All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

Chinese (All Terms)

2026-01-02T13:32:13Z

Boshunyang:

=== Solar System Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!English
!commentary
|-
|日
|rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|月
|yuè
|[[Yue]]
|
|Moon
|
|-
|水星
|shuǐ xīng
|Shui Xing
|
|Mercury
|
|-
|金星
|jīn xīng
|Jin Ying
|
|Venus
|
|-
|火星
|huǒ xīng
|Huo Xing
|
|Mars
|
|-
|木星
|mù xīng
|Mu Xing
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|土星
|tǔ xīng
|Tu Xing
|
|Saturn
|
|}

=== Here is an overview on all Chinese constellation names ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Constellation Names
! colspan="3" |Romanisation
!English
!commentary
|-
!Classical
!Simplified
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!
!
|-
|
|八穀
|Bā Gǔ
|[[Bagu]]
|
|Eight Kinds of Crops
|
|-
|
|敗瓜
|Bài Guā
|Baigua
|
|Rotten Gourd
|
|-
|
|敗臼
|Bài Jiù
|Baijiu
|
|Decayed Mortar
|
|-
|
|八魁
|Bā Kuí
|Bakui
|
|Net [for Catching Animals]
|
|-
|
|北斗
|Běi Dǒu
|Beidou
|
|Northern Dipper
|
|-
|
|北河
|Běi Hé
|Beihei
|
|North River
|
|-
|
|北極
|Běi Jí
|Beiji
|
|North Pole
|
|-
|
|北落師門
|Běi Luò Shī Mén
|Beiluo Shimen
|
|North Gate of the Military Camp
|
|-
|
|壁宿
|Bì Xiù
|Bi
|
|Wall Mansion
|Dong Bi (Eastern Wall Mansion)
|-
|
|畢宿
|Bì Xiù
|Bi
|
|Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|鱉
|Biē
|Bie
|
|River Turtle
|
|-
|
|帛度
|Bó Dù
|[[Bodu]]
|
|Textile Ruler
|
|-
|
|策
|Cè
|[[Ce]]
|
|Whip
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Cexing]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|常陳
|Cháng Chén
|Changchen
|
|Imperial Guards
|
|-
|
|長沙
|Chángshá
|Changsha
|
|Changsha
|
|-
|
|长垣
|Cháng Yuán
|Changyuan
|
|Long Wall
|
|-
|
|車府
|Chē Fǔ
|Chefu
|
|Yard for Chariots
|
|-
|
|車騎
|Chē Qí
|Cheqi
|
|Chariots and Cavalry
|
|-
|
|車肆
|Chē Sì
|Chesi
|
|Commodity Market
|
|-
|
|杵
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Pestle
|
|-
|
|楚
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Chu
|
|-
|
|傳舍
|Chuán Shè
|Chuanshe
|
|Guest House
|
|-
|
|芻蒿
|Chú Hāo
|Chuhao
|
|Hay
|
|-
|
|從官
|Cóng Guān
|Congguan
|
|Retinue
|
|-
|
|天皇大帝
|Tiān Huáng Dà Dì
|Dadi
|
|Great Emperor of Heaven
|
|-
|
|代
|Dài
|Dai
|
|Dai
|
|-
|
|大角
|Dà Jiǎo
|Dajiao
|
|Great Horn
|
|-
|
|大理
|Dà Lǐ
|Dali
|
|Chief Judge
|
|-
|
|大陵
|Dà Líng
|Daling
|
|Mausoleum
|
|-
|
|丹凤
|
|[[Danfeng]]
|
|
|modern star name that refers to a sacred (phoenix-like) bird in Chinese mythology
|-
|
|氐宿
|Dī Xiù
|Di
|
|Root Mansion
|
|-
|
|帝
|Dì
|Di
|
|Emperor
|
|-
|
|帝座
|Dì Zuò
|Dizuo
|
|Emperor's Seat
|
|-
|
|東甌
|Dōng Ōu
|Dongou
|
|Dong'ou
|
|-
|
|東次相
|Dōng Cì Xiàng
|Dong Cixiang
|
|Second Eastern Minister
|normally a name for del Vir (Minelauva)
|-
|
|東次將
|Dōng Cì Jiàng
|Dong Cijiang
|
|Second Eastern General
|normally a name for eps Vir (Vindemiatrix)
|-
|
|東上將
|Dōng Shàng Jiàng
|Dong Shangjiang
|
|First Eastern General
|normally a name for alf Com (Diadem)
|-
|
|東上相
|Dōng Shàng Xiàng
|Dong Shangxiang
|
|First Eastern Minister
|normally a name for gam Vir (Porrima)
|-
|
|東咸
|Dōng Xián
|Dongxian
|
|Eastern Door
|
|-
|
|斗宿
|Dǒu Xiù
|Dou
|
|Dipper Mansion
|
|-
|
|斗
|Dǒu
|Dou
|
|Measure for Grain
|
|-
|
|頓頑
|Dùn Wán
|Dunwan
|
|Jailer
|
|-
|
|伐
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Dagger of Shen
|
|-
|
|罰
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Fine
|
|-
|
|房宿
|Fáng Xiù
|[[Fang]]
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|墳墓
|Fén Mù
|Fenmu
|
|Tomb
|
|-
|
|輔
|Fǔ
|Fu
|
|Assistant
|normally a name for 80 UMa that is named Alcor
|-
|
|附耳
|Fù Ěr
|Fuer
|
|Ear
|
|-
|
|扶筐
|Fú Kuāng
|Fukuang
|
|Basket for Mulberry Leaves
|
|-
|
|附路
|Fù Lù
|[[Fulu]]
|
|Auxiliary Road
|
|-
|
|
|
|Furen
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|傅說
|Fù Yuè
|[[Fuyue]]
|
|Fu Yue
|
|-
|
|鈇锧
|Fū Zhì
|Fuzhi
|
|Executioner’s Axe and Block
|
|-
|
|蓋屋
|Gài Wū
|Gaiwu
|
|Roofing
|
|-
|
|槓
|Gàng
|[[Gang]]
|
|Canopy Shaft
|
|-
|
|閣道
|Gé Dào
|Gedao
|
|Flying Corridor
|
|-
|
|梗河
|Gěng Hé
|Genghe
|
|Celestial Shield or Lance
|
|-
|
|鈎
|Gōu
|Gou
|
|Hook
|
|-
|
|狗
|Gǒu
|Gou
|
|Dog
|
|-
|
|勾陳
|Gōu Chén
|Gouchen
|
|Curved Array
|
|-
|
|狗國
|Gǒu Guó
|Gougou
|
|Territory of Dogs
|
|-
|
|鈎鈐
|Gōu Yín
|Gouyin
|
|Lock
|
|-
|
|爟
|Guàn
|Guan
|
|Beacon Fire
|
|-
|
|貫索
|Guàn Suǒ
|Guansuo
|
|Coiled Throng
|
|-
|
|龜
|Guī
|Gui
|
|Tortoise
|
|-
|
|鬼宿
|Guǐ Xiù
|Gui
|
|Ghosts Mansion
|
|-
|
|鼓旗
|Gŭ Qí
|Guqi
|
|Drum Flag
|
|-
|
|韓
|Hán
|Han
|
|Han
|
|-
|
|河鼓
|Hé Gǔ
|Hegu
|
|Drum at the River
|
|-
|
|衡
|[[Heng|Héng]]
|[[Heng]]
|
|Purlin
|
|-
|
|候
|Hòu
|Hou
|
|Astrologer
|
|-
|
|後宮
|Hòu Gōng
|Hougong
|
|Imperial Harem
|
|-
|
|斛
|Hú
|Hu
|
|Square Box for Measuring
|
|-
|
|華蓋
|Huá Gài
|[[Huagai]]
|
|Canopy of the Emperor
|
|-
|
|宦者
|Huàn Zhě
|Huanzhe
|
|Eunuch Official
|
|-
|
|虎賁
|Hǔ Bēn
|Huben
|
|Emperor's Bodyguard
|
|-
|
|瓠瓜
|Hù Guā
|Hugua
|
|Gourd
|
|-
|
|弧矢
|Hú Shǐ
|Hushi
|
|Bow and Arrow
|
|-
|
|箕宿
|Jī Xiù
|Ji
|
|Winnowing Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|建
|Jiàn
|Jian
|
|City with A Banner
|
|-
|
|鍵閉
|Jiàn Bì
|Jianbi
|
|Door Bolt
|
|-
|
|漸臺
|Jiàn Tái
|Jiantai
|
|Clepsydra Terrace
|
|-
|
|角宿
|Jiǎo Xiù
|Jiao
|
|Horn Mansion
|
|-
|
|晉
|Jìn
|Jin
|
|Jin
|
|-
|
|井宿
|Jǐng Xiù
|Jing
|
|Well Mansion
|
|-
|
|進賢
|Jìn Xián
|JinXian
|
|Recommending Virtuous Man
|
|-
|
|積屍
|Jī Shī
|Jishi
|
|Heaps of Corpses
|
|-
|
|積屍氣
|Jī Shī Qì
|Jishiqi
|
|Fog of Cumulative Corpses
|
|-
|
|積水
|Jī Shuǐ or
Jī Shǔi
|[[Jishui]]
|
|<nowiki>Accumulated Water in the Ship | </nowiki>
Stored Water to Make Wine
|
|-
|
|臼
|Jiù
|Jiu
|
|Mortar
|
|-
|
|九坎
|Jiǔ Kǎn
|Jiukan
|
|Nine Water Wells
|
|-
|
|酒旗
|Jiǔ Qí
|Jiuqi
|
|Banner of Wine Shop
|
|-
|
|九卿內座
|Jiǔ Qīng Nèi Zuò
|Jiuqing Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for Nine Ministers
|
|-
|
|九斿
|Jiǔ Yóu
|Jiuyou
|
|Nine Flags
|
|-
|
|九州殊口
|Jiǔ Zhōu Shū Kǒu
|Jiuzhou Shukou
|
|Interpreters of Dialects
|
|-
|
|積薪
|Jī Xīn
|Jixin
|
|Pile of Firewood
|
|-
|
|積卒
|Jī Zú
|Jizu
|
|Group of Soldiers
|
|-
|
|卷舌
|Juǎn Shé
|Juanshe
|
|Rolled Tongue
|
|-
|
|軍井
|Jūn Jǐng
|Junjing
|
|Military Well
|
|-
|
|軍門
|Jūn Mén
|Junmen
|
|Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍南門
|Jūn Nán Mén
|[[Junnanmen]]
|
|Southern Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍市
|Jūn Shì
|Junshi
|
|Market for the Soldiers
|
|-
|
|糠
|Kāng
|Kang
|
|Chaff
|
|-
|
|亢宿
|[[Kang|Kàng Xiù]]
|[[Kang]]
|
|Neck Mansion
|
|-
|
|亢池
|Kàng Chí
|Kangchi
|
|Boats and Lake
|
|-
|
|開陽
|Kāi Yáng
|Kaiyang
|
|Opener of Heat
|normally a name for zeta UMa that is named Mizar. 83 UMa is the brighter one of two in the vicinity (it is a pulsating M-variable)
|-
|
|哭
|Kū
|Ku
|
|Crying
|
|-
|
|[[Kui|奎宿]]
|[[Kui|Kuí Xiù]]
|[[Kui]]
|
|Crotch Mansion
|
|-
|
|[[Kulou|庫樓]]
|[[Kulou|Kù Lóu]]
|[[Kulou]]
|
|Arsenal
|
|-
|
|狼
|Láng
|Lang
|
|Wolf
|
|-
|
|郎將
|Láng Jiàng
|Langjiang
|
|Captain of the Bodyguards
|
|-
|
|[[Langwei|郎位]]
|[[Langwei|Láng Wèi]]
|[[Langwei]]
|
|Official of the Imperial Guard
|
|-
|
|老人
|Lǎo Rén
|Laoren
|
|Old Man
|
|-
|
|壘壁陣
|Lěi Bì Zhèn
|Leibizhen
|
|Line of Ramparts
|
|-
|
|雷電
|Léi Diàn
|Leidian
|
|Thunder and Lightning
|
|-
|
|列肆
|Liè Sì
|Liesi
|
|Jewel Market
|
|-
|
|離宮
|Lí Gōng
|Ligong
|
|Resting Palace
|
|-
|
|靈台
|Líng Tái
|Lingtai
|
|Astronomical Observatory
|
|-
|
|礪石
|Lì Shí
|Lishi
|
|Grind Stone
|
|-
|
|柳宿
|Liǔ Xiù
|Liu
|
|Willow Mansion
|
|-
|
|六甲
|Liù Jiǎ
|Liujia
|
|Six Jia
|
|-
|
|璃瑜
|Lí Yú
|Liyu
|
|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|離珠
|Lí Zhū
|Lizhu
|
|Pearls on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|婁宿
|Lóu Xiù
|Lou
|
|Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|羅堰
|Luó Yàn
|Luoyan
|
|Networks of Dikes
|
|-
|
|昴宿
|Mǎo Xiù
|Mao
|
|Hairy Head Mansion
|
|-
|
|明堂
|Míng Táng
|Mingtang
|
|Cosmological Temple
|
|-
|
|南河
|Nán Hé
|Nanhe
|
|South River
|
|-
|
|南門
|Nán Mén
|Nanmen
|
|Southern Gate
|
|-
|
|內廚
|Nèi Chú
|Neichu
|
|Inner Kitchen
|
|-
|
|內階
|Nèi Jiē
|Neijie
|
|Inner Steps
|
|-
|
|內屏
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Screen
|
|-
|
|內平
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Judge
|
|-
|
|內五諸侯
|Nèi Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Neiwu Zhuhou
|
|Five Lords of Heaven inside Taiwei
|
|-
|
|三公內座
|Sān Gōng Nèi Zuò
|Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|輦道
|Niǎn Dào
|Niandao
|
|Imperial Passageway
|
|-
|
|牛宿
|Niú Xiù
|Niu
|
|Ox Mansion
|
|-
|
|钮
|Nĭu
|Niu
|
|Pivot
|
|-
|
|農丈人
|Nóng Zhàng Rén
|Nong Zhangren
|
|Old Peasant
|
|-
|
|女宿
|Nǚ Xiù
|Nü
|
|Women Mansion
|
|-
|
|女床
|Nǚ Chuáng
|Nüchuang
|
|Woman's Bed
|
|-
|
|女史
|Nǚ Shǐ
|Nüshi
|
|Woman Officer in Charge of Time
|
|-
|
|霹靂
|Pī Lì
|Pili
|
|Thunderbolt
|
|-
|
|
|
|Pin
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|屏
|Píng
|Ping
|
|Screen
|
|-
|
|平
|Píng
|Ping
|
|Judge
|
|-
|
|平道
|Píng Dào
|Pingdao
|
|Flat Road
|
|-
|
|齊
|Qí
|Qi
|
|Qi
|
|-
|
|泣
|Qì
|Qi
|
|Weeping
|
|-
|
|器府
|Qì Fǔ
|Qifu
|
|House for Musical Instruments
|
|-
|
|七公
|Qī Gōng
|Qigong
|
|Seven Excellencies
|
|-
|
|騎官
|Qí Guān
|Qiguan
|
|Cavalry Officers
|
|-
|
|秦
|Qín
|Qin
|
|Qin
|
|-
|
|青丘
|Qīng Qiū
|Qingqiu
|
|Green Hill
|
|-
|
|騎陣將軍
|Qí Zhèn Jiāng Jūn
|Qizhen Jiangjun
|
|Chariot and Cavalry General
|
|-
|
|闕丘
|Què Qiū
|Queqiu
|
|Two Buildings on both Sides of Palace Gate
|
|-
|
|人
|Rén
|Ren
|
|Humans
|
|-
|
|日
|Rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|三公
|Sān Gōng
|Sangong
|
|Three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|三台
|
|Santai
|
|Three Steps
|super-constellation of [[Shangtai]], [[Xiatai]] and [[Zhnogtai|Zhongtai]]
|-
|
|上丞
|Shàng Chéng
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shangcheng]]
|
|The Great Imperial Minister
|modern star name
|-
|
|尚書
|Shàng Shū
|Shangshu
|
|Royal Secretary
|
|-
|
|上台
|Shàng Tái
|[[Shangtai]]
|
|Upper Step
|
|-
|
|上衛
|Shàng Wèi
|[[Shangwei]]
|
|The Great Imperial Guard
|modern star name
|-
|
|少丞
|Shào Chéng
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shaocheng]]
|
|The Second Imperial Minister
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|少民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Shaomin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Shaoming = Shaomin = Tumin = Shangmin
|-
|
|少微
|Shào Wēi
|Shaowei
|
|Scholar-officials
|
|-
|
|少衛
|Shào Wèi
|[[Shaowei]]
|
|Imperial Second Guard
|modern star name
|-
|
|參宿
|Shēn Xiù
|Shen
|
|Three Stars Mansion
|
|-
|
|神宫
|Shén Gōnɡ
|[[Shengong]]
|
|Divine Palace
|
|-
|
|參旗
|Shēn Qí
|Shenqi
|
|Banner of Shen
|
|-
|
|勢
|Shì
|Shenqi
|
|Eunuch
|
|-
|
|矢
|Shǐ
|Shi
|
|Excrement
|
|-
|
|室宿
|Shì Xiù
|Shi
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|市樓
|Shì Lóu
|Shilou
|
|Market Tower
|
|-
|
|豕目
|
|Shimu
|
|Pig
|modern star name, based on a Neolithic Chinese constellation
|-
|
|水府
|Shǔi Fǔ
|Shuifu
|
|Water Official
|
|-
|
|水位
|Shǔi Wèi
|Shuiwei
|
|Waterlevel
|
|-
|
|庶子
|Shù Zǐ
|Shuzi
|
|Son of Concubine
|
|-
|
|四瀆
|Sì Dú
|Sidu
|
|Four Rivers
|
|-
|
|司非
|Sī Fēi
|Sifei
|
|Judge of Right and Wrong
|
|-
|
|四輔
|Sì Fǔ
|Sifu
|
|Four Advisors
|
|-
|
|司怪
|Sī Guài
|Siguai
|
|Deity in Charge of Omen
|
|-
|
|司祿
|Sī Lù
|Silu
|
|Judge of Rank
|
|-
|
|司命
|Sī Mìng
|Siming
|
|Judge of Life
|
|-
|
|司危
|Sī Wēi
|Siwei
|
|Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune
|
|-
|
|孫
|Sūn
|Sun
|
|Grandson
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|太民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Taimin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Taiming = Taimin = Daming
|-
|
|太微
|Tài Wēi
|Taiwei
|
|Supreme Court
|
|-
|
|太陽守
|Tài Yáng Shǒu
|[[Taiyangshou]]
|
|the General in charge of the yang valve
|
|-
|
|太一
|Tài Yī
|[[Taiyi]]
|
|Supreme One
|
|-
|
|太子
|Tài Zǐ
|Taizi
|
|Crown Prince
|this name designates gam UMi but this star is already named Pherkad (so we suggest the Chinese name for Pherkad Minor)
|-
|
|太尊
|Tài Zūn
|Taizun
|
|Royals
|
|-
|
|[[Tengshe|螣蛇]]
|[[Tengshe|Téng Shé]]
|[[Tengshe]]
|
|Flying Serpent
|
|-
|
|天棓
|Tiān Bàng
|Tianbang
|
|Celestial Club Weapon
|
|-
|
|天弁
|Tiān Biàn
|Tianbian
|
|Market Officer
|
|-
|
|天倉
|Tiān Cāng
|Tiancang
|
|Square Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天廁
|Tiān Cè
|Tiance
|
|Celestial Toilet
|
|-
|
|天讒
|Tiān Chán
|Tianchan
|
|Celestial Slander
|
|-
|
|天廚
|Tiān Chú
|Tianchu
|
|Celestial Kitchen
|
|-
|
|天船
|Tiān Chuán
|Tianchuan
|
|Celestial Boat
|
|-
|
|天床
|Tiān Chuáng
|Tianchuang
|
|Celestial Bed
|
|-
|
|天大將軍
|Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn
|[[Tiandajiangjun|Tian Dajiangjun]]
|
|Celestial Grand General
|
|-
|
|天阿
|Tiān Ē
|Tiané
|
|Celestial Hillside
|
|-
|
|天輻
|Tiān Fú
|Tianfu
|
|Celestial Spokes
|
|-
|
|[[Tianfu|天桴]]
|[[Tianfu|Tiān Fú]]
|[[Tianfu]]
|
|Celestial Drumstick
|
|-
|
|天綱
|Tiān Gāng
|Tiangang
|
|Celestial Headrope
|
|-
|
|天高
|Tiān Gāo
|Tiangao
|
|Celestial High Terrace
|
|-
|
|天關
|Tiān Guān
|[[Tianguan]]
|
|Celestial Pass
|
|-
|
|天潢
|Tiān Huáng
|Tianhuang
|
|Celestial Pond
|
|-
|
|天溷
|Tiān Hùn
|Tianhun
|
|Celestial Pigsty
|
|-
|
|天紀
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Discipline
|
|-
|
|天稷
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cereals
|
|-
|
|天璣
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Shining Pearl
|
|-
|
|天記
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Judge to Estimate the Age of Animals
|
|-
|
|天雞
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cock
|
|-
|
|天江
|Tiān Jiāng
|Tianjiang
|
|Celestial River
|
|-
|
|天街
|Tiān Jiē
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Street
|
|-
|
|天節
|Tiān Jié
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Mace
|
|-
|
|天津
|Tiān Jīn
|Tianjin
|
|Celestial Bridge
|
|-
|
|天廄
|Tiān Jiù
|Tianjiu
|
|Celestial Stable
|
|-
|
|天牢
|Tiān Láo
|Tianlao
|
|Celestial Prison
|
|-
|
|天壘城
|Tiān Lěi Chéng
|Tianleicheng
|
|Celestial Castle with Walls
|
|-
|
|天理
|Tiān Lǐ
|Tianli
|
|Judge for Nobility
|
|-
|
|天廩
|Tiān Lǐn
|Tianlin
|
|Celestial Foodstuffs
|
|-
|
|天門
|Tiān Mén
|Tianmen
|
|Celestial Gate
|
|-
|
|天廟
|Tiān Miào
|Tianmiao
|
|Celestial Ancestral Temple
|
|-
|
|天錢
|Tiān Qián
|Tianqian
|
|Celestial Coin
|
|-
|
|天槍
|Tiān Qiāng
|Tianqiang
|
|Celestial Spear
|
|-
|
|天權
|Tiān Quán
|Tianquan
|
|Celestial Balance
|normally a name for del UMa which is named Megrez ( so this name applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天囷
|Tiān Qūn
|Tianqun
|
|Circular Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天乳
|Tiān Rǔ
|Tianru
|
|Celestial Milk
|
|-
|
|天社
|Tiān Shè
|[[Tianshe]]
|
|Celestial Altar of the Earth Deity
|
|-
|
|天市
|Tiān Shì
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Market
|
|-
|
|天豕
|
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Pig
|alternative (older) name for [[Kui]]
|-
|
|天豕目
|
|[[Shimu|Tianshi Mu]]
|
|Eye of the Celestial Pig
|a star name in the Tianshi=Kui
|-
|
|天樞
|Tiān Shū
|Tianshu
|
|Celestial Pivot
|normally a name for alf UMa
|-
|
|
|
|[[Tiansi]]
|
|Celestial Quadriga
|modern star name
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天相
|Tiān Xiàng
|Tianxiang
|
|Celestial Ministers
|
|-
|
|天璇
|Tiān Xuán
|TianXuan
|
|Celestial Rotating Jade
|normally a name for beta UMa (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天一
|Tiān Yī
|[[Tianyi]]
|
|Celestial One
|
|-
|
|天陰
|Tiān Yīn
|Tianyin
|
|Celestial Yin Force
|
|-
|
|天庾
|Tiān Yǔ
|Tianyu
|
|Ricks of Grain
|
|-
|
|天淵
|Tiān Yuān
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Deep Water
|
|-
|
|天苑
|Tiān Yuàn
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Meadows
|
|-
|
|天園
|Tiān Yuán
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Orchard
|
|-
|
|天籥
|Tiān Yuè
|Tianyue
|
|Celestial Key
|
|-
|
|天柱
|Tiān Zhù
|Tianzhu
|
|Celestial Pillar
|
|-
|
|天樽
|Tiān Zūn
|Tianzun
|
|Celestial Wine Cup
|
|-
|
|土公
|Tǔ Gōng
|Tugong
|
|Official for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|土公吏
|Tǔ Gōng Lì
|Tugongli
|
|Clerk for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|屠肆
|Tú Sì
|[[Tusi]]
|
|Butcher's Shop
|
|-
|
|土司空
|Tǔ Sī Kōng
|Tusikong
|
|Master of Constructions
|
|-
|
|桐陵
|Tóng Líng
|[[Tongling]]
|
|Phoenix Tree Mound
|
|-
|
|外廚
|Wài Chú
|Waichu
|
|Outer Kitchen
|
|-
|
|外屏
|Wài Píng
|Waiping
|
|Outer Screen
|
|-
|
|王良
|Wáng Liáng
|[[Wangliang]]
|
|Wang Liang
|
|-
|
|尾宿
|Wěi Xiù
|[[Wei]]
|
|Tail Mansion
|
|-
|
|魏
|Wèi
|Wei
|
|Wei
|
|-
|
|危宿
|Wēi Xiù
|[[Wēi|Wei]]
|
|Rooftop Mansion
|
|-
|
|胃宿
|Wèi Xiù
|[[Wèi|Wei]]
|
|Stomach Mansion
|
|-
|
|文昌
|Wén Chāng
|Wenchang
|
|Administrative Centre
|
|-
|
|五車
|Wǔ Chē
|Wuche
|
|Five Chariots
|
|-
|
|五帝內座
|Wǔ Dì Nèi Zuò
|Wudi Neizuo
|
|Interior Seats of Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五帝座
|Wǔ Dì Zuò
|Wudizuo
|
|Thrones of the Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五諸侯
|Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Wuzhuhou
|
|Five Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|咸池
|Xián Chí
|Xianchi
|
|Sacrad Pool
|
|-
|
|相
|Xiàng
|Xiang
|
|Prime Minister
|
|-
|
|下台
|Xià Tái
|[[Xiatai]]
|
|Lower Step
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Xihe]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|心宿
|Xīn Xiù
|Xin
|
|Heart Mansion
|
|-
|
|星宿
|Xīng Xiù
|Xing
|
|Seven Star Mansion
|
|-
|
|幸臣
|Xìng Chén
|Xingchen
|
|Officer of Honour
|
|-
|
|西咸
|Xī Xián
|Xixian
|
|Western Door
|
|-
|
|奚仲
|Xī Zhòng
|Xizhong
|
|Xi Zhong
|
|-
|
|虛宿
|Xū Xiù
|Xu
|
|Ruins Mansion
|
|-
|
|玄戈
|Xuán Gē
|[[Xuange]]
|
|Sombre Lance
|
|-
|
|[[Xuanyuan|軒轅]]
|[[Xuanyuan|Xuānyuán]]
|[[Xuanyuan]]
|
|Xuanyuan
|
|-
|
|虛梁
|Xū Liáng
|Xuliang
|
|Temple without Beams
|
|-
|
|燕
|Yān
|Yan
|
|Yan
|
|-
|
|陽門
|Yáng Mén
|Yangmen
|
|Gate of Yang
|
|-
|
|搖光
|Yáo Guāng
|Yaoguang
|
|Twinkling Brilliance
|normally a name for eta UMa but as this star is named Alkaid (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|野雞
|Yě Jī
|Yeji
|
|Wild Cockerel
|
|-
|
|謁者
|Yè Zhě
|Yezhe
|
|Usher of the Court
|
|-
|
|翼宿
|Yì Xiù
|Yi
|
|Wings Mansion
|
|-
|
|陰德
|Yīn Dé
|Yinde
|
|Hidden Virtue
|
|-
|
|右更
|Yòu Gēng
|Yougeng
|
|Official in Charge of Pasturing
|
|-
|
|右旗
|Yòu Qí
|Youqi
|
|Right Flag
|
|-
|
|右攝提
|Yòu Shè Tí
|Yousheti
|
|Right Conductor
|
|-
|
|右辖
|Yòu Xiá
|Youxia
|
|Right Linchpin
|
|-
|
|魚
|Yú
|Yu
|
|Fish
|
|-
|
|越
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Yue
|
|-
|
|鉞
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Battle Axe
|
|-
|
|月
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|玉衡
|Yù Héng
|Yuheng
|
|Jade Sighting-tube
|normally a name for eps UMa who is already named Alioth ( thus applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|玉井
|Yù Jǐng
|Yujing
|
|Jade Well
|
|-
|
|羽林軍
|Yǔ Lín Jūn
|Yulinjun
|
|Royal Guards
|
|-
|
|[[Yunü|御女]]
|[[Yunü|Yù Nǚ]]
|[[Yunü]]
|
|Maids-in-waiting
|
|-
|
|雲雨
|Yún Yǔ
|Yunyu
|
|Cloud and Rain
|
|-
|
|造父
|Zào Fù
|Zaofu
|
|Zao Fu
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Zhang]]
|
|
|modern star name based on a Chinese original
|-
|
|丈人
|Zhàng Rén
|Zhangren
|
|Elderly Person
|
|-
|
|張宿
|Zhāng Xiù
|Zhangzun
|
|Extended Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|趙
|Zhào
|Zhao
|
|Zhao
|
|-
|
|招搖
|Zhāo Yáo
|Zhaoyao
|
|A Kind of Weapon, Sword or Spear
|
|-
|
|軫宿
|Zhěn Xiù
|Zhen
|
|Chariot Mansion
|
|-
|
|陣車
|Zhèn Chē
|Zhenche
|
|Battle Chariots
|
|-
|
|鄭
|Zhèng
|Zheng
|
|Zheng
|
|-
|
|折威
|Zhé Wēi
|Zhewei
|
|Warden
|
|-
|
|織女
|Zhī Nǚ
|Zhinu
|
|Weaving Girl
|
|-
|
|中台
|Zhōng Tái
|[[Zhongtai]]
|
|Middle Step
|
|-
|
|[[Zhou|周]]
|[[Zhou|Zhōu]]
|[[Zhou]]
|
|Zhou
|
|-
|
|周鼎
|Zhōu Dǐng
|Zhouding
|
|Tripod of the Zhou
|
|-
|
|柱
|Zhù
|Zhu
|
|Pillars
|
|-
|
|柱史
|Zhù Xià Shǐ
|Zhu Xia Shi
|
|Officer in Charge of Public Announcements
|
|-
|
|諸王
|Zhū Wáng
|Zhuwang
|
|Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|觜宿
|Zī Xiù
|Zi
|
|Bird Beak Mansion
|
|-
|
|子
|Zǐ
|Zi
|
|Son
|
|-
|
|紫宮
|Zǐ Gōng
|[[Zigong]]
|
|Purple Palace
|
|-
|
|宗
|Zōng
|Zong
|
|Ancestors
|
|-
|
|宗人
|Zōng Rén
|Zongren
|
|Asistants of Zong Zheng
|
|-
|
|[[Zongzheng|宗正]]
|[[Zongzheng|Zōng Zhèng]]
|[[Zongzheng]]
|
|Official for Royal Clan
|
|-
|
|左更
|Zuó Gēng
|Zuogeng
|
|Official in Charge of Forest
|
|-
|
|左旗
|Zuǒ Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Left Flag
|
|-
|
|座旗
|Zuò Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Seat Flags
|
|-
|
|左攝提
|Zuǒ Shè Tí
|Zuosheti
|
|Left Conductor
|
|-
|
|左辖
|Zuǒ Xiá
|Zuoxia
|
|Left Linchpin
|
|}
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Service]]

Chinese (All Terms)

2026-01-02T13:21:10Z

Boshunyang:

=== Solar System Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!English
!commentary
|-
|日
|rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|月
|yuè
|[[Yue]]
|
|Moon
|
|-
|水星
|shuǐ xīng
|Shui Xing
|
|Mercury
|
|-
|金星
|jīn xīng
|Jin Ying
|
|Venus
|
|-
|火星
|huǒ xīng
|Huo Xing
|
|Mars
|
|-
|木星
|mù xīng
|Mu Xing
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|土星
|tǔ xīng
|Tu Xing
|
|Saturn
|
|}

=== Here is an overview on all Chinese constellation names ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Constellation Names
! colspan="3" |Romanisation
!English
!commentary
|-
!Classical
!Simplified
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!
!
|-
|
|八穀
|Bā Gǔ
|[[Bagu]]
|
|Eight Kinds of Crops
|
|-
|
|敗瓜
|Bài Guā
|Baigua
|
|Rotten Gourd
|
|-
|
|敗臼
|Bài Jiù
|Baijiu
|
|Decayed Mortar
|
|-
|
|八魁
|Bā Kuí
|Bakui
|
|Net [for Catching Animals]
|
|-
|
|北斗
|Běi Dǒu
|Beidou
|
|Northern Dipper
|
|-
|
|北河
|Běi Hé
|Beihei
|
|North River
|
|-
|
|北極
|Běi Jí
|Beiji
|
|North Pole
|
|-
|
|北落師門
|Běi Luò Shī Mén
|Beiluo Shimen
|
|North Gate of the Military Camp
|
|-
|
|壁宿
|Bì Xiù
|Bi
|
|Wall Mansion
|Dong Bi (Eastern Wall Mansion)
|-
|
|畢宿
|Bì Xiù
|Bi
|
|Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|鱉
|Biē
|Bie
|
|River Turtle
|
|-
|
|帛度
|Bó Dù
|[[Bodu]]
|
|Textile Ruler
|
|-
|
|策
|Cè
|[[Ce]]
|
|Whip
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Cexing]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|常陳
|Cháng Chén
|Changchen
|
|Imperial Guards
|
|-
|
|長沙
|Chángshá
|Changsha
|
|Changsha
|
|-
|
|长垣
|Cháng Yuán
|Changyuan
|
|Long Wall
|
|-
|
|車府
|Chē Fǔ
|Chefu
|
|Yard for Chariots
|
|-
|
|車騎
|Chē Qí
|Cheqi
|
|Chariots and Cavalry
|
|-
|
|車肆
|Chē Sì
|Chesi
|
|Commodity Market
|
|-
|
|杵
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Pestle
|
|-
|
|楚
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Chu
|
|-
|
|傳舍
|Chuán Shè
|Chuanshe
|
|Guest House
|
|-
|
|芻蒿
|Chú Hāo
|Chuhao
|
|Hay
|
|-
|
|從官
|Cóng Guān
|Congguan
|
|Retinue
|
|-
|
|天皇大帝
|Tiān Huáng Dà Dì
|Dadi
|
|Great Emperor of Heaven
|
|-
|
|代
|Dài
|Dai
|
|Dai
|
|-
|
|大角
|Dà Jiǎo
|Dajiao
|
|Great Horn
|
|-
|
|大理
|Dà Lǐ
|Dali
|
|Chief Judge
|
|-
|
|大陵
|Dà Líng
|Daling
|
|Mausoleum
|
|-
|
|丹凤
|
|[[Danfeng]]
|
|
|modern star name that refers to a sacred (phoenix-like) bird in Chinese mythology
|-
|
|氐宿
|Dī Xiù
|Di
|
|Root Mansion
|
|-
|
|帝
|Dì
|Di
|
|Emperor
|
|-
|
|帝座
|Dì Zuò
|Dizuo
|
|Emperor's Seat
|
|-
|
|東甌
|Dōng Ōu
|Dongou
|
|Dong'ou
|
|-
|
|東次相
|Dōng Cì Xiàng
|Dong Cixiang
|
|Second Eastern Minister
|normally a name for del Vir (Minelauva)
|-
|
|東次將
|Dōng Cì Jiàng
|Dong Cijiang
|
|Second Eastern General
|normally a name for eps Vir (Vindemiatrix)
|-
|
|東上將
|Dōng Shàng Jiàng
|Dong Shangjiang
|
|First Eastern General
|normally a name for alf Com (Diadem)
|-
|
|東上相
|Dōng Shàng Xiàng
|Dong Shangxiang
|
|First Eastern Minister
|normally a name for gam Vir (Porrima)
|-
|
|東咸
|Dōng Xián
|Dongxian
|
|Eastern Door
|
|-
|
|斗宿
|Dǒu Xiù
|Dou
|
|Dipper Mansion
|
|-
|
|斗
|Dǒu
|Dou
|
|Measure for Grain
|
|-
|
|頓頑
|Dùn Wán
|Dunwan
|
|Jailer
|
|-
|
|伐
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Dagger of Shen
|
|-
|
|罰
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Fine
|
|-
|
|房宿
|Fáng Xiù
|[[Fang]]
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|墳墓
|Fén Mù
|Fenmu
|
|Tomb
|
|-
|
|輔
|Fǔ
|Fu
|
|Assistant
|normally a name for 80 UMa that is named Alcor
|-
|
|附耳
|Fù Ěr
|Fuer
|
|Ear
|
|-
|
|扶筐
|Fú Kuāng
|Fukuang
|
|Basket for Mulberry Leaves
|
|-
|
|附路
|Fù Lù
|[[Fulu]]
|
|Auxiliary Road
|
|-
|
|
|
|Furen
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|傅說
|Fù Yuè
|[[Fuyue]]
|
|Fu Yue
|
|-
|
|鈇锧
|Fū Zhì
|Fuzhi
|
|Executioner’s Axe and Block
|
|-
|
|蓋屋
|Gài Wū
|Gaiwu
|
|Roofing
|
|-
|
|槓
|Gàng
|[[Gang]]
|
|Canopy Shaft
|
|-
|
|閣道
|Gé Dào
|Gedao
|
|Flying Corridor
|
|-
|
|梗河
|Gěng Hé
|Genghe
|
|Celestial Shield or Lance
|
|-
|
|鈎
|Gōu
|Gou
|
|Hook
|
|-
|
|狗
|Gǒu
|Gou
|
|Dog
|
|-
|
|勾陳
|Gōu Chén
|Gouchen
|
|Curved Array
|
|-
|
|狗國
|Gǒu Guó
|Gougou
|
|Territory of Dogs
|
|-
|
|鈎鈐
|Gōu Yín
|Gouyin
|
|Lock
|
|-
|
|爟
|Guàn
|Guan
|
|Beacon Fire
|
|-
|
|貫索
|Guàn Suǒ
|Guansuo
|
|Coiled Throng
|
|-
|
|龜
|Guī
|Gui
|
|Tortoise
|
|-
|
|鬼宿
|Guǐ Xiù
|Gui
|
|Ghosts Mansion
|
|-
|
|鼓旗
|Gŭ Qí
|Guqi
|
|Drum Flag
|
|-
|
|韓
|Hán
|Han
|
|Han
|
|-
|
|河鼓
|Hé Gǔ
|Hegu
|
|Drum at the River
|
|-
|
|衡
|[[Heng|Héng]]
|[[Heng]]
|
|Purlin
|
|-
|
|候
|Hòu
|Hou
|
|Astrologer
|
|-
|
|後宮
|Hòu Gōng
|Hougong
|
|Imperial Harem
|
|-
|
|斛
|Hú
|Hu
|
|Square Box for Measuring
|
|-
|
|華蓋
|Huá Gài
|[[Huagai]]
|
|Canopy of the Emperor
|
|-
|
|宦者
|Huàn Zhě
|Huanzhe
|
|Eunuch Official
|
|-
|
|虎賁
|Hǔ Bēn
|Huben
|
|Emperor's Bodyguard
|
|-
|
|瓠瓜
|Hù Guā
|Hugua
|
|Gourd
|
|-
|
|弧矢
|Hú Shǐ
|Hushi
|
|Bow and Arrow
|
|-
|
|箕宿
|Jī Xiù
|Ji
|
|Winnowing Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|建
|Jiàn
|Jian
|
|City with A Banner
|
|-
|
|鍵閉
|Jiàn Bì
|Jianbi
|
|Door Bolt
|
|-
|
|漸臺
|Jiàn Tái
|Jiantai
|
|Clepsydra Terrace
|
|-
|
|角宿
|Jiǎo Xiù
|Jiao
|
|Horn Mansion
|
|-
|
|晉
|Jìn
|Jin
|
|Jin
|
|-
|
|井宿
|Jǐng Xiù
|Jing
|
|Well Mansion
|
|-
|
|進賢
|Jìn Xián
|JinXian
|
|Recommending Virtuous Man
|
|-
|
|積屍
|Jī Shī
|Jishi
|
|Heaps of Corpses
|
|-
|
|積屍氣
|Jī Shī Qì
|Jishiqi
|
|Fog of Cumulative Corpses
|
|-
|
|積水
|Jī Shuǐ or
Jī Shǔi
|[[Jishui]]
|
|<nowiki>Accumulated Water in the Ship | </nowiki>
Stored Water to Make Wine
|
|-
|
|臼
|Jiù
|Jiu
|
|Mortar
|
|-
|
|九坎
|Jiǔ Kǎn
|Jiukan
|
|Nine Water Wells
|
|-
|
|酒旗
|Jiǔ Qí
|Jiuqi
|
|Banner of Wine Shop
|
|-
|
|九卿內座
|Jiǔ Qīng Nèi Zuò
|Jiuqing Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for Nine Ministers
|
|-
|
|九斿
|Jiǔ Yóu
|Jiuyou
|
|Nine Flags
|
|-
|
|九州殊口
|Jiǔ Zhōu Shū Kǒu
|Jiuzhou Shukou
|
|Interpreters of Dialects
|
|-
|
|積薪
|Jī Xīn
|Jixin
|
|Pile of Firewood
|
|-
|
|積卒
|Jī Zú
|Jizu
|
|Group of Soldiers
|
|-
|
|卷舌
|Juǎn Shé
|Juanshe
|
|Rolled Tongue
|
|-
|
|軍井
|Jūn Jǐng
|Junjing
|
|Military Well
|
|-
|
|軍門
|Jūn Mén
|Junmen
|
|Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍南門
|Jūn Nán Mén
|[[Junnanmen]]
|
|Southern Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍市
|Jūn Shì
|Junshi
|
|Market for the Soldiers
|
|-
|
|糠
|Kāng
|Kang
|
|Chaff
|
|-
|
|亢宿
|[[Kang|Kàng Xiù]]
|[[Kang]]
|
|Neck Mansion
|
|-
|
|亢池
|Kàng Chí
|Kangchi
|
|Boats and Lake
|
|-
|
|開陽
|Kāi Yáng
|Kaiyang
|
|Opener of Heat
|normally a name for zeta UMa that is named Mizar. 83 UMa is the brighter one of two in the vicinity (it is a pulsating M-variable)
|-
|
|哭
|Kū
|Ku
|
|Crying
|
|-
|
|[[Kui|奎宿]]
|[[Kui|Kuí Xiù]]
|[[Kui]]
|
|Crotch Mansion
|
|-
|
|[[Kulou|庫樓]]
|[[Kulou|Kù Lóu]]
|[[Kulou]]
|
|Arsenal
|
|-
|
|狼
|Láng
|Lang
|
|Wolf
|
|-
|
|郎將
|Láng Jiàng
|Langjiang
|
|Captain of the Bodyguards
|
|-
|
|[[Langwei|郎位]]
|[[Langwei|Láng Wèi]]
|[[Langwei]]
|
|Official of the Imperial Guard
|
|-
|
|老人
|Lǎo Rén
|Laoren
|
|Old Man
|
|-
|
|壘壁陣
|Lěi Bì Zhèn
|Leibizhen
|
|Line of Ramparts
|
|-
|
|雷電
|Léi Diàn
|Leidian
|
|Thunder and Lightning
|
|-
|
|列肆
|Liè Sì
|Liesi
|
|Jewel Market
|
|-
|
|離宮
|Lí Gōng
|Ligong
|
|Resting Palace
|
|-
|
|靈台
|Líng Tái
|Lingtai
|
|Astronomical Observatory
|
|-
|
|礪石
|Lì Shí
|Lishi
|
|Grind Stone
|
|-
|
|柳宿
|Liǔ Xiù
|Liu
|
|Willow Mansion
|
|-
|
|六甲
|Liù Jiǎ
|Liujia
|
|Six Jia
|
|-
|
|璃瑜
|Lí Yú
|Liyu
|
|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|離珠
|Lí Zhū
|Lizhu
|
|Pearls on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|婁宿
|Lóu Xiù
|Lou
|
|Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|羅堰
|Luó Yàn
|Luoyan
|
|Networks of Dikes
|
|-
|
|昴宿
|Mǎo Xiù
|Mao
|
|Hairy Head Mansion
|
|-
|
|明堂
|Míng Táng
|Mingtang
|
|Cosmological Temple
|
|-
|
|南河
|Nán Hé
|Nanhe
|
|South River
|
|-
|
|南門
|Nán Mén
|Nanmen
|
|Southern Gate
|
|-
|
|內廚
|Nèi Chú
|Neichu
|
|Inner Kitchen
|
|-
|
|內階
|Nèi Jiē
|Neijie
|
|Inner Steps
|
|-
|
|內屏
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Screen
|
|-
|
|內平
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Judge
|
|-
|
|內五諸侯
|Nèi Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Neiwu Zhuhou
|
|Five Lords of Heaven inside Taiwei
|
|-
|
|三公內座
|Sān Gōng Nèi Zuò
|Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|輦道
|Niǎn Dào
|Niandao
|
|Imperial Passageway
|
|-
|
|牛宿
|Niú Xiù
|Niu
|
|Ox Mansion
|
|-
|
|钮
|Nĭu
|Niu
|
|Pivot
|
|-
|
|農丈人
|Nóng Zhàng Rén
|Nong Zhangren
|
|Old Peasant
|
|-
|
|女宿
|Nǚ Xiù
|Nü
|
|Women Mansion
|
|-
|
|女床
|Nǚ Chuáng
|Nüchuang
|
|Woman's Bed
|
|-
|
|女史
|Nǚ Shǐ
|Nüshi
|
|Woman Officer in Charge of Time
|
|-
|
|霹靂
|Pī Lì
|Pili
|
|Thunderbolt
|
|-
|
|
|
|Pin
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|屏
|Píng
|Ping
|
|Screen
|
|-
|
|平
|Píng
|Ping
|
|Judge
|
|-
|
|平道
|Píng Dào
|Pingdao
|
|Flat Road
|
|-
|
|齊
|Qí
|Qi
|
|Qi
|
|-
|
|泣
|Qì
|Qi
|
|Weeping
|
|-
|
|器府
|Qì Fǔ
|Qifu
|
|House for Musical Instruments
|
|-
|
|七公
|Qī Gōng
|Qigong
|
|Seven Excellencies
|
|-
|
|騎官
|Qí Guān
|Qiguan
|
|Cavalry Officers
|
|-
|
|秦
|Qín
|Qin
|
|Qin
|
|-
|
|青丘
|Qīng Qiū
|Qingqiu
|
|Green Hill
|
|-
|
|騎陣將軍
|Qí Zhèn Jiāng Jūn
|Qizhen Jiangjun
|
|Chariot and Cavalry General
|
|-
|
|闕丘
|Què Qiū
|Queqiu
|
|Two Buildings on both Sides of Palace Gate
|
|-
|
|人
|Rén
|Ren
|
|Humans
|
|-
|
|日
|Rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|三公
|Sān Gōng
|Sangong
|
|Three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|三台
|
|Santai
|
|Three Steps
|super-constellation of [[Shangtai]], [[Xiatai]] and [[Zhnogtai|Zhongtai]]
|-
|
|
|
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shangcheng]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|尚書
|Shàng Shū
|Shangshu
|
|Royal Secretary
|
|-
|
|上台
|Shàng Tái
|[[Shangtai]]
|
|Upper Step
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Shangwei]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|少民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Shaomin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Shaoming = Shaomin = Tumin = Shangmin
|-
|
|少微
|Shào Wēi
|Shaowei
|
|Scholar-officials
|
|-
|
|少衛
|Shào Wèi
|[[Shaowei]]
|
|Imperial Second Guard
|modern star name
|-
|
|參宿
|Shēn Xiù
|Shen
|
|Three Stars Mansion
|
|-
|
|神宫
|Shén Gōnɡ
|[[Shengong]]
|
|Divine Palace
|
|-
|
|參旗
|Shēn Qí
|Shenqi
|
|Banner of Shen
|
|-
|
|勢
|Shì
|Shenqi
|
|Eunuch
|
|-
|
|矢
|Shǐ
|Shi
|
|Excrement
|
|-
|
|室宿
|Shì Xiù
|Shi
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|市樓
|Shì Lóu
|Shilou
|
|Market Tower
|
|-
|
|豕目
|
|Shimu
|
|Pig
|modern star name, based on a Neolithic Chinese constellation
|-
|
|水府
|Shǔi Fǔ
|Shuifu
|
|Water Official
|
|-
|
|水位
|Shǔi Wèi
|Shuiwei
|
|Waterlevel
|
|-
|
|庶子
|Shù Zǐ
|Shuzi
|
|Son of Concubine
|
|-
|
|四瀆
|Sì Dú
|Sidu
|
|Four Rivers
|
|-
|
|司非
|Sī Fēi
|Sifei
|
|Judge of Right and Wrong
|
|-
|
|四輔
|Sì Fǔ
|Sifu
|
|Four Advisors
|
|-
|
|司怪
|Sī Guài
|Siguai
|
|Deity in Charge of Omen
|
|-
|
|司祿
|Sī Lù
|Silu
|
|Judge of Rank
|
|-
|
|司命
|Sī Mìng
|Siming
|
|Judge of Life
|
|-
|
|司危
|Sī Wēi
|Siwei
|
|Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune
|
|-
|
|孫
|Sūn
|Sun
|
|Grandson
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|太民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Taimin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Taiming = Taimin = Daming
|-
|
|太微
|Tài Wēi
|Taiwei
|
|Supreme Court
|
|-
|
|太陽守
|Tài Yáng Shǒu
|[[Taiyangshou]]
|
|the General in charge of the yang valve
|
|-
|
|太一
|Tài Yī
|[[Taiyi]]
|
|Supreme One
|
|-
|
|太子
|Tài Zǐ
|Taizi
|
|Crown Prince
|this name designates gam UMi but this star is already named Pherkad (so we suggest the Chinese name for Pherkad Minor)
|-
|
|太尊
|Tài Zūn
|Taizun
|
|Royals
|
|-
|
|[[Tengshe|螣蛇]]
|[[Tengshe|Téng Shé]]
|[[Tengshe]]
|
|Flying Serpent
|
|-
|
|天棓
|Tiān Bàng
|Tianbang
|
|Celestial Club Weapon
|
|-
|
|天弁
|Tiān Biàn
|Tianbian
|
|Market Officer
|
|-
|
|天倉
|Tiān Cāng
|Tiancang
|
|Square Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天廁
|Tiān Cè
|Tiance
|
|Celestial Toilet
|
|-
|
|天讒
|Tiān Chán
|Tianchan
|
|Celestial Slander
|
|-
|
|天廚
|Tiān Chú
|Tianchu
|
|Celestial Kitchen
|
|-
|
|天船
|Tiān Chuán
|Tianchuan
|
|Celestial Boat
|
|-
|
|天床
|Tiān Chuáng
|Tianchuang
|
|Celestial Bed
|
|-
|
|天大將軍
|Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn
|[[Tiandajiangjun|Tian Dajiangjun]]
|
|Celestial Grand General
|
|-
|
|天阿
|Tiān Ē
|Tiané
|
|Celestial Hillside
|
|-
|
|天輻
|Tiān Fú
|Tianfu
|
|Celestial Spokes
|
|-
|
|[[Tianfu|天桴]]
|[[Tianfu|Tiān Fú]]
|[[Tianfu]]
|
|Celestial Drumstick
|
|-
|
|天綱
|Tiān Gāng
|Tiangang
|
|Celestial Headrope
|
|-
|
|天高
|Tiān Gāo
|Tiangao
|
|Celestial High Terrace
|
|-
|
|天關
|Tiān Guān
|[[Tianguan]]
|
|Celestial Pass
|
|-
|
|天潢
|Tiān Huáng
|Tianhuang
|
|Celestial Pond
|
|-
|
|天溷
|Tiān Hùn
|Tianhun
|
|Celestial Pigsty
|
|-
|
|天紀
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Discipline
|
|-
|
|天稷
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cereals
|
|-
|
|天璣
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Shining Pearl
|
|-
|
|天記
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Judge to Estimate the Age of Animals
|
|-
|
|天雞
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cock
|
|-
|
|天江
|Tiān Jiāng
|Tianjiang
|
|Celestial River
|
|-
|
|天街
|Tiān Jiē
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Street
|
|-
|
|天節
|Tiān Jié
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Mace
|
|-
|
|天津
|Tiān Jīn
|Tianjin
|
|Celestial Bridge
|
|-
|
|天廄
|Tiān Jiù
|Tianjiu
|
|Celestial Stable
|
|-
|
|天牢
|Tiān Láo
|Tianlao
|
|Celestial Prison
|
|-
|
|天壘城
|Tiān Lěi Chéng
|Tianleicheng
|
|Celestial Castle with Walls
|
|-
|
|天理
|Tiān Lǐ
|Tianli
|
|Judge for Nobility
|
|-
|
|天廩
|Tiān Lǐn
|Tianlin
|
|Celestial Foodstuffs
|
|-
|
|天門
|Tiān Mén
|Tianmen
|
|Celestial Gate
|
|-
|
|天廟
|Tiān Miào
|Tianmiao
|
|Celestial Ancestral Temple
|
|-
|
|天錢
|Tiān Qián
|Tianqian
|
|Celestial Coin
|
|-
|
|天槍
|Tiān Qiāng
|Tianqiang
|
|Celestial Spear
|
|-
|
|天權
|Tiān Quán
|Tianquan
|
|Celestial Balance
|normally a name for del UMa which is named Megrez ( so this name applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天囷
|Tiān Qūn
|Tianqun
|
|Circular Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天乳
|Tiān Rǔ
|Tianru
|
|Celestial Milk
|
|-
|
|天社
|Tiān Shè
|[[Tianshe]]
|
|Celestial Altar of the Earth Deity
|
|-
|
|天市
|Tiān Shì
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Market
|
|-
|
|天豕
|
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Pig
|alternative (older) name for [[Kui]]
|-
|
|天豕目
|
|[[Shimu|Tianshi Mu]]
|
|Eye of the Celestial Pig
|a star name in the Tianshi=Kui
|-
|
|天樞
|Tiān Shū
|Tianshu
|
|Celestial Pivot
|normally a name for alf UMa
|-
|
|
|
|[[Tiansi]]
|
|Celestial Quadriga
|modern star name
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天相
|Tiān Xiàng
|Tianxiang
|
|Celestial Ministers
|
|-
|
|天璇
|Tiān Xuán
|TianXuan
|
|Celestial Rotating Jade
|normally a name for beta UMa (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天一
|Tiān Yī
|[[Tianyi]]
|
|Celestial One
|
|-
|
|天陰
|Tiān Yīn
|Tianyin
|
|Celestial Yin Force
|
|-
|
|天庾
|Tiān Yǔ
|Tianyu
|
|Ricks of Grain
|
|-
|
|天淵
|Tiān Yuān
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Deep Water
|
|-
|
|天苑
|Tiān Yuàn
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Meadows
|
|-
|
|天園
|Tiān Yuán
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Orchard
|
|-
|
|天籥
|Tiān Yuè
|Tianyue
|
|Celestial Key
|
|-
|
|天柱
|Tiān Zhù
|Tianzhu
|
|Celestial Pillar
|
|-
|
|天樽
|Tiān Zūn
|Tianzun
|
|Celestial Wine Cup
|
|-
|
|土公
|Tǔ Gōng
|Tugong
|
|Official for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|土公吏
|Tǔ Gōng Lì
|Tugongli
|
|Clerk for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|屠肆
|Tú Sì
|[[Tusi]]
|
|Butcher's Shop
|
|-
|
|土司空
|Tǔ Sī Kōng
|Tusikong
|
|Master of Constructions
|
|-
|
|外廚
|Wài Chú
|Waichu
|
|Outer Kitchen
|
|-
|
|外屏
|Wài Píng
|Waiping
|
|Outer Screen
|
|-
|
|王良
|Wáng Liáng
|[[Wangliang]]
|
|Wang Liang
|
|-
|
|尾宿
|Wěi Xiù
|[[Wei]]
|
|Tail Mansion
|
|-
|
|魏
|Wèi
|Wei
|
|Wei
|
|-
|
|危宿
|Wēi Xiù
|[[Wēi|Wei]]
|
|Rooftop Mansion
|
|-
|
|胃宿
|Wèi Xiù
|[[Wèi|Wei]]
|
|Stomach Mansion
|
|-
|
|文昌
|Wén Chāng
|Wenchang
|
|Administrative Centre
|
|-
|
|五車
|Wǔ Chē
|Wuche
|
|Five Chariots
|
|-
|
|五帝內座
|Wǔ Dì Nèi Zuò
|Wudi Neizuo
|
|Interior Seats of Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五帝座
|Wǔ Dì Zuò
|Wudizuo
|
|Thrones of the Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五諸侯
|Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Wuzhuhou
|
|Five Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|咸池
|Xián Chí
|Xianchi
|
|Sacrad Pool
|
|-
|
|相
|Xiàng
|Xiang
|
|Prime Minister
|
|-
|
|下台
|Xià Tái
|[[Xiatai]]
|
|Lower Step
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Xihe]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|心宿
|Xīn Xiù
|Xin
|
|Heart Mansion
|
|-
|
|星宿
|Xīng Xiù
|Xing
|
|Seven Star Mansion
|
|-
|
|幸臣
|Xìng Chén
|Xingchen
|
|Officer of Honour
|
|-
|
|西咸
|Xī Xián
|Xixian
|
|Western Door
|
|-
|
|奚仲
|Xī Zhòng
|Xizhong
|
|Xi Zhong
|
|-
|
|虛宿
|Xū Xiù
|Xu
|
|Ruins Mansion
|
|-
|
|玄戈
|Xuán Gē
|[[Xuange]]
|
|Sombre Lance
|
|-
|
|[[Xuanyuan|軒轅]]
|[[Xuanyuan|Xuānyuán]]
|[[Xuanyuan]]
|
|Xuanyuan
|
|-
|
|虛梁
|Xū Liáng
|Xuliang
|
|Temple without Beams
|
|-
|
|燕
|Yān
|Yan
|
|Yan
|
|-
|
|陽門
|Yáng Mén
|Yangmen
|
|Gate of Yang
|
|-
|
|搖光
|Yáo Guāng
|Yaoguang
|
|Twinkling Brilliance
|normally a name for eta UMa but as this star is named Alkaid (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|野雞
|Yě Jī
|Yeji
|
|Wild Cockerel
|
|-
|
|謁者
|Yè Zhě
|Yezhe
|
|Usher of the Court
|
|-
|
|翼宿
|Yì Xiù
|Yi
|
|Wings Mansion
|
|-
|
|陰德
|Yīn Dé
|Yinde
|
|Hidden Virtue
|
|-
|
|右更
|Yòu Gēng
|Yougeng
|
|Official in Charge of Pasturing
|
|-
|
|右旗
|Yòu Qí
|Youqi
|
|Right Flag
|
|-
|
|右攝提
|Yòu Shè Tí
|Yousheti
|
|Right Conductor
|
|-
|
|右辖
|Yòu Xiá
|Youxia
|
|Right Linchpin
|
|-
|
|魚
|Yú
|Yu
|
|Fish
|
|-
|
|越
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Yue
|
|-
|
|鉞
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Battle Axe
|
|-
|
|月
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|玉衡
|Yù Héng
|Yuheng
|
|Jade Sighting-tube
|normally a name for eps UMa who is already named Alioth ( thus applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|玉井
|Yù Jǐng
|Yujing
|
|Jade Well
|
|-
|
|羽林軍
|Yǔ Lín Jūn
|Yulinjun
|
|Royal Guards
|
|-
|
|[[Yunü|御女]]
|[[Yunü|Yù Nǚ]]
|[[Yunü]]
|
|Maids-in-waiting
|
|-
|
|雲雨
|Yún Yǔ
|Yunyu
|
|Cloud and Rain
|
|-
|
|造父
|Zào Fù
|Zaofu
|
|Zao Fu
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Zhang]]
|
|
|modern star name based on a Chinese original
|-
|
|丈人
|Zhàng Rén
|Zhangren
|
|Elderly Person
|
|-
|
|張宿
|Zhāng Xiù
|Zhangzun
|
|Extended Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|趙
|Zhào
|Zhao
|
|Zhao
|
|-
|
|招搖
|Zhāo Yáo
|Zhaoyao
|
|A Kind of Weapon, Sword or Spear
|
|-
|
|軫宿
|Zhěn Xiù
|Zhen
|
|Chariot Mansion
|
|-
|
|陣車
|Zhèn Chē
|Zhenche
|
|Battle Chariots
|
|-
|
|鄭
|Zhèng
|Zheng
|
|Zheng
|
|-
|
|折威
|Zhé Wēi
|Zhewei
|
|Warden
|
|-
|
|織女
|Zhī Nǚ
|Zhinu
|
|Weaving Girl
|
|-
|
|中台
|Zhōng Tái
|[[Zhongtai]]
|
|Middle Step
|
|-
|
|[[Zhou|周]]
|[[Zhou|Zhōu]]
|[[Zhou]]
|
|Zhou
|
|-
|
|周鼎
|Zhōu Dǐng
|Zhouding
|
|Tripod of the Zhou
|
|-
|
|柱
|Zhù
|Zhu
|
|Pillars
|
|-
|
|柱史
|Zhù Xià Shǐ
|Zhu Xia Shi
|
|Officer in Charge of Public Announcements
|
|-
|
|諸王
|Zhū Wáng
|Zhuwang
|
|Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|觜宿
|Zī Xiù
|Zi
|
|Bird Beak Mansion
|
|-
|
|子
|Zǐ
|Zi
|
|Son
|
|-
|
|紫宮
|Zǐ Gōng
|[[Zigong]]
|
|Purple Palace
|
|-
|
|宗
|Zōng
|Zong
|
|Ancestors
|
|-
|
|宗人
|Zōng Rén
|Zongren
|
|Asistants of Zong Zheng
|
|-
|
|[[Zongzheng|宗正]]
|[[Zongzheng|Zōng Zhèng]]
|[[Zongzheng]]
|
|Official for Royal Clan
|
|-
|
|左更
|Zuó Gēng
|Zuogeng
|
|Official in Charge of Forest
|
|-
|
|左旗
|Zuǒ Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Left Flag
|
|-
|
|座旗
|Zuò Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Seat Flags
|
|-
|
|左攝提
|Zuǒ Shè Tí
|Zuosheti
|
|Left Conductor
|
|-
|
|左辖
|Zuǒ Xiá
|Zuoxia
|
|Left Linchpin
|
|}
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Service]]

Tongling

2026-01-02T11:18:25Z

Boshunyang: /* Constellation & Star Name */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tongling (桐陵)}}

Tóng Líng (Phoenix Tree Mound, 桐陵) is the sixth star on the right wall of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (''Purple Palace, 紫宮'') or Zǐwēi Yuán (Purple Enclosure), counting northward from the southern gate. It lies within the modern constellation ''[[Camelopardalis]]''.

__FORCETOC__
== Etymology and History of the Name ==
The name ''Tongling'' was current from the Han through the Tang dynasty but was later replaced by ''Shào Wèi'' (Junior Guard, 少衛) in the revised nomenclature of the ''Zigong''. As a result, the original designation fell gradually into obscurity.

The term ''tong'' refers to the ''wutong'' tree (''Firmiana simplex''), which in Chinese mythology is the perch of the phoenix; ''líng'' denotes a “high mound” or “tumulus.” Thus, ''Tóng Líng'' may be interpreted as “Phoenix Tree Mound,” evoking a place of elevation and sanctity within the imperial celestial precinct.

=== Constellation & Star Name ===
The ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' (''Tianxiang Lieci Fenye zhi tu'', Diagram of the Astrological Field Allocations) preserves the most ancient configuration of Chinese asterisms, allowing ''Tongling'' to be securely identified with HIP 33694.<ref>[https://www.raa-journal.org/issues/all/2024/v24n12/202412/t20241216_278177.html] Bo-Shun Yang and Susanne M. Hoffmann 2024 ''Res. Astron. Astrophys.'' 24 125004</ref> The name is also explicitly labeled in another Tang-period star map, the ''Gezi Yuejin tu'' (Gridded Monthly Progress Diagram), confirming its position and continued recognition during that era.

See [[Zigong]] for more identification.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
! SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p.238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Tongling (桐陵, 6th on the Right Wall )
|
|
|
|
|
|HIP 33694
|
|-
|Shaowei (少衛, 6th on the Right Wall )
|α Cam
|α Cam
|BN Cam
|γ Cam
|BK Cam
|
|HIP33694
|}

== Images ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Tongling">
File:Tongling in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|'''Tongling in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'''''
File:Tongling in Geziyuejintu.png|'''Tongling in ''Geziyuejintu'''''
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==

== References ==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

Tongling

2026-01-02T11:17:08Z

Boshunyang: /* Images */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tongling (桐陵)}}

Tóng Líng (Phoenix Tree Mound, 桐陵) is the sixth star on the right wall of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (''Purple Palace, 紫宮'') or Zǐwēi Yuán (Purple Enclosure), counting northward from the southern gate. It lies within the modern constellation ''[[Camelopardalis]]''.

__FORCETOC__
== Etymology and History of the Name ==
The name ''Tongling'' was current from the Han through the Tang dynasty but was later replaced by ''Shào Wèi'' (Junior Guard, 少衛) in the revised nomenclature of the ''Zigong''. As a result, the original designation fell gradually into obscurity.

The term ''tong'' refers to the ''wutong'' tree (''Firmiana simplex''), which in Chinese mythology is the perch of the phoenix; ''líng'' denotes a “high mound” or “tumulus.” Thus, ''Tóng Líng'' may be interpreted as “Phoenix Tree Mound,” evoking a place of elevation and sanctity within the imperial celestial precinct.

=== Constellation & Star Name ===
The ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' (''Tianxiang Lieci Fenye zhi tu'', Diagram of the Astrological Field Allocations) preserves the most ancient configuration of Chinese asterisms, allowing ''Tongling'' to be securely identified with HIP 33694. The name is also explicitly labeled in another Tang-period star map, the ''Gezi Yuejin tu'' (Gridded Monthly Progress Diagram), confirming its position and continued recognition during that era.

See [[Zigong]] for more identification.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
! SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p.238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Tongling (桐陵, 6th on the Right Wall )
|
|
|
|
|
|HIP 33694
|
|-
|Shaowei (少衛, 6th on the Right Wall )
|α Cam
|α Cam
|BN Cam
|γ Cam
|BK Cam
|
|HIP33694
|}

== Images ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Tongling">
File:Tongling in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|'''Tongling in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'''''
File:Tongling in Geziyuejintu.png|'''Tongling in ''Geziyuejintu'''''
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==

== References ==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

File:Tongling in Geziyuejintu.png

2026-01-02T11:15:51Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

File:Tongling in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png

2026-01-02T11:15:34Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

Tongling

2026-01-02T10:53:04Z

Boshunyang:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tongling (桐陵)}}

Tóng Líng (Phoenix Tree Mound, 桐陵) is the sixth star on the right wall of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (''Purple Palace, 紫宮'') or Zǐwēi Yuán (Purple Enclosure), counting northward from the southern gate. It lies within the modern constellation ''[[Camelopardalis]]''.

__FORCETOC__
== Etymology and History of the Name ==
The name ''Tongling'' was current from the Han through the Tang dynasty but was later replaced by ''Shào Wèi'' (Junior Guard, 少衛) in the revised nomenclature of the ''Zigong''. As a result, the original designation fell gradually into obscurity.

The term ''tong'' refers to the ''wutong'' tree (''Firmiana simplex''), which in Chinese mythology is the perch of the phoenix; ''líng'' denotes a “high mound” or “tumulus.” Thus, ''Tóng Líng'' may be interpreted as “Phoenix Tree Mound,” evoking a place of elevation and sanctity within the imperial celestial precinct.

=== Constellation & Star Name ===
The ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' (''Tianxiang Lieci Fenye zhi tu'', Diagram of the Astrological Field Allocations) preserves the most ancient configuration of Chinese asterisms, allowing ''Tongling'' to be securely identified with HIP 33694. The name is also explicitly labeled in another Tang-period star map, the ''Gezi Yuejin tu'' (Gridded Monthly Progress Diagram), confirming its position and continued recognition during that era.

See [[Zigong]] for more identification.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
! SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p.238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Tongling (桐陵, 6th on the Right Wall )
|
|
|
|
|
|HIP 33694
|
|-
|Shaowei (少衛, 6th on the Right Wall )
|α Cam
|α Cam
|BN Cam
|γ Cam
|BK Cam
|
|HIP33694
|}

== Images ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Shaowei">
File:Shaowei on Suzhou Star Map.png|Shaowei on Suzhou Star Map
File:Shaowei on Xinyixinagfayao Star Map.jpg|Shaowei on ''Xinyixinagfayao'' Star Map
File:Shaowei on18th Century Star Map.jpg|Shaowei on 18th Century ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Star Map
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==

== References ==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

Tongling

2026-01-02T10:48:05Z

Boshunyang: Created page with " {{DISPLAYTITLE:Tongling (桐陵)}} Shaowei profile card (CC BY M. Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN). Shaowei stick figure (CC BY M. Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN). ''Shào Wèi'' (The Second Imperial Guard, 少衛) is the sixth star on the right wall of the ''Zǐ Gōng'' (''Purple Palace, 紫宮'') or ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (''Purple Fo..."

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tongling (桐陵)}}
[[File:Shaowei profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Shaowei profile card (CC BY M. Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
[[File:Shaowei stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Shaowei stick figure (CC BY M. Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
''Shào Wèi'' (The Second Imperial Guard, 少衛) is the sixth star on the right wall of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (''Purple Palace, 紫宮'') or ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (''Purple Forbidden Enclosure''), counting northward from the southern gate. Although its identification has varied across historical sources, all recorded versions consistently place it within the modern constellation ''[[Camelopardalis]]''.

Shaowei is also a modern star name, adopted by the IAU in December 2025.

__FORCETOC__
== Etymology and History of the Name ==
The ''Shi's Commentary'' (Shì shi zan, 石氏讚) records: “Within the ''Purple Palace'' are fifteen stars representing vassal ministers.” The star names—such as ''Shào Wèi'' and other “guard” designations—may have developed in reference to, or as elaborations upon, this passage.

Each of the fifteen stars of the ''Purple Palace'' bears an individual name. However, those martial or defensive names are absent from pre-Tang sources and only became widespread from the mid-Tang period onward (8th century CE). Earlier texts employed a different nomenclature system (See [[Zigong]]).

It should be noted that there were two stars named ''Shào Wèi'' (The Second Imperial Guard, 少衛): one is the sixth star on the right wall and another is the seventh on the left wall. In addition, the second star on the right wall was called ''Shào Wèi'' (The Second Commandant, 少尉), identical in pronunciation but written with a different character (尉 rather than 衞).

=== Constellation & Star Name ===
See [[Zigong]] for better identification.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
! SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p.238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Shaowei (少衛, 6th on the Right Wall )
|α Cam
|α Cam
|BN Cam
|γ Cam
|BK Cam
|HIP 33694
|HIP33694
|-
|Shawei (少衛, 7th on the Left Wall )
|π Cep
|π Cep
|ρ Cep
|γ Cep
|73 Dra
|φ Dra
|73 Dra
|}

== Images ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Shaowei">
File:Shaowei on Suzhou Star Map.png|Shaowei on Suzhou Star Map
File:Shaowei on Xinyixinagfayao Star Map.jpg|Shaowei on ''Xinyixinagfayao'' Star Map
File:Shaowei on18th Century Star Map.jpg|Shaowei on 18th Century ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Star Map
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 2025, the name of the historical constellation "Shaowei" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. It was adopted in December 2025 for γ Cam in [[Camelopardalis]].
== References ==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

Gang

2026-01-02T09:54:06Z

Boshunyang: /* Star Name Discussion (IAU) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gang (槓)}}
[[File:New Reconstruction of Huagai, Gang (before Tang Dynasty).jpg|thumb|New Reconstruction of Huagai and Gang (before Tang Dynasty) By Boshun YANG]]
[[File:Gang profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Gang profile card (CC BY M.Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
[[File:Gang stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Gang stick figure (CC BY M.Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Gàng (Canopy Shaft, 槓) comprises nine stars and forms an integral part of the asterism [[Huagai]](Canopy of the Emperor). The configuration of this sub-asterism varied across historical sources: in its earliest form, it was located in the region of the modern constellation ''[[Cepheus]]'', but later shifted toward ''[[Cassiopeia]]'' and ''[[Camelopardalis]]''. It originated within the Gan school during the Han dynasty, around the first century BCE.

Gang is also a modern IAU-star name, adopted in December 2025 for 50 Cas.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
=== Identification of stars ===

Earlier research by Yang (2023) reconstructed the early ''Haugai'' (Before Tang Dynasty) and ''Gàng'' asterisms in a form that closely reflects their physical appearance. More recently, however, he further noticed a passage in the ''Commentary to the Gan’s Star Canon'' (''Gān shi zan,'' 甘氏赞), which reads:<blockquote>“The Canopy shines with light, overshadowing the Emperor's body; its dark ribs (liǎo, 橑) encircle the ''Shaft'', and it sits on two pillars.”</blockquote><blockquote>華蓋曜光，掩翳帝軀，玄橑周杠，兩植距趺。</blockquote>This description provides valuable information about both the function and structure of ''Huá Gài'': the Huá Gài canopy was imagined as having multiple ribs radiating outward from its shaft (gàng, 杠), and the upper end of the ''Gàng'' was imagined as having two supporting points.

In Yang’s earlier reconstruction (2023), only one support point—HIP 111660—was included. In light of the textual evidence from the ''Commentary'', it now seems appropriate to add a second support star, 78 Draconis. This adjustment not only accords more closely with the ''Commentary''’s description but also matches the depiction on the ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''. However, correspondingly, it is necessary to remove another star original included in Gang, and removing HIP 112833 is more appropriate.

Since Tang dynasty, the location of Huagai and Gang changed to ''[[Cassiopeia]]'' and ''[[Camelopardalis]]'', while the all versions thereafter share 50 Cas as their brightest star.
{| class="wikitable"
!Constellation
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":02">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":12">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />
Song Huangyou(1052)
|-
| rowspan="7" |Huagai
|1st(Determinative)
|
|iota Cas
|omega Cas
|16 Cep
|omega Cas
|iota Cas
|-
|2nd
|40 Cas
|40 Cas
|49 Cas
|gamma Cep
|31 Cas
|RZ Cas
|-
|3rd
|HIP 5926
|42 Cas
|40 Cas
|pi Cep
|psi Cas
|SU Cas
|-
|4th
|31 Cas
|omega Cas
|42 Cas
|31 Cep
|43 Cas
|HIP 12821
|-
|5th
|psi Cas
|HIP 12821
|HIP 12821
|24 Cep
|iota Cas
|omega Cas
|-
|6th
|43 Cas
|SU Cas
|SU Cas
|11 Cep
|HIP 12821
|42 Cas
|-
|7th
|omega Cas
|A Cas
|A Cas
|betta Cep
|SU Cas
|A Cas
|-
| rowspan="9" |Gang
|1st(Determinative)
|gamma Cam
|49H Cep 48(HIP 19461)
|50 Cas
|HIP 5928
|HIP 25110
|HIP 19461
|-
|2nd
|HIP 14862
|HIP 14844
|HIP 12273
|HIP 115746
|HIP 23265
|HIP 14844
|-
|3rd
|49 Cas
|46H Cep 30 (HIP 13055)
|HIP 14862
|HIP 109693
|HIP 20776
|HIP 13055
|-
|4th
|51 Cas
|HIP 9568
|HIP 15547
|HIP 112833
|HIP 19461
|HIP 9568
|-
|5th
|50 Cas
|47 Cas
|HIP 14417
|HIP 113116
|HIP 14417
|47 Cas
|-
|6th
|54 Cas
|49 Cas
|HIP 19461
|HIP 112519
|50 Cas
|49 Cas
|-
|7th
|A Cas
|HIP 10350
|HIP 20776
|rho Cep
|A Cas
|HIP 10350
|-
|8th
|42 Cas
|50 Cas
|HIP 23265
|HIP 111242
|42 Cas
|HIP 12273
|-
|9th
|38 cas
|
|HIP 25100
|HIP 111660
|38 Cas
|50 Cas
|}
=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms before Tang Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Dunhuang Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on Dunhuang Star Map]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Huagai and Gang in Early Song Dynasty (1034CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in Early Song Dynasty (1034CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1034 in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1034 in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Geziyuejintu.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on ''Geziyuejintu'']]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in Huangyou Era in Song Dynasty (1052CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in Huangyou Era in Song Dynasty (1052CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1052 in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1052 in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Star Map]]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}
== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 2025, the name of the historical sub-constellation "Gang" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. It was already mentioned as a star name in Allen (1899) but for a star in Camelopardalis. WGSN decided to adopt the name for the star that has been the brightest member star (50 Cas) in all versions after Song Dynasty .

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Cas]][[Category:Cam]]
[[Category:Cep]]

Huagai

2026-01-01T20:07:42Z

Boshunyang: /* Identification of stars */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Huagai (華蓋)}}
[[File:Huagai profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Huagai profile Card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN)]]
[[File:Huagai stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Huagai stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Huá Gài (Canopy of the Emperor, 華蓋) is a Chinese asterism consisting of sixteen stars, divided into two parts: seven stars forming the ''Huá Gài'' (“Canopy”) proper and nine forming the ''[[Gang|Gàng]]'' (“Shaft”). The configuration of this asterism varied considerably over time. In its earliest form, it was located within the modern constellation ''[[Cepheus]]'', but later versions shifted its position toward ''[[Cassiopeia]]'' and ''[[Camelopardalis]]''. The asterism originated within the Gan school during the Han dynasty, around the first century BCE.

Huagai is also a modern IAU-star name, adopted in December 2025 for ι Cas.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The term ''Huá Gài'' originally denoted an ornate ceremonial canopy used in the carriages and processional retinues of ancient emperors. Those used by ministers were called simply ''gài'' (“canopy”) or ''sǎn'' (“umbrella”). Although the canopies differed in form and structure, they could be generally classified into two types according to the shape of their handle: the “straight canopy” (''zhí gài'') and the “curved canopy” (''qū gài'').<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5" caption="Ancient Canopies">
File:Curved-Handle Feathered Canopy(Left Top) in the Xiwangmu Banquet Mural, Late Eastern Han, Mandong Township, Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province山東省嘉祥縣滿硐鄉東漢晚期西王母宴乐壁画中的曲柄羽盖.jpg|Curved-Handle Feathered Canopy(Left Top) in the Xiwangmu Banquet Mural, Late Eastern Han, Mandong Township, Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province
File:Canopy Depiction on the West Wall of the Xiao Stone Shrine, Songshan, Mandong Township, Jiaxiang County, Shandong, Eastern Han Dynasty山东嘉祥县满硐乡宋山小石祠西壁东汉华盖图像.jpg|Canopy Depiction on the West Wall of the Xiao Stone Shrine, Songshan, Mandong Township, Jiaxiang County, Shandong, Eastern Han Dynasty
File:Processional Scene of Emperor Hui of Han under Parasol and Fan on Lacquer Tray, Excavated from Nanchang Railway Station M3 Tomb, Dated to the 8th Year of Yonghe (352 CE) 南昌火车站M3出土永和八年漆盘像汉惠帝伞扇仪仗.jpg|Processional Scene of Emperor Hui of Han under Parasol and Fan on Lacquer Tray, Excavated from Nanchang Railway Station M3 Tomb, Dated to the 8th Year of Yonghe(352 CE)
File:Canopy in Image of Master Tan Yan Praying for Rain on the South Wall of Mogao Cave 323 Early Tang Image Courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy.jpg|Canopy in Image of Master Tan Yan Praying for Rain on the South Wall of Mogao Cave 323 Early Tang Image
File:Depiction of Canopy in Differet Style by MIBEN(觅本) on REDNOTE.jpg|Depiction of Canopy in Differet Style by MIBEN(觅本)
</gallery>According to the ''Gu jin zhu'' (Notes on the Past and Present, 古今注) compiled by Cui Bao (fl. Western Jin, 3rd–4th century CE), the curved canopy was invented by the Western Zhou (西周， strategist Jiang Taigong (姜太公，？- 1015？ BCE):<blockquote>“The curved canopy was made by Taigong. When King Wu（武王， 1076 - 1043 BCE） campaigned against King Zhou(紂王，？- 1046？ BCE) of Shang Dynasty, a strong wind broke his canopy; Taigong, inspired by the broken shape, designed the curved canopy.”</blockquote>However, this account is likely legendary, as no archaeological evidence of a carriage canopy with a curved handle has yet been found.

Carriage canopies were generally straight-handled, while those used in ceremonial processions often had curved handles—likely to allow the attendant holding the canopy to stand slightly apart from the dignitary beneath it. Numerous Han to Tang dynasty murals depict emperors or celestial beings sheltered under a curved canopy. The earliest configuration of the ''Huagai'' asterism appears to mirror precisely this type of canopy structure.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Constellation
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Huangyou(1052)
|-
| rowspan="7" |Huagai
| 1st(Determinative)
|
| iota Cas
| omega Cas
| 16 Cep
| omega Cas
|iota Cas
|-
| 2nd
| 40 Cas
| 40 Cas
| 49 Cas
| gamma Cep
| 31 Cas
|RZ Cas
|-
| 3rd
| HIP 5926
| 42 Cas
| 40 Cas
| pi Cep
| psi Cas
|SU Cas
|-
|4th
| 31 Cas
| omega Cas
| 42 Cas
| 31 Cep
| 43 Cas
|HIP 12821
|-
|5th
|psi Cas
|HIP 12821
|HIP 12821
|24 Cep
|iota Cas
|omega Cas
|-
|6th
|43 Cas
|SU Cas
|SU Cas
|11 Cep
|HIP 12821
|42 Cas
|-
|7th
|omega Cas
|A Cas
|A Cas
|betta Cep
|SU Cas
|A Cas
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Gang]]
|1st(Determinative)
|gamma Cam
|49H Cep 48(HIP 19461)
|50 Cas
|HIP 5928
|HIP 25110
|HIP 19461
|-
|2nd
|HIP 14862
|HIP 14844
|HIP 12273
|HIP 115746
|HIP 23265
|HIP 14844
|-
|3rd
|49 Cas
|46H Cep 30 (HIP 13055)
|HIP 14862
|HIP 109693
|HIP 20776
|HIP 13055
|-
|4th
|51 Cas
|HIP 9568
|HIP 15547
|HIP 112833
|HIP 19461
|HIP 9568
|-
|5th
|50 Cas
|47 Cas
|HIP 14417
|HIP 113116
|HIP 14417
|47 Cas
|-
|6th
|54 Cas
|49 Cas
|HIP 19461
|HIP 112519
|50 Cas
|49 Cas
|-
|7th
|A Cas
|HIP 10350
|HIP 20776
|rho Cep
|A Cas
|HIP 10350
|-
|8th
|42 Cas
|50 Cas
|HIP 23265
|HIP 111242
|42 Cas
|HIP 12273
|-
|9th
|38 cas
|
|HIP 25100
|HIP 111660
|38 Cas
|50 Cas
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
Several ancient star maps preserve depictions of ''Huagai''. The earliest known image appears in the ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' (''Charts for Celestial Branches and Field Allocations'', 天象列次分野之圖). In this version, Huagai is positioned within ''Cepheus'', differing from all later maps produced after the Tang dynasty. In this early chart, the asterisms ''Wǔ Dì zuò'' (“Seats of the Five Emperors”, 五帝內座) and ''Liù Jiǎ'' (“Six Jia”, 六甲) are shown directly beneath ''Huagai'', precisely matching the description in the ''Gān’s Star Canon'' (Gān shi xing jing, 甘氏星經). Later maps, however, no longer conform to the textual record.

A record of a meteor observed in 512 CE reports that it passed through the region of ''Huagai''; its trajectory corresponds only to the position shown on this early chart, while the locations drawn on post-Tang star maps do not align.<ref>[https://www.raa-journal.org/issues/all/2024/v24n12/202412/t20241216_278177.html] Bo-Shun Yang and Susanne M. Hoffmann 2024 ''Res. Astron. Astrophys.'' 24 125004 </ref> In fact, ''Huagai'' was not the only asterism changed—other constellations near the northern gate of the ''Purple Palace'' ([[Zigong|Zǐgōng]], 紫宮) also shifted their position due to the apparent northern expansion of the wall in later charting traditions.

The most striking comparison lies in morphology: only the ''Huagai'' depicted on this earliest star map preserves the authentic early form of a curved-handled imperial canopy and its shaft (''gàng''). In contrast, later depictions from the Tang dynasty onward exhibit noticeably distorted shapes, reflecting a departure from the original symbolic design.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms before Tang Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Dunhuang Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on Dunhuang Star Map]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Huagai and Gang in Early Song Dynasty (1034CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in Early Song Dynasty (1034CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1034 in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1034 in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Geziyuejintu.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on ''Geziyuejintu'']]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in Huangyou Era in Song Dynasty (1052CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in Huangyou Era in Song Dynasty (1052CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1052 in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1052 in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Star Map]]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 2025, the name of the historical constellation "Huagai" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. WGSN adopted the name in December 2025 for the star that has been considered determinative for the constellation in the past millennium.

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Cas]][[Category:Cam]]
[[Category:Cep]]

Zigong

2025-12-18T10:47:16Z

Boshunyang: /* Maps (Gallery) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Zigong (紫宮)}}

''Zǐ Gōng (Purple Palace, 紫宮)''—also known as ''Zǐwēi Gōng'' (Purple Forbidden Palace, 紫微宮) or ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (Purple Forbidden Enclosure, 紫微垣)—symbolizes the imperial residence and its surrounding guarding vassals or ministers. It is a nearly circular circumpolar region encompassing fifteen stars, which are divided into two parts: the seven stars of the ''Dōng Fān'' (Eastern Retinue, 東蕃) and the eight stars of the ''Xī Fān'' (Western Retinue, 西蕃).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
''Zǐ Gōng'' (“Purple Palace”) is the oldest among the constellation’s names, literally meaning “the purple palace.” Prior to and throughout the Tang dynasty, this was the most prevalent term and remained in use into the Song period.

During the Spring and Autumn period (770 - 476 BCE), purple was a fashionable color in clothing but was rejected by Confucians as a “non-proper hue.” In the Qin and Han periods, despite continuing condemnation by orthodox Confucian scholars, purple came to be associated with mystery and imperial dignity<ref>Zeng Lei. The Evolution of the Concept of Purple in the Qin and Han Dynasties [J]. ''Shixue yuekan'', 2013, (02): 121-125</ref>.

Palatial architecture in the Qin and Han dynasties was often conceived as a terrestrial imitation of celestial patterns. The ''Sanfu Huangtu'' (Yellow [i.e. imperial] maps of the three metropolitan areas, 三輔黃圖) records that Emperor Qin Shihuang “constructed the Xianyang Palace in accordance with the pattern of the Purple Palace, emulating the residence of the Emperor [in Heaven].<ref>Chen Zhi, ''Sanfu Huangtu Jiaozheng'', vol. 1, p. 6, Shaanxi People’s Press, 1980</ref> If this account is reliable, the costellation of ''Zigong'' already existed in the Qin period.

We are quite sure that the Zigong appears no later than the early Western Han. The ''Huainanzi'' states: “The Purple Palace is the dwelling of the Great One (Taiyi).” Similarly, the ''Tiānguān shu'' (''Book of Heaven Officials'', 天官書) notes: “Encircling it [the Pole Star, residence of the Taiyi deity] are twelve stars of protection—vassals—together called the Purple Palace.” In the early Western Han, ''Zigong'' and ''Taiwei'' (Supreme Court, 太微) each comprised twelve stars, possibly corresponding to the twelve gates of the Han capital Chang’an. Ban Gu’s ''Rhapsody on the Eastern Capital'' (''Dongdu fu'') further confirms this correspondence, describing the palaces of Chang’an as “occupying the central position of Earth’s numinous axis, modeled after the circular and square forms of the Supreme Court and the Purple Palace”<ref>''Hou Han shu'', “Biography of Ban Gu I,” p. 1340</ref> .

By the mid-Western Han, the Shi school renamed the asterism as ''Zǐwēi Gōng'', expanding it to fifteen stars. This nomenclature was soon adopted by the Gan school and by various apocryphal (weishu, 緯書) texts. Before the Tang dynasty, ''Zǐwēi Gōng'' remained the official term. The name ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' first appeared in non-astronomical writings during the Northern and Southern dynasties, later entering official astronomical records in the late Tang period. After the Song dynasty, ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' became the most widespread designation.

=== Member Star Names ===
Each of the fifteen stars in the ''Zǐwēi Enclosure'' bears an individual name. The designations most familiar today—such as ''Zuǒ Shū'' (Left Pivot), ''Shào Chéng'' (Junior Minister), and ''Shàng Wèi'' (Upper Guard)—are recorded in astronomical poets like the ''Bùtiān gē'' (Song of Pacing the Sky, 步天歌) but only became common from the mid-Tang period onward.

In the Han (202 BCE - 220CE) to Jin(266 - 420) periods, an entirely different naming system was in use. The ''Tianwen yaolu'' (Essentials of Astronomy, 天文要錄) preserves these earlier designations through quotations from pre-Tang sources:

<blockquote>'''The ''Eastern Retinue'' of the Purple Palace:'''

''Tóuguān'' (First Observatory, 頭觀), governing benevolence and charity;

''Qìngmén'' (Celebration Gate, 慶門), governing propriety and self-cultivation;

''Pànxīng'' (Academy Star, 泮星), governing kindness and action;

''Kāifān'' (Prosperous Frontier, 開蕃), governing rebellious schemes;

''Lóngdēng'' (Dragon Ascendant, 龍登), governing agriculture;

''Gǎnxīng'' (Valiant Star, 敢星), governing palaces and architecture;

''Guāngbó'' (Lord of Light, 光伯), governing drought and famine;

''Shùnguāng'' (Harmonious Radiance, 順光), governing military affairs.

'''The ''Western Retinue'':'''

''Shǒumén'' (Gatekeeper, 守門), governing wind and water;

''Zǐmíng'' (Catalpa Brightness, 梓明), governing illness;

''Jiān xīng'' (Treacherous Star, 姧星), governing debauchery;

''Zhímén'' (Straight Gate, 直門), governing joy and affection;

''Zǐguāng'' (Purple Radiance, 紫光), governing fidelity;

''Tónglíng'' (Phoenix Tree Mound, 桐陵), governing intelligence and order;

''Xìnguī'' (Trustworthy Turtle, 信龜), governing ritual virtue.

</blockquote>These names, largely forgotten after the Tang, reveal the early Han cosmological association of each star with moral and political virtues.

== Identification of stars ==
According to Yang and Hoffmann (2024)<ref>[https://www.raa-journal.org/issues/all/2024/v24n12/202412/t20241216_278177.html] Bo-Shun Yang and Susanne M. Hoffmann 2024 ''Res. Astron. Astrophys.'' 24 125004</ref>, the shape of the ''Zǐwēi Enclosure'' underwent significant transformation from the Han to the Song dynasty. Two major changes can be identified:

'''Expansion of the northern boundary'''—Originally nearly circular, the enclosure became elongated, extending northward.

'''Reconfiguration of the southern gates'''—The stars marking the east and west gates changed from α Draconis and 6 Draconis to ι Draconis and α Draconis.

The first alteration likely resulted from the gradual precession of the north celestial pole. During the Early Han period, the pole lay at the center of the ''Purple Palace'', but by the Tang–Song era it had drifted so far that it locates near the northern gate. Astronomers, whether consciously or not, extended the northern arc of the enclosure to realign its center with the celestial pole.

The second adjustment was probably a structural consequence of the first. Once the enclosure was elongated, its “gates” needed to be repositioned along the new major axis, to preserve axial symmetry and conform to ritual propriety. This transformation effectively rotated the entire ''Zigong'' about 45 degrees counterclockwise, also altering the directional references used for neighboring asterisms. For instance, the ''Běidǒu'' (Northern Dipper) asterism—originally described as lying “south” of the ''Zǐwēi Enclosure''—was, from the Song period onward, described as being on its “right.”
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Constellation Name
!Orders(Qing) or Star Names(Song and After;Tang and Before)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue (1052)
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| rowspan="9" |Dongfan(Eastern Retinue) or Zuoyuan(Left Wall)
| 1st(Zuoshu, 左樞；Touguan, 頭觀 )
| iota Dra
| iota Dra
| iota Dra
| iota Dra
| alpha Dra
| alpha Dra
| iota Dra
|-
| 2nd(Shangzai, 上宰; Qingmen, 慶門)
| theta Dra
| theta Dra
| theta Dra
| theta Dra
| iota Dra
| iota Dra
| theta Dra
|-
| 3rd(Shaozai, 少宰; Panxing, 泮星)
| eta Dra
| eta Dra
| eta Dra
| eta Dra
| theta Dra
| theta Dra
| eta Dra
|-
|4th(Shangbi, 上弼; Kaifan, 開蕃)
| zeta Dra
| zeta Dra
| zeta Dra
| zeta Dra
| eta Dra
| eta Dra
| zeta Dra
|-
|5th(Shaobi, 少弼; Longdeng, 龍登)
|upsilon Dra
|upsilon Dra
|phi Dra
|phi Dra
|zeta Dra
|zeta Dra
|phi Dra
|-
|6th(Shangwei, 上衛; Ganxing, 敢星)
|beta Cep
|73 Dra
|kappa cep
|73 Dra
|phi Dra
|omega Dra
|tau Dra
|-
|7th(Shaowei, 少衛; Guangbo, 光伯)
|pi Cep
|pi Cep
|rho Cep
|gamma Cep
|73 Dra
|phi Dra
|73 Dra
|-
|8th(Shaocheng, 少丞; Shunguang, 順光)
|gamma Cep
|23 Cas
|HIP 6522
|21 Cas
|pi Cep
|HIP 92056
|pi Cep
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|23 Cas
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |Xifan(Western Retinue) or Youyuan (Right Wall)
|1st(Youshu,右樞; Shoumen, 守門）
|alpha Dra
|alpha Dra
|alpha Dra
|alpha Dra
|kappa Dra
|6 Dra
|alpha Dra
|-
|2nd(Shaowei, 少尉; Ziming, 梓明)
|kappa Dra
|kappa Dra
|kappa Dra
|kappa Dra
|lambda Dra
|lambda Dra
|kappa Dra
|-
|3rd(Shangfu, 上輔; Jianxing, 姧星)
|lambda Dra
|lambda Dra
|lambda Dra
|lambda Dra
|d Uma
|HIP 52425
|lambda Dra
|-
|4th (Shaofu, 少輔; Zhimen, 直門)
|d Uma
|d Uma
|d Uma
|d Uma
|43 Cam
|27 Uma
|HIP 52425
|-
|5th(Shangwei, 上衛; Ziguang, 紫光)
|43 Cam
|43 Cam
|HIP 33827
|HIP 29997
|alpha Cam
|HIP 40793
|27 Uma
|-
|6th(Shaowei, 少衛; Tongling, 桐陵)
|alpha Cam
|alpha Cam
|BN Cam
|gamma Cam
|BK Cam
|HIP 33694
|HIP33694
|-
|7th(Shangcheng, 上丞; Xingui, 信龜)
|BK Cam
|BK Cam
|HIP 14862
|HIP 12273
|
|HIP 25110
|HIP 17862
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Purple Palace in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Purple Palace in Suzhou Star Map.png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023). The pentagrams represent the coordinates observed in 1052.]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) in Stellarium.png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) in Stellarium]]
|-
|
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Late Yuan dynasty (about 1363) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Late Yuan dynasty (about 1363) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023). The crosses represent the coornates observed around 1363.]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Late Yuan dynasty (about 1363) in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Late Yuan dynasty (about 1363) in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Purple Forbidden Palace in 18th Century Star Map.jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century Star Map]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

Zigong

2025-12-18T10:46:34Z

Boshunyang: /* Maps (Gallery) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Zigong (紫宮)}}

''Zǐ Gōng (Purple Palace, 紫宮)''—also known as ''Zǐwēi Gōng'' (Purple Forbidden Palace, 紫微宮) or ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (Purple Forbidden Enclosure, 紫微垣)—symbolizes the imperial residence and its surrounding guarding vassals or ministers. It is a nearly circular circumpolar region encompassing fifteen stars, which are divided into two parts: the seven stars of the ''Dōng Fān'' (Eastern Retinue, 東蕃) and the eight stars of the ''Xī Fān'' (Western Retinue, 西蕃).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
''Zǐ Gōng'' (“Purple Palace”) is the oldest among the constellation’s names, literally meaning “the purple palace.” Prior to and throughout the Tang dynasty, this was the most prevalent term and remained in use into the Song period.

During the Spring and Autumn period (770 - 476 BCE), purple was a fashionable color in clothing but was rejected by Confucians as a “non-proper hue.” In the Qin and Han periods, despite continuing condemnation by orthodox Confucian scholars, purple came to be associated with mystery and imperial dignity<ref>Zeng Lei. The Evolution of the Concept of Purple in the Qin and Han Dynasties [J]. ''Shixue yuekan'', 2013, (02): 121-125</ref>.

Palatial architecture in the Qin and Han dynasties was often conceived as a terrestrial imitation of celestial patterns. The ''Sanfu Huangtu'' (Yellow [i.e. imperial] maps of the three metropolitan areas, 三輔黃圖) records that Emperor Qin Shihuang “constructed the Xianyang Palace in accordance with the pattern of the Purple Palace, emulating the residence of the Emperor [in Heaven].<ref>Chen Zhi, ''Sanfu Huangtu Jiaozheng'', vol. 1, p. 6, Shaanxi People’s Press, 1980</ref> If this account is reliable, the costellation of ''Zigong'' already existed in the Qin period.

We are quite sure that the Zigong appears no later than the early Western Han. The ''Huainanzi'' states: “The Purple Palace is the dwelling of the Great One (Taiyi).” Similarly, the ''Tiānguān shu'' (''Book of Heaven Officials'', 天官書) notes: “Encircling it [the Pole Star, residence of the Taiyi deity] are twelve stars of protection—vassals—together called the Purple Palace.” In the early Western Han, ''Zigong'' and ''Taiwei'' (Supreme Court, 太微) each comprised twelve stars, possibly corresponding to the twelve gates of the Han capital Chang’an. Ban Gu’s ''Rhapsody on the Eastern Capital'' (''Dongdu fu'') further confirms this correspondence, describing the palaces of Chang’an as “occupying the central position of Earth’s numinous axis, modeled after the circular and square forms of the Supreme Court and the Purple Palace”<ref>''Hou Han shu'', “Biography of Ban Gu I,” p. 1340</ref> .

By the mid-Western Han, the Shi school renamed the asterism as ''Zǐwēi Gōng'', expanding it to fifteen stars. This nomenclature was soon adopted by the Gan school and by various apocryphal (weishu, 緯書) texts. Before the Tang dynasty, ''Zǐwēi Gōng'' remained the official term. The name ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' first appeared in non-astronomical writings during the Northern and Southern dynasties, later entering official astronomical records in the late Tang period. After the Song dynasty, ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' became the most widespread designation.

=== Member Star Names ===
Each of the fifteen stars in the ''Zǐwēi Enclosure'' bears an individual name. The designations most familiar today—such as ''Zuǒ Shū'' (Left Pivot), ''Shào Chéng'' (Junior Minister), and ''Shàng Wèi'' (Upper Guard)—are recorded in astronomical poets like the ''Bùtiān gē'' (Song of Pacing the Sky, 步天歌) but only became common from the mid-Tang period onward.

In the Han (202 BCE - 220CE) to Jin(266 - 420) periods, an entirely different naming system was in use. The ''Tianwen yaolu'' (Essentials of Astronomy, 天文要錄) preserves these earlier designations through quotations from pre-Tang sources:

<blockquote>'''The ''Eastern Retinue'' of the Purple Palace:'''

''Tóuguān'' (First Observatory, 頭觀), governing benevolence and charity;

''Qìngmén'' (Celebration Gate, 慶門), governing propriety and self-cultivation;

''Pànxīng'' (Academy Star, 泮星), governing kindness and action;

''Kāifān'' (Prosperous Frontier, 開蕃), governing rebellious schemes;

''Lóngdēng'' (Dragon Ascendant, 龍登), governing agriculture;

''Gǎnxīng'' (Valiant Star, 敢星), governing palaces and architecture;

''Guāngbó'' (Lord of Light, 光伯), governing drought and famine;

''Shùnguāng'' (Harmonious Radiance, 順光), governing military affairs.

'''The ''Western Retinue'':'''

''Shǒumén'' (Gatekeeper, 守門), governing wind and water;

''Zǐmíng'' (Catalpa Brightness, 梓明), governing illness;

''Jiān xīng'' (Treacherous Star, 姧星), governing debauchery;

''Zhímén'' (Straight Gate, 直門), governing joy and affection;

''Zǐguāng'' (Purple Radiance, 紫光), governing fidelity;

''Tónglíng'' (Phoenix Tree Mound, 桐陵), governing intelligence and order;

''Xìnguī'' (Trustworthy Turtle, 信龜), governing ritual virtue.

</blockquote>These names, largely forgotten after the Tang, reveal the early Han cosmological association of each star with moral and political virtues.

== Identification of stars ==
According to Yang and Hoffmann (2024)<ref>[https://www.raa-journal.org/issues/all/2024/v24n12/202412/t20241216_278177.html] Bo-Shun Yang and Susanne M. Hoffmann 2024 ''Res. Astron. Astrophys.'' 24 125004</ref>, the shape of the ''Zǐwēi Enclosure'' underwent significant transformation from the Han to the Song dynasty. Two major changes can be identified:

'''Expansion of the northern boundary'''—Originally nearly circular, the enclosure became elongated, extending northward.

'''Reconfiguration of the southern gates'''—The stars marking the east and west gates changed from α Draconis and 6 Draconis to ι Draconis and α Draconis.

The first alteration likely resulted from the gradual precession of the north celestial pole. During the Early Han period, the pole lay at the center of the ''Purple Palace'', but by the Tang–Song era it had drifted so far that it locates near the northern gate. Astronomers, whether consciously or not, extended the northern arc of the enclosure to realign its center with the celestial pole.

The second adjustment was probably a structural consequence of the first. Once the enclosure was elongated, its “gates” needed to be repositioned along the new major axis, to preserve axial symmetry and conform to ritual propriety. This transformation effectively rotated the entire ''Zigong'' about 45 degrees counterclockwise, also altering the directional references used for neighboring asterisms. For instance, the ''Běidǒu'' (Northern Dipper) asterism—originally described as lying “south” of the ''Zǐwēi Enclosure''—was, from the Song period onward, described as being on its “right.”
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Constellation Name
!Orders(Qing) or Star Names(Song and After;Tang and Before)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue (1052)
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| rowspan="9" |Dongfan(Eastern Retinue) or Zuoyuan(Left Wall)
| 1st(Zuoshu, 左樞；Touguan, 頭觀 )
| iota Dra
| iota Dra
| iota Dra
| iota Dra
| alpha Dra
| alpha Dra
| iota Dra
|-
| 2nd(Shangzai, 上宰; Qingmen, 慶門)
| theta Dra
| theta Dra
| theta Dra
| theta Dra
| iota Dra
| iota Dra
| theta Dra
|-
| 3rd(Shaozai, 少宰; Panxing, 泮星)
| eta Dra
| eta Dra
| eta Dra
| eta Dra
| theta Dra
| theta Dra
| eta Dra
|-
|4th(Shangbi, 上弼; Kaifan, 開蕃)
| zeta Dra
| zeta Dra
| zeta Dra
| zeta Dra
| eta Dra
| eta Dra
| zeta Dra
|-
|5th(Shaobi, 少弼; Longdeng, 龍登)
|upsilon Dra
|upsilon Dra
|phi Dra
|phi Dra
|zeta Dra
|zeta Dra
|phi Dra
|-
|6th(Shangwei, 上衛; Ganxing, 敢星)
|beta Cep
|73 Dra
|kappa cep
|73 Dra
|phi Dra
|omega Dra
|tau Dra
|-
|7th(Shaowei, 少衛; Guangbo, 光伯)
|pi Cep
|pi Cep
|rho Cep
|gamma Cep
|73 Dra
|phi Dra
|73 Dra
|-
|8th(Shaocheng, 少丞; Shunguang, 順光)
|gamma Cep
|23 Cas
|HIP 6522
|21 Cas
|pi Cep
|HIP 92056
|pi Cep
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|23 Cas
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |Xifan(Western Retinue) or Youyuan (Right Wall)
|1st(Youshu,右樞; Shoumen, 守門）
|alpha Dra
|alpha Dra
|alpha Dra
|alpha Dra
|kappa Dra
|6 Dra
|alpha Dra
|-
|2nd(Shaowei, 少尉; Ziming, 梓明)
|kappa Dra
|kappa Dra
|kappa Dra
|kappa Dra
|lambda Dra
|lambda Dra
|kappa Dra
|-
|3rd(Shangfu, 上輔; Jianxing, 姧星)
|lambda Dra
|lambda Dra
|lambda Dra
|lambda Dra
|d Uma
|HIP 52425
|lambda Dra
|-
|4th (Shaofu, 少輔; Zhimen, 直門)
|d Uma
|d Uma
|d Uma
|d Uma
|43 Cam
|27 Uma
|HIP 52425
|-
|5th(Shangwei, 上衛; Ziguang, 紫光)
|43 Cam
|43 Cam
|HIP 33827
|HIP 29997
|alpha Cam
|HIP 40793
|27 Uma
|-
|6th(Shaowei, 少衛; Tongling, 桐陵)
|alpha Cam
|alpha Cam
|BN Cam
|gamma Cam
|BK Cam
|HIP 33694
|HIP33694
|-
|7th(Shangcheng, 上丞; Xingui, 信龜)
|BK Cam
|BK Cam
|HIP 14862
|HIP 12273
|
|HIP 25110
|HIP 17862
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Purple Palace in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Purple Palace in Suzhou Star Map.png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023). The pentagrams represent the coordinates observed in 1052.]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) in Stellarium.png|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) in Stellarium]]
|-
|
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Late Yuan dynasty (about 1363) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Late Yuan dynasty (about 1363) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Late Yuan dynasty (about 1363) in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Late Yuan dynasty (about 1363) in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Purple Forbidden Palace in 18th Century Star Map.jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century Star Map]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Purple (Forbidden) Palace in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png

2025-12-18T10:44:10Z

Boshunyang: Boshunyang uploaded a new version of File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace in Song dynasty (1052) reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png

2025-12-18T10:43:04Z

Boshunyang: Boshunyang uploaded a new version of File:Purple (Forbidden) Palace before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Gang

2025-12-18T10:23:22Z

Boshunyang:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gang (槓)}}
[[File:New Reconstruction of Huagai, Gang (before Tang Dynasty).jpg|thumb|New Reconstruction of Huagai and Gang (before Tang Dynasty) By Boshun YANG]]
Gàng (Canopy Shaft, 槓) comprises nine stars and forms an integral part of the asterism [[Huagai]](Canopy of the Emperor). The configuration of this sub-asterism varied across historical sources: in its earliest form, it was located in the region of the modern constellation ''[[Cepheus]]'', but later shifted toward ''[[Cassiopeia]]'' and ''[[Camelopardalis]]''. It originated within the Gan school during the Han dynasty, around the first century BCE.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
=== Identification of stars ===

Earlier research by Yang (2023) reconstructed the early ''Haugai'' (Before Tang Dynasty) and ''Gàng'' asterisms in a form that closely reflects their physical appearance. More recently, however, he further noticed a passage in the ''Commentary to the Gan’s Star Canon'' (''Gān shi zan,'' 甘氏赞), which reads:<blockquote>“The Canopy shines with light, overshadowing the Emperor's body; its dark ribs (liǎo, 橑) encircle the ''Shaft'', and it sits on two pillars.”</blockquote><blockquote>華蓋曜光，掩翳帝軀，玄橑周杠，兩植距趺。</blockquote>This description provides valuable information about both the function and structure of ''Huá Gài'': the Huá Gài canopy was imagined as having multiple ribs radiating outward from its shaft (gàng, 杠), and the upper end of the ''Gàng'' was imagined as having two supporting points.

In Yang’s earlier reconstruction (2023), only one support point—HIP 111660—was included. In light of the textual evidence from the ''Commentary'', it now seems appropriate to add a second support star, 78 Draconis. This adjustment not only accords more closely with the ''Commentary''’s description but also matches the depiction on the ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''. However, correspondingly, it is necessary to remove another star original included in Gang, and removing HIP 112833 is more appropriate.

Since Tang dynasty, the location of Huagai and Gang changed to ''[[Cassiopeia]]'' and ''[[Camelopardalis]]'', while the all versions thereafter share 50 Cas as their brightest star.
{| class="wikitable"
!Constellation
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":02">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":12">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />
Song Huangyou(1052)
|-
| rowspan="7" |Huagai
|1st(Determinative)
|
|iota Cas
|omega Cas
|16 Cep
|omega Cas
|iota Cas
|-
|2nd
|40 Cas
|40 Cas
|49 Cas
|gamma Cep
|31 Cas
|RZ Cas
|-
|3rd
|HIP 5926
|42 Cas
|40 Cas
|pi Cep
|psi Cas
|SU Cas
|-
|4th
|31 Cas
|omega Cas
|42 Cas
|31 Cep
|43 Cas
|HIP 12821
|-
|5th
|psi Cas
|HIP 12821
|HIP 12821
|24 Cep
|iota Cas
|omega Cas
|-
|6th
|43 Cas
|SU Cas
|SU Cas
|11 Cep
|HIP 12821
|42 Cas
|-
|7th
|omega Cas
|A Cas
|A Cas
|betta Cep
|SU Cas
|A Cas
|-
| rowspan="9" |Gang
|1st(Determinative)
|gamma Cam
|49H Cep 48(HIP 19461)
|50 Cas
|HIP 5928
|HIP 25110
|HIP 19461
|-
|2nd
|HIP 14862
|HIP 14844
|HIP 12273
|HIP 115746
|HIP 23265
|HIP 14844
|-
|3rd
|49 Cas
|46H Cep 30 (HIP 13055)
|HIP 14862
|HIP 109693
|HIP 20776
|HIP 13055
|-
|4th
|51 Cas
|HIP 9568
|HIP 15547
|HIP 112833
|HIP 19461
|HIP 9568
|-
|5th
|50 Cas
|47 Cas
|HIP 14417
|HIP 113116
|HIP 14417
|47 Cas
|-
|6th
|54 Cas
|49 Cas
|HIP 19461
|HIP 112519
|50 Cas
|49 Cas
|-
|7th
|A Cas
|HIP 10350
|HIP 20776
|rho Cep
|A Cas
|HIP 10350
|-
|8th
|42 Cas
|50 Cas
|HIP 23265
|HIP 111242
|42 Cas
|HIP 12273
|-
|9th
|38 cas
|
|HIP 25100
|HIP 111660
|38 Cas
|50 Cas
|}
=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms before Tang Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Dunhuang Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on Dunhuang Star Map]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Huagai and Gang in Early Song Dynasty (1034CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in Early Song Dynasty (1034CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1034 in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1034 in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Geziyuejintu.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on ''Geziyuejintu'']]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang on Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in Huangyou Era in Song Dynasty (1052CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in Huangyou Era in Song Dynasty (1052CE) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1052 in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 1052 in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Star Map.jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Star Map]]
|[[File:Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).jpg|thumb|Huagai and Gang in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Huagai, Gang and a few neighbouring asterisms in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}
== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Cas]][[Category:Cam]]
[[Category:Cep]]

Shimu

2025-12-10T15:49:25Z

Boshunyang:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Shimu (豕目)}}
[[File:HeavenlyPig at dawn in the era of the Lingjiatan site diagram- Shi Yunli.gif|alt=celestial map with jade artifact|thumb|Heavenly Pig, an old (obsolete) Chinese constellation. Era of the Lingjiatan Site (5800–5300 BP), graphics by Yunli Shi, animated by Susanne M Hoffmann.]]
[[File:Shimu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Shimu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour and Susanne M Hoffmann for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Shimu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Shimu stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour and Susanne M Hoffmann for IAU-WGSN).]]
Shimu (豕目, shǐ mù) means "Eye of the Pig", it is the name of an individual star in the ancient Chinese constellation of Tiān Shǐ (天豕, The Celestial Pig) in Neolithic China, which is called Kuí (奎, The Legs) since the late first millennium BCE. The constellation Tianshi = [[Kui]] is located in modern [[Andromeda]] and northern [[Pisces]] while the star name Tian Shimu specifically refers to the star ζ And.

==Etymology and History==
The Lingjiatan site, a significant Neolithic settlement in Anhui Province, China, dating back 5,300 to 5,800 years ago, is known for its exquisite jade artifacts and insights into early Chinese civilization, specifically the Lingjiatan culture. A jade pig found that is identified with the constellation later called Kui, The Legs (Shi Yunli 2024).<ref>Shi Yunli. The astronomical meaning of some jade artifacts unearthed at the Lingjiatan Site. 2: The Jade Pigs. ''Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage'' , 2024, 27(3), 503-520.</ref> Several jade artifacts shaped like pigs, closely resembling this constellation, have been excavated from tombs in the sacrificial area of the Lingjiatan Culture (5800–5300 BP) in Anhui. Notably, the largest jade pig exhibits a unique orientation that closely aligns with the constellation's posture at its heliacal rising in the beginning of Spring at the Lingjiatan region over five thousand years ago (see animated star chart).

The identification of the jade objects with the constellation later called Kui is supported by a phrase written by a historian of the Western Han Dynasty (202 BCE to 8 CE): in the ''Annals of Heavenly Offices'' (Tiānguān shū, 天官书) within the ''Records of the Historian'' (Shǐjì, 史记) by Sima Qian (司马迁, fl. 135–91 BCE), the Head Grand Historian, it is mentioned:

''"The Crotch is called Fēngshǐ (封豕), which is responsible for matters related to ditches and canals."''<ref>Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian史记. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.1959.p1305.</ref>

Additionally, the determinative star of Kui, known as "Tianshi Mu" (Eyes of the Heavenly Pig), corresponds precisely to the position of the eyes on the jade pig. In the "Four Seasons" chapter of the Warring States Bamboo Slips collected by Tsinghua University, the constellation Tianshi and the star Shimu are also mentioned. <ref>Huang Dekuan 黄德宽. Tsinghua University Collection of Warring States Bamboo Slips (Volume X)清华大学藏战国竹简（拾） [M]. Shanghai: Zhongxishuju. 2020.p129.</ref> It is generally believed that the bamboo slips may date back to around 300 BC.

===Maps (Gallery)===
<gallery>
File:The view of the eastern horizon at dawn in the era of the Lingjiatan site (diagram- Shi Yunli).jpg|The view of the eastern horizon at dawn in the era of the Lingjiatan site (diagram- Shi Yunli)
File:HeavenlyPig at dawn in the era of the Lingjiatan site diagram- Shi Yunli.gif|jade pig overlay to constellation (SMH)
File:Kui recunstructed by Yang.jpg|constellation KUI in historical times of preserved star charts
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
During the discussion of using "Kui" as a star name in the IAU-CSN in 2025, the name of this historical constellation that is much older than Kui was suggested to be used for one of a star, as it preserves even older Chinese heritage. In March 2025, WGSN decided to use the name "Shimu" (rather than Tianshi Mu (Tiān Shǐ 天豕) in order to avoid confusion with the Celestial Marketplace Tianshi 天市) for the star at the Eye of the Celestial Pig.

The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2025/03/16. <gallery>
File:Shimu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg
File:Shimu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg
</gallery>

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:And]]
<references />

Shimu

2025-12-10T15:48:36Z

Boshunyang:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Shimu (豕目)}}
[[File:HeavenlyPig at dawn in the era of the Lingjiatan site diagram- Shi Yunli.gif|alt=celestial map with jade artifact|thumb|Heavenly Pig, an old (obsolete) Chinese constellation. Era of the Lingjiatan Site (5800–5300 BP), graphics by Yunli Shi, animated by Susanne M Hoffmann.]]
[[File:Shimu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Shimu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour and Susanne M Hoffmann for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Shimu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Shimu stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour and Susanne M Hoffmann for IAU-WGSN).]]
Shimu (豕目, shǐ mù) means "Eye of the Pig", it is the name of an individual star in the ancient Chinese constellation of Tiān Shǐ (天豕, The Celestial Pig) in Neolithic China, which is called Kuí (奎, The Legs) since the late first millennium BCE. The constellation Tianshi = [[Kui]] is located in modern [[Andromeda]] and northern [[Pisces]] while the star name Tian Shimu specifically refers to the star ζ And.

==Etymology and History==
The Lingjiatan site, a significant Neolithic settlement in Anhui Province, China, dating back 5,300 to 5,800 years ago, is known for its exquisite jade artifacts and insights into early Chinese civilization, specifically the Lingjiatan culture. A jade pig found that is identified with the constellation later called Kui, The Legs (Shi Yunli 2024).<ref>Shi Yunli. The astronomical meaning of some jade artifacts unearthed at the Lingjiatan Site. 2: The Jade Pigs. ''Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage'' , 2024, 27(3), 503-520.</ref> Several jade artifacts shaped like pigs, closely resembling this constellation, have been excavated from tombs in the sacrificial area of the Lingjiatan Culture (5800–5300 BP) in Anhui. Notably, the largest jade pig exhibits a unique orientation that closely aligns with the constellation's posture at its heliacal rising at the beginning of Spring in the Lingjiatan region over five thousand years ago (see animated star chart).

The identification of the jade objects with the constellation later called Kui is supported by a phrase written by a historian of the Western Han Dynasty (202 BCE to 8 CE): in the ''Annals of Heavenly Offices'' (Tiānguān shū, 天官书) within the ''Records of the Historian'' (Shǐjì, 史记) by Sima Qian (司马迁, fl. 135–91 BCE), the Head Grand Historian, it is mentioned:

''"The Crotch is called Fēngshǐ (封豕), which is responsible for matters related to ditches and canals."''<ref>Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian史记. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.1959.p1305.</ref>

Additionally, the determinative star of Kui, known as "Tianshi Mu" (Eyes of the Heavenly Pig), corresponds precisely to the position of the eyes on the jade pig. In the "Four Seasons" chapter of the Warring States Bamboo Slips collected by Tsinghua University, the constellation Tianshi and the star Shimu are also mentioned. <ref>Huang Dekuan 黄德宽. Tsinghua University Collection of Warring States Bamboo Slips (Volume X)清华大学藏战国竹简（拾） [M]. Shanghai: Zhongxishuju. 2020.p129.</ref> It is generally believed that the bamboo slips may date back to around 300 BC.

===Maps (Gallery)===
<gallery>
File:The view of the eastern horizon at dawn in the era of the Lingjiatan site (diagram- Shi Yunli).jpg|The view of the eastern horizon at dawn in the era of the Lingjiatan site (diagram- Shi Yunli)
File:HeavenlyPig at dawn in the era of the Lingjiatan site diagram- Shi Yunli.gif|jade pig overlay to constellation (SMH)
File:Kui recunstructed by Yang.jpg|constellation KUI in historical times of preserved star charts
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
During the discussion of using "Kui" as a star name in the IAU-CSN in 2025, the name of this historical constellation that is much older than Kui was suggested to be used for one of a star, as it preserves even older Chinese heritage. In March 2025, WGSN decided to use the name "Shimu" (rather than Tianshi Mu (Tiān Shǐ 天豕) in order to avoid confusion with the Celestial Marketplace Tianshi 天市) for the star at the Eye of the Celestial Pig.

The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2025/03/16. <gallery>
File:Shimu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg
File:Shimu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg
</gallery>

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:And]]
<references />

Nüchuang

2025-12-07T08:11:13Z

Boshunyang: /* Maps (Gallery) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Nüchuang (女床)}}
[[File:Nüchuang in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Nüchuang in Stellarium]]
Nǚ Chuáng (Women’s Bed, 女床) is a small asterism consisting of only three stars, located above Tiān Jì (Celestial Discipline) within the modern constellation Hercules. The asterism dates back to around 100 BCE and belongs to the Shi school.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The name Nüchuang literally means “the bed of a woman.” In celestial symbolism and astrological interpretation, it represents the imperial concubines and numerous palace maids of the inner court, or the chambers in which they resided. These attendants were believed to serve the empress and to remain prepared to be called by the emperor.

=== Identification of stars ===
The three-star asterism is rather noticeable, thus it remains unchanged through out more than 2 thousand years.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. figure 55.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. figure 6.3</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 297-304.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st （Determinative）
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
|-
| 2nd
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
|-
| 3rd
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Nüchuang">
File:Nüchuang on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|Nüchuang on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''
File:Nüchuang on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|Nüchuang on Suzhou Star Map
File:Nüchuang on 18th century star map.jpg|Nüchuang on 18th century star map
</gallery>
== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

File:Nüchuang in Stellarium.jpg

2025-12-07T08:03:54Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Nüchuang on 18th century star map.jpg

2025-12-07T08:03:38Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

File:Nüchuang on Suzhou Star Map.jpg

2025-12-07T08:03:24Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

File:Nüchuang on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg

2025-12-07T08:01:54Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

Nüchuang

2025-12-07T08:00:28Z

Boshunyang:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Nüchuang (女床)}}

Nǚ Chuáng (Women’s Bed, 女床) is a small asterism consisting of only three stars, located above Tiān Jì (Celestial Discipline) within the modern constellation Hercules. The asterism dates back to around 100 BCE and belongs to the Shi school.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The name Nüchuang literally means “the bed of a woman.” In celestial symbolism and astrological interpretation, it represents the imperial concubines and numerous palace maids of the inner court, or the chambers in which they resided. These attendants were believed to serve the empress and to remain prepared to be called by the emperor.

=== Identification of stars ===
The three-star asterism is rather noticeable, thus it remains unchanged through out more than 2 thousand years.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st （Determinative）
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
| pi Her
|-
| 2nd
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
| e Her
|-
| 3rd
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
| rho her
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
|
|
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

Nüchuang

2025-12-07T07:49:50Z

Boshunyang: Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE: Nüchuang (女床)}} Chinese constellation. == Concordance, Etymology, History == ... === Identification of stars === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing) !Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref> !Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Scie..."

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Nüchuang (女床)}}
Chinese constellation.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
...

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st/4th
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
|-
| 2nd/3rd
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
|-
| 3rd/2nd
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
|-
|4th/1st
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
|
|
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

Chinese (All Terms)

2025-12-07T07:25:35Z

Boshunyang:

=== Solar System Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!English
!commentary
|-
|日
|rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|月
|yuè
|[[Yue]]
|
|Moon
|
|-
|水星
|shuǐ xīng
|Shui Xing
|
|Mercury
|
|-
|金星
|jīn xīng
|Jin Ying
|
|Venus
|
|-
|火星
|huǒ xīng
|Huo Xing
|
|Mars
|
|-
|木星
|mù xīng
|Mu Xing
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|土星
|tǔ xīng
|Tu Xing
|
|Saturn
|
|}

=== Here is an overview on all Chinese constellation names ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Constellation Names
! colspan="3" |Romanisation
!English
!commentary
|-
!Classical
!Simplified
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!
!
|-
|
|八穀
|Bā Gǔ
|[[Bagu]]
|
|Eight Kinds of Crops
|
|-
|
|敗瓜
|Bài Guā
|Baigua
|
|Rotten Gourd
|
|-
|
|敗臼
|Bài Jiù
|Baijiu
|
|Decayed Mortar
|
|-
|
|八魁
|Bā Kuí
|Bakui
|
|Net [for Catching Animals]
|
|-
|
|北斗
|Běi Dǒu
|Beidou
|
|Northern Dipper
|
|-
|
|北河
|Běi Hé
|Beihei
|
|North River
|
|-
|
|北極
|Běi Jí
|Beiji
|
|North Pole
|
|-
|
|北落師門
|Běi Luò Shī Mén
|Beiluo Shimen
|
|North Gate of the Military Camp
|
|-
|
|壁宿
|Bì Xiù
|Bi
|
|Wall Mansion
|Dong Bi (Eastern Wall Mansion)
|-
|
|畢宿
|Bì Xiù
|Bi
|
|Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|鱉
|Biē
|Bie
|
|River Turtle
|
|-
|
|帛度
|Bó Dù
|[[Bodu]]
|
|Textile Ruler
|
|-
|
|策
|Cè
|[[Ce]]
|
|Whip
|
|-
|
|常陳
|Cháng Chén
|Changchen
|
|Imperial Guards
|
|-
|
|長沙
|Chángshá
|Changsha
|
|Changsha
|
|-
|
|长垣
|Cháng Yuán
|Changyuan
|
|Long Wall
|
|-
|
|車府
|Chē Fǔ
|Chefu
|
|Yard for Chariots
|
|-
|
|車騎
|Chē Qí
|Cheqi
|
|Chariots and Cavalry
|
|-
|
|車肆
|Chē Sì
|Chesi
|
|Commodity Market
|
|-
|
|杵
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Pestle
|
|-
|
|楚
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Chu
|
|-
|
|傳舍
|Chuán Shè
|Chuanshe
|
|Guest House
|
|-
|
|芻蒿
|Chú Hāo
|Chuhao
|
|Hay
|
|-
|
|從官
|Cóng Guān
|Congguan
|
|Retinue
|
|-
|
|天皇大帝
|Tiān Huáng Dà Dì
|Dadi
|
|Great Emperor of Heaven
|
|-
|
|代
|Dài
|Dai
|
|Dai
|
|-
|
|大角
|Dà Jiǎo
|Dajiao
|
|Great Horn
|
|-
|
|大理
|Dà Lǐ
|Dali
|
|Chief Judge
|
|-
|
|大陵
|Dà Líng
|Daling
|
|Mausoleum
|
|-
|
|丹凤
|
|[[Danfeng]]
|
|
|modern star name that refers to a sacred (phoenix-like) bird in Chinese mythology
|-
|
|氐宿
|Dī Xiù
|Di
|
|Root Mansion
|
|-
|
|帝
|Dì
|Di
|
|Emperor
|
|-
|
|帝座
|Dì Zuò
|Dizuo
|
|Emperor's Seat
|
|-
|
|東甌
|Dōng Ōu
|Dongou
|
|Dong'ou
|
|-
|
|東次相
|Dōng Cì Xiàng
|Dong Cixiang
|
|Second Eastern Minister
|normally a name for del Vir (Minelauva)
|-
|
|東次將
|Dōng Cì Jiàng
|Dong Cijiang
|
|Second Eastern General
|normally a name for eps Vir (Vindemiatrix)
|-
|
|東上將
|Dōng Shàng Jiàng
|Dong Shangjiang
|
|First Eastern General
|normally a name for alf Com (Diadem)
|-
|
|東上相
|Dōng Shàng Xiàng
|Dong Shangxiang
|
|First Eastern Minister
|normally a name for gam Vir (Porrima)
|-
|
|東咸
|Dōng Xián
|Dongxian
|
|Eastern Door
|
|-
|
|斗宿
|Dǒu Xiù
|Dou
|
|Dipper Mansion
|
|-
|
|斗
|Dǒu
|Dou
|
|Measure for Grain
|
|-
|
|頓頑
|Dùn Wán
|Dunwan
|
|Jailer
|
|-
|
|伐
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Dagger of Shen
|
|-
|
|罰
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Fine
|
|-
|
|房宿
|Fáng Xiù
|[[Fang]]
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|墳墓
|Fén Mù
|Fenmu
|
|Tomb
|
|-
|
|輔
|Fǔ
|Fu
|
|Assistant
|normally a name for 80 UMa that is named Alcor
|-
|
|附耳
|Fù Ěr
|Fuer
|
|Ear
|
|-
|
|扶筐
|Fú Kuāng
|Fukuang
|
|Basket for Mulberry Leaves
|
|-
|
|附路
|Fù Lù
|[[Fulu]]
|
|Auxiliary Road
|
|-
|
|
|
|Furen
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|傅說
|Fù Yuè
|[[Fuyue]]
|
|Fu Yue
|
|-
|
|鈇锧
|Fū Zhì
|Fuzhi
|
|Executioner’s Axe and Block
|
|-
|
|蓋屋
|Gài Wū
|Gaiwu
|
|Roofing
|
|-
|
|槓
|Gàng
|[[Gang]]
|
|Canopy Shaft
|
|-
|
|閣道
|Gé Dào
|Gedao
|
|Flying Corridor
|
|-
|
|梗河
|Gěng Hé
|Genghe
|
|Celestial Shield or Lance
|
|-
|
|鈎
|Gōu
|Gou
|
|Hook
|
|-
|
|狗
|Gǒu
|Gou
|
|Dog
|
|-
|
|勾陳
|Gōu Chén
|Gouchen
|
|Curved Array
|
|-
|
|狗國
|Gǒu Guó
|Gougou
|
|Territory of Dogs
|
|-
|
|鈎鈐
|Gōu Yín
|Gouyin
|
|Lock
|
|-
|
|爟
|Guàn
|Guan
|
|Beacon Fire
|
|-
|
|貫索
|Guàn Suǒ
|Guansuo
|
|Coiled Throng
|
|-
|
|龜
|Guī
|Gui
|
|Tortoise
|
|-
|
|鬼宿
|Guǐ Xiù
|Gui
|
|Ghosts Mansion
|
|-
|
|鼓旗
|Gŭ Qí
|Guqi
|
|Drum Flag
|
|-
|
|韓
|Hán
|Han
|
|Han
|
|-
|
|河鼓
|Hé Gǔ
|Hegu
|
|Drum at the River
|
|-
|
|衡
|[[Heng|Héng]]
|[[Heng]]
|
|Purlin
|
|-
|
|候
|Hòu
|Hou
|
|Astrologer
|
|-
|
|後宮
|Hòu Gōng
|Hougong
|
|Imperial Harem
|
|-
|
|斛
|Hú
|Hu
|
|Square Box for Measuring
|
|-
|
|華蓋
|Huá Gài
|[[Huagai]]
|
|Canopy of the Emperor
|
|-
|
|宦者
|Huàn Zhě
|Huanzhe
|
|Eunuch Official
|
|-
|
|虎賁
|Hǔ Bēn
|Huben
|
|Emperor's Bodyguard
|
|-
|
|瓠瓜
|Hù Guā
|Hugua
|
|Gourd
|
|-
|
|弧矢
|Hú Shǐ
|Hushi
|
|Bow and Arrow
|
|-
|
|箕宿
|Jī Xiù
|Ji
|
|Winnowing Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|建
|Jiàn
|Jian
|
|City with A Banner
|
|-
|
|鍵閉
|Jiàn Bì
|Jianbi
|
|Door Bolt
|
|-
|
|漸臺
|Jiàn Tái
|Jiantai
|
|Clepsydra Terrace
|
|-
|
|角宿
|Jiǎo Xiù
|Jiao
|
|Horn Mansion
|
|-
|
|晉
|Jìn
|Jin
|
|Jin
|
|-
|
|井宿
|Jǐng Xiù
|Jing
|
|Well Mansion
|
|-
|
|進賢
|Jìn Xián
|JinXian
|
|Recommending Virtuous Man
|
|-
|
|積屍
|Jī Shī
|Jishi
|
|Heaps of Corpses
|
|-
|
|積屍氣
|Jī Shī Qì
|Jishiqi
|
|Fog of Cumulative Corpses
|
|-
|
|積水
|Jī Shuǐ or
Jī Shǔi
|[[Jishui]]
|
|<nowiki>Accumulated Water in the Ship | </nowiki>
Stored Water to Make Wine
|
|-
|
|臼
|Jiù
|Jiu
|
|Mortar
|
|-
|
|九坎
|Jiǔ Kǎn
|Jiukan
|
|Nine Water Wells
|
|-
|
|酒旗
|Jiǔ Qí
|Jiuqi
|
|Banner of Wine Shop
|
|-
|
|九卿內座
|Jiǔ Qīng Nèi Zuò
|Jiuqing Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for Nine Ministers
|
|-
|
|九斿
|Jiǔ Yóu
|Jiuyou
|
|Nine Flags
|
|-
|
|九州殊口
|Jiǔ Zhōu Shū Kǒu
|Jiuzhou Shukou
|
|Interpreters of Dialects
|
|-
|
|積薪
|Jī Xīn
|Jixin
|
|Pile of Firewood
|
|-
|
|積卒
|Jī Zú
|Jizu
|
|Group of Soldiers
|
|-
|
|卷舌
|Juǎn Shé
|Juanshe
|
|Rolled Tongue
|
|-
|
|軍井
|Jūn Jǐng
|Junjing
|
|Military Well
|
|-
|
|軍門
|Jūn Mén
|Junmen
|
|Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍南門
|Jūn Nán Mén
|[[Junnanmen]]
|
|Southern Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍市
|Jūn Shì
|Junshi
|
|Market for the Soldiers
|
|-
|
|糠
|Kāng
|Kang
|
|Chaff
|
|-
|
|亢宿
|[[Kang|Kàng Xiù]]
|[[Kang]]
|
|Neck Mansion
|
|-
|
|亢池
|Kàng Chí
|Kangchi
|
|Boats and Lake
|
|-
|
|開陽
|Kāi Yáng
|Kaiyang
|
|Opener of Heat
|normally a name for zeta UMa that is named Mizar. 83 UMa is the brighter one of two in the vicinity (it is a pulsating M-variable)
|-
|
|哭
|Kū
|Ku
|
|Crying
|
|-
|
|[[Kui|奎宿]]
|[[Kui|Kuí Xiù]]
|[[Kui]]
|
|Crotch Mansion
|
|-
|
|[[Kulou|庫樓]]
|[[Kulou|Kù Lóu]]
|[[Kulou]]
|
|Arsenal
|
|-
|
|狼
|Láng
|Lang
|
|Wolf
|
|-
|
|郎將
|Láng Jiàng
|Langjiang
|
|Captain of the Bodyguards
|
|-
|
|[[Langwei|郎位]]
|[[Langwei|Láng Wèi]]
|[[Langwei]]
|
|Official of the Imperial Guard
|
|-
|
|老人
|Lǎo Rén
|Laoren
|
|Old Man
|
|-
|
|壘壁陣
|Lěi Bì Zhèn
|Leibizhen
|
|Line of Ramparts
|
|-
|
|雷電
|Léi Diàn
|Leidian
|
|Thunder and Lightning
|
|-
|
|列肆
|Liè Sì
|Liesi
|
|Jewel Market
|
|-
|
|離宮
|Lí Gōng
|Ligong
|
|Resting Palace
|
|-
|
|靈台
|Líng Tái
|Lingtai
|
|Astronomical Observatory
|
|-
|
|礪石
|Lì Shí
|Lishi
|
|Grind Stone
|
|-
|
|柳宿
|Liǔ Xiù
|Liu
|
|Willow Mansion
|
|-
|
|六甲
|Liù Jiǎ
|Liujia
|
|Six Jia
|
|-
|
|璃瑜
|Lí Yú
|Liyu
|
|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|離珠
|Lí Zhū
|Lizhu
|
|Pearls on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|婁宿
|Lóu Xiù
|Lou
|
|Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|羅堰
|Luó Yàn
|Luoyan
|
|Networks of Dikes
|
|-
|
|昴宿
|Mǎo Xiù
|Mao
|
|Hairy Head Mansion
|
|-
|
|明堂
|Míng Táng
|Mingtang
|
|Cosmological Temple
|
|-
|
|南河
|Nán Hé
|Nanhe
|
|South River
|
|-
|
|南門
|Nán Mén
|Nanmen
|
|Southern Gate
|
|-
|
|內廚
|Nèi Chú
|Neichu
|
|Inner Kitchen
|
|-
|
|內階
|Nèi Jiē
|Neijie
|
|Inner Steps
|
|-
|
|內屏
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Screen
|
|-
|
|內平
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Judge
|
|-
|
|內五諸侯
|Nèi Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Neiwu Zhuhou
|
|Five Lords of Heaven inside Taiwei
|
|-
|
|三公內座
|Sān Gōng Nèi Zuò
|Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|輦道
|Niǎn Dào
|Niandao
|
|Imperial Passageway
|
|-
|
|牛宿
|Niú Xiù
|Niu
|
|Ox Mansion
|
|-
|
|钮
|Nĭu
|Niu
|
|Pivot
|
|-
|
|農丈人
|Nóng Zhàng Rén
|Nong Zhangren
|
|Old Peasant
|
|-
|
|女宿
|Nǚ Xiù
|Nü
|
|Women Mansion
|
|-
|
|女床
|Nǚ Chuáng
|Nüchuang
|
|Woman's Bed
|
|-
|
|女史
|Nǚ Shǐ
|Nüshi
|
|Woman Officer in Charge of Time
|
|-
|
|霹靂
|Pī Lì
|Pili
|
|Thunderbolt
|
|-
|
|
|
|Pin
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|屏
|Píng
|Ping
|
|Screen
|
|-
|
|平
|Píng
|Ping
|
|Judge
|
|-
|
|平道
|Píng Dào
|Pingdao
|
|Flat Road
|
|-
|
|齊
|Qí
|Qi
|
|Qi
|
|-
|
|泣
|Qì
|Qi
|
|Weeping
|
|-
|
|器府
|Qì Fǔ
|Qifu
|
|House for Musical Instruments
|
|-
|
|七公
|Qī Gōng
|Qigong
|
|Seven Excellencies
|
|-
|
|騎官
|Qí Guān
|Qiguan
|
|Cavalry Officers
|
|-
|
|秦
|Qín
|Qin
|
|Qin
|
|-
|
|青丘
|Qīng Qiū
|Qingqiu
|
|Green Hill
|
|-
|
|騎陣將軍
|Qí Zhèn Jiāng Jūn
|Qizhen Jiangjun
|
|Chariot and Cavalry General
|
|-
|
|闕丘
|Què Qiū
|Queqiu
|
|Two Buildings on both Sides of Palace Gate
|
|-
|
|人
|Rén
|Ren
|
|Humans
|
|-
|
|日
|Rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|三公
|Sān Gōng
|Sangong
|
|Three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|三台
|
|Santai
|
|Three Steps
|super-constellation of [[Shangtai]], [[Xiatai]] and [[Zhnogtai|Zhongtai]]
|-
|
|尚書
|Shàng Shū
|Shangshu
|
|Royal Secretary
|
|-
|
|上台
|Shàng Tái
|[[Shangtai]]
|
|Upper Step
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|少民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Shaomin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Shaoming = Shaomin = Tumin = Shangmin
|-
|
|少微
|Shào Wēi
|Shaowei
|
|Scholar-officials
|
|-
|
|參宿
|Shēn Xiù
|Shen
|
|Three Stars Mansion
|
|-
|
|神宫
|Shén Gōnɡ
|[[Shengong]]
|
|Divine Palace
|
|-
|
|參旗
|Shēn Qí
|Shenqi
|
|Banner of Shen
|
|-
|
|勢
|Shì
|Shenqi
|
|Eunuch
|
|-
|
|矢
|Shǐ
|Shi
|
|Excrement
|
|-
|
|室宿
|Shì Xiù
|Shi
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|市樓
|Shì Lóu
|Shilou
|
|Market Tower
|
|-
|
|豕目
|
|Shimu
|
|Pig
|modern star name, based on a Neolithic Chinese constellation
|-
|
|水府
|Shǔi Fǔ
|Shuifu
|
|Water Official
|
|-
|
|水位
|Shǔi Wèi
|Shuiwei
|
|Waterlevel
|
|-
|
|庶子
|Shù Zǐ
|Shuzi
|
|Son of Concubine
|
|-
|
|四瀆
|Sì Dú
|Sidu
|
|Four Rivers
|
|-
|
|司非
|Sī Fēi
|Sifei
|
|Judge of Right and Wrong
|
|-
|
|四輔
|Sì Fǔ
|Sifu
|
|Four Advisors
|
|-
|
|司怪
|Sī Guài
|Siguai
|
|Deity in Charge of Omen
|
|-
|
|司祿
|Sī Lù
|Silu
|
|Judge of Rank
|
|-
|
|司命
|Sī Mìng
|Siming
|
|Judge of Life
|
|-
|
|司危
|Sī Wēi
|Siwei
|
|Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune
|
|-
|
|孫
|Sūn
|Sun
|
|Grandson
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|太民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Taimin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Taiming = Taimin = Daming
|-
|
|太微
|Tài Wēi
|Taiwei
|
|Supreme Court
|
|-
|
|太陽守
|Tài Yáng Shǒu
|[[Taiyangshou]]
|
|the General in charge of the yang valve
|
|-
|
|太一
|Tài Yī
|[[Taiyi]]
|
|Supreme One
|
|-
|
|太子
|Tài Zǐ
|Taizi
|
|Crown Prince
|this name designates gam UMi but this star is already named Pherkad (so we suggest the Chinese name for Pherkad Minor)
|-
|
|太尊
|Tài Zūn
|Taizun
|
|Royals
|
|-
|
|[[Tengshe|螣蛇]]
|[[Tengshe|Téng Shé]]
|[[Tengshe]]
|
|Flying Serpent
|
|-
|
|天棓
|Tiān Bàng
|Tianbang
|
|Celestial Club Weapon
|
|-
|
|天弁
|Tiān Biàn
|Tianbian
|
|Market Officer
|
|-
|
|天倉
|Tiān Cāng
|Tiancang
|
|Square Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天廁
|Tiān Cè
|Tiance
|
|Celestial Toilet
|
|-
|
|天讒
|Tiān Chán
|Tianchan
|
|Celestial Slander
|
|-
|
|天廚
|Tiān Chú
|Tianchu
|
|Celestial Kitchen
|
|-
|
|天船
|Tiān Chuán
|Tianchuan
|
|Celestial Boat
|
|-
|
|天床
|Tiān Chuáng
|Tianchuang
|
|Celestial Bed
|
|-
|
|天大將軍
|Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn
|[[Tiandajiangjun|Tian Dajiangjun]]
|
|Celestial Grand General
|
|-
|
|天阿
|Tiān Ē
|Tiané
|
|Celestial Hillside
|
|-
|
|天輻
|Tiān Fú
|Tianfu
|
|Celestial Spokes
|
|-
|
|[[Tianfu|天桴]]
|[[Tianfu|Tiān Fú]]
|[[Tianfu]]
|
|Celestial Drumstick
|
|-
|
|天綱
|Tiān Gāng
|Tiangang
|
|Celestial Headrope
|
|-
|
|天高
|Tiān Gāo
|Tiangao
|
|Celestial High Terrace
|
|-
|
|天關
|Tiān Guān
|[[Tianguan]]
|
|Celestial Pass
|
|-
|
|天潢
|Tiān Huáng
|Tianhuang
|
|Celestial Pond
|
|-
|
|天溷
|Tiān Hùn
|Tianhun
|
|Celestial Pigsty
|
|-
|
|天紀
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Discipline
|
|-
|
|天稷
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cereals
|
|-
|
|天璣
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Shining Pearl
|
|-
|
|天記
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Judge to Estimate the Age of Animals
|
|-
|
|天雞
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cock
|
|-
|
|天江
|Tiān Jiāng
|Tianjiang
|
|Celestial River
|
|-
|
|天街
|Tiān Jiē
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Street
|
|-
|
|天節
|Tiān Jié
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Mace
|
|-
|
|天津
|Tiān Jīn
|Tianjin
|
|Celestial Bridge
|
|-
|
|天廄
|Tiān Jiù
|Tianjiu
|
|Celestial Stable
|
|-
|
|天牢
|Tiān Láo
|Tianlao
|
|Celestial Prison
|
|-
|
|天壘城
|Tiān Lěi Chéng
|Tianleicheng
|
|Celestial Castle with Walls
|
|-
|
|天理
|Tiān Lǐ
|Tianli
|
|Judge for Nobility
|
|-
|
|天廩
|Tiān Lǐn
|Tianlin
|
|Celestial Foodstuffs
|
|-
|
|天門
|Tiān Mén
|Tianmen
|
|Celestial Gate
|
|-
|
|天廟
|Tiān Miào
|Tianmiao
|
|Celestial Ancestral Temple
|
|-
|
|天錢
|Tiān Qián
|Tianqian
|
|Celestial Coin
|
|-
|
|天槍
|Tiān Qiāng
|Tianqiang
|
|Celestial Spear
|
|-
|
|天權
|Tiān Quán
|Tianquan
|
|Celestial Balance
|normally a name for del UMa which is named Megrez ( so this name applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天囷
|Tiān Qūn
|Tianqun
|
|Circular Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天乳
|Tiān Rǔ
|Tianru
|
|Celestial Milk
|
|-
|
|天社
|Tiān Shè
|[[Tianshe]]
|
|Celestial Altar of the Earth Deity
|
|-
|
|天市
|Tiān Shì
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Market
|
|-
|
|天豕
|
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Pig
|alternative (older) name for [[Kui]]
|-
|
|天豕目
|
|[[Shimu|Tianshi Mu]]
|
|Eye of the Celestial Pig
|a star name in the Tianshi=Kui
|-
|
|天樞
|Tiān Shū
|Tianshu
|
|Celestial Pivot
|normally a name for alf UMa
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天相
|Tiān Xiàng
|Tianxiang
|
|Celestial Ministers
|
|-
|
|天璇
|Tiān Xuán
|TianXuan
|
|Celestial Rotating Jade
|normally a name for beta UMa (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天一
|Tiān Yī
|[[Tianyi]]
|
|Celestial One
|
|-
|
|天陰
|Tiān Yīn
|Tianyin
|
|Celestial Yin Force
|
|-
|
|天庾
|Tiān Yǔ
|Tianyu
|
|Ricks of Grain
|
|-
|
|天淵
|Tiān Yuān
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Deep Water
|
|-
|
|天苑
|Tiān Yuàn
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Meadows
|
|-
|
|天園
|Tiān Yuán
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Orchard
|
|-
|
|天籥
|Tiān Yuè
|Tianyue
|
|Celestial Key
|
|-
|
|天柱
|Tiān Zhù
|Tianzhu
|
|Celestial Pillar
|
|-
|
|天樽
|Tiān Zūn
|Tianzun
|
|Celestial Wine Cup
|
|-
|
|土公
|Tǔ Gōng
|Tugong
|
|Official for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|土公吏
|Tǔ Gōng Lì
|Tugongli
|
|Clerk for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|屠肆
|Tú Sì
|[[Tusi]]
|
|Butcher's Shop
|
|-
|
|土司空
|Tǔ Sī Kōng
|Tusikong
|
|Master of Constructions
|
|-
|
|外廚
|Wài Chú
|Waichu
|
|Outer Kitchen
|
|-
|
|外屏
|Wài Píng
|Waiping
|
|Outer Screen
|
|-
|
|王良
|Wáng Liáng
|[[Wangliang]]
|
|Wang Liang
|
|-
|
|尾宿
|Wěi Xiù
|[[Wei]]
|
|Tail Mansion
|
|-
|
|魏
|Wèi
|Wei
|
|Wei
|
|-
|
|危宿
|Wēi Xiù
|[[Wēi|Wei]]
|
|Rooftop Mansion
|
|-
|
|胃宿
|Wèi Xiù
|[[Wèi|Wei]]
|
|Stomach Mansion
|
|-
|
|文昌
|Wén Chāng
|Wenchang
|
|Administrative Centre
|
|-
|
|五車
|Wǔ Chē
|Wuche
|
|Five Chariots
|
|-
|
|五帝內座
|Wǔ Dì Nèi Zuò
|Wudi Neizuo
|
|Interior Seats of Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五帝座
|Wǔ Dì Zuò
|Wudizuo
|
|Thrones of the Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五諸侯
|Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Wuzhuhou
|
|Five Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|咸池
|Xián Chí
|Xianchi
|
|Sacrad Pool
|
|-
|
|相
|Xiàng
|Xiang
|
|Prime Minister
|
|-
|
|下台
|Xià Tái
|[[Xiatai]]
|
|Lower Step
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Xihe]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|心宿
|Xīn Xiù
|Xin
|
|Heart Mansion
|
|-
|
|星宿
|Xīng Xiù
|Xing
|
|Seven Star Mansion
|
|-
|
|幸臣
|Xìng Chén
|Xingchen
|
|Officer of Honour
|
|-
|
|西咸
|Xī Xián
|Xixian
|
|Western Door
|
|-
|
|奚仲
|Xī Zhòng
|Xizhong
|
|Xi Zhong
|
|-
|
|虛宿
|Xū Xiù
|Xu
|
|Ruins Mansion
|
|-
|
|玄戈
|Xuán Gē
|[[Xuange]]
|
|Sombre Lance
|
|-
|
|[[Xuanyuan|軒轅]]
|[[Xuanyuan|Xuānyuán]]
|[[Xuanyuan]]
|
|Xuanyuan
|
|-
|
|虛梁
|Xū Liáng
|Xuliang
|
|Temple without Beams
|
|-
|
|燕
|Yān
|Yan
|
|Yan
|
|-
|
|陽門
|Yáng Mén
|Yangmen
|
|Gate of Yang
|
|-
|
|搖光
|Yáo Guāng
|Yaoguang
|
|Twinkling Brilliance
|normally a name for eta UMa but as this star is named Alkaid (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|野雞
|Yě Jī
|Yeji
|
|Wild Cockerel
|
|-
|
|謁者
|Yè Zhě
|Yezhe
|
|Usher of the Court
|
|-
|
|翼宿
|Yì Xiù
|Yi
|
|Wings Mansion
|
|-
|
|陰德
|Yīn Dé
|Yinde
|
|Hidden Virtue
|
|-
|
|右更
|Yòu Gēng
|Yougang
|
|Official in Charge of Pasturing
|
|-
|
|右旗
|Yòu Qí
|Youqi
|
|Right Flag
|
|-
|
|右攝提
|Yòu Shè Tí
|Yousheti
|
|Right Conductor
|
|-
|
|右辖
|Yòu Xiá
|Youxia
|
|Right Linchpin
|
|-
|
|魚
|Yú
|Yu
|
|Fish
|
|-
|
|越
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Yue
|
|-
|
|鉞
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Battle Axe
|
|-
|
|月
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|玉衡
|Yù Héng
|Yuheng
|
|Jade Sighting-tube
|normally a name for eps UMa who is already named Alioth ( thus applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|玉井
|Yù Jǐng
|Yujing
|
|Jade Well
|
|-
|
|羽林軍
|Yǔ Lín Jūn
|Yulinjun
|
|Royal Guards
|
|-
|
|[[Yunü|御女]]
|[[Yunü|Yù Nǚ]]
|[[Yunü]]
|
|Maids-in-waiting
|
|-
|
|雲雨
|Yún Yǔ
|Yunyu
|
|Cloud and Rain
|
|-
|
|造父
|Zào Fù
|Zaofu
|
|Zao Fu
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Zhang]]
|
|
|modern star name based on a Chinese original
|-
|
|丈人
|Zhàng Rén
|Zhangren
|
|Elderly Person
|
|-
|
|張宿
|Zhāng Xiù
|Zhangzun
|
|Extended Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|趙
|Zhào
|Zhao
|
|Zhao
|
|-
|
|招搖
|Zhāo Yáo
|Zhaoyao
|
|A Kind of Weapon, Sword or Spear
|
|-
|
|軫宿
|Zhěn Xiù
|Zhen
|
|Chariot Mansion
|
|-
|
|陣車
|Zhèn Chē
|Zhenche
|
|Battle Chariots
|
|-
|
|鄭
|Zhèng
|Zheng
|
|Zheng
|
|-
|
|折威
|Zhé Wēi
|Zhewei
|
|Warden
|
|-
|
|織女
|Zhī Nǚ
|Zhinu
|
|Weaving Girl
|
|-
|
|中台
|Zhōng Tái
|[[Zhongtai]]
|
|Middle Step
|
|-
|
|[[Zhou|周]]
|[[Zhou|Zhōu]]
|[[Zhou]]
|
|Zhou
|
|-
|
|周鼎
|Zhōu Dǐng
|Zhouding
|
|Tripod of the Zhou
|
|-
|
|柱
|Zhù
|Zhu
|
|Pillars
|
|-
|
|柱史
|Zhù Xià Shǐ
|Zhu Xia Shi
|
|Officer in Charge of Public Announcements
|
|-
|
|諸王
|Zhū Wáng
|Zhuwang
|
|Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|觜宿
|Zī Xiù
|Zi
|
|Bird Beak Mansion
|
|-
|
|子
|Zǐ
|Zi
|
|Son
|
|-
|
|紫宮
|Zǐ Gōng
|Zigong
|
|Purple Palace
|
|-
|
|宗
|Zōng
|Zong
|
|Ancestors
|
|-
|
|宗人
|Zōng Rén
|Zongren
|
|Asistants of Zong Zheng
|
|-
|
|[[Zongzheng|宗正]]
|[[Zongzheng|Zōng Zhèng]]
|[[Zongzheng]]
|
|Official for Royal Clan
|
|-
|
|左更
|Zuó Gēng
|Zuogeng
|
|Official in Charge of Forest
|
|-
|
|左旗
|Zuǒ Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Left Flag
|
|-
|
|座旗
|Zuò Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Seat Flags
|
|-
|
|左攝提
|Zuǒ Shè Tí
|Zuosheti
|
|Left Conductor
|
|-
|
|左辖
|Zuǒ Xiá
|Zuoxia
|
|Left Linchpin
|
|}
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Service]]

Tianji

2025-12-06T11:35:40Z

Boshunyang: /* Star Name Discussion (IAU) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianji (天纪)}}

Tiān Jì (Celestial Discipline, 天紀) consists of nine stars forming an east–west alignment that extends across the modern constellations ''Corona Borealis'', ''Hercules'', and ''Lyra''. This asterism and the coordinate of its determinative star was first recorded in the Western Han ''Shishi xingjing'' (Master Shi’s Star Canon, 石氏星經).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
''Tianji'' is also called ''Jì xīng'' (''Decipline Star''). The term ''jì'' (紀) originally denoted “a thread of silk,” later acquiring the metaphorical meanings of “order,” “law,” or “discipline.” Hence, the ''Shishi zan'' (''Commentary'' of ''Shi'') explains: “The nine stars of ''Tiān Jì'' regulate litigation.” The ancients believed that by observing this asterism, one could divine whether the legal order of the empire remained upright and just.

Another interpretation, however, regarded the nine stars of ''Tianji'' as representing the Nine States (which are the major component of ancient China). According to this view, any unusual phenomenon observed in the asterism—such as brightening, dimming, or disappearance—portended terrestrial disasters such as earthquakes or mountain collapses.

Because most of its component stars are faint, the ancient astronomers considered any abnormal changes in their visibility—whether excessive brightness, darkness, or disappearance—as inauspicious omens.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue and Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Yuan Dynaty (1363)
|-
| 1st/Determinative
| upsilon CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
|zeta Her
|-
| 2nd
| xi CrB
| zeta Her
| nu2 Her
| zeta Her
| nu1 Her
|53 Her
|-
| 3rd
| zeta Her
| epsilon Her
| zeta Her
| 53 Her
| zeta Her
|epsilon Her
|-
|4th
|53 Her
|d Her
|epsilon Her
|epsilon Her
|epsilon Her
|u her
|-
|5th
| epsilon Her
| 61 Her
| d Her
| d Her
| d Her
|w Her
|-
|6th
|d Her
|u her
|w Her
|u her
|u her
|HIP 85382
|-
|7th
|c Her
|Her 86178
|HIP 85382
|theta Her
|theta Her
|theta Her
|-
|8th
|u her
|?
|theta Her
|kappa Lyr
|kappa Lyr
|HIP 88836
|-
|9th
|theta Her
|theta Her
|f Her
|
|mu Lyr
|kappa Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Tianji on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Tianji on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Tianji before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang.jpg|thumb|Tianji before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang(2023)]]
|[[File:Tianji before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Tianji on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Tianji on Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty ( based on 1052 obserrvation) Reconstructed by PAN Nai-.jpg|thumb|Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty ( based on 1052 obserrvation) Reconstructed by PAN Nai (2009)]]
|[[File:Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|
|[[File:Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang.jpg|thumb|Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) in Stellrium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) in Stellrium]]
|-
|[[File:Tianji on 18th century star map.jpg|thumb|Tianji on 18th century star map]]
|[[File:Tianji in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong.jpg|thumb|Tianji in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Tianji in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Aur ]][[Category:Cam ]]

Tianji

2025-12-06T11:35:15Z

Boshunyang: /* Maps (Gallery) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianji (天纪)}}

Tiān Jì (Celestial Discipline, 天紀) consists of nine stars forming an east–west alignment that extends across the modern constellations ''Corona Borealis'', ''Hercules'', and ''Lyra''. This asterism and the coordinate of its determinative star was first recorded in the Western Han ''Shishi xingjing'' (Master Shi’s Star Canon, 石氏星經).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
''Tianji'' is also called ''Jì xīng'' (''Decipline Star''). The term ''jì'' (紀) originally denoted “a thread of silk,” later acquiring the metaphorical meanings of “order,” “law,” or “discipline.” Hence, the ''Shishi zan'' (''Commentary'' of ''Shi'') explains: “The nine stars of ''Tiān Jì'' regulate litigation.” The ancients believed that by observing this asterism, one could divine whether the legal order of the empire remained upright and just.

Another interpretation, however, regarded the nine stars of ''Tianji'' as representing the Nine States (which are the major component of ancient China). According to this view, any unusual phenomenon observed in the asterism—such as brightening, dimming, or disappearance—portended terrestrial disasters such as earthquakes or mountain collapses.

Because most of its component stars are faint, the ancient astronomers considered any abnormal changes in their visibility—whether excessive brightness, darkness, or disappearance—as inauspicious omens.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue and Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Yuan Dynaty (1363)
|-
| 1st/Determinative
| upsilon CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
|zeta Her
|-
| 2nd
| xi CrB
| zeta Her
| nu2 Her
| zeta Her
| nu1 Her
|53 Her
|-
| 3rd
| zeta Her
| epsilon Her
| zeta Her
| 53 Her
| zeta Her
|epsilon Her
|-
|4th
|53 Her
|d Her
|epsilon Her
|epsilon Her
|epsilon Her
|u her
|-
|5th
| epsilon Her
| 61 Her
| d Her
| d Her
| d Her
|w Her
|-
|6th
|d Her
|u her
|w Her
|u her
|u her
|HIP 85382
|-
|7th
|c Her
|Her 86178
|HIP 85382
|theta Her
|theta Her
|theta Her
|-
|8th
|u her
|?
|theta Her
|kappa Lyr
|kappa Lyr
|HIP 88836
|-
|9th
|theta Her
|theta Her
|f Her
|
|mu Lyr
|kappa Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Tianji on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Tianji on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Tianji before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang.jpg|thumb|Tianji before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang(2023)]]
|[[File:Tianji before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Tianji on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Tianji on Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty ( based on 1052 obserrvation) Reconstructed by PAN Nai-.jpg|thumb|Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty ( based on 1052 obserrvation) Reconstructed by PAN Nai (2009)]]
|[[File:Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|
|[[File:Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang.jpg|thumb|Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) in Stellrium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) in Stellrium]]
|-
|[[File:Tianji on 18th century star map.jpg|thumb|Tianji on 18th century star map]]
|[[File:Tianji in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong.jpg|thumb|Tianji in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Tianji in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 2025, the name of the historical constellation Bā Gǔ (八穀) was suggested to WGSN to be used for one of the stars in this constellation based on a review of Chinese cultural astronomy literature. Discussion focused on the bright star Delta Aurigae, which was the determinative star following multiple published versions of the asterism.

WGSN adopted the name "Bagu" for the bright star designated Delta Aurigae (HR 2077, HD 40035, HIP 28358) on 12 November 2025.

Bagu is a bright (V=3.72 mag) star at distance 43 parsecs. Since the middle of the 20th century, the star served as a Morgan-Keenan spectral standard for K0 giants. The star has a diameter about 12 times larger than that of our Sun. The star is a single-lined spectroscopic binary catalogued in SBC9, i.e. it has a faint companion on a period of 3.51 years (Griffin 2009). Specifically the name is applied to the primary Aa.

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Aur ]][[Category:Cam ]]

Tianji

2025-12-06T11:12:46Z

Boshunyang: /* Maps (Gallery) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianji (天纪)}}

Tiān Jì (Celestial Discipline, 天紀) consists of nine stars forming an east–west alignment that extends across the modern constellations ''Corona Borealis'', ''Hercules'', and ''Lyra''. This asterism and the coordinate of its determinative star was first recorded in the Western Han ''Shishi xingjing'' (Master Shi’s Star Canon, 石氏星經).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
''Tianji'' is also called ''Jì xīng'' (''Decipline Star''). The term ''jì'' (紀) originally denoted “a thread of silk,” later acquiring the metaphorical meanings of “order,” “law,” or “discipline.” Hence, the ''Shishi zan'' (''Commentary'' of ''Shi'') explains: “The nine stars of ''Tiān Jì'' regulate litigation.” The ancients believed that by observing this asterism, one could divine whether the legal order of the empire remained upright and just.

Another interpretation, however, regarded the nine stars of ''Tianji'' as representing the Nine States (which are the major component of ancient China). According to this view, any unusual phenomenon observed in the asterism—such as brightening, dimming, or disappearance—portended terrestrial disasters such as earthquakes or mountain collapses.

Because most of its component stars are faint, the ancient astronomers considered any abnormal changes in their visibility—whether excessive brightness, darkness, or disappearance—as inauspicious omens.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue and Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Yuan Dynaty (1363)
|-
| 1st/Determinative
| upsilon CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
|zeta Her
|-
| 2nd
| xi CrB
| zeta Her
| nu2 Her
| zeta Her
| nu1 Her
|53 Her
|-
| 3rd
| zeta Her
| epsilon Her
| zeta Her
| 53 Her
| zeta Her
|epsilon Her
|-
|4th
|53 Her
|d Her
|epsilon Her
|epsilon Her
|epsilon Her
|u her
|-
|5th
| epsilon Her
| 61 Her
| d Her
| d Her
| d Her
|w Her
|-
|6th
|d Her
|u her
|w Her
|u her
|u her
|HIP 85382
|-
|7th
|c Her
|Her 86178
|HIP 85382
|theta Her
|theta Her
|theta Her
|-
|8th
|u her
|?
|theta Her
|kappa Lyr
|kappa Lyr
|HIP 88836
|-
|9th
|theta Her
|theta Her
|f Her
|
|mu Lyr
|kappa Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|
|
|
|-
|[[File:Tianji on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Tianji on Suzhou Star Map]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 2025, the name of the historical constellation Bā Gǔ (八穀) was suggested to WGSN to be used for one of the stars in this constellation based on a review of Chinese cultural astronomy literature. Discussion focused on the bright star Delta Aurigae, which was the determinative star following multiple published versions of the asterism.

WGSN adopted the name "Bagu" for the bright star designated Delta Aurigae (HR 2077, HD 40035, HIP 28358) on 12 November 2025.

Bagu is a bright (V=3.72 mag) star at distance 43 parsecs. Since the middle of the 20th century, the star served as a Morgan-Keenan spectral standard for K0 giants. The star has a diameter about 12 times larger than that of our Sun. The star is a single-lined spectroscopic binary catalogued in SBC9, i.e. it has a faint companion on a period of 3.51 years (Griffin 2009). Specifically the name is applied to the primary Aa.

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Aur ]][[Category:Cam ]]

File:Tianji in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg

2025-12-06T11:11:18Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) in Stellrium.jpg

2025-12-06T11:10:10Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty in Stellarium.jpg

2025-12-06T11:09:52Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Tianji before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium.jpg

2025-12-06T11:09:27Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Tianji in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong.jpg

2025-12-06T11:08:52Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang.jpg

2025-12-06T11:07:24Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty ( based on 1052 obserrvation) Reconstructed by PAN Nai-.jpg

2025-12-06T11:06:56Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Tianji before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang.jpg

2025-12-06T11:06:27Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

File:Tianji on 18th century star map.jpg

2025-12-06T11:05:51Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

File:Tianji on Suzhou Star Map.jpg

2025-12-06T11:04:33Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

File:Tianji on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg

2025-12-06T11:04:06Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

Tianji

2025-12-06T10:51:31Z

Boshunyang: /* Identification of stars */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianji (天纪)}}

Tiān Jì (Celestial Discipline, 天紀) consists of nine stars forming an east–west alignment that extends across the modern constellations ''Corona Borealis'', ''Hercules'', and ''Lyra''. This asterism and the coordinate of its determinative star was first recorded in the Western Han ''Shishi xingjing'' (Master Shi’s Star Canon, 石氏星經).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
''Tianji'' is also called ''Jì xīng'' (''Decipline Star''). The term ''jì'' (紀) originally denoted “a thread of silk,” later acquiring the metaphorical meanings of “order,” “law,” or “discipline.” Hence, the ''Shishi zan'' (''Commentary'' of ''Shi'') explains: “The nine stars of ''Tiān Jì'' regulate litigation.” The ancients believed that by observing this asterism, one could divine whether the legal order of the empire remained upright and just.

Another interpretation, however, regarded the nine stars of ''Tianji'' as representing the Nine States (which are the major component of ancient China). According to this view, any unusual phenomenon observed in the asterism—such as brightening, dimming, or disappearance—portended terrestrial disasters such as earthquakes or mountain collapses.

Because most of its component stars are faint, the ancient astronomers considered any abnormal changes in their visibility—whether excessive brightness, darkness, or disappearance—as inauspicious omens.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue and Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Yuan Dynaty (1363)
|-
| 1st/Determinative
| upsilon CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
| xi CrB
|zeta Her
|-
| 2nd
| xi CrB
| zeta Her
| nu2 Her
| zeta Her
| nu1 Her
|53 Her
|-
| 3rd
| zeta Her
| epsilon Her
| zeta Her
| 53 Her
| zeta Her
|epsilon Her
|-
|4th
|53 Her
|d Her
|epsilon Her
|epsilon Her
|epsilon Her
|u her
|-
|5th
| epsilon Her
| 61 Her
| d Her
| d Her
| d Her
|w Her
|-
|6th
|d Her
|u her
|w Her
|u her
|u her
|HIP 85382
|-
|7th
|c Her
|Her 86178
|HIP 85382
|theta Her
|theta Her
|theta Her
|-
|8th
|u her
|?
|theta Her
|kappa Lyr
|kappa Lyr
|HIP 88836
|-
|9th
|theta Her
|theta Her
|f Her
|
|mu Lyr
|kappa Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Bagu in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Bagu before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023) .jpg|thumb|Bagu before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Bagu before Tang dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu before Tang dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Bagu in Song Dynasty Reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).jpg|thumb|Bagu in Song Dynasty Reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|[[File:Bagu in Song dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Song dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Jesuits Star Map in 17th Century.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Jesuits Star Map in 17th Century]]
|[[File:Bagu Reconstructed by Yi Shitong (1981) based on Qing Star Catalogue in 18th Century.jpg|thumb|Bagu Reconstructed by Yi Shitong (1981) based on Qing Star Catalogue in 18th Century]]
|[[File:Bagu in 18th century demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu in 18th century demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 2025, the name of the historical constellation Bā Gǔ (八穀) was suggested to WGSN to be used for one of the stars in this constellation based on a review of Chinese cultural astronomy literature. Discussion focused on the bright star Delta Aurigae, which was the determinative star following multiple published versions of the asterism.

WGSN adopted the name "Bagu" for the bright star designated Delta Aurigae (HR 2077, HD 40035, HIP 28358) on 12 November 2025.

Bagu is a bright (V=3.72 mag) star at distance 43 parsecs. Since the middle of the 20th century, the star served as a Morgan-Keenan spectral standard for K0 giants. The star has a diameter about 12 times larger than that of our Sun. The star is a single-lined spectroscopic binary catalogued in SBC9, i.e. it has a faint companion on a period of 3.51 years (Griffin 2009). Specifically the name is applied to the primary Aa.

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Aur ]][[Category:Cam ]]

Tianji

2025-12-06T10:17:29Z

Boshunyang:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianji (天纪)}}

Tiān Jì (Celestial Discipline, 天紀) consists of nine stars forming an east–west alignment that extends across the modern constellations ''Corona Borealis'', ''Hercules'', and ''Lyra''. This asterism and the coordinate of its determinative star was first recorded in the Western Han ''Shishi xingjing'' (Master Shi’s Star Canon, 石氏星經).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
''Tianji'' is also called ''Jì xīng'' (''Decipline Star''). The term ''jì'' (紀) originally denoted “a thread of silk,” later acquiring the metaphorical meanings of “order,” “law,” or “discipline.” Hence, the ''Shishi zan'' (''Commentary'' of ''Shi'') explains: “The nine stars of ''Tiān Jì'' regulate litigation.” The ancients believed that by observing this asterism, one could divine whether the legal order of the empire remained upright and just.

Another interpretation, however, regarded the nine stars of ''Tianji'' as representing the Nine States (which are the major component of ancient China). According to this view, any unusual phenomenon observed in the asterism—such as brightening, dimming, or disappearance—portended terrestrial disasters such as earthquakes or mountain collapses.

Because most of its component stars are faint, the ancient astronomers considered any abnormal changes in their visibility—whether excessive brightness, darkness, or disappearance—as inauspicious omens.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st/Determinative
| delta Aur
| delta Aur
| beta Cam
| beta Cam
| delta Aur
|-
| 2nd
| xi Aur
| xi Aur
| HIP 21601
| 17 Cam
| 16 Cam
|-
| 3rd
| 26 Cam
| 26 Cam
| HIP 20376
| 16 Cam
| beta Cam
|-
|4th
|17 Cam
|14 Cam
|HIP 21452
|delta Aur
|alpha Cam
|-
|5th
| 5 Cam
| 7 Cam
| HIP 22783
| 2 Lyn
| 29997
|-
|6th
|7 Cam
|9 Aur
|HIP 24017
|1 Lyn
|15 Lyn
|-
|7th
|HIP 24479
|11 Cam
|HIP 22626
|12 Lyn
|7 Cam
|-
|8th
|31 Cam
|31 Cam
|HIP 24914
|15 Lyn
|9 Aur
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Bagu in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Bagu before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023) .jpg|thumb|Bagu before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Bagu before Tang dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu before Tang dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Bagu in Song Dynasty Reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).jpg|thumb|Bagu in Song Dynasty Reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|[[File:Bagu in Song dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Song dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Jesuits Star Map in 17th Century.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Jesuits Star Map in 17th Century]]
|[[File:Bagu Reconstructed by Yi Shitong (1981) based on Qing Star Catalogue in 18th Century.jpg|thumb|Bagu Reconstructed by Yi Shitong (1981) based on Qing Star Catalogue in 18th Century]]
|[[File:Bagu in 18th century demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu in 18th century demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 2025, the name of the historical constellation Bā Gǔ (八穀) was suggested to WGSN to be used for one of the stars in this constellation based on a review of Chinese cultural astronomy literature. Discussion focused on the bright star Delta Aurigae, which was the determinative star following multiple published versions of the asterism.

WGSN adopted the name "Bagu" for the bright star designated Delta Aurigae (HR 2077, HD 40035, HIP 28358) on 12 November 2025.

Bagu is a bright (V=3.72 mag) star at distance 43 parsecs. Since the middle of the 20th century, the star served as a Morgan-Keenan spectral standard for K0 giants. The star has a diameter about 12 times larger than that of our Sun. The star is a single-lined spectroscopic binary catalogued in SBC9, i.e. it has a faint companion on a period of 3.51 years (Griffin 2009). Specifically the name is applied to the primary Aa.

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Aur ]][[Category:Cam ]]

Tianji

2025-12-06T10:15:21Z

Boshunyang: Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianji (天纪)}} Bagu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN). Bagu stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN). Bā Gǔ ( Eight Kinds of Crops, 八穀) is a Chinese constellation consisting of eight stars located within the constellations Lynx'','' Auriga, and Camelopardalis. It belongs to the asterisms introduce..."

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianji (天纪)}}
[[File:Bagu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Bagu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Bagu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Bagu stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Bā Gǔ ( Eight Kinds of Crops, 八穀) is a Chinese constellation consisting of eight stars located within the constellations Lynx'','' Auriga, and Camelopardalis. It belongs to the asterisms introduced by Gan De and originated during the Han dynasty.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The name Bagu refers to the eight types of staple grains. In the ''Kaiyuan zhanjing'' (''Divination Canon of Kaiyuan Reign'', 開元占經, compiles between 712–718 CE), a note appended to the entry for Bagu explains: “The Eight Grains are rice, millet, panicled millet, barley, wheat, soybeans, adzuki beans, and hemp.” The ancients believed that observing the asterism ''Bagu'' could be used to divine the harvest of the year: if one of its stars became invisible, it foretold that one type of grain would fail to grow; if the stars appeared dim, it signified that all eight grains would suffer a poor harvest.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st/Determinative
| delta Aur
| delta Aur
| beta Cam
| beta Cam
| delta Aur
|-
| 2nd
| xi Aur
| xi Aur
| HIP 21601
| 17 Cam
| 16 Cam
|-
| 3rd
| 26 Cam
| 26 Cam
| HIP 20376
| 16 Cam
| beta Cam
|-
|4th
|17 Cam
|14 Cam
|HIP 21452
|delta Aur
|alpha Cam
|-
|5th
| 5 Cam
| 7 Cam
| HIP 22783
| 2 Lyn
| 29997
|-
|6th
|7 Cam
|9 Aur
|HIP 24017
|1 Lyn
|15 Lyn
|-
|7th
|HIP 24479
|11 Cam
|HIP 22626
|12 Lyn
|7 Cam
|-
|8th
|31 Cam
|31 Cam
|HIP 24914
|15 Lyn
|9 Aur
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Bagu in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Bagu before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023) .jpg|thumb|Bagu before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Bagu before Tang dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu before Tang dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Bagu in Song Dynasty Reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).jpg|thumb|Bagu in Song Dynasty Reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|[[File:Bagu in Song dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Song dynasty demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Bagu in Jesuits Star Map in 17th Century.jpg|thumb|Bagu in Jesuits Star Map in 17th Century]]
|[[File:Bagu Reconstructed by Yi Shitong (1981) based on Qing Star Catalogue in 18th Century.jpg|thumb|Bagu Reconstructed by Yi Shitong (1981) based on Qing Star Catalogue in 18th Century]]
|[[File:Bagu in 18th century demonstrated in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Bagu in 18th century demonstrated in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 2025, the name of the historical constellation Bā Gǔ (八穀) was suggested to WGSN to be used for one of the stars in this constellation based on a review of Chinese cultural astronomy literature. Discussion focused on the bright star Delta Aurigae, which was the determinative star following multiple published versions of the asterism.

WGSN adopted the name "Bagu" for the bright star designated Delta Aurigae (HR 2077, HD 40035, HIP 28358) on 12 November 2025.

Bagu is a bright (V=3.72 mag) star at distance 43 parsecs. Since the middle of the 20th century, the star served as a Morgan-Keenan spectral standard for K0 giants. The star has a diameter about 12 times larger than that of our Sun. The star is a single-lined spectroscopic binary catalogued in SBC9, i.e. it has a faint companion on a period of 3.51 years (Griffin 2009). Specifically the name is applied to the primary Aa.

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Aur ]][[Category:Cam ]]

Shangwei

2025-12-05T14:05:19Z

Boshunyang:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Shangwei (上衛)}}

''Shàng Wèi'' (The Great Imperial Guard, 上衛) is the name of the fifth star on the right wall and the sixth star on the left wall of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (Purple Palace, 紫宮) / ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (Purple Forbidden Enclosure, 紫微垣), counting northward from the southern gate. Its corresponding star has changed many times throughout history.

__FORCETOC__
==Etymology and History of the Name==
The ''Shi's Commentary'' (Shì shi zan, 石氏讚) records: “Within the ''Purple Palace'' are fifteen stars representing vassal ministers.” The star names—such as ''Shàng Wèi'' and other “guard” designations—may have developed in reference to, or as elaborations upon, this passage.

Each of the fifteen stars of the ''Purple Palace'' bears an individual name. However, those martial or defensive names are absent from pre-Tang sources and only became widespread from the mid-Tang period onward (8th century CE). Earlier texts employed a different nomenclature system (See [[Zigong]]).

It should be noted that there were two stars named ''Shàng Wèi'' (The Great Imperial Guard, 上衛): one is the the fifth star on the right wall and another is the sixth on the left wall.

===Constellation & Star Name===
See [[Zigong]] for better identification.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p. 238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Shangwei (上衛, 5th on the right wall)
|43 Cam
|43 Cam
|HIP 33827
|HIP 29997
|alpha Cam
|HIP 40793
|27 Uma
|-
|Shangwei (上衛, 6th on the left wall)
|beta Cep
|73 Dra
|kappa cep
|73 Dra
|phi Dra
|omega Dra
|tau Dra
|}

==Images==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Shangwei">
File:Shangwei in Suzhou Star Map.png|Shangwei in Suzhou Star Map
File:Shangwei in Xinyixiangfayao Star Map.jpg|Shangwei in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map
File:Shangwei in 18th Century Star Map.jpg|Shangwei in 18th Century ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Star Map
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...
==References==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

<references />

Shaowei

2025-12-05T13:53:16Z

Boshunyang: /* Images */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Shaowei (少衛)}}

''Shào Wèi'' (The Second Imperial Guard, 少衛) is the sixth star on the right wall of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (''Purple Palace, 紫宮'') or ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (''Purple Forbidden Enclosure''), counting northward from the southern gate. Although its identification has varied across historical sources, all recorded versions consistently place it within the modern constellation ''Camelopardalis''.

__FORCETOC__
== Etymology and History of the Name ==
The ''Shi's Commentary'' (Shì shi zan, 石氏讚) records: “Within the ''Purple Palace'' are fifteen stars representing vassal ministers.” The star names—such as ''Shào Wèi'' and other “guard” designations—may have developed in reference to, or as elaborations upon, this passage.

Each of the fifteen stars of the ''Purple Palace'' bears an individual name. However, those martial or defensive names are absent from pre-Tang sources and only became widespread from the mid-Tang period onward (8th century CE). Earlier texts employed a different nomenclature system (See [[Zigong]]).

It should be noted that there were two stars named ''Shào Wèi'' (The Second Imperial Guard, 少衛): one is the sixth star on the right wall and another is the seventh on the left wall. In addition, the second star on the right wall was called ''Shào Wèi'' (The Second Commandant, 少尉), identical in pronunciation but written with a different character (尉 rather than 衞).

=== Constellation & Star Name ===
See [[Zigong]] for better identification.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
! SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p.238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Shaowei (少衛, 6th on the Right Wall )
|alpha Cam
|alpha Cam
|BN Cam
|gamma Cam
|BK Cam
|HIP 33694
|HIP33694
|-
|Shaowei (少衛, 7th on the Left Wall )
|pi Cep
|pi Cep
|rho Cep
|gamma Cep
|73 Dra
|phi Dra
|73 Dra
|}

== Images ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Shaowei">
File:Shaowei on Suzhou Star Map.png|Shaowei on Suzhou Star Map
File:Shaowei on Xinyixinagfayao Star Map.jpg|Shaowei on ''Xinyixinagfayao'' Star Map
File:Shaowei on18th Century Star Map.jpg|Shaowei on 18th Century ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Star Map
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...
== References ==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

Shangwei

2025-12-05T13:52:38Z

Boshunyang: /* Images */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Shangwei (上衛)}}

''Shàng Wèi'' (The Great Imperial Guard, 上衛) is the name of the fifth star on the right wall and the sixth star on the left wall of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (Purple Palace, 紫宮) / ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (Purple Forbidden Enclosure, 紫微垣), counting northward from the southern gate. Although its identification has varied across historical sources.

__FORCETOC__
==Etymology and History of the Name==
The ''Shi's Commentary'' (Shì shi zan, 石氏讚) records: “Within the ''Purple Palace'' are fifteen stars representing vassal ministers.” The star names—such as ''Shàng Wèi'' and other “guard” designations—may have developed in reference to, or as elaborations upon, this passage.

Each of the fifteen stars of the ''Purple Palace'' bears an individual name. However, those martial or defensive names are absent from pre-Tang sources and only became widespread from the mid-Tang period onward (8th century CE). Earlier texts employed a different nomenclature system (See [[Zigong]]).

It should be noted that there were two stars named ''Shàng Wèi'' (The Great Imperial Guard, 上衛): one is the the fifth star on the right wall and another is the sixth on the left wall.

===Constellation & Star Name===
See [[Zigong]] for better identification.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p. 238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Shangwei (上衛, 5th on the right wall)
|43 Cam
|43 Cam
|HIP 33827
|HIP 29997
|alpha Cam
|HIP 40793
|27 Uma
|-
|Shangwei (上衛, 6th on the left wall)
|beta Cep
|73 Dra
|kappa cep
|73 Dra
|phi Dra
|omega Dra
|tau Dra
|}

==Images==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Shangwei">
File:Shangwei in Suzhou Star Map.png|Shangwei in Suzhou Star Map
File:Shangwei in Xinyixiangfayao Star Map.jpg|Shangwei in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map
File:Shangwei in 18th Century Star Map.jpg|Shangwei in 18th Century ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Star Map
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...
==References==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

<references />

Shangcheng and Shaocheng

2025-12-05T13:52:09Z

Boshunyang: /* Etymology and History of the Name */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Shangcheng & Shaocheng (上丞、少丞)}}

Shàng Chéng (The Great Imperial Minister, 上丞)and Shào Chéng (The Second Imperial Minister, 少丞) are the two stars located to the left and right of the northern gate of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (''Purple Palace'') / ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (''Purple Enclosure'').

__FORCETOC__
==Etymology and History of the Name==
The ''Shishi zan'' (Shi's Commentary, 石氏讚) records: “Within the Purple Palace are fifteen stars representing vassal ministers.” The star names—such as Shangcheng and Shaocheng and other “guard” designations—may have developed in reference to, or as elaborations upon, this passage.

Each of the fifteen stars of the Purple Palace bears an individual name. However, those martial or defensive names are absent from pre-Tang sources and only became widespread from the mid-Tang period onward (8th century CE). Earlier texts employed a different nomenclature system (See [[Zigong]] (紫宮)), for example the northern gate stars were called Xingui and Shunguang rather than Shangcheng and Shaocheng.

===Constellation & Star Name===
See [[Zigong]] for better identification. It should also be noted that in historical star maps and textual records, the positions of ''Shangcheng'' and ''Shaocheng'' are occasionally reversed (like them in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map)—an inconsistency that persisted across several dynastic traditions.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p. 238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Shangcheng(上丞) or Xingui (信龜)
|BK Cam
|BK Cam
|HIP 14862
|HIP 12273
|
|HIP 25110
|HIP 17862
|-
|Shaocheng(少丞) or Shunguang (順光)
|gamma Cep
|23 Cas
|HIP 6522
|21 Cas
|pi Cep
|HIP 92056
|pi Cep
|}

==Images==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Shangcheng & Shaocheng">
File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Suzhou Star Map.png|Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Suzhou Star Map
File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.jpg|Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map
File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in 18th Century Yixiang kaocheng Star Map.jpg|Shangcheng and Shaocheng in 18th Century Yixiang kaocheng Star Map
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...
==References==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

<references />

Shangcheng and Shaocheng

2025-12-05T13:46:30Z

Boshunyang:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Shangcheng & Shaocheng (上丞、少丞)}}

Shàng Chéng (The Great Imperial Minister, 上丞)and Shào Chéng (The Second Imperial Minister, 少丞) are the two stars located to the left and right of the northern gate of the ''[[Zigong|Zǐ Gōng]]'' (''Purple Palace'') / ''Zǐwēi Yuán'' (''Purple Enclosure'').

__FORCETOC__
==Etymology and History of the Name==
The ''Shishi zan'' (Shi's Commentary, 石氏讚) records: “Within the Purple Palace are fifteen stars representing vassal ministers.” The star names—such as Shangcheng and Shaocheng and other “guard” designations—may have developed in reference to, or as elaborations upon, this passage.

Each of the fifteen stars of the Purple Palace bears an individual name. However, those martial or defensive names are absent from pre-Tang sources and only became widespread from the mid-Tang period onward (8th century CE). Earlier texts employed a different nomenclature system (See Zigong (紫宮)), for example the northern gate stars were called Xingui and Shunguang rather than Shangcheng and Shaocheng.

===Constellation & Star Name===
See [[Zigong]] for better identification. It should also be noted that in historical star maps and textual records, the positions of ''Shangcheng'' and ''Shaocheng'' are occasionally reversed (like them in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map)—an inconsistency that persisted across several dynastic traditions.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p. 238.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Shangcheng(上丞) or Xingui (信龜)
|BK Cam
|BK Cam
|HIP 14862
|HIP 12273
|
|HIP 25110
|HIP 17862
|-
|Shaocheng(少丞) or Shunguang (順光)
|gamma Cep
|23 Cas
|HIP 6522
|21 Cas
|pi Cep
|HIP 92056
|pi Cep
|}

==Images==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Zhou">
File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Suzhou Star Map.png|Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Suzhou Star Map
File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.jpg|Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map
File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in 18th Century Yixiang kaocheng Star Map.jpg|Shangcheng and Shaocheng in 18th Century Yixiang kaocheng Star Map
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...
==References==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

<references />

File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.jpg

2025-12-05T13:43:34Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in Suzhou Star Map.png

2025-12-05T13:43:20Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}

File:Shangcheng and Shaocheng in 18th Century Yixiang kaocheng Star Map.jpg

2025-12-05T13:42:58Z

Boshunyang:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-old}}