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Pipit

2025-07-29T16:08:44Z

Cliveruggles: /* Confusion of Pipit and Ensoelit */

[[File:Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus).jpg|thumb|Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus)]]
Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit", The Little Rice Thief (a species of sparrow).

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Schadee1914 Pipit+Ensoelit.jpg|alt=screenshot|thumb|drawing in Schadee (1914: 132), map of "pipit" and "ensoelit" next to Sirius. ]]

ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 M.C. Schadee (1914)] in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ĕnsoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". <blockquote>"''Ĕnsoelit, naam van een vogel, welke vaak groote schade aan de te velde staande padi toebrengt. Ĕnsoelit bestaat uit zeta en nu Argus. Nu Argus heet ook pipit = musch''."

'''English'''

Ĕnsoelit, name of a bird which often causes great damage to the young rice plants ('padi') in the fields. Ĕnsoelit consists of ζ and ν Argus. ν Argus is also known as pipit = musch.</blockquote>In modern Dutch the latter bird is known as 'mus' which Wikipedia calls a Old World Sparrow. ''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref name=":0">Yulius Yogi, M. Sofwan Anwari, S.M. Kartikawati (2019). "Etnozoologi sebagai pertanda oleh masyarakat dayak simpakng di desa mekar raya kecamatan simpang dua kabupaten ketapang" JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI, Vol. 7 (2) : 716 – 722, [[https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1 link]]</ref>

A footnote in Schadee's paper identifies them as 'rijstdiefjes' = little rice thieves. They are also known as 'rijstvogels' of rice birds and are commonly known as [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=549BEA0C618F1B97 Java sparrows]. "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, Marie C. (1914)]. “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''69''', 130–139, p. 132 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 JSTOR link]].</ref>

Note that the modern star names are given as ν and ζ Arg (constellation name "[[Argo]]" with abbreviation "Arg" was standardized by the IAU in 1922, although six years later, the decision upon Delporte's borderlines made it unnecessary to be used throughout the 20th century; it is still useful in historical texts).

=== Confusion of Pipit and Ensoelit ===
Schadee's text stating that "Pipit" is a sparrow and "Ensoelit" is also a bird that named a constellation contradicts his diagram that seems to suggest that "Ensoelit" and "Pipit" are two star names of one (unnamed?) constellation. This leads to the question if the "ensoelit" bird has a similarly important (or any) significance in any Indonesian culture.

After the spelling reform in Indonesia in 1980, Ensoelit is now spelled "ensulit"; it originates from the "Dayak Iban"-language, spoken in West Borneo and close to Malaysian language. On Java, for instance, it is not common and the term "ensulit" is not known at all. The Dayak are a huge ethnic with many subcultures (languages and ritual traditions). Schadee got the term from the Dayak Landak, we also found it in Dayak Kanayatan and Dayak Simpakng,

The term "ensulit" is used only in the compound word "burik ensulit", meaning: "the bad looking feather". It refers to a specific feather of some roosters at the point where its tail joins the body. Superstition has it that a rooster with this feather is "the lucky one" in cockfights. It is considered to bring its owner fortune.

So, this is a misunderstanding by Schadee: "Ensoelit" is not a bird.

=== Etymology and Species of birds ===
There are also other species of bird called "Pipit", e.g. the [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Pipit/overview# American Pipit] which lives in the Americas, Northeast and East Asia. However, the star name seems to be applied in Indonesia only. Today, the term designates a [[wikipedia:Pipit|genus of small passerine birds]].

However, the term "Pipit" occurred in European languages only in the middle of the 18th century and is considered probably imitative (cf. [https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/ Oxford Languages]). We consider the star name as indigenous Indonesian and the term in modern biology a take-over from this original.

==Mythology==

The rice bird is mentioned in the local lore of the Kanayatn Dayak community in West Kalimantan (Borneo) relating to the divine origin of rice:

<blockquote>... which comes from a sprig of rice from Jubata (God) on an onion mountain that was stolen by a sparrow and the rice fell into the hands of ''ne Jaek'' who was wailing. It was from here that humans, in the Dayak language called ''Talino'', began to know rice as their staple food.<ref>Saiful Bahri & Emi Tipuk Lestari, "Naik Dango Tradition in Supporting the Social Integration of Ethnic Dayak Community Kanayatn Binua Sunge Samak Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan", ''Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture'', '''14(1)''' (2022), pp. 53-65 [cf. p. 62, slightly modified] [[http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v14i1.30934 doi link]].</ref></blockquote>

Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.

The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<ref name=":0" />

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
While "pipit" is a Western bird name it also appears to be a local (Kenyatan) name for a bird, whether a sparrow or munia/finch. It is clearly identified by Schadee with [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%CE%BD+Pup&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ν Pup (SIMBAD)]. The blue (B8) giant star has 3.17 mag in V. We are unaware of any other cultural names for Nu Pup.

WGSN thanks Youla Azkarrula (from Bali, Indonesia) for valuable contributions to this topic.

In August 2024, WGSN adopted "Pipit" for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%CE%BD+Pup&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ν Pup].

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Dayak]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Arg]][[Category:Pup]]

Pipit

2025-07-29T16:08:08Z

Cliveruggles: /* Confusion of Pipit and Ensoelit */

[[File:Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus).jpg|thumb|Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus)]]
Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit", The Little Rice Thief (a species of sparrow).

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Schadee1914 Pipit+Ensoelit.jpg|alt=screenshot|thumb|drawing in Schadee (1914: 132), map of "pipit" and "ensoelit" next to Sirius. ]]

ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 M.C. Schadee (1914)] in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ĕnsoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". <blockquote>"''Ĕnsoelit, naam van een vogel, welke vaak groote schade aan de te velde staande padi toebrengt. Ĕnsoelit bestaat uit zeta en nu Argus. Nu Argus heet ook pipit = musch''."

'''English'''

Ĕnsoelit, name of a bird which often causes great damage to the young rice plants ('padi') in the fields. Ĕnsoelit consists of ζ and ν Argus. ν Argus is also known as pipit = musch.</blockquote>In modern Dutch the latter bird is known as 'mus' which Wikipedia calls a Old World Sparrow. ''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref name=":0">Yulius Yogi, M. Sofwan Anwari, S.M. Kartikawati (2019). "Etnozoologi sebagai pertanda oleh masyarakat dayak simpakng di desa mekar raya kecamatan simpang dua kabupaten ketapang" JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI, Vol. 7 (2) : 716 – 722, [[https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1 link]]</ref>

A footnote in Schadee's paper identifies them as 'rijstdiefjes' = little rice thieves. They are also known as 'rijstvogels' of rice birds and are commonly known as [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=549BEA0C618F1B97 Java sparrows]. "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, Marie C. (1914)]. “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''69''', 130–139, p. 132 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 JSTOR link]].</ref>

Note that the modern star names are given as ν and ζ Arg (constellation name "[[Argo]]" with abbreviation "Arg" was standardized by the IAU in 1922, although six years later, the decision upon Delporte's borderlines made it unnecessary to be used throughout the 20th century; it is still useful in historical texts).

=== Confusion of Pipit and Ensoelit ===
Schadee's text stating that "Pipit" is a sparrow and "Ensoelit" is also a bird that named a constellation contradicts his diagram that seems to suggest that "Ensoelit" and "Pipit" are two star names of one (unnamed?) constellation. This leads to the question if the "ensoelit" bird has a similarly important (or any) significance in any Indonesian culture.

After the spelling reform in Indonesia in 1980, Ensoelit is now spelled "ensulit"; it originates from the "Dayak Iban"-language, spoken in West Borneo and close to Malaysian language. On Java, for instance, it is not common and the term "ensulit" is not known at all. The Dayak are a huge ethnic with many subcultures (languages and ritual traditions). Schadee got the term from the Dayak Landak, we also found it in Dayak Kanayatan and Dayak Simpakng,

The term "ensulit" is used only in the compound word "burik ensulit", meaning: "the bad looking feather". It refers to a specific feather of some roosters at the point where its tail joins the body. Supersticion has it that a rooster with this feather is "the lucky one" in cockfights. It is considered to bring its owner fortune.

So, this is a misunderstanding by Schadee: "Ensoelit" is not a bird.

=== Etymology and Species of birds ===
There are also other species of bird called "Pipit", e.g. the [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Pipit/overview# American Pipit] which lives in the Americas, Northeast and East Asia. However, the star name seems to be applied in Indonesia only. Today, the term designates a [[wikipedia:Pipit|genus of small passerine birds]].

However, the term "Pipit" occurred in European languages only in the middle of the 18th century and is considered probably imitative (cf. [https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/ Oxford Languages]). We consider the star name as indigenous Indonesian and the term in modern biology a take-over from this original.

==Mythology==

The rice bird is mentioned in the local lore of the Kanayatn Dayak community in West Kalimantan (Borneo) relating to the divine origin of rice:

<blockquote>... which comes from a sprig of rice from Jubata (God) on an onion mountain that was stolen by a sparrow and the rice fell into the hands of ''ne Jaek'' who was wailing. It was from here that humans, in the Dayak language called ''Talino'', began to know rice as their staple food.<ref>Saiful Bahri & Emi Tipuk Lestari, "Naik Dango Tradition in Supporting the Social Integration of Ethnic Dayak Community Kanayatn Binua Sunge Samak Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan", ''Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture'', '''14(1)''' (2022), pp. 53-65 [cf. p. 62, slightly modified] [[http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v14i1.30934 doi link]].</ref></blockquote>

Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.

The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<ref name=":0" />

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
While "pipit" is a Western bird name it also appears to be a local (Kenyatan) name for a bird, whether a sparrow or munia/finch. It is clearly identified by Schadee with [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%CE%BD+Pup&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ν Pup (SIMBAD)]. The blue (B8) giant star has 3.17 mag in V. We are unaware of any other cultural names for Nu Pup.

WGSN thanks Youla Azkarrula (from Bali, Indonesia) for valuable contributions to this topic.

In August 2024, WGSN adopted "Pipit" for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%CE%BD+Pup&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ν Pup].

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Dayak]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Arg]][[Category:Pup]]

Bake-eo

2024-07-31T08:39:36Z

Cliveruggles: /* Meaning of the term */

[[File:Erdland1914 Bake-eo.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Bage Eo" mentioned in Erdland's list of Marshallese names in 1914. ]]A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Necklace, sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08298.JPG|alt=photograph of the necklace|thumb|Necklace from sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 (Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München, CC0)]]
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage Eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #15]). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris). Abo ''et al''. (2019) render the name as ''Bake-eo''.

=== Meaning of the term ===
''Bake'' is the [[wikipedia:Spondylus#:~:text=Spondylus%20is%20a%20genus%20of,in%20fact%2C%20true%20oysters).|spondylus mussel]] whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as [https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland, p. 79 #14] and "[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/90/mode/2up 67, 68, 70 Ophiuchi bilden einen „Drillbohrer" page 90]), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself.

The particle "Eo" simply means "here it is, take it" (Abo ''et al''. 2019).

=== Marshallese Sky Culture ===
Erdland had observed the culture(s) on various islands and interviewed Elders; his knowledge comes from stargazing with Elders. He writes ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland 1914: 76,77]): <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde ist kein Gemeingut aller Eingeborenen noch das Monopol der Häuptlingsfamilien, sondern vielmehr das Geheimnis besonders intelligenter und beobachtungsfähiger Individuen, die diese Kenntnis in ihren Familien vererben. Infolge dieser Kenntnis stehen solche Familien über den gewöhnlichen Untertanen, wenn sie auch von Geburt aus ranglos sind. Diese Restriktion vorausgesetzt, kann ruhig behauptet werden, daß ein gewöhnlicher Eingeborener die Sterne und Wellen nicht kennen darf. Wohl mag ihm aus alten Erzählungen der Name dieses oder jenes Sternes bekannt sein, nicht jedoch dessen Position am Himmelsgewölbe.''"

'''English'''

"The science of stars and waves is not the common property of all indigenous people, nor is it the monopoly of the chiefdoms, but rather the secret of particularly intelligent and observant individuals who pass this knowledge on within their families. As a result of this knowledge, such families stand above the ordinary subjects, even as they are rankless by birth. Assuming this restriction, it can safely be said that an ordinary native cannot know the stars and waves. He may know the name of this or that star from old tales, but not its position in the firmament." </blockquote>The star knowledge is secret knowledge of specific families: <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde gilt als ein kostbares Erbgut, das außerhalb des Familienverbandes niemand besitzen darf. Sie ist ein Schatz, der die Familie in den Augen der Häuptlinge sowohl als der Untertanen hebt.''" [...]

"''Die Hauptseefahrer wohnen auf den nördlich von Ailinlablab gelegenen Atollen Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik und Ronlab. Unter ihnen möchte ich als die bekanntesten angeben : Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur und Loien (Frau Zeit).''"

'''English'''

Star and wave lore is considered a precious heritage that no one outside the family is allowed to possess. It is a treasure that elevates the family in the eyes of both the chiefs and the subjects. [...]

The main seafarers live on the atolls of Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik and Ronlab to the north of Ailinlablab. The best known of these are Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur and Loien (Mrs Time).</blockquote>The better social position of the star people leads to special rights, such as the use of larger estates and the chieftain's right to walk on the weather side of the island. Fathers often have a favourite child to pass on this knowledge and it does not matter whether it is a boy or a girl. Erdland reports that the Marshallese stargazers are very modest and when asked if they know the stars they say "some of them". He got them to share their knowledge with him by asking them about their ancestors: <blockquote>''Alsbald wird er das Lob seiner Voreltern singen: sie haben zuerst die Seefahrt und Sterne gekannt; sie haben auf ihren Fahrten Krieg geführt und den jetzigen Häuptlingen zum Sieg verhelfen; alle anderen Familien hingegen haben keine so ausgedehnte Kenntnis. Stundenlang würde er von seinen Ahnen, den gebildeten, sprechen, machte man ihn nicht darauf aufmerksam, daß es einem nicht um das Wissen längst verschiedener Ahnen zu tun ist, sondern um das von ihnen ererbte.''

'''English'''

He will soon sing the praises of his ancestors: they were the first to know navigation and the stars; they waged war on their voyages and helped the present chiefs to victory; all other families, on the other hand, have no such extensive knowledge. He would talk for hours about his ancestors, the educated ones, if it were not pointed out to him that it is not the knowledge of long-gone ancestors that is important, but the knowledge inherited from them.</blockquote>
[[File:Micronesian navigational chart.jpg|alt=photograph of a stick chart |thumb|A navigational chart from the Marshall Islands, on display at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. It is made of wood, sennit fiber and cowrie shells. From the collection of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Date not known. Photo by Jim Heaphy (CC-BY-SA 3.0). ]]
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater He continues on page 78] <blockquote>''Ich bat ihn [den Häuptling, der selbst fortgeschrittenen Alters war und seine Nachtruhe brauchte] jedoch, die Seefahrer Lowane und Lekoujabue damit zu beauftragen, mir ihr Wissen mitzuteilen. Letzterer kam denn auch abends und selbst in den frühen Morgenstunden. Zu meinem größten Staunen zeigte er 64 Sterne und Sternbilder.''

'''English'''

However, I asked him [the chief, who was himself advanced in age and needed his night's rest] to commission the sailors Lowane and Lekoujabue to share their knowledge with me. The latter came in the evening and even in the early hours of the morning. To my great amazement, he showed me 64 stars and constellations.</blockquote>Above his star name list, he writes: <blockquote>''[Es kann für] die Richtigkeit einiger Sternbilder keine volle Garantie übernommen werden[...], da unter den Seefahrern selbst Divergenzen auftreten. Zu verwundern ist, daß manche Sterne erster Größe, wie Sirius, Rigel, keinen Namen haben, wohingegen manche der von den eingeborenen Seefahrern mit einem Namen bedachten Sternbilder aus Sternen vierter bis fünfter Größe zusammengesetzt sind.''

'''English'''

No full guarantee can be given for the correctness of some constellations since divergences occur among the navigators themselves. It is surprising that some stars of the first magnitude, such as Sirius and Rigel, have no name, whereas some of the constellations given a name by the native navigators are composed of stars of the fourth to fifth magnitude.</blockquote>Erdland (1914: 92) also refers to the famous [[wikipedia:Marshall_Islands_stick_chart|Marshallese stick charts]] for see navigation.

==Mythology==
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)

[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland reports only four star lores (p. 210-226)], three concerning the Pleiades, one concerning Antares.

* Liködaner gibt ihrem Sohne Siebengestirn das erste Segelkanu. (Liködaner gives her son Pleiades the first sailing canoe.)
* Siebengestirns Eifersucht auf Jibuges Weib. (Pleiades's jealousy of Jibuge's wife.)
* Siebengestirn bestraft zwei Leute wegen Verachtung seiner Person. (Pleiades punishes two people for contempt of his person)
* Antares rächt die Untreue seiner Frau. (Antares avenges his wife's infidelity)

==IAU Name Discussion==

The star name has been proposed to the IAU WGSN since 2021; in 2024 the group discussed to register the name Bake-eo for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=gam+Oph&submit=SIMBAD+search γ Oph (SIMBAD-link)] with Vmag = 3.75 in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. gam Oph currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. Astrophysically, gam Oph is a bright, nearby (distance ~ 30 parsecs) star that was one of the original A0V spectral type and photometric standard stars that helped define the zero points of the Johnson UBV photometric system (Johnson & Morgan 1953; 1953ApJ...117..313J).

We don't know (yet) what map the author was using to ascribe the Marshallese names to stars with Bayer and Flamsteed designations - because some of the names for the stars and asterisms are for quite surprising stars: e.g. "Lerrik ran nejin Jabro" are attributed to the faint pair pi Tau (V=4.7mag) and 71 Tau (V=4.5mag) in the Hyades. Additionally, they have the curious alias "Rediculus" for alpha Pavonis, which seems to be unique to German 19th cen and early 20th cen navigation works (e.g. Stupar 1908).

=== Are there alternative cultural names for gam Oph? ===
gam Oph is part of the '''[[Zongzheng]]''' asterism (Sun & Kistemaker 1997; "The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society") from the Shi shi xingjing Star Catalogue.

'''Aldurajah''' (Moore & Rees 2011). This is one of dozens of star names that appear in Moore & Rees that appear to have dubious origins. The name obviously sounds Arabic, but it does not appear as a celestial name in any other source that covers either indigenous Arabian or scientific Arabic names that I've seen. Mentions online appear to be mainly over the past decade after the publication of Moore & Rees 2011.

'''Muliphen''' (Allen 1899) "''but I cannot trace it here, although this title is famous in other parts of the sky''". Regardless of the etymology, the name is non-unique and the WGSN already adopted "Muliphein" for gam CMa.

=== Is the hyphen necessary? ===
Why not just "'''Bakeeo'''" which would ease the lives of astrophysicists? We've not needed hyphens for any of the previous IAU star names. Among ~24,000 IAU names for asteroids, exoplanets, satellites, and stars, they are used sparingly (200 instances or ~0.8%), and all of which are for asteroids - and for proper names where a hyphen was usually used for a modern proper name (e.g., (11274) Castillo-Rogez) or for some modern transliterations of ancient proper names (e.g. (11156) Al-Khwarismi).

However, writing it "Bakeeo" would introduce a lot of confusion. This is not only because it would tempt people to pronounce it "Bak-ee-yew" rather than "Bak-ey-yew" (i.e. putting in a long "ee" sound, which is wrong, as long and short vowels are distinct in many Pacific languages). The double-vowel is an orthographic nightmare anyway owing to its ambiguous use by various ethnographers, sometimes to represent a long "ey" sound (properly transcribed as "ē", as opposed to "ī" which represents the long "ee" sound) and sometimes to represent "e‘e", i.e. two short "ey" sounds separated by a glottal stop, which is incorrectly omitted. Actually, "Bake‘eo" would be closest to the actual pronunciation, but the glottal stop is not used in Marshallese, so that spelling would be misleading. So we are stuck with "Bake-eo".

Yet another idea would be to use the spelling "'''Bakeyew'''" as this would reflect the English spelling of the pronunciation. In Arabic transliteration there are also at least two versions of the transliteration: one according to the written letters and one according to the sound in spoken language (cf. "Altair" and "Atair"). However, "Bakeyew" could look like Russian (or other Slavic languages): We checked that there is no Russian meaning of the term.

==References==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref>
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Marshallese]]

Bake-eo

2024-07-31T08:38:55Z

Cliveruggles: /* Meaning of the term */

[[File:Erdland1914 Bake-eo.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Bage Eo" mentioned in Erdland's list of Marshallese names in 1914. ]]A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Necklace, sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08298.JPG|alt=photograph of the necklace|thumb|Necklace from sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 (Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München, CC0)]]
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage Eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #15]). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris). Abo ''et al''. (2019) render the name as ''Bake-eo''.

=== Meaning of the term ===
''Bake'' is the [[wikipedia:Spondylus#:~:text=Spondylus%20is%20a%20genus%20of,in%20fact%2C%20true%20oysters).|spondylus mussel]] whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as [https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland, p. 79 #14] and "[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/90/mode/2up 67, 68, 70 Ophiuchi bilden einen „Drillbohrer" page 90]), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself

The particle "Eo" simply means "here it is, take it" (Abo ''et al''. 2019).

=== Marshallese Sky Culture ===
Erdland had observed the culture(s) on various islands and interviewed Elders; his knowledge comes from stargazing with Elders. He writes ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland 1914: 76,77]): <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde ist kein Gemeingut aller Eingeborenen noch das Monopol der Häuptlingsfamilien, sondern vielmehr das Geheimnis besonders intelligenter und beobachtungsfähiger Individuen, die diese Kenntnis in ihren Familien vererben. Infolge dieser Kenntnis stehen solche Familien über den gewöhnlichen Untertanen, wenn sie auch von Geburt aus ranglos sind. Diese Restriktion vorausgesetzt, kann ruhig behauptet werden, daß ein gewöhnlicher Eingeborener die Sterne und Wellen nicht kennen darf. Wohl mag ihm aus alten Erzählungen der Name dieses oder jenes Sternes bekannt sein, nicht jedoch dessen Position am Himmelsgewölbe.''"

'''English'''

"The science of stars and waves is not the common property of all indigenous people, nor is it the monopoly of the chiefdoms, but rather the secret of particularly intelligent and observant individuals who pass this knowledge on within their families. As a result of this knowledge, such families stand above the ordinary subjects, even as they are rankless by birth. Assuming this restriction, it can safely be said that an ordinary native cannot know the stars and waves. He may know the name of this or that star from old tales, but not its position in the firmament." </blockquote>The star knowledge is secret knowledge of specific families: <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde gilt als ein kostbares Erbgut, das außerhalb des Familienverbandes niemand besitzen darf. Sie ist ein Schatz, der die Familie in den Augen der Häuptlinge sowohl als der Untertanen hebt.''" [...]

"''Die Hauptseefahrer wohnen auf den nördlich von Ailinlablab gelegenen Atollen Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik und Ronlab. Unter ihnen möchte ich als die bekanntesten angeben : Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur und Loien (Frau Zeit).''"

'''English'''

Star and wave lore is considered a precious heritage that no one outside the family is allowed to possess. It is a treasure that elevates the family in the eyes of both the chiefs and the subjects. [...]

The main seafarers live on the atolls of Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik and Ronlab to the north of Ailinlablab. The best known of these are Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur and Loien (Mrs Time).</blockquote>The better social position of the star people leads to special rights, such as the use of larger estates and the chieftain's right to walk on the weather side of the island. Fathers often have a favourite child to pass on this knowledge and it does not matter whether it is a boy or a girl. Erdland reports that the Marshallese stargazers are very modest and when asked if they know the stars they say "some of them". He got them to share their knowledge with him by asking them about their ancestors: <blockquote>''Alsbald wird er das Lob seiner Voreltern singen: sie haben zuerst die Seefahrt und Sterne gekannt; sie haben auf ihren Fahrten Krieg geführt und den jetzigen Häuptlingen zum Sieg verhelfen; alle anderen Familien hingegen haben keine so ausgedehnte Kenntnis. Stundenlang würde er von seinen Ahnen, den gebildeten, sprechen, machte man ihn nicht darauf aufmerksam, daß es einem nicht um das Wissen längst verschiedener Ahnen zu tun ist, sondern um das von ihnen ererbte.''

'''English'''

He will soon sing the praises of his ancestors: they were the first to know navigation and the stars; they waged war on their voyages and helped the present chiefs to victory; all other families, on the other hand, have no such extensive knowledge. He would talk for hours about his ancestors, the educated ones, if it were not pointed out to him that it is not the knowledge of long-gone ancestors that is important, but the knowledge inherited from them.</blockquote>
[[File:Micronesian navigational chart.jpg|alt=photograph of a stick chart |thumb|A navigational chart from the Marshall Islands, on display at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. It is made of wood, sennit fiber and cowrie shells. From the collection of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Date not known. Photo by Jim Heaphy (CC-BY-SA 3.0). ]]
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater He continues on page 78] <blockquote>''Ich bat ihn [den Häuptling, der selbst fortgeschrittenen Alters war und seine Nachtruhe brauchte] jedoch, die Seefahrer Lowane und Lekoujabue damit zu beauftragen, mir ihr Wissen mitzuteilen. Letzterer kam denn auch abends und selbst in den frühen Morgenstunden. Zu meinem größten Staunen zeigte er 64 Sterne und Sternbilder.''

'''English'''

However, I asked him [the chief, who was himself advanced in age and needed his night's rest] to commission the sailors Lowane and Lekoujabue to share their knowledge with me. The latter came in the evening and even in the early hours of the morning. To my great amazement, he showed me 64 stars and constellations.</blockquote>Above his star name list, he writes: <blockquote>''[Es kann für] die Richtigkeit einiger Sternbilder keine volle Garantie übernommen werden[...], da unter den Seefahrern selbst Divergenzen auftreten. Zu verwundern ist, daß manche Sterne erster Größe, wie Sirius, Rigel, keinen Namen haben, wohingegen manche der von den eingeborenen Seefahrern mit einem Namen bedachten Sternbilder aus Sternen vierter bis fünfter Größe zusammengesetzt sind.''

'''English'''

No full guarantee can be given for the correctness of some constellations since divergences occur among the navigators themselves. It is surprising that some stars of the first magnitude, such as Sirius and Rigel, have no name, whereas some of the constellations given a name by the native navigators are composed of stars of the fourth to fifth magnitude.</blockquote>Erdland (1914: 92) also refers to the famous [[wikipedia:Marshall_Islands_stick_chart|Marshallese stick charts]] for see navigation.

==Mythology==
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)

[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland reports only four star lores (p. 210-226)], three concerning the Pleiades, one concerning Antares.

* Liködaner gibt ihrem Sohne Siebengestirn das erste Segelkanu. (Liködaner gives her son Pleiades the first sailing canoe.)
* Siebengestirns Eifersucht auf Jibuges Weib. (Pleiades's jealousy of Jibuge's wife.)
* Siebengestirn bestraft zwei Leute wegen Verachtung seiner Person. (Pleiades punishes two people for contempt of his person)
* Antares rächt die Untreue seiner Frau. (Antares avenges his wife's infidelity)

==IAU Name Discussion==

The star name has been proposed to the IAU WGSN since 2021; in 2024 the group discussed to register the name Bake-eo for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=gam+Oph&submit=SIMBAD+search γ Oph (SIMBAD-link)] with Vmag = 3.75 in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. gam Oph currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. Astrophysically, gam Oph is a bright, nearby (distance ~ 30 parsecs) star that was one of the original A0V spectral type and photometric standard stars that helped define the zero points of the Johnson UBV photometric system (Johnson & Morgan 1953; 1953ApJ...117..313J).

We don't know (yet) what map the author was using to ascribe the Marshallese names to stars with Bayer and Flamsteed designations - because some of the names for the stars and asterisms are for quite surprising stars: e.g. "Lerrik ran nejin Jabro" are attributed to the faint pair pi Tau (V=4.7mag) and 71 Tau (V=4.5mag) in the Hyades. Additionally, they have the curious alias "Rediculus" for alpha Pavonis, which seems to be unique to German 19th cen and early 20th cen navigation works (e.g. Stupar 1908).

=== Are there alternative cultural names for gam Oph? ===
gam Oph is part of the '''[[Zongzheng]]''' asterism (Sun & Kistemaker 1997; "The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society") from the Shi shi xingjing Star Catalogue.

'''Aldurajah''' (Moore & Rees 2011). This is one of dozens of star names that appear in Moore & Rees that appear to have dubious origins. The name obviously sounds Arabic, but it does not appear as a celestial name in any other source that covers either indigenous Arabian or scientific Arabic names that I've seen. Mentions online appear to be mainly over the past decade after the publication of Moore & Rees 2011.

'''Muliphen''' (Allen 1899) "''but I cannot trace it here, although this title is famous in other parts of the sky''". Regardless of the etymology, the name is non-unique and the WGSN already adopted "Muliphein" for gam CMa.

=== Is the hyphen necessary? ===
Why not just "'''Bakeeo'''" which would ease the lives of astrophysicists? We've not needed hyphens for any of the previous IAU star names. Among ~24,000 IAU names for asteroids, exoplanets, satellites, and stars, they are used sparingly (200 instances or ~0.8%), and all of which are for asteroids - and for proper names where a hyphen was usually used for a modern proper name (e.g., (11274) Castillo-Rogez) or for some modern transliterations of ancient proper names (e.g. (11156) Al-Khwarismi).

However, writing it "Bakeeo" would introduce a lot of confusion. This is not only because it would tempt people to pronounce it "Bak-ee-yew" rather than "Bak-ey-yew" (i.e. putting in a long "ee" sound, which is wrong, as long and short vowels are distinct in many Pacific languages). The double-vowel is an orthographic nightmare anyway owing to its ambiguous use by various ethnographers, sometimes to represent a long "ey" sound (properly transcribed as "ē", as opposed to "ī" which represents the long "ee" sound) and sometimes to represent "e‘e", i.e. two short "ey" sounds separated by a glottal stop, which is incorrectly omitted. Actually, "Bake‘eo" would be closest to the actual pronunciation, but the glottal stop is not used in Marshallese, so that spelling would be misleading. So we are stuck with "Bake-eo".

Yet another idea would be to use the spelling "'''Bakeyew'''" as this would reflect the English spelling of the pronunciation. In Arabic transliteration there are also at least two versions of the transliteration: one according to the written letters and one according to the sound in spoken language (cf. "Altair" and "Atair"). However, "Bakeyew" could look like Russian (or other Slavic languages): We checked that there is no Russian meaning of the term.

==References==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref>
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Marshallese]]

Bake-eo

2024-07-31T08:36:20Z

Cliveruggles:

[[File:Erdland1914 Bake-eo.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Bage Eo" mentioned in Erdland's list of Marshallese names in 1914. ]]A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Necklace, sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08298.JPG|alt=photograph of the necklace|thumb|Necklace from sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 (Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München, CC0)]]
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage Eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #15]). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris). Abo ''et al''. (2019) render the name as ''Bake-eo''.

=== Meaning of the term ===
''Bake'' is the [[wikipedia:Spondylus#:~:text=Spondylus%20is%20a%20genus%20of,in%20fact%2C%20true%20oysters).|spondylus mussel]] whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as [https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland, p. 79 #14] and "[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/90/mode/2up 67, 68, 70 Ophiuchi bilden einen „Drillbohrer" page 90]), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself.

=== Marshallese Sky Culture ===
Erdland had observed the culture(s) on various islands and interviewed Elders; his knowledge comes from stargazing with Elders. He writes ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland 1914: 76,77]): <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde ist kein Gemeingut aller Eingeborenen noch das Monopol der Häuptlingsfamilien, sondern vielmehr das Geheimnis besonders intelligenter und beobachtungsfähiger Individuen, die diese Kenntnis in ihren Familien vererben. Infolge dieser Kenntnis stehen solche Familien über den gewöhnlichen Untertanen, wenn sie auch von Geburt aus ranglos sind. Diese Restriktion vorausgesetzt, kann ruhig behauptet werden, daß ein gewöhnlicher Eingeborener die Sterne und Wellen nicht kennen darf. Wohl mag ihm aus alten Erzählungen der Name dieses oder jenes Sternes bekannt sein, nicht jedoch dessen Position am Himmelsgewölbe.''"

'''English'''

"The science of stars and waves is not the common property of all indigenous people, nor is it the monopoly of the chiefdoms, but rather the secret of particularly intelligent and observant individuals who pass this knowledge on within their families. As a result of this knowledge, such families stand above the ordinary subjects, even as they are rankless by birth. Assuming this restriction, it can safely be said that an ordinary native cannot know the stars and waves. He may know the name of this or that star from old tales, but not its position in the firmament." </blockquote>The star knowledge is secret knowledge of specific families: <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde gilt als ein kostbares Erbgut, das außerhalb des Familienverbandes niemand besitzen darf. Sie ist ein Schatz, der die Familie in den Augen der Häuptlinge sowohl als der Untertanen hebt.''" [...]

"''Die Hauptseefahrer wohnen auf den nördlich von Ailinlablab gelegenen Atollen Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik und Ronlab. Unter ihnen möchte ich als die bekanntesten angeben : Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur und Loien (Frau Zeit).''"

'''English'''

Star and wave lore is considered a precious heritage that no one outside the family is allowed to possess. It is a treasure that elevates the family in the eyes of both the chiefs and the subjects. [...]

The main seafarers live on the atolls of Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik and Ronlab to the north of Ailinlablab. The best known of these are Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur and Loien (Mrs Time).</blockquote>The better social position of the star people leads to special rights, such as the use of larger estates and the chieftain's right to walk on the weather side of the island. Fathers often have a favourite child to pass on this knowledge and it does not matter whether it is a boy or a girl. Erdland reports that the Marshallese stargazers are very modest and when asked if they know the stars they say "some of them". He got them to share their knowledge with him by asking them about their ancestors: <blockquote>''Alsbald wird er das Lob seiner Voreltern singen: sie haben zuerst die Seefahrt und Sterne gekannt; sie haben auf ihren Fahrten Krieg geführt und den jetzigen Häuptlingen zum Sieg verhelfen; alle anderen Familien hingegen haben keine so ausgedehnte Kenntnis. Stundenlang würde er von seinen Ahnen, den gebildeten, sprechen, machte man ihn nicht darauf aufmerksam, daß es einem nicht um das Wissen längst verschiedener Ahnen zu tun ist, sondern um das von ihnen ererbte.''

'''English'''

He will soon sing the praises of his ancestors: they were the first to know navigation and the stars; they waged war on their voyages and helped the present chiefs to victory; all other families, on the other hand, have no such extensive knowledge. He would talk for hours about his ancestors, the educated ones, if it were not pointed out to him that it is not the knowledge of long-gone ancestors that is important, but the knowledge inherited from them.</blockquote>
[[File:Micronesian navigational chart.jpg|alt=photograph of a stick chart |thumb|A navigational chart from the Marshall Islands, on display at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. It is made of wood, sennit fiber and cowrie shells. From the collection of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Date not known. Photo by Jim Heaphy (CC-BY-SA 3.0). ]]
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater He continues on page 78] <blockquote>''Ich bat ihn [den Häuptling, der selbst fortgeschrittenen Alters war und seine Nachtruhe brauchte] jedoch, die Seefahrer Lowane und Lekoujabue damit zu beauftragen, mir ihr Wissen mitzuteilen. Letzterer kam denn auch abends und selbst in den frühen Morgenstunden. Zu meinem größten Staunen zeigte er 64 Sterne und Sternbilder.''

'''English'''

However, I asked him [the chief, who was himself advanced in age and needed his night's rest] to commission the sailors Lowane and Lekoujabue to share their knowledge with me. The latter came in the evening and even in the early hours of the morning. To my great amazement, he showed me 64 stars and constellations.</blockquote>Above his star name list, he writes: <blockquote>''[Es kann für] die Richtigkeit einiger Sternbilder keine volle Garantie übernommen werden[...], da unter den Seefahrern selbst Divergenzen auftreten. Zu verwundern ist, daß manche Sterne erster Größe, wie Sirius, Rigel, keinen Namen haben, wohingegen manche der von den eingeborenen Seefahrern mit einem Namen bedachten Sternbilder aus Sternen vierter bis fünfter Größe zusammengesetzt sind.''

'''English'''

No full guarantee can be given for the correctness of some constellations since divergences occur among the navigators themselves. It is surprising that some stars of the first magnitude, such as Sirius and Rigel, have no name, whereas some of the constellations given a name by the native navigators are composed of stars of the fourth to fifth magnitude.</blockquote>Erdland (1914: 92) also refers to the famous [[wikipedia:Marshall_Islands_stick_chart|Marshallese stick charts]] for see navigation.

==Mythology==
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)

[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland reports only four star lores (p. 210-226)], three concerning the Pleiades, one concerning Antares.

* Liködaner gibt ihrem Sohne Siebengestirn das erste Segelkanu. (Liködaner gives her son Pleiades the first sailing canoe.)
* Siebengestirns Eifersucht auf Jibuges Weib. (Pleiades's jealousy of Jibuge's wife.)
* Siebengestirn bestraft zwei Leute wegen Verachtung seiner Person. (Pleiades punishes two people for contempt of his person)
* Antares rächt die Untreue seiner Frau. (Antares avenges his wife's infidelity)

==IAU Name Discussion==

The star name has been proposed to the IAU WGSN since 2021; in 2024 the group discussed to register the name Bake-eo for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=gam+Oph&submit=SIMBAD+search γ Oph (SIMBAD-link)] with Vmag = 3.75 in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. gam Oph currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. Astrophysically, gam Oph is a bright, nearby (distance ~ 30 parsecs) star that was one of the original A0V spectral type and photometric standard stars that helped define the zero points of the Johnson UBV photometric system (Johnson & Morgan 1953; 1953ApJ...117..313J).

We don't know (yet) what map the author was using to ascribe the Marshallese names to stars with Bayer and Flamsteed designations - because some of the names for the stars and asterisms are for quite surprising stars: e.g. "Lerrik ran nejin Jabro" are attributed to the faint pair pi Tau (V=4.7mag) and 71 Tau (V=4.5mag) in the Hyades. Additionally, they have the curious alias "Rediculus" for alpha Pavonis, which seems to be unique to German 19th cen and early 20th cen navigation works (e.g. Stupar 1908).

=== Are there alternative cultural names for gam Oph? ===
gam Oph is part of the '''[[Zongzheng]]''' asterism (Sun & Kistemaker 1997; "The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society") from the Shi shi xingjing Star Catalogue.

'''Aldurajah''' (Moore & Rees 2011). This is one of dozens of star names that appear in Moore & Rees that appear to have dubious origins. The name obviously sounds Arabic, but it does not appear as a celestial name in any other source that covers either indigenous Arabian or scientific Arabic names that I've seen. Mentions online appear to be mainly over the past decade after the publication of Moore & Rees 2011.

'''Muliphen''' (Allen 1899) "''but I cannot trace it here, although this title is famous in other parts of the sky''". Regardless of the etymology, the name is non-unique and the WGSN already adopted "Muliphein" for gam CMa.

=== Is the hyphen necessary? ===
Why not just "'''Bakeeo'''" which would ease the lives of astrophysicists? We've not needed hyphens for any of the previous IAU star names. Among ~24,000 IAU names for asteroids, exoplanets, satellites, and stars, they are used sparingly (200 instances or ~0.8%), and all of which are for asteroids - and for proper names where a hyphen was usually used for a modern proper name (e.g., (11274) Castillo-Rogez) or for some modern transliterations of ancient proper names (e.g. (11156) Al-Khwarismi).

However, writing it "Bakeeo" would introduce a lot of confusion. This is not only because it would tempt people to pronounce it "Bak-ee-yew" rather than "Bak-ey-yew" (i.e. putting in a long "ee" sound, which is wrong, as long and short vowels are distinct in many Pacific languages). The double-vowel is an orthographic nightmare anyway owing to its ambiguous use by various ethnographers, sometimes to represent a long "ey" sound (properly transcribed as "ē", as opposed to "ī" which represents the long "ee" sound) and sometimes to represent "e‘e", i.e. two short "ey" sounds separated by a glottal stop, which is incorrectly omitted. Actually, "Bake‘eo" would be closest to the actual pronunciation, but the glottal stop is not used in Marshallese, so that spelling would be misleading. So we are stuck with "Bake-eo".

Yet another idea would be to use the spelling "'''Bakeyew'''" as this would reflect the English spelling of the pronunciation. In Arabic transliteration there are also at least two versions of the transliteration: one according to the written letters and one according to the sound in spoken language (cf. "Altair" and "Atair"). However, "Bakeyew" could look like Russian (or other Slavic languages): We checked that there is no Russian meaning of the term.

==References==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref>
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Marshallese]]

Leepwal

2024-07-17T09:55:36Z

Cliveruggles: /* Catasterism */

[[File:Erdland1914 Leepwal.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|Leepwal as German transliteration "Läböol" in Erdmann's book (1914).]]
Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''"'''Läbôol'''"'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #25]).

==Mythology==
According to commonly known Marshallese mythology, ''Lōktañūr (''Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ, ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del).

The legend of Lōktañūr and her sons (of whom there are more than ten in some versions) is well known in the Marshall Islands. According this this story, Ḷeepwal, or Lobol, and his brothers had a canoe race to determine who would be the next chief. The race was won by Jebro, the youngest.<ref>https://pfwpproject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/marshall-islands-the-111.pdf, 15-17</ref> Jebro is identified as Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades and as a male—the king of the stars. He was also known by various other names: Mājdik when small, Buonṃar when he began the contest with his brothers, Jeḷeilōñ when he became king, Dāpeej as an old man, and also sometimes as Jetakdik (Abo ''et al''. 2019).
[[File:Ten-sons Loctanur Stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Sky over Indonesia, the visible stars of the ten sons marked (not all visible simultaneously), Stellarium map - markings: Susanne M Hoffmann (2024) according to Erdland's identifications. ]]
[[File:Ten-sons Loctanur Stellarium2.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Sky over Indonesia, the visible stars of the ten sons marked (not all visible simultaneously), Stellarium map - markings: Susanne M Hoffmann (2024) according to Erdmann's identifications (1914). ]]

=== Catasterism ===
Many people will look for a chain or other clear (geometrical) pattern of ten stars/asterisms to fit the "Ten Sons of Loktanur" in the sky. However, the original constellation does not seem to provide such a pattern. The stars are scattered all over the place.

Loktanur's ten sons in order are

* (1) ''Tūṃur'', Antares or (τ, α, and σ Sco),
* (2) ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', tail of Scorpius,
* (3) ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen),
* (4) ''Ad'' (Arcturus),
* (5) ''Mājlep'', Altair or (α, β, and γ Aql),
* (6) ''Da'' (Spica),
* (7) ''Jitata'' (γ, ζ and π Aqr),
* (8) ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia),
* (9) ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del), and
* (10) ''Jebrọ'' (Alcyone).

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
Since 2021, it is suggested to register "Leepwal" as name for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=zet+Cen&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ζ Cen (SIMBAD)] in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. The star is a 2.55 mag spectroscopic binary and currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. The suggestion is to be discussed by the IAU WGSN.

=== Other names ===
There are brief entries on zet Cen:

* in Allen (1899): "ζ probably being Al Tizini's '''Al Nā᾽ir al Baṭn al Kentaurus''', ''the Bright One in the Centaur's Belly''") and
* [https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenb01idelgoog/page/n273/mode/2up Ideler (1809, footnote 3, p.275]; ). Ideler mentions Al Tizini's "'''''Nair baden Kentaurus'''''" - bright one on the Centaur's belly''.''
* '''''[[Alnair]]''''' or '''''Al Na'ir''''': "the bright one" - Kunitzsch (1983), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006) - however the name is duplicative with "Alnair", which was already adopted by IAU WGSN for alf Gru (as it was much more commonly used for in recent centuries).
* '''''Baten Kentaurus''''' (Rhoads 1971) is a useful shortened version, although similar to Rigil Kentaurus and Baten Kaitos, which have already been adopted by IAU WGSN for Alpha Centauri A and Zeta Ceti (might be confusing having "Baten Kaitos" for zet Cet and "Baten Kentaurus" for zet Cen!).
* Schaaf (2008) has "'''Al Nair al Kentaurus'''", missing the Batn/Baten/etc.

"'''Leepwal'''" appears very unique - as of today, it appears in no Google-accessible websites or books (which is remarkable).

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref>
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Marshallese]]

Bake-eo

2024-07-17T09:49:52Z

Cliveruggles: /* References */

[[File:Erdland1914 Bake-eo.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Bake Eo" mentioned in Erdland's list of Marshallese names in 1914. ]]A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Necklace, sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08298.JPG|alt=photograph of the necklace|thumb|Necklace from sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 (Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München, CC0)]]
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage Eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #15]). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris).

=== Meaning of the term ===
''Bake'' is the [[wikipedia:Spondylus#:~:text=Spondylus%20is%20a%20genus%20of,in%20fact%2C%20true%20oysters).|spondylus mussel]] whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as [https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland, p. 79 #14] and "[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/90/mode/2up 67, 68, 70 Ophiuchi bilden einen „Drillbohrer" page 90]), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself.

=== Marshallese Sky Culture ===
Erdmann had observed the culture(s) on various islands and interviewed Elders; his knowledge comes from stargazing with Elders. He writes ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Erdmann 1914: 76,77]): <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde ist kein Gemeingut aller Eingeborenen noch das Monopol der Häuptlingsfamilien, sondern vielmehr das Geheimnis besonders intelligenter und beobachtungsfähiger Individuen, die diese Kenntnis in ihren Familien vererben. Infolge dieser Kenntnis stehen solche Familien über den gewöhnlichen Untertanen, wenn sie auch von Geburt aus ranglos sind. Diese Restriktion vorausgesetzt, kann ruhig behauptet werden, daß ein gewöhnlicher Eingeborener die Sterne und Wellen nicht kennen darf. Wohl mag ihm aus alten Erzählungen der Name dieses oder jenes Sternes bekannt sein, nicht jedoch dessen Position am Himmelsgewölbe.''"

'''English'''

"The science of stars and waves is not the common property of all indigenous people, nor is it the monopoly of the chiefdoms, but rather the secret of particularly intelligent and observant individuals who pass this knowledge on within their families. As a result of this knowledge, such families stand above the ordinary subjects, even as they are rankless by birth. Assuming this restriction, it can safely be said that an ordinary native cannot know the stars and waves. He may know the name of this or that star from old tales, but not its position in the firmament." </blockquote>The star knowledge is secret knowledge of specific families: <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde gilt als ein kostbares Erbgut, das außerhalb des Familienverbandes niemand besitzen darf. Sie ist ein Schatz, der die Familie in den Augen der Häuptlinge sowohl als der Untertanen hebt.''" [...]

"''Die Hauptseefahrer wohnen auf den nördlich von Ailinlablab gelegenen Atollen Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik und Ronlab. Unter ihnen möchte ich als die bekanntesten angeben : Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur und Loien (Frau Zeit).''"

'''English'''

Star and wave lore is considered a precious heritage that no one outside the family is allowed to possess. It is a treasure that elevates the family in the eyes of both the chiefs and the subjects. [...]

The main seafarers live on the atolls of Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik and Ronlab to the north of Ailinlablab. The best known of these are Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur and Loien (Mrs Time).</blockquote>The better social position of the star people leads to special rights, such as the use of larger estates and the chieftain's right to walk on the weather side of the island. Fathers often have a favourite child to pass on this knowledge and it does not matter whether it is a boy or a girl. Erdmann reports that the Marshallese stargazers are very modest and when asked if they know the stars they say "some of them". He got them to share their knowledge with him by asking them about their ancestors: <blockquote>''Alsbald wird er das Lob seiner Voreltern singen: sie haben zuerst die Seefahrt und Sterne gekannt; sie haben auf ihren Fahrten Krieg geführt und den jetzigen Häuptlingen zum Sieg verhelfen; alle anderen Familien hingegen haben keine so ausgedehnte Kenntnis. Stundenlang würde er von seinen Ahnen, den gebildeten, sprechen, machte man ihn nicht darauf aufmerksam, daß es einem nicht um das Wissen längst verschiedener Ahnen zu tun ist, sondern um das von ihnen ererbte.''

'''English'''

He will soon sing the praises of his ancestors: they were the first to know navigation and the stars; they waged war on their voyages and helped the present chiefs to victory; all other families, on the other hand, have no such extensive knowledge. He would talk for hours about his ancestors, the educated ones, if it were not pointed out to him that it is not the knowledge of long-gone ancestors that is important, but the knowledge inherited from them.</blockquote>
[[File:Micronesian navigational chart.jpg|alt=photograph of a stick chart |thumb|A navigational chart from the Marshall Islands, on display at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. It is made of wood, sennit fiber and cowrie shells. From the collection of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Date not known. Photo by Jim Heaphy (CC-BY-SA 3.0). ]]
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater He continues on page 78] <blockquote>''Ich bat ihn [den Häuptling, der selbst fortgeschrittenen Alters war und seine Nachtruhe brauchte] jedoch, die Seefahrer Lowane und Lekoujabue damit zu beauftragen, mir ihr Wissen mitzuteilen. Letzterer kam denn auch abends und selbst in den frühen Morgenstunden. Zu meinem größten Staunen zeigte er 64 Sterne und Sternbilder.''

'''English'''

However, I asked him [the chief, who was himself advanced in age and needed his night's rest] to commission the sailors Lowane and Lekoujabue to share their knowledge with me. The latter came in the evening and even in the early hours of the morning. To my great amazement, he showed me 64 stars and constellations.</blockquote>Above his star name list, he writes: <blockquote>''[Es kann für] die Richtigkeit einiger Sternbilder keine volle Garantie übernommen werden[...], da unter den Seefahrern selbst Divergenzen auftreten. Zu verwundern ist, daß manche Sterne erster Größe, wie Sirius, Rigel, keinen Namen haben, wohingegen manche der von den eingeborenen Seefahrern mit einem Namen bedachten Sternbilder aus Sternen vierter bis fünfter Größe zusammengesetzt sind.''

'''English'''

No full guarantee can be given for the correctness of some constellations since divergences occur among the navigators themselves. It is surprising that some stars of the first magnitude, such as Sirius and Rigel, have no name, whereas some of the constellations given a name by the native navigators are composed of stars of the fourth to fifth magnitude.</blockquote>Erdmann (1914: 92) also refers to the famous [[wikipedia:Marshall_Islands_stick_chart|Marshallese stick charts]] for see navigation.

==Mythology==
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)

[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater Erdmann reports only four star lores (p. 210-226)], three concerning the Pleiades, one concerning Antares.

* Liködaner gibt ihrem Sohne Siebengestirn das erste Segelkanu. (Liködaner gives her son Pleiades the first sailing canoe.)
* Siebengestirns Eifersucht auf Jibuges Weib. (Pleiades's jealousy of Jibuge's wife.)
* Siebengestirn bestraft zwei Leute wegen Verachtung seiner Person. (Pleiades punishes two people for contempt of his person)
* Antares rächt die Untreue seiner Frau. (Antares avenges his wife's infidelity)

==IAU Name Discussion==

The star name has been proposed to the IAU WGSN since 2021; in 2024 the group discussed to register the name Bake-eo for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=gam+Oph&submit=SIMBAD+search γ Oph (SIMBAD-link)] with Vmag = 3.75 in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. gam Oph currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. Astrophysically, gam Oph is a bright, nearby (distance ~ 30 parsecs) star that was one of the original A0V spectral type and photometric standard stars that helped define the zero points of the Johnson UBV photometric system (Johnson & Morgan 1953; 1953ApJ...117..313J).

We don't know (yet) what map the author was using to ascribe the Marshallese names to stars with Bayer and Flamsteed designations - because some of the names for the stars and asterisms are for quite surprising stars: e.g. "Lerrik ran nejin Jabro" are attributed to the faint pair pi Tau (V=4.7mag) and 71 Tau (V=4.5mag) in the Hyades. Additionally, they have the curious alias "Rediculus" for alpha Pavonis, which seems to be unique to German 19th cen and early 20th cen navigation works (e.g. Stupar 1908).

=== Are there alternative cultural names for gam Oph? ===
gam Oph is part of the '''Zongzheng''' asterism (Sun & Kistemaker 1997; "The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society") from the Shi shi xingjing Star Catalogue.

'''Aldurajah''' (Moore & Rees 2011). This is one of dozens of star names that appear in Moore & Rees that appear to have dubious origins. The name obviously sounds Arabic, but it does not appear as a celestial name in any other source that covers either indigenous Arabian or scientific Arabic names that I've seen. Mentions online appear to be mainly over the past decade after the publication of Moore & Rees 2011.

'''Muliphen''' (Allen 1899) "''but I cannot trace it here, although this title is famous in other parts of the sky''". Regardless of the etymology, the name is non-unique and the WGSN already adopted "Muliphein" for gam CMa.

=== Is the hyphen necessary? ===
Why not just "'''Bakeeo'''" which would ease the lives of astrophysicists? We've not needed hyphens for any of the previous IAU star names. Among ~24,000 IAU names for asteroids, exoplanets, satellites, and stars, they are used sparingly (200 instances or ~0.8%), and all of which are for asteroids - and for proper names where a hyphen was usually used for a modern proper name (e.g., (11274) Castillo-Rogez) or for some modern transliterations of ancient proper names (e.g. (11156) Al-Khwarismi).

However, writing it "Bakeeo" would introduce a lot of confusion. This is not only because it would tempt people to pronounce it "Bak-ee-yew" rather than "Bak-ey-yew" (i.e. putting in a long "ee" sound, which is wrong, as long and short vowels are distinct in many Pacific languages). The double-vowel is an orthographic nightmare anyway owing to its ambiguous use by various ethnographers, sometimes to represent a long "ey" sound (properly transcribed as "ē", as opposed to "ī" which represents the long "ee" sound) and sometimes to represent "e‘e", i.e. two short "ey" sounds separated by a glottal stop, which is incorrectly omitted. Actually, "Bake‘eo" would be closest to the actual pronunciation, but the glottal stop is not used in Marshallese, so that spelling would be misleading. So we are stuck with "Bake-eo".

Yet another idea would be to use the spelling "'''Bakeyew'''" as this would reflect the English spelling of the pronunciation. In Arabic transliteration there are also at least two versions of the transliteration: one according to the written letters and one according to the sound in spoken language (cf. "Altair" and "Atair"). However, "Bakeyew" could look like Russian (or other Slavic languages): We checked that there is no Russian meaning of the term.

==References==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref>
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Marshallese]]

Leepwal

2024-07-16T18:41:41Z

Cliveruggles: /* References */

Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''"'''Läbôol'''"'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #25]).

==Mythology==
According to Marshallese mythology, ''Lōktañūr (''Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del).

The legend of Lōktañūr and her sons (of whom there are more than ten in some versions) is well known in the Marshall Islands. According this this story, Ḷeepwal, or Lobol, and his brothers had a canoe race to determine who would be the next chief. The race was won by Jebro, the youngest.<ref>https://pfwpproject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/marshall-islands-the-111.pdf, 15-17</ref> Jebro is identified as Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades and as a male—the king of the stars. He was also known by various other names: Mājdik when small, Buonṃar when he began the contest with his brothers, Jeḷeilōñ when he became king, Dāpeej as an old man, and also sometimes as Jetakdik (Abo ''et al''. 2019).

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
Since 2021, it is suggested to register "Leepwal" as name for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=zet+Cen&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ζ Cen (SIMBAD)] in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. The star is a 2.55 mag spectroscopic binary and currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. The suggestion is to be discussed by the IAU WGSN.

=== Other names ===
There are brief entries on zet Cen:

* in Allen (1899): "ζ probably being Al Tizini's '''Al Nā᾽ir al Baṭn al Kentaurus''', ''the Bright One in the Centaur's Belly''") and
* [https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenb01idelgoog/page/n273/mode/2up Ideler (1809, footnote 3, p.275]; ). Ideler mentions Al Tizini's "'''''Nair baden Kentaurus'''''" - bright one on the Centaur's belly''.''
* '''''Alnair''''' or '''''Al Na'ir''''': "the bright one" - Kunitzsch (1983), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006) - however the name is duplicative with "Alnair", which was already adopted by IAU WGSN for alf Gru (as it was much more commonly used for in recent centuries).
* '''''Baten Kentaurus''''' (Rhoads 1971) is a useful shortened version, although similar to Rigil Kentaurus and Baten Kaitos, which have already been adopted by IAU WGSN for Alpha Centauri A and Zeta Ceti (might be confusing having "Baten Kaitos" for zet Cet and "Baten Kentaurus" for zet Cen!).
* Schaaf (2008) has "'''Al Nair al Kentaurus'''", missing the Batn/Baten/etc.

"'''Leepwal'''" appears very unique - as of today, it appears in no Google-accessible websites or books (which is remarkable).

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref>
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-07-11T10:21:53Z

Cliveruggles: /* Etymology and History */

Leepwal

2024-07-11T10:18:22Z

Cliveruggles:

Itua ni Bure

2024-07-09T16:18:12Z

Cliveruggles:

[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph of open star cluster Metotte 111|thumb|Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. (Sternwarte Kempten, CC-BY 3.0)]]
A Micronesian name for the constellation Coma Berenices {Gilbert Is.}.

==Etymology and History==
This name was recorded in the Gilbert Islands between 1913 and 1946 by the French missionary Ernest Sabatier<ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1954). ''Dictionnaire Gilbertin-Français''. Tabwiroa: Mission Catholique.</ref><ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1971). ''Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Transl. by M. Oliva from Sabatier 1954. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref>.

==Mythology==
Noted as a string of shells by Sabatier.<ref>Sabatier 1971, 125</ref> The name ''Itua ni Bure'' was also recorded in 1937 by British couple Honor and Henry Maude as that of a string figure, Honor being a authority on string figures in Oceania (Henry was working as a Lands Administrator in the British colonial service).<ref>Maude, Honor C. and Maude, Henry E. (1937). String figures from the Gilbert Islands, instalment no. 4. ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'' 46, 41-48.</ref> The Maudes identified the name as specifically being a string of cowrie shells, but did not associate it with an asterism.<ref>Maude and Maude 1937, 48.</ref>

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Itua ni Bure

2024-07-09T16:04:55Z

Cliveruggles: /* Mythology */

[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph of open star cluster Metotte 111|thumb|Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. (Sternwarte Kempten, CC-BY 3.0)]]
A Micronesian name for the constellation Coma Berenices {Gilbert Is.}.

==Etymology and History==
This name was recorded in the Gilbert Islands between 1913 and 1946 by the French missionary Ernest Sabatier<ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1954). ''Dictionnaire Gilbertin-Français''. Tabwiroa: Mission Catholique.</ref><ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1971). ''Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Transl. by M. Oliva from Sabatier 1954. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref> and in 1937 by British couple Honor and Henry Maude.<ref>Maude, Honor C. and Maude, Henry E. (1937). String figures from the Gilbert Islands, instalment no. 4. ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'' 46, 41-48.</ref> Honor was a authority on string figures in Oceania; Henry was working as a Lands Administrator in the British colonial service.

==Mythology==
Noted as string of shells by Sabatier<ref>Sabatier 1971, 125</ref> and specifically as a string of cowrie shells in the context of a string figure described by Maude and Maude.<ref>Maude and Maude 1937, 48.</ref>

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Itua ni Bure

2024-07-09T15:59:19Z

Cliveruggles: /* Reference */

[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph of open star cluster Metotte 111|thumb|Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. (Sternwarte Kempten, CC-BY 3.0)]]
A Micronesian name for the constellation Coma Berenices {Gilbert Is.}.<ref>Sabatier, E. (1971). ''A Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Originally compiled in French by E. Sabatier and translated by Sister Oliva of the Catholic Mission of Tarawa. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref><ref>Trussel, Stephen and Gordon W. Groves (1978). ''A Combined Kiribati-English Dictionary''. <nowiki>https://www.trussel.com/f_kir.htm</nowiki> (Accessed 21 Aug 2021).</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This name was recorded in the Gilbert Islands between 1913 and 1946 by the French missionary Ernest Sabatier<ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1954). ''Dictionnaire Gilbertin-Français''. Tabwiroa: Mission Catholique.</ref><ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1971). ''Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Transl. by M. Oliva from Sabatier 1954. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref> and in 1937 by British couple Honor and Henry Maude.<ref>Maude, Honor C. and Maude, Henry E. (1937). String figures from the Gilbert Islands, instalment no. 4. ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'' 46, 41-48.</ref> Honor was a authority on string figures in Oceania; Henry was working as a Lands Administrator in the British colonial service.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Itua ni Bure

2024-07-09T15:50:45Z

Cliveruggles: /* Etymology and History */

[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph of open star cluster Metotte 111|thumb|Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. (Sternwarte Kempten, CC-BY 3.0)]]
A Micronesian name for the constellation Coma Berenices {Gilbert Is.}.<ref>Sabatier, E. (1971). ''A Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Originally compiled in French by E. Sabatier and translated by Sister Oliva of the Catholic Mission of Tarawa. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref><ref>Trussel, Stephen and Gordon W. Groves (1978). ''A Combined Kiribati-English Dictionary''. <nowiki>https://www.trussel.com/f_kir.htm</nowiki> (Accessed 21 Aug 2021).</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This name was recorded in the Gilbert Islands between 1913 and 1946 by the French missionary Ernest Sabatier and in 1937 by British couple Henry and Honor Maude while Henry was working as a Lands Administrator in the British colonial service. Honor was a authority on string figures in Oceania.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Pipit

2024-07-09T10:03:03Z

Cliveruggles:

Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".

==Etymology and History==
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref>

''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref name=":0">https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1</ref>

==Mythology==
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.

The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref>

The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<ref name=":0" />

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
While "pipit" is a Western bird name it also appears to be a local (Kenyatan) name for a bird, whether a sparrow or munia/finch. It is clearly identified by Schadee with ν Pup.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Pipit

2024-07-09T10:00:16Z

Cliveruggles:

Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".

==Etymology and History==
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref>

''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref name=":0">https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1</ref>

==Mythology==
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.

The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref>

The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<ref name=":0" />

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The local name "Pipit" is equated to theis not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Pipit

2024-07-09T09:58:31Z

Cliveruggles:

Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".

==Etymology and History==
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref>

''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1</ref>

==Mythology==
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.

The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref>

The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The local name "Pipit" is equated to theis not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Pipit

2024-07-09T09:51:53Z

Cliveruggles:

Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".

==Etymology and History==
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref>

''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1</ref>

==Mythology==
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.

The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref>

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The local name "Pipit" is equated to theis not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Pipit

2024-07-09T09:50:10Z

Cliveruggles:

Pipit

2024-07-09T09:22:03Z

Cliveruggles: /* Reference */

Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as a pipit, probably the paddyfield pipit (''anthus rufulus'').

==Etymology and History==
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as a "pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref>

==Mythology==
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.

The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref>

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
Since "Pipit" is not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since Ensoelit is a Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name, we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Pipit

2024-07-09T09:15:39Z

Cliveruggles: /* Mythology */

Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as a pipit, probably the paddyfield pipit (''anthus rufulus'').

==Etymology and History==
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as a "pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref>

==Mythology==
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.

The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
Since "Pipit" is not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since Ensoelit is a Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name, we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Bake-eo

2024-07-09T08:52:24Z

Cliveruggles: /* Mythology */

A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon.

''Bake'' is the spondylus mussel whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself.

==Mythology==
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)

==IAU Name Discussion==

==References==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Pipit

2024-06-07T15:26:59Z

Cliveruggles:

Pipit

2024-06-07T14:55:51Z

Cliveruggles:

Pipit is the name for ν Pup among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia.

==Etymology and History==
The name Pipit was reported as a name for ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. Pipit means "sparrow" in Kendayan.

==Mythology==
Pipit is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism known as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields.<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref>

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. ...WGSN chose ... (apply/ not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Pipit

2024-06-07T14:23:28Z

Cliveruggles:

Pipit is the name for ν Pup among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia.

==Etymology and History==
[!!!]The two star form an asterism known as ''Ensoelit'', which is also the name of a bird.

Pipit ("sparrow") is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) of the Dayak Kanayatn on Borneo.<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref> The two star form an asterism known as ''Ensoelit'', which is also the name of a bird.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. ...WGSN chose ... (apply/ not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Bake-eo

2024-06-07T14:13:31Z

Cliveruggles:

A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon.

''Bake'' is the spondylus mussel whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself.

==Mythology==
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces [Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)

==IAU Name Discussion==

==References==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Bake-eo

2024-06-07T14:07:26Z

Cliveruggles:

A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon.

''Bake'' is the spondylus mussel whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself.

==Mythology==
Seen as a Spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Hydra or Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces [Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''].

==IAU Name Discussion==

==References==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Bake-eo

2024-06-07T13:38:32Z

Cliveruggles:

A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage-eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15).

[!!!] spondylus mussel in whose disk Debwāāl-eo ("the drill") (67, 68 and 70 Oph) is used to drill holes to make "puka shell" necklaces

==Mythology==
Seen as a Spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Hydra or Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make necklaces [Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''].

==IAU Name Discussion==

==References==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Bake-eo

2024-06-07T13:36:54Z

Cliveruggles:

A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".

==Etymology and History==
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage-eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15).

[!!!] spondylus mussel in whose disk Debwāāl-eo ("the drill") (67, 68 and 70 Oph) is used to drill holes to make "puka shell" necklaces

==Mythology==
Seen as a Spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Hydra or Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make necklaces [Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''].

==IAU Name Discussion==

==References==
Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). Marshallese-English Online Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/html/10524/19441/index.htm.

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-06-07T13:28:27Z

Cliveruggles:

Leepwal

2024-06-07T13:25:38Z

Cliveruggles:

Leepwal

2024-06-07T13:04:35Z

Cliveruggles:

Leepwal

2024-06-07T12:25:28Z

Cliveruggles:

Leepwal

2024-06-07T12:19:59Z

Cliveruggles:

Leepwal

2024-06-07T12:18:15Z

Cliveruggles:

original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).

==Mythology==
Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). [!!!] ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

== References ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-06-07T12:16:29Z

Cliveruggles:

original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).

Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). [!!!] ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]

==Mythology==
here comes the mouse

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

== References ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-06-07T12:08:47Z

Cliveruggles:

original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).

Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. [!!!] ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

== References ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-06-07T11:58:54Z

Cliveruggles:

original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25; Johnson ''et al''.).

Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring. ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco)). [!!!] ''Ḷōmejdikdik'' (Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco), the second; ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), the third; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

== References ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-06-07T11:46:18Z

Cliveruggles:

original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25; Johnson ''et al''.).

The mother of all great stars, her ten offspring being ''Tūṃur'' (Antares (α Sco), or Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco)), the eldest; ''Ḷōmejdikdik'' (Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco), the second; ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), the third; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

== References ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-06-07T11:11:02Z

Cliveruggles: /* IAU Working Group Star Names */

original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).

The mother of all great stars, her ten offspring being ''Tūṃur'' (Antares (α Sco), or Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco)), the eldest; ''Ḷōmejdikdik'' (Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco), the second; ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), the third; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

== Reference ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-06-07T10:53:03Z

Cliveruggles: /* Reference */

original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese.

==Etymology and History==
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.

The mother of all great stars, her ten offspring being ''Tūṃur'' (Antares (α Sco), or Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco)), the eldest; ''Ḷōmejdikdik'' (Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco), the second; ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), the third; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

== Reference ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Oceania]]

Leepwal

2024-06-07T10:50:15Z

Cliveruggles: /* Reference */

Leepwal

2024-06-07T10:43:46Z

Cliveruggles:

Dorado

2024-06-07T10:27:27Z

Cliveruggles: /* IAU Star Name Discussion */

[[File:DOR (IAU definition).gif|alt=DOR modern map|thumb|The modern map of the IAU-constellation Dorado (S&T graphics)]] one of the 88 official constellations. There is no need to translate the term because "Dorado" already is a modern (not Latin) word and used in many languages to designate a specific sort of fish. For further explanation, "Dorado, the Dolphinfish" would work in English. The Spanish term "dorado" literally means "golden", and it has been used for various type of fish in the past. Given this translation, the constellation name has sometimes been translated as "Goldfish", although the Spanish term always designated exotic fish species from the "new worlds".

==Etymology and History==

Dorado, the Dolphinfish, has been invented by Pieter Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia (later called "Dutch Indies") 1592-1594. Their catalogue of southern stars was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). Before the publication of the star catalogue, de Houtman shared his data with Petrus Plancius, who had actually commissioned this work. Even in the 1590s, Plancius had worked with this material and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south, and so did Johann Bayer's Uranometria (1603).

===Species of Fish===
Despite translating the Spanish term "dorado" (golden), historical Spanish and other European languages never designated any species of [[wikipedia:Goldfish|goldfish]] (small freshwater pet fish) with the term.

In biology, "Dorado" is the name of two sorts of fish: a freshwater fish in South America and a predatory fish that lives in the ocean. The ocean inhabitants, who had inspired de Houtman and Keyser, are today known as dolphinfishes with the scientific genus name "Coryphaena". The "Common Dolphinfish" (''Coryphaena hippurus'') is called '''''Mahi Mahi,''''' the Hawaiian language term for "very strong". In Persian, the word "mahi" (ماهی) happens to mean "fish" which is unrelated to the Hawaiian term. Although there are other names for the fish in some regions (e.g. "Lampuka" on the Mediterranean island of Malta and specifically "Ikan Lemadang" in Indonesia, where de Houtman and Keyser invented the celestial name), the Hawaiian term became publicly known. To avoid confusion with dolphins (the sea mammals that are unrelated to all species of fish), the term for the fish that is used in the public, e.g. in restaurants, is Mahi Mahi.

===Modern transformations ===
The standard topic that Dorado hunts Volans can be traced throughout history. Yet, Bode and Goldbach show some anomalies: Bode wrote two books: one in German in 1772 as a very young man, training himself in astronomy ("Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels") and his famous atlas as senior astronomer at the Berlin observatory, ''Uranographia'' (1801). In 1772, he labels Dorado "swordfish" and in his Latin-labelled atlas consequently "Xiphias" (and not "Dorado" like everybody else). Goldbach (1799) reproduces Lacaille's map but labels it in German with the translation "swordfish" while in his own interpretation of the map (next page), he labels Dorado "goldfish". <gallery>
File:Dor+vol Bayer1603.jpg|Bayer (1603): Dorado hunts Volans
File:Dorado+volans Dopplmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's (1742) version of Dorado's hunt of Volans
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) depicts Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo.
File:Dorado Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) labels Dorado "Schwerdt-Fisch" (swordfish)
File:Dor+Vol Fortin 1776-1795.jpg|Fortin's hunt of Volans by Dorado (1775-1795)
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Lacaille dtBeschr Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" hunts Volans (1756, here repro 1799)
File:Dor Lacaille dtBeschr.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" (1756), the German translation in Goldbach 1799 labels it "Schwerdfisch" (swordfish).
File:Dor+vol+arg Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own version of Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo (1799)
File:Dor goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own "Dorado" is labelled "Goldfisch" (goldfish) in German (1799).
</gallery>

== IAU Star Name Discussion ==
As the stars of Dorado are rather faint, no one of them has a historical proper name. The main star is α Dor (3.3 mag) and β Dor has 3.8 mag; all other stars are fainter than 4 mag.

As the official translation of the constellation name should be "Dolphinfish", it might be an idea to name the brightest star (α Dor) Mahi Mahi but we need to make sure that this does not cause conflict with the Hawaiian native speakers and their culture.

Johnson ''et al''.’s Austronesian star catalogue lists the "Dolphin constellation" ''Kailou'' from the Admiralty Is. and the Kankanaey asterism ''Sipat'', both of which are identified with modern Delphinus or possibly Dorado. In other words, it is possible that Dorado was known as Kailou in Melanesia and Sipat in the Malay Archipelago, which leads to the suggestion of Kailou and/ or Sipat for stars in Dorado.

According to Ambrosio (2010, 155): "Sipat and Tudong [another asterism] are mentioned in prayers for the offering of a chicken for someone who cannot control urination, and for the ceremony of ''kentan'', where the rice seedlings are blessed before being planted." Vanoverbergh (1972, 91) identifies Sipat as "The Dolphin" whereas Tudong is "part of Andromeda, Pisces, Triangulum, and Aries". It is pretty clear that the Dolphin in question is Delphinus, not Dorado. "Sipat" in Tagalog does not mean Dolphin but rather "look carefully". It may have other meanings in other Filipino languages, but these are grounds for ruling out this term for stars in Dorado.

Kailou is certainly a fish name in the Manus, but it is the wrong type of fish (jack [Carangidae]), (see Akimichi and Sukiyama 2010, 16) and, once again, the name is more likely to apply to Delphinus rather than Dorado.

The name Mahi Mahi was never to our knowledge applied to an asterism, so it may be inappropriate to use this Hawaiian term. The Indonesian term "Ikan Lemadang" is a bit of a mouthful, and not internationally recognised, but it may possibly be more appropriate. If we apply "Kailou" here, we probably apply it to the wrong region in the sky.

== References==
*Akimichi, Tomoya and Osamu Sukiyama (2010). ''Manus fish names''. doi.org/10.15021/00004269.
*Ambrosio, Dante L. (2010). ''Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino''. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
*de Houtman, Frederik (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]
*Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
*Maass, Alfred, ``Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel<nowiki>''</nowiki>, [https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/tbg.html Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde], vol. 64 (1924), pp. 1-172 & 347-459, with a "Nachtrag", vol. 66 (1926), pp. 618-670.
*Ridpath, Ian, Star Tales. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/dorado.html website]
*Vanoverbergh, Morice, "Kankenay Religion", ''Anthropos'' 67 (1972), 72-128.

Dorado

2024-06-07T10:26:15Z

Cliveruggles: Clive also added references

[[File:DOR (IAU definition).gif|alt=DOR modern map|thumb|The modern map of the IAU-constellation Dorado (S&T graphics)]] one of the 88 official constellations. There is no need to translate the term because "Dorado" already is a modern (not Latin) word and used in many languages to designate a specific sort of fish. For further explanation, "Dorado, the Dolphinfish" would work in English. The Spanish term "dorado" literally means "golden", and it has been used for various type of fish in the past. Given this translation, the constellation name has sometimes been translated as "Goldfish", although the Spanish term always designated exotic fish species from the "new worlds".

==Etymology and History==

Dorado, the Dolphinfish, has been invented by Pieter Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia (later called "Dutch Indies") 1592-1594. Their catalogue of southern stars was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). Before the publication of the star catalogue, de Houtman shared his data with Petrus Plancius, who had actually commissioned this work. Even in the 1590s, Plancius had worked with this material and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south, and so did Johann Bayer's Uranometria (1603).

===Species of Fish===
Despite translating the Spanish term "dorado" (golden), historical Spanish and other European languages never designated any species of [[wikipedia:Goldfish|goldfish]] (small freshwater pet fish) with the term.

In biology, "Dorado" is the name of two sorts of fish: a freshwater fish in South America and a predatory fish that lives in the ocean. The ocean inhabitants, who had inspired de Houtman and Keyser, are today known as dolphinfishes with the scientific genus name "Coryphaena". The "Common Dolphinfish" (''Coryphaena hippurus'') is called '''''Mahi Mahi,''''' the Hawaiian language term for "very strong". In Persian, the word "mahi" (ماهی) happens to mean "fish" which is unrelated to the Hawaiian term. Although there are other names for the fish in some regions (e.g. "Lampuka" on the Mediterranean island of Malta and specifically "Ikan Lemadang" in Indonesia, where de Houtman and Keyser invented the celestial name), the Hawaiian term became publicly known. To avoid confusion with dolphins (the sea mammals that are unrelated to all species of fish), the term for the fish that is used in the public, e.g. in restaurants, is Mahi Mahi.

===Modern transformations ===
The standard topic that Dorado hunts Volans can be traced throughout history. Yet, Bode and Goldbach show some anomalies: Bode wrote two books: one in German in 1772 as a very young man, training himself in astronomy ("Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels") and his famous atlas as senior astronomer at the Berlin observatory, ''Uranographia'' (1801). In 1772, he labels Dorado "swordfish" and in his Latin-labelled atlas consequently "Xiphias" (and not "Dorado" like everybody else). Goldbach (1799) reproduces Lacaille's map but labels it in German with the translation "swordfish" while in his own interpretation of the map (next page), he labels Dorado "goldfish". <gallery>
File:Dor+vol Bayer1603.jpg|Bayer (1603): Dorado hunts Volans
File:Dorado+volans Dopplmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's (1742) version of Dorado's hunt of Volans
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) depicts Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo.
File:Dorado Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) labels Dorado "Schwerdt-Fisch" (swordfish)
File:Dor+Vol Fortin 1776-1795.jpg|Fortin's hunt of Volans by Dorado (1775-1795)
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Lacaille dtBeschr Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" hunts Volans (1756, here repro 1799)
File:Dor Lacaille dtBeschr.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" (1756), the German translation in Goldbach 1799 labels it "Schwerdfisch" (swordfish).
File:Dor+vol+arg Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own version of Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo (1799)
File:Dor goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own "Dorado" is labelled "Goldfisch" (goldfish) in German (1799).
</gallery>

== IAU Star Name Discussion ==
As the stars of Dorado are rather faint, no one of them has a historical proper name. The main star is α Dor (3.3 mag) and β Dor has 3.8 mag; all other stars are fainter than 4 mag.

As the official translation of the constellation name should be "Dolphinfish", it might be an idea to name the brightest star (α Dor) Mahi Mahi but we need to make sure that this does not cause conflict with the Hawaiian native speakers and their culture.

Johnson ''et al''.’s Austronesian star catalogue lists the "Dolphin constellation" ''Kailou'' from the Admiralty Is. and the Kankanaey asterism ''Sipat'', both of which are identified with modern Delphinus or possibly Dorado. In other words, it is possible that Dorado was known as Kailou in Melanesia and Sipat in the Malay Archipelago, which leads to the suggestion of Kailou and/ or Sipat for stars in Dorado.

According to Ambrosio (2010, 155): "Sipat and Tudong [another asterism] are mentioned in prayers for the offering of a chicken for someone who cannot control urination, and for the ceremony of ''kentan'', where the rice seedlings are blessed before being planted." Vanoverbergh (1972, 91) identifies Sipat as "The Dolphin" whereas Tudong is "part of Andromeda, Pisces, Triangulum, and Aries". It is pretty clear that the Dolphin in question is Delphinus, not Dorado. "Sipat" in Tagalog does not mean Dolphin but rather "look carefully". It may have other meanings in other Filipino languages, but these are grounds for ruling out this term for stars in Dorado.

Kailou is certainly a fish name in the Manus, but it is the wrong type of fish (jack [Carangidae]), [(see Akimichi and Sukiyama 2010, 16) and, once again, the name is more likely to apply to Delphinus rather than Dorado.

The name Mahi Mahi was never to our knowledge applied to an asterism, so it may be inappropriate to use this Hawaiian term. The Indonesian term "Ikan Lemadang" is a bit of a mouthful, and not internationally recognised, but it may possibly be more appropriate. If we apply "Kailou" here, we probably apply it to the wrong region in the sky.

== References==
*Akimichi, Tomoya and Osamu Sukiyama (2010). ''Manus fish names''. doi.org/10.15021/00004269.
*Ambrosio, Dante L. (2010). ''Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino''. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
*de Houtman, Frederik (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]
*Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
*Maass, Alfred, ``Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel<nowiki>''</nowiki>, [https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/tbg.html Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde], vol. 64 (1924), pp. 1-172 & 347-459, with a "Nachtrag", vol. 66 (1926), pp. 618-670.
*Ridpath, Ian, Star Tales. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/dorado.html website]
*Vanoverbergh, Morice, "Kankenay Religion", ''Anthropos'' 67 (1972), 72-128.

Dorado

2024-06-07T10:25:01Z

Cliveruggles: Clive edited the IAU Star Name discussion section

[[File:DOR (IAU definition).gif|alt=DOR modern map|thumb|The modern map of the IAU-constellation Dorado (S&T graphics)]] one of the 88 official constellations. There is no need to translate the term because "Dorado" already is a modern (not Latin) word and used in many languages to designate a specific sort of fish. For further explanation, "Dorado, the Dolphinfish" would work in English. The Spanish term "dorado" literally means "golden", and it has been used for various type of fish in the past. Given this translation, the constellation name has sometimes been translated as "Goldfish", although the Spanish term always designated exotic fish species from the "new worlds".

==Etymology and History==

Dorado, the Dolphinfish, has been invented by Pieter Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia (later called "Dutch Indies") 1592-1594. Their catalogue of southern stars was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). Before the publication of the star catalogue, de Houtman shared his data with Petrus Plancius, who had actually commissioned this work. Even in the 1590s, Plancius had worked with this material and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south, and so did Johann Bayer's Uranometria (1603).

===Species of Fish===
Despite translating the Spanish term "dorado" (golden), historical Spanish and other European languages never designated any species of [[wikipedia:Goldfish|goldfish]] (small freshwater pet fish) with the term.

In biology, "Dorado" is the name of two sorts of fish: a freshwater fish in South America and a predatory fish that lives in the ocean. The ocean inhabitants, who had inspired de Houtman and Keyser, are today known as dolphinfishes with the scientific genus name "Coryphaena". The "Common Dolphinfish" (''Coryphaena hippurus'') is called '''''Mahi Mahi,''''' the Hawaiian language term for "very strong". In Persian, the word "mahi" (ماهی) happens to mean "fish" which is unrelated to the Hawaiian term. Although there are other names for the fish in some regions (e.g. "Lampuka" on the Mediterranean island of Malta and specifically "Ikan Lemadang" in Indonesia, where de Houtman and Keyser invented the celestial name), the Hawaiian term became publicly known. To avoid confusion with dolphins (the sea mammals that are unrelated to all species of fish), the term for the fish that is used in the public, e.g. in restaurants, is Mahi Mahi.

===Modern transformations ===
The standard topic that Dorado hunts Volans can be traced throughout history. Yet, Bode and Goldbach show some anomalies: Bode wrote two books: one in German in 1772 as a very young man, training himself in astronomy ("Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels") and his famous atlas as senior astronomer at the Berlin observatory, ''Uranographia'' (1801). In 1772, he labels Dorado "swordfish" and in his Latin-labelled atlas consequently "Xiphias" (and not "Dorado" like everybody else). Goldbach (1799) reproduces Lacaille's map but labels it in German with the translation "swordfish" while in his own interpretation of the map (next page), he labels Dorado "goldfish". <gallery>
File:Dor+vol Bayer1603.jpg|Bayer (1603): Dorado hunts Volans
File:Dorado+volans Dopplmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's (1742) version of Dorado's hunt of Volans
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) depicts Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo.
File:Dorado Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) labels Dorado "Schwerdt-Fisch" (swordfish)
File:Dor+Vol Fortin 1776-1795.jpg|Fortin's hunt of Volans by Dorado (1775-1795)
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Lacaille dtBeschr Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" hunts Volans (1756, here repro 1799)
File:Dor Lacaille dtBeschr.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" (1756), the German translation in Goldbach 1799 labels it "Schwerdfisch" (swordfish).
File:Dor+vol+arg Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own version of Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo (1799)
File:Dor goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own "Dorado" is labelled "Goldfisch" (goldfish) in German (1799).
</gallery>

== IAU Star Name Discussion ==
As the stars of Dorado are rather faint, no one of them has a historical proper name. The main star is α Dor (3.3 mag) and β Dor has 3.8 mag; all other stars are fainter than 4 mag.

As the official translation of the constellation name should be "Dolphinfish", it might be an idea to name the brightest star (α Dor) Mahi Mahi but we need to make sure that this does not cause conflict with the Hawaiian native speakers and their culture.

Johnson ''et al''.’s Austronesian star catalogue lists the "Dolphin constellation" ''Kailou'' from the Admiralty Is. and the Kankanaey asterism ''Sipat'', both of which are identified with modern Delphinus or possibly Dorado. In other words, it is possible that Dorado was known as Kailou in Melanesia and Sipat in the Malay Archipelago, which leads to the suggestion of Kailou and/ or Sipat for stars in Dorado.

[Parkinson 1907: 378; Kötz 1911: 52]

According to Ambrosio (2010, 155): "Sipat and Tudong [another asterism] are mentioned in prayers for the offering of a chicken for someone who cannot control urination, and for the ceremony of ''kentan'', where the rice seedlings are blessed before being planted." Vanoverbergh (1972, 91) identifies Sipat as "The Dolphin" whereas Tudong is "part of Andromeda, Pisces, Triangulum, and Aries". It is pretty clear that the Dolphin in question is Delphinus, not Dorado. "Sipat" in Tagalog does not mean Dolphin but rather "look carefully". It may have other meanings in other Filipino languages, but these are grounds for ruling out this term for stars in Dorado.

Kailou is certainly a fish name in the Manus, but it is the wrong type of fish (jack [Carangidae]), [(see Akimichi and Sukiyama 2010, 16) and, once again, the name is more likely to apply to Delphinus rather than Dorado.

The name Mahi Mahi was never to our knowledge applied to an asterism, so it may be inappropriate to use this Hawaiian term. The Indonesian term "Ikan Lemadang" is a bit of a mouthful, and not internationally recognised, but it may possibly be more appropriate. If we apply "Kailou" here, we probably apply it to the wrong region in the sky.

== References==
*Akimichi, Tomoya and Osamu Sukiyama (2010). ''Manus fish names''. doi.org/10.15021/00004269.
*Ambrosio, Dante L. (2010). ''Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino''. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
*de Houtman, Frederik (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]
*Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
*Maass, Alfred, ``Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel<nowiki>''</nowiki>, [https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/tbg.html Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde], vol. 64 (1924), pp. 1-172 & 347-459, with a "Nachtrag", vol. 66 (1926), pp. 618-670.
*Ridpath, Ian, Star Tales. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/dorado.html website]
*Vanoverbergh, Morice, "Kankenay Religion", ''Anthropos'' 67 (1972), 72-128.