All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

Dorado

2024-11-15T01:58:12Z

Cheungszeleung: /* References */

[[File:DOR (IAU definition).gif|alt=DOR modern map|thumb|The modern map of the IAU-constellation Dorado (S&T graphics)]] One of the 88 official constellations. There is no need to translate the term because "Dorado" already is a modern (not Latin) word and used in many languages to designate a specific sort of fish. For further explanation, "Dorado, the Dolphinfish" would work in English. The Spanish term "dorado" literally means "golden", and it has been used for various type of fish in the past. Given this translation, the constellation name has sometimes been translated as "Goldfish", although the Spanish term always designated exotic fish species from the "new worlds".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:DeHoutman Dorado.JPG|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|de Houtman (1603) "den Dorado". screenshot of star catalogue. ]]
Dorado, the Dolphinfish, has been invented by Pieter Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia (later called "Dutch Indies") 1592-1594. Their catalogue<ref>de Houtman, Frederik (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue in a Dictionary of Malayan language]</ref> of southern stars was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). Before the publication of the star catalogue, de Houtman shared his data with Petrus Plancius, who had actually commissioned this work. Even in the 1590s, Plancius had worked with this material and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south, and so did Johann Bayer's Uranometria (1603).

===Species of Fish===
Following Dekker (1987),<ref>Dekker, E. (1987), Early explorations of the southern celestial sky, Annals of Science, 44:5, 439-470. [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|PDF here References (Medieval and Early Modern)]]</ref> Ridpath<ref>Ridpath, Ian * Ridpath, Ian, [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/dorado.html Star Tales: online edition].</ref> (supported by van Gent) argues that the dorado in the sky hunts the flying fish (Volans), and that the Dutch explorer might have observed such a hunt on their journey (cf. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7McNUjWgw BBC Earth documentation], also see Maas 1924<ref>Maass, Alfred, ``Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel<nowiki>''</nowiki>, [https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/tbg.html Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde], vol. 64 (1924), pp. 1-172 & 347-459, with a "Nachtrag", vol. 66 (1926), pp. 618-670.</ref>).

Despite translating the Spanish term "dorado" (golden), historical Spanish and other European languages never designated any species of [[wikipedia:Goldfish|goldfish]] (small freshwater pet fish) with the term.

In biology, "Dorado" is the name of two sorts of fish: a freshwater fish in South America and a predatory fish that lives in the ocean. The ocean inhabitants, who had inspired de Houtman and Keyser, are today known as dolphinfishes with the scientific genus name "Coryphaena". The "Common Dolphinfish" (''Coryphaena hippurus'') is called '''''Mahi Mahi,''''' the Hawaiian language term for "very strong". In Persian, the word "mahi" (ماهی) happens to mean "fish" which is unrelated to the Hawaiian term. Although there are other names for the fish in some regions<ref>many names in many languages listed on [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/98531-Coryphaena-hippurus Inaturalist.org]</ref> (e.g. "Lampuka" on the Mediterranean island of Malta and specifically "Ikan Lemadang" in Indonesia, where de Houtman and Keyser invented the celestial name), the Hawaiian term became publicly known. To avoid confusion with dolphins (the sea mammals that are unrelated to all species of fish), the term for the fish that is used in the public, e.g. in restaurants, is Mahi Mahi.

===Modern transformations ===
The standard topic that Dorado hunts Volans can be traced throughout history. Yet, Bode and Goldbach show some anomalies: Bode wrote two books: one in German in 1772 as a very young man, training himself in astronomy ("Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels") and his famous atlas as senior astronomer at the Berlin observatory, ''Uranographia'' (1801). In 1772, he labels Dorado "swordfish" and in his Latin-labelled atlas consequently "Xiphias" (and not "Dorado" like everybody else). Goldbach (1799) reproduces Lacaille's map but labels it in German with the translation "swordfish" while in his own interpretation of the map (next page), he labels Dorado "goldfish". <gallery>
File:Dor+vol Bayer1603.jpg|Bayer (1603): Dorado hunts Volans
File:Dorado+volans Dopplmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's (1742) version of Dorado's hunt of Volans
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) depicts Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo.
File:Dorado Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) labels Dorado "Schwerdt-Fisch" (swordfish)
File:Dor+Vol Fortin 1776-1795.jpg|Fortin's hunt of Volans by Dorado (1775-1795)
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Lacaille dtBeschr Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" hunts Volans (1756, here repro 1799)
File:Dor Lacaille dtBeschr.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" (1756), the German translation in Goldbach 1799 labels it "Schwerdfisch" (swordfish).
File:Dor+vol+arg Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own version of Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo (1799)
File:Dor goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own "Dorado" is labelled "Goldfisch" (goldfish) in German (1799).
File:Simon1894 Dorado+Ret.jpg|Dorado with Reticulum and Pictor at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== IAU Star Name Discussion ==
As the stars of Dorado are rather faint, no one has a proper historical name. The main star is α Dor (3.3 mag) and β Dor has 3.8 mag; all other stars are fainter than 4 mag.

As the official translation of the constellation name should be "Dolphinfish", it might be an idea to name the brightest star (α Dor) with that term (like "Peacock" for alf Pav). The WGSN has also discussed the Indonesia word "'''Ikan Lemadang'''" designating this species, and the term "'''Mahi Mahi'''" which is popular in English restaurant menues. Both names were rejected, the first being a bit mouthful, the second due to a mismatch of cultural origins of the term and constellation invention.

The group also discussed constellation names from Oceania such as:

* '''Kailou''' (Johnson<ref>Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.</ref> ''et al''.’s Austronesian star catalogue lists the "Dolphin constellation" ''Kailou'' from the Admiralty Is. and the Kankanaey asterism ''Sipat'', both of which are identified with modern Delphinus or possibly Dorado. Kailou is certainly a fish name in the Manus. Still, it is the wrong type of fish (jack [Carangidae]), (see Akimichi and Sukiyama 2010, 16)<ref>Akimichi, Tomoya and Osamu Sukiyama (2010). ''Manus fish names''. doi.org/10.15021/00004269.</ref> and, once again, the name is more likely to apply to Delphinus rather than Dorado. If we apply "Kailou" here, we probably apply it to the wrong region in the sky. In other words, it is possible that Dorado was known as Kailou in Melanesia and Sipat in the Malay Archipelago, which leads to the suggestion of Kailou and/ or Sipat for stars in Dorado.

* '''"Sipat"'''. According to Ambrosio<ref>Ambrosio, Dante L. (2010). ''Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino''. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.</ref> (2010, 155): "Sipat and Tudong [another asterism] are mentioned in prayers for the offering of a chicken for someone who cannot control urination, and for the ceremony of ''kentan'', where the rice seedlings are blessed before being planted." Vanoverbergh<ref>Vanoverbergh, Morice, "Kankenay Religion", ''Anthropos'' 67 (1972), 72-128.</ref> (1972, 91) identifies Sipat as "The Dolphin" whereas Tudong is "part of Andromeda, Pisces, Triangulum, and Aries". It is pretty clear that the Dolphin in question is Delphinus, not Dorado. "Sipat" in Tagalog does not mean Dolphin but rather "look carefully". It may have other meanings in other Filipino languages, but these are grounds for ruling out this term for stars in Dorado.

An alternative candidate name is "''Xiphias''" (swordfish), the alias for the constellation name "Dorado," as it appeared in Kepler's Rudolphine Tables (1627). The name "Xiphias" was also applied to the constellation by Halley (1678), Hevelius (1690), and Bode (1801). However, it means "swordfish" and therefore (mis)leads to another species of fish.

== Weblinks ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7McNUjWgw BBC Earth (youTube) documenting the hunt of flying fish by the dolphinfish].
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/98531-Coryphaena-hippurus "Gemeine Goldmakrele" in Inaturalist.org]

== References==

[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Dorado

2024-11-15T01:57:27Z

Cheungszeleung: /* IAU Star Name Discussion */

[[File:DOR (IAU definition).gif|alt=DOR modern map|thumb|The modern map of the IAU-constellation Dorado (S&T graphics)]] One of the 88 official constellations. There is no need to translate the term because "Dorado" already is a modern (not Latin) word and used in many languages to designate a specific sort of fish. For further explanation, "Dorado, the Dolphinfish" would work in English. The Spanish term "dorado" literally means "golden", and it has been used for various type of fish in the past. Given this translation, the constellation name has sometimes been translated as "Goldfish", although the Spanish term always designated exotic fish species from the "new worlds".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:DeHoutman Dorado.JPG|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|de Houtman (1603) "den Dorado". screenshot of star catalogue. ]]
Dorado, the Dolphinfish, has been invented by Pieter Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia (later called "Dutch Indies") 1592-1594. Their catalogue<ref>de Houtman, Frederik (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue in a Dictionary of Malayan language]</ref> of southern stars was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). Before the publication of the star catalogue, de Houtman shared his data with Petrus Plancius, who had actually commissioned this work. Even in the 1590s, Plancius had worked with this material and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south, and so did Johann Bayer's Uranometria (1603).

===Species of Fish===
Following Dekker (1987),<ref>Dekker, E. (1987), Early explorations of the southern celestial sky, Annals of Science, 44:5, 439-470. [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|PDF here References (Medieval and Early Modern)]]</ref> Ridpath<ref>Ridpath, Ian * Ridpath, Ian, [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/dorado.html Star Tales: online edition].</ref> (supported by van Gent) argues that the dorado in the sky hunts the flying fish (Volans), and that the Dutch explorer might have observed such a hunt on their journey (cf. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7McNUjWgw BBC Earth documentation], also see Maas 1924<ref>Maass, Alfred, ``Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel<nowiki>''</nowiki>, [https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/tbg.html Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde], vol. 64 (1924), pp. 1-172 & 347-459, with a "Nachtrag", vol. 66 (1926), pp. 618-670.</ref>).

Despite translating the Spanish term "dorado" (golden), historical Spanish and other European languages never designated any species of [[wikipedia:Goldfish|goldfish]] (small freshwater pet fish) with the term.

In biology, "Dorado" is the name of two sorts of fish: a freshwater fish in South America and a predatory fish that lives in the ocean. The ocean inhabitants, who had inspired de Houtman and Keyser, are today known as dolphinfishes with the scientific genus name "Coryphaena". The "Common Dolphinfish" (''Coryphaena hippurus'') is called '''''Mahi Mahi,''''' the Hawaiian language term for "very strong". In Persian, the word "mahi" (ماهی) happens to mean "fish" which is unrelated to the Hawaiian term. Although there are other names for the fish in some regions<ref>many names in many languages listed on [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/98531-Coryphaena-hippurus InNaturalist.org]</ref> (e.g. "Lampuka" on the Mediterranean island of Malta and specifically "Ikan Lemadang" in Indonesia, where de Houtman and Keyser invented the celestial name), the Hawaiian term became publicly known. To avoid confusion with dolphins (the sea mammals that are unrelated to all species of fish), the term for the fish that is used in the public, e.g. in restaurants, is Mahi Mahi.

===Modern transformations ===
The standard topic that Dorado hunts Volans can be traced throughout history. Yet, Bode and Goldbach show some anomalies: Bode wrote two books: one in German in 1772 as a very young man, training himself in astronomy ("Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels") and his famous atlas as senior astronomer at the Berlin observatory, ''Uranographia'' (1801). In 1772, he labels Dorado "swordfish" and in his Latin-labelled atlas consequently "Xiphias" (and not "Dorado" like everybody else). Goldbach (1799) reproduces Lacaille's map but labels it in German with the translation "swordfish" while in his own interpretation of the map (next page), he labels Dorado "goldfish". <gallery>
File:Dor+vol Bayer1603.jpg|Bayer (1603): Dorado hunts Volans
File:Dorado+volans Dopplmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's (1742) version of Dorado's hunt of Volans
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) depicts Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo.
File:Dorado Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) labels Dorado "Schwerdt-Fisch" (swordfish)
File:Dor+Vol Fortin 1776-1795.jpg|Fortin's hunt of Volans by Dorado (1775-1795)
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Lacaille dtBeschr Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" hunts Volans (1756, here repro 1799)
File:Dor Lacaille dtBeschr.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" (1756), the German translation in Goldbach 1799 labels it "Schwerdfisch" (swordfish).
File:Dor+vol+arg Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own version of Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo (1799)
File:Dor goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own "Dorado" is labelled "Goldfisch" (goldfish) in German (1799).
File:Simon1894 Dorado+Ret.jpg|Dorado with Reticulum and Pictor at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== IAU Star Name Discussion ==
As the stars of Dorado are rather faint, no one has a proper historical name. The main star is α Dor (3.3 mag) and β Dor has 3.8 mag; all other stars are fainter than 4 mag.

As the official translation of the constellation name should be "Dolphinfish", it might be an idea to name the brightest star (α Dor) with that term (like "Peacock" for alf Pav). The WGSN has also discussed the Indonesia word "'''Ikan Lemadang'''" designating this species, and the term "'''Mahi Mahi'''" which is popular in English restaurant menues. Both names were rejected, the first being a bit mouthful, the second due to a mismatch of cultural origins of the term and constellation invention.

The group also discussed constellation names from Oceania such as:

* '''Kailou''' (Johnson<ref>Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.</ref> ''et al''.’s Austronesian star catalogue lists the "Dolphin constellation" ''Kailou'' from the Admiralty Is. and the Kankanaey asterism ''Sipat'', both of which are identified with modern Delphinus or possibly Dorado. Kailou is certainly a fish name in the Manus. Still, it is the wrong type of fish (jack [Carangidae]), (see Akimichi and Sukiyama 2010, 16)<ref>Akimichi, Tomoya and Osamu Sukiyama (2010). ''Manus fish names''. doi.org/10.15021/00004269.</ref> and, once again, the name is more likely to apply to Delphinus rather than Dorado. If we apply "Kailou" here, we probably apply it to the wrong region in the sky. In other words, it is possible that Dorado was known as Kailou in Melanesia and Sipat in the Malay Archipelago, which leads to the suggestion of Kailou and/ or Sipat for stars in Dorado.

* '''"Sipat"'''. According to Ambrosio<ref>Ambrosio, Dante L. (2010). ''Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino''. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.</ref> (2010, 155): "Sipat and Tudong [another asterism] are mentioned in prayers for the offering of a chicken for someone who cannot control urination, and for the ceremony of ''kentan'', where the rice seedlings are blessed before being planted." Vanoverbergh<ref>Vanoverbergh, Morice, "Kankenay Religion", ''Anthropos'' 67 (1972), 72-128.</ref> (1972, 91) identifies Sipat as "The Dolphin" whereas Tudong is "part of Andromeda, Pisces, Triangulum, and Aries". It is pretty clear that the Dolphin in question is Delphinus, not Dorado. "Sipat" in Tagalog does not mean Dolphin but rather "look carefully". It may have other meanings in other Filipino languages, but these are grounds for ruling out this term for stars in Dorado.

An alternative candidate name is "''Xiphias''" (swordfish), the alias for the constellation name "Dorado," as it appeared in Kepler's Rudolphine Tables (1627). The name "Xiphias" was also applied to the constellation by Halley (1678), Hevelius (1690), and Bode (1801). However, it means "swordfish" and therefore (mis)leads to another species of fish.

== Weblinks ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7McNUjWgw BBC Earth (youTube) documenting the hunt of flying fish by the dolphinfish].
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/98531-Coryphaena-hippurus "Gemeine Goldmakrele" in InNaturalist.org]

== References==

[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Dorado

2024-11-15T01:54:16Z

Cheungszeleung: /* Weblinks */ added a link to the biological information

[[File:DOR (IAU definition).gif|alt=DOR modern map|thumb|The modern map of the IAU-constellation Dorado (S&T graphics)]] One of the 88 official constellations. There is no need to translate the term because "Dorado" already is a modern (not Latin) word and used in many languages to designate a specific sort of fish. For further explanation, "Dorado, the Dolphinfish" would work in English. The Spanish term "dorado" literally means "golden", and it has been used for various type of fish in the past. Given this translation, the constellation name has sometimes been translated as "Goldfish", although the Spanish term always designated exotic fish species from the "new worlds".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:DeHoutman Dorado.JPG|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|de Houtman (1603) "den Dorado". screenshot of star catalogue. ]]
Dorado, the Dolphinfish, has been invented by Pieter Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia (later called "Dutch Indies") 1592-1594. Their catalogue<ref>de Houtman, Frederik (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue in a Dictionary of Malayan language]</ref> of southern stars was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). Before the publication of the star catalogue, de Houtman shared his data with Petrus Plancius, who had actually commissioned this work. Even in the 1590s, Plancius had worked with this material and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south, and so did Johann Bayer's Uranometria (1603).

===Species of Fish===
Following Dekker (1987),<ref>Dekker, E. (1987), Early explorations of the southern celestial sky, Annals of Science, 44:5, 439-470. [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|PDF here References (Medieval and Early Modern)]]</ref> Ridpath<ref>Ridpath, Ian * Ridpath, Ian, [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/dorado.html Star Tales: online edition].</ref> (supported by van Gent) argues that the dorado in the sky hunts the flying fish (Volans), and that the Dutch explorer might have observed such a hunt on their journey (cf. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7McNUjWgw BBC Earth documentation], also see Maas 1924<ref>Maass, Alfred, ``Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel<nowiki>''</nowiki>, [https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/tbg.html Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde], vol. 64 (1924), pp. 1-172 & 347-459, with a "Nachtrag", vol. 66 (1926), pp. 618-670.</ref>).

Despite translating the Spanish term "dorado" (golden), historical Spanish and other European languages never designated any species of [[wikipedia:Goldfish|goldfish]] (small freshwater pet fish) with the term.

In biology, "Dorado" is the name of two sorts of fish: a freshwater fish in South America and a predatory fish that lives in the ocean. The ocean inhabitants, who had inspired de Houtman and Keyser, are today known as dolphinfishes with the scientific genus name "Coryphaena". The "Common Dolphinfish" (''Coryphaena hippurus'') is called '''''Mahi Mahi,''''' the Hawaiian language term for "very strong". In Persian, the word "mahi" (ماهی) happens to mean "fish" which is unrelated to the Hawaiian term. Although there are other names for the fish in some regions (e.g. "Lampuka" on the Mediterranean island of Malta and specifically "Ikan Lemadang" in Indonesia, where de Houtman and Keyser invented the celestial name), the Hawaiian term became publicly known. To avoid confusion with dolphins (the sea mammals that are unrelated to all species of fish), the term for the fish that is used in the public, e.g. in restaurants, is Mahi Mahi.

===Modern transformations ===
The standard topic that Dorado hunts Volans can be traced throughout history. Yet, Bode and Goldbach show some anomalies: Bode wrote two books: one in German in 1772 as a very young man, training himself in astronomy ("Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels") and his famous atlas as senior astronomer at the Berlin observatory, ''Uranographia'' (1801). In 1772, he labels Dorado "swordfish" and in his Latin-labelled atlas consequently "Xiphias" (and not "Dorado" like everybody else). Goldbach (1799) reproduces Lacaille's map but labels it in German with the translation "swordfish" while in his own interpretation of the map (next page), he labels Dorado "goldfish". <gallery>
File:Dor+vol Bayer1603.jpg|Bayer (1603): Dorado hunts Volans
File:Dorado+volans Dopplmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's (1742) version of Dorado's hunt of Volans
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) depicts Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo.
File:Dorado Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) labels Dorado "Schwerdt-Fisch" (swordfish)
File:Dor+Vol Fortin 1776-1795.jpg|Fortin's hunt of Volans by Dorado (1775-1795)
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Lacaille dtBeschr Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" hunts Volans (1756, here repro 1799)
File:Dor Lacaille dtBeschr.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" (1756), the German translation in Goldbach 1799 labels it "Schwerdfisch" (swordfish).
File:Dor+vol+arg Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own version of Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo (1799)
File:Dor goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own "Dorado" is labelled "Goldfisch" (goldfish) in German (1799).
File:Simon1894 Dorado+Ret.jpg|Dorado with Reticulum and Pictor at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== IAU Star Name Discussion ==
As the stars of Dorado are rather faint, no one has a proper historical name. The main star is α Dor (3.3 mag) and β Dor has 3.8 mag; all other stars are fainter than 4 mag.

As the official translation of the constellation name should be "Dolphinfish", it might be an idea to name the brightest star (α Dor) with that term (like "Peacock" for alf Pav). The WGSN has also discussed the Indonesia word "'''Ikan Lemadang'''" designating this species, and the term "'''Mahi Mahi'''" which is popular in English restaurant menues. Both names were rejected, the first being a bit mouthful, the second due to a mismatch of cultural origins of the term and constellation invention.

The group also discussed names from Oceania such as:

* '''Kailou''' (Johnson<ref>Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.</ref> ''et al''.’s Austronesian star catalogue lists the "Dolphin constellation" ''Kailou'' from the Admiralty Is. and the Kankanaey asterism ''Sipat'', both of which are identified with modern Delphinus or possibly Dorado. Kailou is certainly a fish name in the Manus. Still, it is the wrong type of fish (jack [Carangidae]), (see Akimichi and Sukiyama 2010, 16)<ref>Akimichi, Tomoya and Osamu Sukiyama (2010). ''Manus fish names''. doi.org/10.15021/00004269.</ref> and, once again, the name is more likely to apply to Delphinus rather than Dorado. If we apply "Kailou" here, we probably apply it to the wrong region in the sky. In other words, it is possible that Dorado was known as Kailou in Melanesia and Sipat in the Malay Archipelago, which leads to the suggestion of Kailou and/ or Sipat for stars in Dorado.

* '''"Sipat"'''. According to Ambrosio<ref>Ambrosio, Dante L. (2010). ''Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino''. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.</ref> (2010, 155): "Sipat and Tudong [another asterism] are mentioned in prayers for the offering of a chicken for someone who cannot control urination, and for the ceremony of ''kentan'', where the rice seedlings are blessed before being planted." Vanoverbergh<ref>Vanoverbergh, Morice, "Kankenay Religion", ''Anthropos'' 67 (1972), 72-128.</ref> (1972, 91) identifies Sipat as "The Dolphin" whereas Tudong is "part of Andromeda, Pisces, Triangulum, and Aries". It is pretty clear that the Dolphin in question is Delphinus, not Dorado. "Sipat" in Tagalog does not mean Dolphin but rather "look carefully". It may have other meanings in other Filipino languages, but these are grounds for ruling out this term for stars in Dorado.

An alternative candidate name is "''Xiphias''" (swordfish), the alias for the constellation name "Dorado," as it appeared in Kepler's Rudolphine Tables (1627). The name "Xiphias" was also applied to the constellation by Halley (1678), Hevelius (1690), and Bode (1801). However, it means "swordfish" and therefore (mis)leads to another species of fish.

== Weblinks ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7McNUjWgw BBC Earth (youTube) documenting the hunt of flying fish by the dolphinfish].
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/98531-Coryphaena-hippurus "Gemeine Goldmakrele" in InNaturalist.org]

== References==

[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

User:Cheungszeleung

2024-07-11T10:32:19Z

Cheungszeleung: Created page with "He is associate member of the WGSN. == [https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/16169/ IAU Membership Page] =="

He is associate member of the WGSN.

== [https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/16169/ IAU Membership Page] ==

Tucana

2024-07-11T10:13:46Z

Cheungszeleung: added to the transformation/ naming history

[[File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|alt=bird labelled "Toucan" on Plancius's Globe|thumb|First depiction of Toucan on the Hondius/Plancius globe of 1598.]]
[[File:Exster (name in first publication).jpg|alt=section of de Houtman's star catalogue (1603) with the headline "Exster"|thumb|The name "Indiaenschen Exster" ["Indian Magpie"] was given to the constellation by de Houtman (1603) in the first printed catalogue of the southernmost stars.]]
[[File:TUC (IAU constellation).gif|alt=modern map of constellation Tucana|thumb|Constellation Tucana (modern definition: S&T Graphics)]]
"den Indiaenschen Exster, op Indies Lang ghenaemt" (the Indian Magpie, known as "Lang" in the Indies) was the original Dutch name of the constellation of the bird that is now called "Toucan" (Tucana, Tuc). The constellation was invented by Pieter Dircksz Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia in 1595/6.

== Invention & Transformation ==
The southern star catalog by de Houtman<ref>Frederik de Houtman (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]</ref> and Keyser was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). This star catalog was written in Dutch (with later translations to French,<ref>Marre, Aristide, “Catalogue des étoiles circumpolaires australes observées dans l'Ile de Sumatra”, ''Bulletin sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', '''1''' (1881), 336–352 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881BSMA....5..336H/abstract ADS link]].</ref> English<ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations”, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 414–432 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.5.414 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..414K/abstract ADS link]].</ref><ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “Note on the paper 'On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations' ", ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 580 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.8.580 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..580K/abstract ADS link]].</ref> and Spanish<ref>Selga, Miguel, "Un catálogo antiguo de estrellas australes", ''Revista de la Sociedad Astronómica de España y América'', '''8''' (1918), 84-90 & '''9''' (1919), 11, 44-46 & 62-63 [online link(?)].</ref>). This printed catalogue of 1603 was made from observations collected by de Houtman on his second voyage (1598-1602) and during the two-year period when he was held as a hostage by the Sultan of Aceh on Northern Sumatra. At that time, de Houtman worked for W.J. Blaeu, a Plancius competitor, who used the data on his celestial globe of 1603.

Before the publication of his star catalogue, de Houtman had shared the data from the first voyage (1595/6) with Petrus Plancius who had actually commissioned this work. Plancius used the data collected by Pieter Dircksz Keyser on the exploration "Eerste Schipvaart" ('de eerste schipvaart op Oost-Indie'); De Houtman may have assisted in making these observations, and as Keyser was buried on the island of Java, de Houtman may also have been the person who personally communicated Keyser’s data to Plancius in 1597, but this is nowhere explicitly stated, it is just assumed because Plancius had worked with this material, and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south. The images had the labels "Indian" and "Toucan" left and right of the bird, while the left label ("Indian") also referred to the male figure northwest of it. Petrus Plancius' work and/or its copies by W. J. Blaeu served as source for Bayer's ''Uranometria'' (1603). Bayer's map of the south pole also displays the image with the label "Toucan" and an extraordinarily long beak.

=== Species of this bird ===
The additional phrase in de Houtman's catalog, mentioning that the bird was named "Lang" is occasionally misinterpreted to be the cause for this depiction, implying that "Lang" in Dutch means "long" and refers to the beak. In de Houtman's days the Dutch word for long was usually spelled as "lanck", so "Lang" is actually the name of the bird in the Malay language (cf. Maass 1926)<ref>Maass, Alfred, "Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''64''' (1924), 1-172 & 347-459 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1924_64.pdf online link]], with a "Nachtrag", '''66''' (1926), 618-670 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1926_66.pdf online link]].</ref>. According to the [https://archive.org/details/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu/page/599/mode/1up Malay-English Dictionary (1901)], it is the a generic term for birds of prey such as hawks, kites, falcons and eagles.

The hornbill's beak and crown start off white, but they may gradually turn orange and red because the hornbill rubs its beak against a gland. Although hornbills' favorite food is fig leaves, they also commonly eat insects, mice, lizards, and small birds.

==== Indigenous importance ====

In the Indonesian language, the bird is called "Burung Enggang" or "Burung Rangkong." Renowned on the island of Borneo, this human-friendly hornbill is closely associated with the Dayak people. In Dayak philosophy, the bird holds great significance and is deeply embedded in their culture and local wisdom. The hornbill symbolises the close connection of the Indonesian people to their natural surroundings. Its entire body represents the greatness and glory of the tribe, symbolising peace and unity, with its thick wings denoting a leader who always protects his people. The long tail is viewed as a sign of the prosperity of the Dayak people. Moreover, the hornbill serves as an example of family life in the community, teaching them always to love their partners and raise their children to become independent and mature Dayaks.

<gallery>
File:Talawang-Perisai-Tradisi-Suku-Dayak-941x480.jpg|Dayak tribal magical shield which has a picture of a hornbill in the carving (Youla Azkarrula 2024)
File:Hornbill Thailand 2023.jpg|hornbill in a tree in Thailand (photograph by Cheung Sze Leung)
File:Great hornbill Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. The description on its file description page there is shown below. Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar Location : Raigad, Maharashtra, India (2020)
</gallery>

====Mythology====

A Dayak story from Kalimantan reports that hornbills are the incarnation of the Bird Commander. Panglima Burung is a figure who lives in the mountains of inland Kalimantan and has a magical form and will only be present during war. In general, this bird is considered sacred and is not allowed to be hunted or eaten. Even today, the government protects this species by law.

===Possible origins of the interpretation of a Toucan===
Toucans are not home to the East Indies and Malaysia. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html Ridpath] suggests that the inventor of this constellation was actually Pieter Keyser who had not survived the expedition to the East Indies but had previously visited South America. Hoffmann (2021, 108) considers an image or sculpture of the bird enough to confuse naming. Thus, Plancius and de Houtman would also be possible inventors because baroque ‘wunderkamers’ could certainly have played a mediating role here. Rob van Gent adds that is not necessary that Keyser, de Houtman or Plancius actually saw a live (or dead) toucan as they are bound to descriptions and depictions of the bird in 16th-century travel literature: in particular Plancius would surely have been familiar with these.

With the above mentioned facts on the significance of hornbills in the Indonesian Dayak culture, it appears even more likely that de Houtman (with or without Keyser) named the constellation of the "Indiaenische Exster" (in Dutch) after the hornbill. As the biological differences between hornbills and toucans were likely unknown, the name of the constellation might simply be a confusion caused by the lack of biological knowledge.

===Versions in early modern celestial maps===
<gallery>
File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|Plancius' Toucan (1598)
File:Tuc Bayer.png|Bayer's Toucan (1603)
File:Tucana blaeu 1603.jpg|On Blaeu's 1603 globe the bird is named Pica Indica ab Indis Lang, and is drawn as a hornbill, not a toucan.
File:Toucan doppelmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's Toucan (1742)
File:Toucan Lacaille Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's Toucan (1756)
File:Toucan Bode1772.jpg|Bode's Toucan (1772)
File:Toucan Fortin1775-1795.jpg|Fortin's Toucan (1775-1795)
File:Toucan Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's Toucan (1799) looks like a sparrow
</gallery>

== Modern Star Name==
"Exster" is proposed as name for the main star of the modern IAU-constellation of Tucana (alf Tuc).

"Lang" is proposed as name for beta Tuc.

(or vice versa?)
==References==

*Ian Ridpath, Star Tales. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html website]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

<references />

Tucana

2024-07-11T10:01:12Z

Cheungszeleung: added media

[[File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|alt=bird labelled "Toucan" on Plancius's Globe|thumb|First depiction of Toucan on the Hondius/Plancius globe of 1598.]]
[[File:Exster (name in first publication).jpg|alt=section of de Houtman's star catalogue (1603) with the headline "Exster"|thumb|The name "Indiaenschen Exster" ["Indian Magpie"] was given to the constellation by de Houtman (1603) in the first printed catalogue of the southernmost stars.]]
[[File:TUC (IAU constellation).gif|alt=modern map of constellation Tucana|thumb|Constellation Tucana (modern definition: S&T Graphics)]]
"den Indiaenschen Exster, op Indies Lang ghenaemt" (the Indian Magpie, known as "Lang" in the Indies) was the original Dutch name of the constellation of the bird that is now called "Toucan" (Tucana, Tuc). The constellation was invented by Pieter Dircksz Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia in 1595/6.

== Invention & Transformation ==
The southern star catalog by de Houtman<ref>Frederik de Houtman (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]</ref> and Keyser was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). This star catalog was written in Dutch (with later translations to French,<ref>Marre, Aristide, “Catalogue des étoiles circumpolaires australes observées dans l'Ile de Sumatra”, ''Bulletin sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', '''1''' (1881), 336–352 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881BSMA....5..336H/abstract ADS link]].</ref> English<ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations”, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 414–432 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.5.414 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..414K/abstract ADS link]].</ref><ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “Note on the paper 'On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations' ", ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 580 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.8.580 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..580K/abstract ADS link]].</ref> and Spanish<ref>Selga, Miguel, "Un catálogo antiguo de estrellas australes", ''Revista de la Sociedad Astronómica de España y América'', '''8''' (1918), 84-90 & '''9''' (1919), 11, 44-46 & 62-63 [online link(?)].</ref>). This printed catalogue of 1603 was made from observations collected by de Houtman on his second voyage (1598-1602) and during the two-year period when he was held as a hostage by the Sultan of Aceh on Northern Sumatra. At that time, de Houtman worked for W.J. Blaeu, a Plancius competitor, who used the data on his celestial globe of 1603.

Before the publication of his star catalogue, de Houtman had shared the data from the first voyage (1595/6) with Petrus Plancius who had actually commissioned this work. Plancius used the data collected by Pieter Dircksz Keyser on the exploration "Eerste Schipvaart" ('de eerste schipvaart op Oost-Indie'); De Houtman may have assisted in making these observations, and as Keyser was buried on the island of Java, de Houtman may also have been the person who personally communicated Keyser’s data to Plancius in 1597, but this is nowhere explicitly stated, it is just assumed because Plancius had worked with this material, and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south. The images had the labels "Indian" and "Toucan" left and right of the bird, while the left label ("Indian") also referred to the male figure northwest of it. Petrus Plancius' work and/or its copies by W. J. Blaeu served as source for Bayer's ''Uranometria'' (1603). Bayer's map of the south pole also displays the image with the label "Toucan" and an extraordinarily long beak.

=== Species of this bird ===
The additional phrase in de Houtman's catalog, mentioning that the bird was named "Lang" is occasionally misinterpreted to be the cause for this depiction, implying that "Lang" in Dutch means "long" and refers to the beak. In de Houtman's days the Dutch word for long was usually spelled as "lanck", so "Lang" is actually the name of the bird in the Malay language (cf. Maass 1926)<ref>Maass, Alfred, "Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''64''' (1924), 1-172 & 347-459 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1924_64.pdf online link]], with a "Nachtrag", '''66''' (1926), 618-670 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1926_66.pdf online link]].</ref>. According to the [https://archive.org/details/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu/page/599/mode/1up Malay-English Dictionary (1901)], it is the a generic term for birds of prey such as hawks, kites, falcons and eagles.

The hornbill's beak and crown start off white, but they may gradually turn orange and red because the hornbill rubs its beak against a gland. Although hornbills' favorite food is fig leaves, they also commonly eat insects, mice, lizards, and small birds.

==== Indigenous importance ====

In the Indonesian language, the bird is called "Burung Enggang" or "Burung Rangkong." Renowned on the island of Borneo, this human-friendly hornbill is closely associated with the Dayak people. In Dayak philosophy, the bird holds great significance and is deeply embedded in their culture and local wisdom. The hornbill symbolises the close connection of the Indonesian people to their natural surroundings. Its entire body represents the greatness and glory of the tribe, symbolising peace and unity, with its thick wings denoting a leader who always protects his people. The long tail is viewed as a sign of the prosperity of the Dayak people. Moreover, the hornbill serves as an example of family life in the community, teaching them always to love their partners and raise their children to become independent and mature Dayaks.

<gallery>
File:Talawang-Perisai-Tradisi-Suku-Dayak-941x480.jpg|Dayak tribal magical shield which has a picture of a hornbill in the carving (Youla Azkarrula 2024)
File:Hornbill Thailand 2023.jpg|hornbill in a tree in Thailand (photograph by Cheung Sze Leung)
File:Great hornbill Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. The description on its file description page there is shown below. Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar Location : Raigad, Maharashtra, India (2020)
</gallery>

====Mythology====

A Dayak story from Kalimantan reports that hornbills are the incarnation of the Bird Commander. Panglima Burung is a figure who lives in the mountains of inland Kalimantan and has a magical form and will only be present during war. In general, this bird is considered sacred and is not allowed to be hunted or eaten. Even today, the government protects this species by law.

===Possible origins of the interpretation of a Toucan===
Toucans are not home to the East Indies and Malaysia. It has been suggested that images like this lead to the new interpretation of the constellation as a Toucan, although de Houtman certainly did not describe a toucan but an hornbill (cf. Smith 2007<ref>Smith, Paul J., "On Toucans and Hornbills: Readings in Early Modern Ornithology from Belon to Buffon", in: K.A.E. Enenkel & P.J. Smith (eds.), ''Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts'' (Leiden: Brill, 2007) 75–119 [[https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004131880.i-657.24 doi link]].</ref> and Ridpath).

[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html Ridpath] suggests that the inventor of this constellation was actually Pieter Keyser who had not survived the expedition to the East Indies but had previously visited South America. Hoffmann (2021, 108) suggests Plancius and de Houtman as also possible because baroque ‘wunderkamers’ could certainly have played a mediating role here. Rob van Gent here adds that is not necessary that Keyser, de Houtman or Plancius actually saw a live (or dead) toucan as they are bound to descriptions and depictions of the bird in 16th-century travel literature: in particular Plancius would surely have been familiar with these.

===Versions in early modern celestial maps===
<gallery>
File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|Plancius' Toucan (1598)
File:Tuc Bayer.png|Bayer's Toucan (1603)
File:Tucana blaeu 1603.jpg|On Blaeu's 1603 globe the bird is named Pica Indica ab Indis Lang, and is drawn as a hornbill, not a toucan.
File:Toucan doppelmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's Toucan (1742)
File:Toucan Lacaille Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's Toucan (1756)
File:Toucan Bode1772.jpg|Bode's Toucan (1772)
File:Toucan Fortin1775-1795.jpg|Fortin's Toucan (1775-1795)
File:Toucan Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's Toucan (1799) looks like a sparrow
</gallery>

== Modern Star Name==
"Exster" is proposed as name for the main star of the modern IAU-constellation of Tucana (alf Tuc).

"Lang" is proposed as name for beta Tuc.

(or vice versa?)
==References==

*Ian Ridpath, Star Tales. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html website]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

<references />

File:Hornbill flight Thailand 2023.mp4

2024-07-11T09:26:26Z

Cheungszeleung: observation of a hornbill in Thailand 2023, take by Cheung Sze Leung

== Summary ==
observation of a hornbill in Thailand 2023, take by Cheung Sze Leung

Tucana

2024-07-11T09:20:21Z

Cheungszeleung: /* Possible origins of the interpretation of a Toucan */

[[File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|alt=bird labelled "Toucan" on Plancius's Globe|thumb|First depiction of Toucan on the Hondius/Plancius globe of 1598.]]
[[File:Exster (name in first publication).jpg|alt=section of de Houtman's star catalogue (1603) with the headline "Exster"|thumb|The name "Indiaenschen Exster" ["Indian Magpie"] was given to the constellation by de Houtman (1603) in the first printed catalogue of the southernmost stars.]]
[[File:TUC (IAU constellation).gif|alt=modern map of constellation Tucana|thumb|Constellation Tucana (modern definition: S&T Graphics)]]
"den Indiaenschen Exster, op Indies Lang ghenaemt" (the Indian Magpie, known as "Lang" in the Indies) was the original Dutch name of the constellation of the bird that is now called "Toucan" (Tucana, Tuc). The constellation was invented by Pieter Dircksz Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia in 1595/6.

== Invention & Transformation ==
The southern star catalog by de Houtman<ref>Frederik de Houtman (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]</ref> and Keyser was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). This star catalog was written in Dutch (with later translations to French,<ref>Marre, Aristide, “Catalogue des étoiles circumpolaires australes observées dans l'Ile de Sumatra”, ''Bulletin sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', '''1''' (1881), 336–352 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881BSMA....5..336H/abstract ADS link]].</ref> English<ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations”, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 414–432 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.5.414 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..414K/abstract ADS link]].</ref><ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “Note on the paper 'On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations' ", ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 580 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.8.580 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..580K/abstract ADS link]].</ref> and Spanish<ref>Selga, Miguel, "Un catálogo antiguo de estrellas australes", ''Revista de la Sociedad Astronómica de España y América'', '''8''' (1918), 84-90 & '''9''' (1919), 11, 44-46 & 62-63 [online link(?)].</ref>). This printed catalogue of 1603 was made from observations collected by de Houtman on his second voyage (1598-1602) and during the two-year period when he was held as a hostage by the Sultan of Aceh on Northern Sumatra. At that time, de Houtman worked for W.J. Blaeu, a Plancius competitor, who used the data on his celestial globe of 1603.

Before the publication of his star catalogue, de Houtman had shared the data from the first voyage (1595/6) with Petrus Plancius who had actually commissioned this work. Plancius used the data collected by Pieter Dircksz Keyser on the exploration "Eerste Schipvaart" ('de eerste schipvaart op Oost-Indie'); De Houtman may have assisted in making these observations, and as Keyser was buried on the island of Java, de Houtman may also have been the person who personally communicated Keyser’s data to Plancius in 1597, but this is nowhere explicitly stated, it is just assumed because Plancius had worked with this material, and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south. The images had the labels "Indian" and "Toucan" left and right of the bird, while the left label ("Indian") also referred to the male figure northwest of it. Petrus Plancius' work and/or its copies by W. J. Blaeu served as source for Bayer's ''Uranometria'' (1603). Bayer's map of the south pole also displays the image with the label "Toucan" and an extraordinarily long beak.

=== Species of this bird ===
The additional phrase in de Houtman's catalog, mentioning that the bird was named "Lang" is occasionally misinterpreted to be the cause for this depiction, implying that "Lang" in Dutch means "long" and refers to the beak. In de Houtman's days the Dutch word for long was usually spelled as "lanck", so "Lang" is actually the name of the bird in the Malay language (cf. Maass 1926)<ref>Maass, Alfred, "Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''64''' (1924), 1-172 & 347-459 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1924_64.pdf online link]], with a "Nachtrag", '''66''' (1926), 618-670 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1926_66.pdf online link]].</ref>. According to the [https://archive.org/details/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu/page/599/mode/1up Malay-English Dictionary (1901)], it is the a generic term for birds of prey such as hawks, kites, falcons and eagles.

The hornbill's beak and crown start off white, but they may gradually turn orange and red because the hornbill rubs its beak against a gland. Although hornbills' favorite food is fig leaves, they also commonly eat insects, mice, lizards, and small birds.

==== Indigenous importance ====

In the Indonesian language, the bird is called "Burung Enggang" or "Burung Rangkong." Renowned on the island of Borneo, this human-friendly hornbill is closely associated with the Dayak people. In Dayak philosophy, the bird holds great significance and is deeply embedded in their culture and local wisdom. The hornbill symbolises the close connection of the Indonesian people to their natural surroundings. Its entire body represents the greatness and glory of the tribe, symbolising peace and unity, with its thick wings denoting a leader who always protects his people. The long tail is viewed as a sign of the prosperity of the Dayak people. Moreover, the hornbill serves as an example of family life in the community, teaching them always to love their partners and raise their children to become independent and mature Dayaks.

<gallery>
File:Talawang-Perisai-Tradisi-Suku-Dayak-941x480.jpg|Dayak tribal magical shield which has a picture of a hornbill in the carving (Youla Azkarrula 2024)
File:Hornbill Thailand 2023.jpg|hornbill in a tree in Thailand (photograph by Cheung Sze Leung)
</gallery>

====Mythology====

A Dayak story from Kalimantan reports that hornbills are the incarnation of the Bird Commander. Panglima Burung is a figure who lives in the mountains of inland Kalimantan and has a magical form and will only be present during war. In general, this bird is considered sacred and is not allowed to be hunted or eaten. Even today, the government protects this species by law.

===Possible origins of the interpretation of a Toucan===
Toucans are not home to the East Indies and Malaysia. It has been suggested that images like this lead to the new interpretation of the constellation as a Toucan, although de Houtman certainly did not describe a toucan but an hornbill (cf. Smith 2007<ref>Smith, Paul J., "On Toucans and Hornbills: Readings in Early Modern Ornithology from Belon to Buffon", in: K.A.E. Enenkel & P.J. Smith (eds.), ''Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts'' (Leiden: Brill, 2007) 75–119 [[https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004131880.i-657.24 doi link]].</ref> and Ridpath).

[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html Ridpath] suggests that the inventor of this constellation was actually Pieter Keyser who had not survived the expedition to the East Indies but had previously visited South America. Hoffmann (2021, 108) suggests Plancius and de Houtman as also possible because baroque ‘wunderkamers’ could certainly have played a mediating role here. Rob van Gent here adds that is not necessary that Keyser, de Houtman or Plancius actually saw a live (or dead) toucan as they are bound to descriptions and depictions of the bird in 16th-century travel literature: in particular Plancius would surely have been familiar with these.

===Versions in early modern celestial maps===
<gallery>
File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|Plancius' Toucan (1598)
File:Tuc Bayer.png|Bayer's Toucan (1603)
File:Tucana blaeu 1603.jpg|On Blaeu's 1603 globe the bird is named Pica Indica ab Indis Lang, and is drawn as a hornbill, not a toucan.
File:Toucan doppelmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's Toucan (1742)
File:Toucan Lacaille Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's Toucan (1756)
File:Toucan Bode1772.jpg|Bode's Toucan (1772)
File:Toucan Fortin1775-1795.jpg|Fortin's Toucan (1775-1795)
File:Toucan Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's Toucan (1799) looks like a sparrow
</gallery>

== Modern Star Name==
"Exster" is proposed as name for the main star of the modern IAU-constellation of Tucana (alf Tuc).

"Lang" is proposed as name for beta Tuc.

(or vice versa?)
==References==

*Ian Ridpath, Star Tales. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html website]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

<references />

Tucana

2024-07-11T09:16:11Z

Cheungszeleung: added image from Cheung Sze Leung and Youla Azkarrula

[[File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|alt=bird labelled "Toucan" on Plancius's Globe|thumb|First depiction of Toucan on the Hondius/Plancius globe of 1598.]]
[[File:Exster (name in first publication).jpg|alt=section of de Houtman's star catalogue (1603) with the headline "Exster"|thumb|The name "Indiaenschen Exster" ["Indian Magpie"] was given to the constellation by de Houtman (1603) in the first printed catalogue of the southernmost stars.]]
[[File:TUC (IAU constellation).gif|alt=modern map of constellation Tucana|thumb|Constellation Tucana (modern definition: S&T Graphics)]]
"den Indiaenschen Exster, op Indies Lang ghenaemt" (the Indian Magpie, known as "Lang" in the Indies) was the original Dutch name of the constellation of the bird that is now called "Toucan" (Tucana, Tuc). The constellation was invented by Pieter Dircksz Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia in 1595/6.

== Invention & Transformation ==
The southern star catalog by de Houtman<ref>Frederik de Houtman (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]</ref> and Keyser was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). This star catalog was written in Dutch (with later translations to French,<ref>Marre, Aristide, “Catalogue des étoiles circumpolaires australes observées dans l'Ile de Sumatra”, ''Bulletin sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', '''1''' (1881), 336–352 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881BSMA....5..336H/abstract ADS link]].</ref> English<ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations”, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 414–432 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.5.414 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..414K/abstract ADS link]].</ref><ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “Note on the paper 'On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations' ", ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 580 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.8.580 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..580K/abstract ADS link]].</ref> and Spanish<ref>Selga, Miguel, "Un catálogo antiguo de estrellas australes", ''Revista de la Sociedad Astronómica de España y América'', '''8''' (1918), 84-90 & '''9''' (1919), 11, 44-46 & 62-63 [online link(?)].</ref>). This printed catalogue of 1603 was made from observations collected by de Houtman on his second voyage (1598-1602) and during the two-year period when he was held as a hostage by the Sultan of Aceh on Northern Sumatra. At that time, de Houtman worked for W.J. Blaeu, a Plancius competitor, who used the data on his celestial globe of 1603.

Before the publication of his star catalogue, de Houtman had shared the data from the first voyage (1595/6) with Petrus Plancius who had actually commissioned this work. Plancius used the data collected by Pieter Dircksz Keyser on the exploration "Eerste Schipvaart" ('de eerste schipvaart op Oost-Indie'); De Houtman may have assisted in making these observations, and as Keyser was buried on the island of Java, de Houtman may also have been the person who personally communicated Keyser’s data to Plancius in 1597, but this is nowhere explicitly stated, it is just assumed because Plancius had worked with this material, and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south. The images had the labels "Indian" and "Toucan" left and right of the bird, while the left label ("Indian") also referred to the male figure northwest of it. Petrus Plancius' work and/or its copies by W. J. Blaeu served as source for Bayer's ''Uranometria'' (1603). Bayer's map of the south pole also displays the image with the label "Toucan" and an extraordinarily long beak.

=== Species of this bird ===
The additional phrase in de Houtman's catalog, mentioning that the bird was named "Lang" is occasionally misinterpreted to be the cause for this depiction, implying that "Lang" in Dutch means "long" and refers to the beak. In de Houtman's days the Dutch word for long was usually spelled as "lanck", so "Lang" is actually the name of the bird in the Malay language (cf. Maass 1926)<ref>Maass, Alfred, "Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''64''' (1924), 1-172 & 347-459 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1924_64.pdf online link]], with a "Nachtrag", '''66''' (1926), 618-670 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1926_66.pdf online link]].</ref>. According to the [https://archive.org/details/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu/page/599/mode/1up Malay-English Dictionary (1901)], it is the a generic term for birds of prey such as hawks, kites, falcons and eagles.

The hornbill's beak and crown start off white, but they may gradually turn orange and red because the hornbill rubs its beak against a gland. Although hornbills' favorite food is fig leaves, they also commonly eat insects, mice, lizards, and small birds.

==== Indigenous importance ====
[[File:Hornbill Thailand 2023.jpg|thumb|a hornbill in Thailand (2023), photograph by Cheung Sze Leung]]
In the Indonesian language, the bird is called "Burung Enggang" or "Burung Rangkong." Renowned on the island of Borneo, this human-friendly hornbill is closely associated with the Dayak people. In Dayak philosophy, the bird holds great significance and is deeply embedded in their culture and local wisdom. The hornbill symbolises the close connection of the Indonesian people to their natural surroundings. Its entire body represents the greatness and glory of the tribe, symbolising peace and unity, with its thick wings denoting a leader who always protects his people. The long tail is viewed as a sign of the prosperity of the Dayak people. Moreover, the hornbill serves as an example of family life in the community, teaching them always to love their partners and raise their children to become independent and mature Dayaks.

==== Mythology ====
[[File:Talawang-Perisai-Tradisi-Suku-Dayak-941x480.jpg|alt=photograph of five shields, the middle one displaying a hornbill|thumb|Dayak tribal magical shield which has a picture of a hornbill in the carving (Youla Azkarrula 2024)]]
A Dayak story from Kalimantan reports that hornbills are the incarnation of the Bird Commander. Panglima Burung is a figure who lives in the mountains of inland Kalimantan and has a magical form and will only be present during war. In general, this bird is considered sacred and is not allowed to be hunted or eaten. Even today, the government protects this species by law.

=== Possible origins of the interpretation of a Toucan ===
Toucans are not home to the East Indies and Malaysia. It has been suggested that images like this lead to the new interpretation of the constellation as a Toucan, although de Houtman certainly did not describe a toucan but an hornbill (cf. Smith 2007<ref>Smith, Paul J., "On Toucans and Hornbills: Readings in Early Modern Ornithology from Belon to Buffon", in: K.A.E. Enenkel & P.J. Smith (eds.), ''Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts'' (Leiden: Brill, 2007) 75–119 [[https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004131880.i-657.24 doi link]].</ref> and Ridpath).

[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html Ridpath] suggests that the inventor of this constellation was actually Pieter Keyser who had not survived the expedition to the East Indies but had previously visited South America. Hoffmann (2021, 108) suggests Plancius and de Houtman as also possible because baroque ‘wunderkamers’ could certainly have played a mediating role here. Rob van Gent here adds that is not necessary that Keyser, de Houtman or Plancius actually saw a live (or dead) toucan as they are bound to descriptions and depictions of the bird in 16th-century travel literature: in particular Plancius would surely have been familiar with these.

=== Versions ===
<gallery>
File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|Plancius' Toucan (1598)
File:Tuc Bayer.png|Bayer's Toucan (1603)
File:Tucana blaeu 1603.jpg|On Blaeu's 1603 globe the bird is named Pica Indica ab Indis Lang, and is drawn as a hornbill, not a toucan.
File:Toucan doppelmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's Toucan (1742)
File:Toucan Lacaille Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's Toucan (1756)
File:Toucan Bode1772.jpg|Bode's Toucan (1772)
File:Toucan Fortin1775-1795.jpg|Fortin's Toucan (1775-1795)
File:Toucan Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's Toucan (1799) looks like a sparrow
</gallery>

== Modern Star Name ==
"Exster" is proposed as name for the main star of the modern IAU-constellation of Tucana (alf Tuc).

"Lang" is proposed as name for beta Tuc.

(or vice versa?)
== References ==

* Ian Ridpath, Star Tales. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html website]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

File:Talawang-Perisai-Tradisi-Suku-Dayak-941x480.jpg

2024-07-11T09:14:20Z

Cheungszeleung:

Dayak tribal magical shield which has a picture of a hornbill in the carving (Youla Azkarrula 2024)

File:Hornbill Thailand 2023.jpg

2024-07-11T09:11:05Z

Cheungszeleung:

a hornbill in Thailand, photograph by Cheung Sze Leung