровенное слово '' (Литература Вавилонии и Ассирии) / Пер. с аккадского. Сост. В.К.Афанасьевой и И.М.Дьяконова. М.: Художественная литература, 1981.
|}

== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
|-
|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
|-
| MSL
|Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|}

[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]